Color Atlas of Human Anatomy

R.M.H.
McMinn
R.T Hutchings
Aiiiiiili
Hiiiiii
Aiiiiliii;
*^-, Cc./~v./i
Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

in 2010
http://www.arcliive.org/details/coloratlasofhumaOOmcmi
Skeleto n
SKELETON
The right half of rhe skeleton
(In A and C the forearm is in ihe position of

supination: in B. in the position of pronation)
A From the front 1;

B From Ihe back
C From the right
1 Frontal hone
2 Zygomalic bone
3 MaxiMa
4 Mandible
5 Seventh cervical vertebra
6 First thoracic vertebra
7 First rib
8 Clavicle
9 Scapula
10 Sternum
U Seventh costal cartilage
12 Seventh rib
13 Humerus
14 Radius
15 Ulna
16 Carpal bones
17 Metacarpal bones
18 Phalanges of hand
19 Twelfth thoracic vertebra
20 Twelfth rib
21 Fifth lumbar vertebra
22 Sacrum
23 Coccyx
24 Hip bone
25 Femur
26 Patella
27 Tibia
28 fibula
29 Tarsal bones
30 Metatarsal bones
31 Phalanges of fool
32 Parietal bone
33 Occipital bone
34 Temporal bone
© R.M.H. McMinn and R.T. Hutchings, 1977
© R.M.H. McMinn and R.T. Hutchings, 1985
This book is copyrighted in England and may not be
reproduced by any means m whole or part.
Distributed in North America. Canada, Hawaii and
Puerto Rico by Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc.
bv arrangement with Wolte Medical Publications Ltd.
This IS the first printing of a special smaller-size version
identical, except in size, with the life-size version.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
AicMinn, R.M.H. ^Robert Matthew Hay)

Color Atlas of Human .Anatomy
Includes index.
Anaiomv, Human — Aliases. I. Hutchings, R.T.
1 .
II. (DNLM: 1. Anatomv Atlases. QS 17 M4785ca)

Title.
QM25.M23 1985 611. 00227 84-23703
ISBN 0-8151-5834-3
Printed by Royal Smeets Offset b.v., Weert, Netherlands

Color
R.M.H. McMinn
Emeritus Professor of Anatomy,
Atlas of
Royal College of Surgeons of England
and University of
R.T. Hutchings
London
Human
AnatDmy
Photographer
Formerly Chief Medical Laboratory
Royal College
Scientific Officer,
of Surgeons of England
Year Book
Medical Publishers, Inc.
35 E. Wacker Drive
Chicago
To
Margaret and Marion,
Anne, Sam and Isabel
Contents
6 Acknowledgements
7 Preface
9 Head, Neck and Brain
75 Column and
Vertebral Spinal Medulla
91 Upper Limb
147 Thorax
203 Abdomen and Pelvis
263 Lower Limb

329 Appendix : Reference Lists of Vessels, Lymph Nodes,
Nerves and Muscles
337 Index
Acknowledgements
We arc indebted to all those who over the years have
contributed specimens to the Anatomy Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons of England, and especially to
Dr D. H. Tompsett who also prepared the corrosion
casts. (Full details of the methods used can be found in
his book 'Anatomical Techniques', 2nd edition, 1970,
Livingstone.) We are also grateful to Dr J. L. Cordingley
of King's College London, Professor T. W. Glenister of
Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, and Professor
F. R. Johnson of the London Hospital Medical College
for the loan of osteological material; to Dr Oscar Craig of
St Mary's Hospital and King's College London for some
of the radiographs; to Mr V. H. Oswal, consultant ENT
surgeon at the North Riding Infirmary, Middlesbrough,
for the coloured dissections of the ear to those who acted
;
as models; and to Mrs Gina Howes for typing the

manuscript. Dr D H. Bosman of the Royal College of
Surgeons, Dr B. A. Wood of the Middlesex Hospital
Medical School, and Professor ]. W. Rohen of the
University of Erlangen, West Germany, helped to check
the key numbers.
The illustrations of Museum specimens are
reproduced by courtesy of the President and Council of
the Royal College of Surgeons of England, to whom we
express our thanks.
Preface
The object of this atlas is to assist students in the understanding of

human anatomy. Of course, good textbooks and atlases already exist
and by colouring arteries red and nerves yellow, for example, they
are justly popular as aids to learning. But so often, and especially for
newcomers to the subject, the interior of the body seems to look very
different from the neat diagrams in the book, and we believe it is
helpful to show body structures as they actually exist in suitably
prepared specimens of the kind that students see in the dissecting
room and meet in examinations. In this way we hope to bridge the
gap between the description of the textbook and the reality of the
body.
Occasionally the monocular vision of the camera lens may give rise
to a minor degree of distortion compared with similar views in a
drawing. It is all too easy to alter a drawing to include or exclude
anything that is wanted or not wanted, but with actual specimens the
camera has an all-embracing eye and the choice of a precise camera
angle has been all-important in showing the proper relationships of
structures to one another.
Structures have been labelled by numbers overlying them, thus
avoiding in most instances the use of unsightly leader lines, except
for very small or crowded structures. For revision purposes students
will be able to test their knowledge by covering up the numbered
keys. Usually we have deliberately given different numbers to the
same structure in similar dissections so that the student must
exercise a judgement and cannot identify a structure simply by
remembering a number from a previous picture (although in the case
of bones a single key has been used for different views of the same
bone in order to save space). In most illustrations numbering begins
in the upper left part of the picture and proceeds in a clockwise
direction, although it has not always been practical to adhere too
rigidly to thisscheme. Sometimes it has been considered helpful in

large or complicated areas to label a structure more than once. An
arrow instead of a leader line has been used to indicate that the
structure referred to is under cover and out of sight just beyond the
tip of the arrowhead. The short notes that accompany many of the
keys either make a comment on the particular items in the specimen
or draw attention to general points in the region concerned. They are
not intended in any way to provide a comprehensive description ot
everything seen; our aim is to supplement existing texts, not to
substitute for them.
In order to produce a volume of reasonable proportions both in
sizeand in price we have had to be selective in choosing the
illustrations from the material available to us. We have deliberately
chosen a variety of cadavericand museum specimens, since ditterent
methods of preparation and preservation give a range of appearances
as far as colour is concerned, and the student must not imagine that
all specimens will look the same no matter how they have been
treated. It will always be impossible to please everyone all the time;

for some there will be too much detail, for others not enough, but we
believe that we have at least covered most of the items that are most
important to most students. Although many of the minutiae ot
muscle attachments to bones are hardly necessary for most people,
we have covered bones in some detail in view of the increasing
difficulty of purchasing good specimens.
We would like to think that this book may be regarded as
something more than just an aid to academic learning and the
passing of examinations. The human body is indeed 'teartully and
wonderfully made', and we hope our attempt at exercising some
degree of photographic artistry to display the interior of the body
will lead to a wider appreciation of the fact that beauty of form is not
limited to the exterior.
From the Preface to the Life-size Edition.

Head, Neck
and Brain
The skull, from the front

1 Frontal bone
2 Frontal notch
3 Supra-orbital foramen
4 Orbit (orbital cavity)
5 Lessei
wing of sphenoid
6 Great
7 Super
orbital fissure
8 Inferii
9 Zygomatic bone
10 Infra-orbital foramen
11 Maxilla
12 Ramus
of mandible
13 Body
14 Mental foramen
15 Anterior nasal sp:
16 Inferior
concha
17 Middle
18 Nasal septum
19 Nasal bone
20 Frontal process of maxilla
21 Lacrimal bone
22 Nasion
23 Glabella
24 Infra-orbital margin
25 Supra-orbital margin
• Details of individual skull bones are
23-32, of the bones of the orbii and nose ipagc 18, and of
the teeth on page 20.
• The supra-orbital, infra-orbital and a foramir
I
inapproximately the same vertical plane,

• Strictly speaking the term skull includes the mandible,
and the cranium refers to the skull without the mandible,
but skull and cranium are often used interchangeably The
calvana is the vault of the skull or skull-cap - the upper pai
of the cranium that encloses the brain.
The skull, from the front. Muscle
attachments
1 Temporalis
2 .\iasseter
3 Orbicularis oculi
4 Procerus
5 Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
6 Levator labii superioris
7 Zygomaticus minor
8 Zygomaticus major
9 Levator anguli oris
10 Nasahs
11 Buccmator
12 Depressor labii mfenoris
13 Depressor anguli oris
14 Platysma
15 Mentalis
The skull, from the right 17 Body 34 Lambdoid suture
Parietal bone 18 Ramus 35 Occipital bone
1
^^^
2 Coronal suture 19 Coronoid process 36 External occipital protuberance (inion)
3 Frontal bone 20 Condyle • Ptenon is not a single point but an area where the frontal,
21 Mental protuberance parietal,squamous part of the temporal and greater wing of
4 Glabella
the sphenoid bone adjoin one another. It is an important
5 Nasion 22 Mental foramen
landmark for the anterior branch of the middle meningeal
6 Nasal bone 23 Styloid process artery which underlies this area on the inside of the skull.
7 Frontal process of maxilli 24 Tympanic part
8 Anterior lacrimal crest 25 Mastoid process
of temporal bone
9 Nasolacrimal groove 26 External acoustic meatus
10 Posterior lacrimal crest 27 Zygomatic process
11 Lacrimal bone 28 Squamous part
12 Orbital part of ethmoid 29 Zygomatic arch
13 Frontozygomatic suture 30 Greater wing of sphenoid
14 Zygomatic bone 31 Pterion
15 Maxilla 32 Inferior
temporal hi
16 Anterior nasal spine 33 Superior
The skull, from the right. Muscle attachments
1 Occipital part of occipitofron talis
2 Sternocleidomastoid
3 Temporalis
4 Masseter
5 Zygomaticus major
6 Zygomaticus mmor
7 Orbicularis oculi
8 Procerus
9 Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
alis
13 Buccmator
14 Depressor labii inferioris
16 Platysma
The skull, from behind
1 Parietal bone
2 Sagittal suture
3 Parietal foramen
4 Lambda
5 Lambdoid suture
6 Sutural bone
7 Occipital bone
8 External occipital protuberance
9 Highest
10 Superior
11 Inferior
The skull. Right infratemporal

region, obliquely from below anc
behind
1 Mastoid process
2 External acoustic meatus
3 Mandibular fossa
4 Articular tubercle
5 Zygomatic arch
6 Infratemporal crest
7 I nfratemporal surface of greater
wing of sphenoid bone
8 Pterygomaxillary fissun ? and
pterygopalatine fossa
9 Inferior orbital fissure
10 Infratemporal (posterio r) surface
of maxilla
11 Third molar tooth
12 Tuberosity of maxilla
13 Pyramidal process of
14 Horizontal palatine bone
-:> -t 4'?V 15 Lateral

16Med,al
17
-
Pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
, ,
18 Vomer
19 Spine of sphenoid bone
20 Styloid process and sheath
21 Occipital condyle
22 Occipital groove
23 Mastoid notch
Internal surface ol he cranial vault
The skull, from above
(midline region)
1 Occipital hone
1 Occipital bone
2 L; nbda
2 Lambdoid suture
3 Lambdoid suture smus
3 Grwive for superior sagittal
4 Parietal bone
4 Parietal foramen
5 Sagittal suture
5 Sagittal suture
6 Parietal eminence
6 Depression for arachnoid granulations
7 Corona! suture
7 Parietal bone
8 Frontal bone
8 Coronal suture
9 Bregma
9 Frontal bone
10 Parietal foramen
10 Frontal crest
• In thi& skull (he pancial
Middle meningeal vessel markings
1
• The lirachnoid granulacions (through which

cerebrospinal fluid drains imo the superior sagittal sinus)
cause irregular shallow depressions on ihc parts of the
frontal and parietal bones that overlie the sinus.
Inferior surface of the base of the skull
(from below and slightly behind)
1 Incisive fossa
2 Palatine process of maxilla
3 Horizontal process of palatine
4 Greater palatine foramen
5 Lesser palatine foramina
6 Tuberosity of maxilla
7 Medial pterygoid plate
8 Pterygoid hamulus
9 Pyramidal process of palatine
10 Lateral pterygoid plate
12 Infratemporal crest of greater wing of
sphenoid
13 Zygomatic arch
14 Squamous part of temporal
15 Articular tubercle
16 Mandibular fossa
17 Petrosquamous fissure
18 Edge of tegmen tympani
19 Petrotympanic fissure
20 Squamotympanic fissure
2 Tympanic part of temporal
22 Styloid process
23 Stylomastoid foramen
25 Mastoid process
26 Mastoid notch
27 Occipital groove
28 Mastoid foramen
29 Superior nuchal line
31 Inferior nuchal line
32 External occipital crest
33 Foramen magnum
34 Condylar canal
35 Occipital condyle
36 Hypoglossal canal
37 Jugular foramen
38 Carotid canal
39 Spine of sphenoid
40 Foramen spinosum
41 Foramen ovale
42 Foramen lacerum
43 Pharyngeal tubercle
44 Scaphoid fossa
45 Palaiinovaginal canal
46 Vomerovaginal canal
47 Posterior border of vom- .
48 Posterior nasal spine

Inferior surface of the base of the skull.
Muscle attachments
Capsule atiachmenl, imerrupleJ line •
\ Masseter
2 Upper head of lateral pterygoid
3 Deep head of medial pterygoid
4 Superior constrictor
5 Tensor veli palatiiu
6 Palaiopharsngeus
7 Musculus u\-ulae
8 Levator veli palatini
9 Pharyngeal raphe
10 Longus capitis
1 Rectus capitis anterior
12 Rectus capitis lateralis
13 Styloglossus
14 Stylohyoid
15 Stylopharyngeus
16 Posterior belly of digastric
17 Longissimus capitis
18 Splenius capitis
20 Occipital part of occipitofrontaUs
21 Trapezius
22 Semispinalis capitis
23 Superior oblique
24 Rectus capitis posterior minor
25 Rectus capitis posterior major
Internal surface of the base of the skull
(cranial fossae)
1 Diploe
2 Frontal sinus
3 Frontal crest
4 Foramen caecum
5 Crista galli
6 Cribriform plate of ethmoid
7 Groove for anterior ethmoidal nerve and
vessels
8 Orbital pan
of frontal
9 Lesser wing of sphenoid
10 Jugum of sphenoid
1 Chiasmatic sulcus
12 Optic canal
13 Sella turcica (pituitary fossa)
14 Anterior chnoid process
1 Foramen rotundum
16 Greater wmg of sphenoid
17 Foramen ovale
18 Foramen spinosum
19 Groove for middle meningeal vessels
20 Squamous part of temporal
21 Tegmen tympani
22 Petrous part of temporal
23 Groove for superior petrosal sinus
24 Arcuate eminence
25 Groove for sigmoid sinus
26 Groove for transverse sinus
27 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
28 Internal occipital protuberance
29 Parietal bone
30 Occipital bone
31 Foramen magnum
33 Jugular foramen
34 Groove for inferior* petrosal sinus
35 Internal acoustic meatus
36 Clivus
37 Dorsum sellae
38 Posterior clinoid process
39 Carotid groove
40 Foramen lacerum
41 Trigeminal impression
42 Hiatus and groove for greater petrosal
43 Hiatus and groove for lesser petn
• The anterior cranial fossa is limiicd posteriorly on

each side by the free margin of the lesser wing of the
sphenoid
# The groove for the superior petrosal sinus forms ihi
boundary on each side between the middle and posterio
cranial fossae.
A Bones of the left orbit
1 Frontal notch
2 Supra-orbital foramen
3 Orbital part of frontal
5 Optic canal
6 Superior orbital fissure
7 Greater wing of forming
sphenoid
[
8 Zygomatic
10 Infra-orbital groove
11 Infra-orbital foramen
The skull of a full-term fetus, A from 9 Symphysis menti • The face at birth forms a relatively smaller
proportion of the cranium than in the adult (about one
the front, B from the left and slightly 10 Maxilla
eighth compared with one halO due to the small size o:
below, C from behind, D from above 11 Lambdoid suture the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses and the lack of
1 Parietal tuberosity 12 Occipital bone erupted teeth.
2 Coronal suture 13 Mastoid fontanelle • The posterior fontanelle closes about two months
after birth, the anterior fontanelle in the second year
3 Frontal tuberosity 14 Stylomastoid foramen
• Due to the lack of the mastoid process (which doe;
4 Half of frontal bone 15 External acoustic meatus not develop until the second year) the stylomastoid
5 Anterior fontanelle 16 Tympanic ring foramen and the emerging facial nerve are relatively m
6 Frontal suture 17 Sphenoidal fontanelle the surface and unprotected.
7 Ramus of mandible 18 Sagittal suture

8 Elevations over deciduous teeth in body 19 Posterior fontanelle
of mandible
A The permanent teeth, from the left and in
front
K'llh partial removal of alveolar bone to show the roots
of the teeth, which are numbered and named on the left
side I
Central
Lateral
Canine
The skull, from the front. Cleared
specimen
1Frontal sinus
2 Frontal crest
3 Crista galli
5 Optic canal
7 Greater wing of sphenoid
8 Maxillary sinus
9 Zygomatic arch
10 Mastoid process
U Ramus andible
12 Body
13 Nasal septum
14 Inferior concha
16 Supra-orbital margin
• Compare with the skull on page and with the
radiograph on page 73.
The skull, from the left. Cleared
specimen
1 Coronal suture
2 Markings of middle meningeal vessels
3 Lambdoid suture
5 Mastoid air cells
6 Mastoid process
7 Hxiernal acoustic meatus
8 Condyle of mandible
9 Dorsum sellae
10 Sella turcica pituitary fossa)
i
11 Ptcrion
12 Root ot orbit
13 Orbital margin
14 Zygomatic arch
15 Coronoid process ot mandible
The mandible, A from the front, B
from behind and above, C from the
left and front
1 Head
2 Neck
3 Pterygoid fovea
4 Coronoid process
5 Anterior border of ramus
6 Oblique line
7 Angle
8 Alveolar part
9 Body
10 Mental foramen
11 Mental tubercle
12 Mental protuberance
13 Base
14 Posterior border of ramus
15 Mandibular foramen
16 Mylohyoid groove
17 Lingula
18 Mylohyoid line
19 Submandibular fossa
20 Sublingual fossa
21 Superior and inferior mental spines
22 Mandibular notch
23 Digastric fossa
24 Ramus
25 Inferior border of ramus
• The head and the neck (including the
pterygoid fovea) constitute the condyle.
• The alveolar part contains the sockets for the
roots of the teeth.
• The base is the inferior border of the body, and
becomes continuous with the inferior border of the
The mandible, A from the front, B
from behind and above, C from the
left and front. Muscle attachments
Capsule aiiachmeni. interrupted line; the
dotted line indicates the limit of

attachment of the oral mucous membrane i
1 Temporalis
2 Masseter
3 Lateral pter\'goid
4 Buccinator

Platysma
7
8 Mentalis
9 Medial pterygoid
10 Pterygomandibular raphe and
superior constrictor
11 Mylohyoid
12 Anterior belly of digastric
13 Geniohyoid
14 Genioglossus
1 Sphenomandibular ligament
16 Stylomandibular ligament
• buccinator is attached to the alveolar
The
processes of the maxilla and mandible opposite the
three molar teeth. (Note thai m this mandible the
third molar has not yet erupied).

^^^^^^^H|
Right lacrimal bone, G from the
Right maxilla, A from the front, B from the lateral side, C from the
medial side
lateral side, H from the medial side
m
D from below, E from above, F fro behind 29 Posterior lacrimal crest
1 Zygomatic process 15 Nasolacrimal groove
16 Anterior lacrimal crest 30 Groove for lacrimal sac
2 foramen
Infra-orbital
17 Tuberosity 31 Lacrimal hamulus
18 Ethmoidal crest 32 Orbital surface
4 Anterior surface
19 Middle meatus 33 Nasal surface
5 Frontal process
6 Nasal notch 20 Conchal crest
21 Inferior meatus Right nasal bone, J from the lateral
7 Nasal crest
22 Maxillary hiatus and sinus side, K from the medial side
8 Anterior nasal spine
23 Greater palatine canal 34 Lateral surface and vascular foramen
9 Incisive fossa
24 Palatine process 35 Internal surface and groove for anterior
10 Canine eminence
25 Incisive canal
ethmoidal nerve
11 Canine fossa
12 Alveolar process 26 Unerupted third molar tooth
27 Infra-orbital groove
13 Infratemporal surface
28 Infra-orbital canal
14 Orbital surface
Right palatine bone, A from the medial
side, B from the lateral side, C from the
front, D from behind, E from above, F
from below
1 Orbital process
2 Sphenopalatine notch
3 Sphenoidal process
4 Ethmoidal crest
5 Perpendicular plate
6 Conchal crest
7 Pyramidal process
8 Horizontal plate
9 Maxillary process
10 Nasal crest
1 Greater palatine groove
12 Posterior nasal spine
13 Lesser palatine canals
G Articulation of the right maxilla and

the palatine bone, from the medial side
1 Palatine process of maxilla
2 Horizontal process
of palatine
3 Maxillary process
• Compare with fig. C, opposite.
22 Internal acoustic meatus 32 Petrotympanic fissure
Right temporal bone, A 10 Sheathof styloid process
33 Edgeof tegmen tympani
11 Styloid process 23 Cochlear canahculus
external aspect, B internal 34 Petrosquamous fissure ifrom
12 External acoustic meatus 24 Petrosquamous fissure (from
aspect, C from above, D below ^
13 Suprameatal triangle above)

from below, E from the front 35 Carotid canal
14 Mastoid process 25 Tegmen tympani
Parietal notch
1
26 Hiatus and groove for lesser 36 Canaliculus for tympanic
2 Groove for middle temporal 15 Grooves for branches of
petrosal nerve branch of glossopharyngeal
artery middle meningeal vessels
27 Hiatus and groove for nerve
3 Squamoiis part 16 Arcuate eminence
greater petrosal nerve 37 Jugular fossa
4 Zygomatic process 17 Groove for superior petrosal
28 Trigeminal impression on 38 Mastoid canaliculus for
5 Articular tubercle sinus
apex of petrous part auricular branch of vagus nervt
6 Mandibular fossa 18 Groove for sigmoid sinus
29 Occipital groove 39 Jugular surface
7 Postglenoid tubercle 19 Subarcuate fossa
30 Mastoid notch 40 Canal for tensor tympani
8 Squamotympanic fissure 20 Petrous part
31 Stylomastoid foramen 41 Auditory tube
9 Tympanic part 21 Aqueduct of vestibule
Right parietal bone, A external surface, B internal
surface
1 Occipital (posterosuperiorj angle
2 Parietal foramen
3 Sagittal (superior) border
4 Frontal (anterosuperior) angle
5 Frontal (anterior) border
6 Sphenoidal fantero-inferior) angle
7 Squamosal (inferior) border
8 Parietal tuberosity
9 Superior temporal line
10 Inferior temporal line
11 Mastoid (postero-mfenor) angle
12 Occipital (posterior) border
13 Furrows for frontal branch of middle meningeal
14 Furrows for parietal branch of middle meningeal

vessels
15 Groove for sigmoid sinus at mastoid angle
Right zygomatic bone, C lateral surface, D from

the medial side, E from behind
1 Frontal process
2 Orbital border
3 Zygomaticofacial foramen
4 Maxillary border
5 Temporal process
6 Temporal border
7 Orbital surface
8 Zygomatico-orbital foramen
9 Temporal surface
10 Zygomaticotemporal foramen
• The zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal
process of the zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch.
12 Medial pterygoid plate 26 Tuberculum sellae
Sphenoid bone, A from the front, B 27 Sella turcica (pituitary fossa)
Pterygoid hamulus
from behind, C from above and behind, 1
28 Foramen ovale
14 Pterygoid notch
D from below, E from the left 29 Foramen spinosum
1 Temporal surface 15 Lateral pterygoid plate
^f eater
16 Spine 30 Carotid groove
2 Infratemporal crest
„.me 17 Cerebral surface of greater wing 31 Infratemporal surface of greater wing
3 Orbital surface
18 Anterior
4 Superior orbital fissure ,,,„<,id process
Lesser wing 19 Posterior
5
20 Dorsum sellae Vomer, F from the right, G from
6 Body with openings of sphenoidal behind
7 Rostrum 21 Scaphoid fossa
22 Ethmoidal spine 32 Ala
8 Vaginal process
23 Jugum 33 Posterior border
9 Pterygoid canal
24 Chiasmatic sulcus 34 Groove for nasopalatine nerve and
10 Foramen rotundum
Optic canal vessels
U Pterygoid process 25
Ethmoid bone, A from above, B ft-om the
left, C from the front, D from the left,
below and behind
1 Ethmoidal labyrinth (containing ethmoidal
2 Cribriform plate
3 Posterior . ,^
A A f
'
ethmoidal groove ,
5 Orbital plate
6 Perpendicular plate
7 Crista galli
8 Ala of crista galli
9 Uncinate process
10 Middle concha
11 Ethmoidal bulla
12 Superior concha
Right inferior concha, E from the lateral

side, F from the medial side, G from the
front
1 Anterior end
2 Lacrimal process
3 Medial surface
4 Ethmoidal process
5 Posterior end
6 Maxillary process
H Articulation of right laxilla, palatine 1
bone and inferior conch: from the medial ,
side
1 Frontal process
"'
2 Palatme process
3 Anterior end
4 Lacrimal process
of inferior concha
5 Ethmoidal process
6 Posterior end
7 Perpendicular , ^ , .
plate of palatme
8 Horizontal
• Compare wiih fig. G on page 21
_ ccipital bone, A external surface from below, B internal
surface, C external surface from the right and below
1 Lateral part
2 Inferior nuchal line
3 Superior nuchal line
4 Highest nuchal line
6 External occipital crest
7 Squamous part
8 Condyle
9 Jugular process
10 Condylar I'ossa (and condylar canal in B and Cl
1 horamen magnum
12 Pharyngeal tubercle
13 Basilar part
14 Lateral angle
1 Cerebellar fossa
16 Groove for transverse sinus
1 Cerebral fossa
18 Lambdoid margin
19 Superior angle
20 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
21 Internal occipital protuberance
22 Internal occipital crest
23 Mastoid margin
2> jugular notch
26 Jugular tubercle
27 Groove for inlerior petrosal sinus
Right side of the neck. Some surface markings
( External jugular vein, interrupted line; sptnal pan of accessory
nerve, dotted line)
1 Anterior border of trapezius
2 Stemocleidomastoid
3 Bifurcation of common carotid artery
4 Hypoglossal nerve
5 Tip of greater horn of hyoid bone
6 Internal laryngeal nerve
7 Body of hyoid bone
8 Laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
9 Vocal folds
10 Lower border of lamina of thyroid cartilage
11 Arch of cricoid cartilage
12 Isthmus of thyroid gland
13 Jugular notch
14 Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
15 Sternoclavicular joint and union of internal jugular and
subclavian veins to form brachiocephalic vein
• The nerve usually called in English ihe accessory nerve is in official
16 Upper trunk of brachial plexus terminology the ramus extemus of the nervus accessorius, and is often known
• As If crosses the posterior triangle, the spinal root of the accessory nen.'e is as the ipinal pan or 1 in some textsj the spinal rooi of the accessory nerve The
embedded in the investing layer of deep cervical fascia that forms the roof of the spinaJ pan or root ^singular) is formed by the union of the spinal roots plural i
i
triangle.This and other parts of the deep cervical fascia prevenebral and
I that emerge from the upper five or six cervical segments of the spinal medulla.
pretracheal fasciae and the carotid sheath) have been largely removed in the 'The cranial root or pan of the accessory nerve, the ramus iniemus, arises from
s that follow. the medulla oblongata and ]oins the vagus nerve.)
The face, from the front and the
right
1 Auriculotemporal nerve and
superficial temporal vessels
2 Anterior branch of superficial
temporal artery
3 Orbicularis oculi
4 Frontalis part of occipitofrontalis
5 Supra-orbital nerve
6 Supratrochlear nerve
7 Procerus
8 Nasalis
9 Levator labii superioris alaeque
nasi
11 Zygomaticus minor
13 Orbicularis oris
16 Body of mandible
17 Margmal mandibular branch of
facial nerve
18 Facial artery
19 Facial vein
20 Buccinator and buccal branches of
facial nerve
21 Zygomaticus major
22 Accessory parotid gland overlying
parotid duct
23 .Wasseier
24 Zygomatic branches of
25 Temporal facial nerve
26 Paiotid gla:
27 Great auric ular nerve

28 Siernocleidomasioid
• The facial artery is lonuous and lies
unterior lo the facial vein which is straight.
Both vessels pass deep to the zygomaticus
muscles.
• The facial expression group of muscles
.which includes the buccinatorl is supplied by
-
the facial nerve, i.Thc muscles of mastication
temporalis, masscier. medial and lateral
pterygoids- arc supplied by the mandibular
Left side of the neck. Superficial dissection
2 Lesser occipital nerve
3 Investing layer of deep cervical fascia
4 Levator scapulae
5 Spinal part of accessory nerve
6 Trapezius (anterior border)
7 Supraclavicular nerves
8 Superficial cervical vein
9 Superficial cervical artery
10 Clavicle
11 External jugular vein
12 Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck
13 Submandibular gland
14 Facial artery
15 Facial vein
16 Parotid gland
17 Great auricular nerve
• In this dissection the investing layer of deep cervical fasi la IS mosily intact but has been partly
removed, eg from ihe superficial surface of stcrnocleidoma; toid and the paroiid gland, The spinal
pan of the accessory nerve is normally embedded in the invi iting layer of fascia that forms the roof
of the posterior mangle here
; the nerve has been dissected o jl from the fascia.
A Right parotid and
upper cervical regions.
Superficial dissection
(with part of platysma
muscle removed)
24 1 Occipital pan of
occipitofrontalis
2 Occipital artery
3 Greater occipital nerve
4 Third occipital nerve
5 Trapezius
6 Occipital lymph node
7 Splenius capitis
U Parotid gland and facial
nerve branches at anterior
border
12 Superficial temporal
vessels and
auriculotemporal nerve
26
13 Transverse facial vessels
14 Accessory parotid gland
^19 28 15 Parotid duct
30 16 Masseter
27?
17 Facial vein
18 Buccinator
19 Facial artery
20 Zygomaticus major
21 Zygomaticus minor
22 Levator lahii superioris
• The risorius muscle has no bony atiachmenr Ii
normally passes from the parotid fascia to the sltin

at
the angle of the mouth, but is at a

lower level in this
specimen
• The five branches groups of branches of the
i
nerve on the face fan out from the anterior

facial
border of the parotid gland
• Embedded v«ithin the parotid gland are the facial
extern,
nerve, the retromandibular vein (page 38). the
(maxillary an,
carotid arterv and its terminal branches
superficial temporal - page 40). filaments
from the
auriculotemporal nerve fwhich convey to the gland
secretomotor fibres from the otic ganglion - page 49
,
and lymph nodes.

23 Levator labiisuperioris alaeque nasi C The neck, from the front. 15 Lower root of a
24 Orbicularis oculi Superficial dissection (descending c
25 Orbicularis oris iOn the left the omohyoid has been displaced 16 Levator scapulae
26 Depressor labii inferioris upwards and ihe sieniocleidomasioid 17 Scalenus medius
27 Mentalis removed) 18 Suprascapular nerve
28 Depressor anguii oris \ Great auricular nerve 19 Trunks of brachial plexus
29 Risorius (aberrant) 2 Sternocleidomastoid 20 Scalenus anterior
30 Platysma 3 Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck 21 Nerve to subclavius
31 Submandibular gland 4 Internal jugular vein 22 Phrenic nerve
32 Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck 5 Upper root of ansa cervicalis 23 Clavicle
33 Internal jugular vein (descending hypoglossal nerve) 24 Subclavius
34 Cervical branch of facial nerve 6 Nerve to superior belly of omohyoid 25 Anterior jugular vein
35 Submandibular lymph nodes 7 External carotid artery 26 Manubrium of sternum
36 Marginal mandibular branch of facial 8 Superior thyroid artery 27 Jugular arch
9 Superior laryngeal artery 28 Inferior thyroid vein
37 External jugular vein 10 Superior belly of omohyoid 29 Right lateral lobe of thyroid gland
11 Sternothyroid 30 Cricoid cartilage
12 Sternohyoid
13 Accessory thyroid gland
14 Laryngeal prominence
B Left parotid and upper cervical

regions, after removal of most of the
parotid gland
1 Masseter
2 Parotid duct
3 Buccal . . -
A -7 , branch of
4 Zygomatic ,
facial nerve
5 -r«m««rî
c
1 emporal
6 Deep part of parotid gland

7 Superficial temporal artery
8 External carotid artery
9 Facial nerve
12 Inferior oblique
13 Longissimus capitis
14 Splenius capitis
15 Occipital artery
16 Levator scapulae
18 Branches of cervical plexus
19 Internal jugular vein
20 Vagus nerve
21 Carotid sinus on internal carotid artery
22 Upper root of ansa cervicalis
(descending hypoglossal nerve)
23 Facial vein
24 External laryngeal nerve
25 Superior thyroid artery
27 Superior laryngeal artery
28 Common origin of lingual and facial
arteries
29 Cervical branch of facial nerve
32 Mylohyoid
33 Submental artery
34 Facial artery
35 Marginal mandibular branch of facial
nerve
36 Anterior branch of retromandibular
37 Buccinator
Left infratemporal fossa and the side
of the neck
(After remotal of much of the zygomatic
arch, temporalis muscle, ramus of the
mandible, parotid gland and
J ternocleidomastoid t
1 Temporalis
2 Maxillary nerve
3 Maxillary artery
4 Upper head of lateral pterygoid .partly
removed
5 Deep temporal nerve
6 Buccal nerve
7 Lower head of lateral pterygoid
8 Lateral temporomandibular! ligament
9 Auriculotemporal nerve
11 Fa
12 Retromandibular vein
13 Parotid gland
14 Splenius capitis
1 Deep cervical lymph nodes
16 Levator scapulae
18 Cervical plexus
19 Scalenus medius
20 Long thoracic nerve
21 Inferior belly of omohyoid (displaced
22 Nerve to subclavius and phrenic nerve

24 Ansa cervicalis
25 Sternothyroid
26 Sternohyoid
27 Superior belly of omohyoid
28 Upper root of ansa cervicalis
descending hypoglossal nerve)
30 Superior thyroid vein
32 Lower root of ansa cervicalis
descending cervical nerve)
34 Inferior constrictor
36 Submandibular lymph nodes
37 Facial vein
38 Facial artery
39 Nerve to mylohyoid
40 Inferior alveolar nerve and artery
41 Medial pterygoid
42 Lingual nerve
43 Lingual branch of inferior alveolar
artery
44 Buccinator
45 Parotid duct
• In Ihe infratemporal fossa Ihc lingual and
inferior alveolar nervesemerge between the two
pterygoid muscles, the lingual nerve lying about
I cm anterior to the inferior alveolar.
The neck and thoracic inlet from the front.
Deep dissection
iAfter removal of superficial muscles, major vessels,
siermtm, clavicles and costal cartilages)
1 Mandible
3 Mylohyoid
4 Geniohyoid
5 Lingual nerve
6 Hypoglossal nerve
7 Hyoglossus
10 Sympathetic trunk
1 Vagus nerve
12 Phrenic nerve
13 Scalenus anterior
14 Ventral ramus of fifth cervical nerve
15 Ventral ramus of sixth cervical nerve
16 Ventral ramus of seventh cervical nerve
17 Ventral ramus of eighth cervical nerve
18 First rib
19 Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
20 Apex of lung
21 Internal thoracic artery
22 Subclavian artery and ansa subclavia
23 Recurrent laryngeal nerve
24 Common carotid artery
25 Trachea
26 Brachiocephalic vein
27 Thyroidea ima artery
28 Brachiocephalic trunk
29 Isthmus
30 Lateral lobe of thyr >id gla
31 Pyramidal lobe
32 Suprascapular artery
33 Superficial artery 1
34 Cncothyro
35 Thyrohvoii
36 Levator'gla ndulae rhvroideae
39 Sternohyoid
42 Lingual artery
43 Facial artery
• As in this specimen, a pyramidal lobe of the ihyrt
often present The occasional thyroidea ima artery is
unusually large.
Right side of the neck. Anterior and
posterior triangles
huerrupuJ line : postlwn of spmal pari of
accessory nerve. Parts of some superficial 34 Levator scapulae
nerves and the external jugular vein have 35 Cervic-al nerve to trapezius
been removed) 18 Superior laryngeal artery
36 Trapezius
1 Paroiid gland 37 Splemus capitis
2 External jugular vein 20 External laryngeal nerve
3 Posterior belly of digastric 21 External carotid artery
Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
4 Hypoglossal nerve 22
23 Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid
5 Masseter
24 Clavicle
6 Facial vein
25 Scalenus anterior
7 Facial artery
26 Branch of fifth cervical nerve to
g Submandibular gland
phrenic nerve
9 Myloiiyoid
27 Inferior belly of omohyoid
11 Anterior jugular vein
• The spinal part of the accessory
12 Greater horn of hyoid bone
29 Scalenus medius ner\'e ihal crosses the poslenor
30 Ventral ramus of fifth cervical nerve mangle has been removed with the
13 Sternohyoid
omohyoid 31 Ventral ramus of fourth cervical nerve deep cervical fasaa. its posHion
14 Superior belly of indicated
overlying levator scapulae
is
15 Thyrohyoid and nerve by the interrupted line

Thyrohyoid membrane 33 Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck
16
Right side of the neck. Deep
dissection i after removal of par
of the mandible, parotid and
submandibular glands, mylohyoid
and sternocleidomastoid
1 Auriculotemporal nerve
3 Capsule of temporo-
mandibular
joint
4 Zygomatic arch
5 Temporalis
6 Ramus of
mandible ^®
8 Molar glands
7 "2 'ft 3/I 77
9 Parotid duct
10 Facial artery
11 Inferior alve(
13 Styloglossus
14 Glossopharyngeal nerve
15 Ascending palatme artery
16 Stylohyoid ligament
17 Lingual nerve
18 Hyoglossus
19 Deep part of submandibula
20 Mylohyoid and nerve
21 Submandibular duct
22 Subhngual gland 39 Superior thyroid
23 Deep lingual artery 40 Lateral lobe of thyroid gland • The deep lingual
24 Hypoglossal nerve 41 Middle thyroid vein artery is the name given t
25 Geniohyoid the hngual artery distal tc

42 Internal jugular vein the anterior border of
26 Anterior belly of digastric 43 Upper root hyoglossus.
off ansa cervical
\
1
and nerve ., r 56 Sternocleidomastoid

44 Lower root
57 Great auricular nerve • The thyrohyoid
27 Hyoid bone 45 Inferior belly of omohyoid
58 Spinal part of accessory nerve membrane is pierced by
28 Sternohyoid 46 Scalenus anterior
59 Sternocleidomastoid branch of the internal laryngeal
29 Superior belly of omohyoid 47 Superficial cervical artery
occipital artery nerve and the superior
30 Thyrohyoid and nerve 48 Scalenus medius laryngeal artery,
60 Occipital artery
31 Sternothyroid 49 Ventral ramus of fifth cervical
61 Vagus nerve • Apart from supplying muscles of the
32 Stylohyoid nerve
62 External carotid artery tongue, the hypoglossal nerve gives
33 Thyrohyoid membrane 50 Roots of phrenic nerve branches to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid,
34 63 Linguofacial trunk
Internal laryngeal nerve 51 Cervical nerves to trapezius and forms the upper root of the ansa
35
Superior laryngeal artery 52 Levator scapulae cervicalis These three branches consist
65 Posterior auricular artery of the fibres from the first cervical nerve
36 Superior thyroid artery 53 Trapezius
that have joined the hypoglossal nerve
37 External laryngeal nerve 54 Splenius capitis
higher m the neck; they are not derived
55 Lesser occipital nerve from the hypoglossal nucleus.
A Cast of vessels of the head and ne
front
1 Facial vein
2 Ophthalmic veins
3 Supra-orbital vein
4 Maxillary artery and pterygoid veno s plexus
5 Facial artery
6 External jugular vein
8 Superior thyroid vessels
9 Anterior lugular vein
10 Vessels of isthmus of thyroid gland
11 Inferior thyroid veins
12 Left common carotid artery
13 Left brachiocephalic vein
15 Right common carotid artery
16 Right subclavian artery
17 Right brachiocephalic vein
18 Vessels of lateral lobe of thyroid
B Cast of vessels of the head and neck, from the

right
1 Posterior external jugular vein
2 Occipital vessels
3 External vertebral venous plexus
4 Posterior auricular vessels
5 Retromandibular vein
6 Transverse facial branch of superficial temporal
artery
7 Pterygoid venous plexus
8 Facial vein
9 Facial artery
10 Submental artery
11 Anterior jugular vein
12 Superior thyroid vessels
14 Kxtcrnal jugular vein
15 Subclavian vein
17 Subclavian artery
18 First rib
C Cast of the head a

fetus, from the left
• The lonKuc and the ihyr lid gland i
39
Right side of the neck. Deep 27 Internal laryngeal nerve

A
dissection and lateral lobe of 28 Thyrohyoid and nerve
the thyroid gland 29 Superior laryngeal artery
1 Sternocleidomastoid 30 Superior thyroid artery
2 Great auricular nerve 31 External laryngeal nerve
3 Posterior belly of digastric 32 Sternothyroid
4 Spinal part of accessory nerve 33 Superior belly of omohyoid
5 Internal lugular vein 34 Sternohyoid
35 Lateral lobe of thyroid gland
6 Occipital artery
7 External carotid artery 36 Inferior constrictor
8 Internal carotid artery 37 Recurrent laryngeal nerve

38 Inferior thyroid anery
9 Ascending pharyngeal artery
39 Middle cervical sympathetic
10 Facial artery
Posterior auricular artery ganglion
11
12 Stylohyoid (cut end displaced 40 Common carotid artery
medially) 41 Vagus nerve

13 Stylopharyngeus 42 Phrenic nerve
14 Styloglossus 43 Scalenus anterior
15 Glossopharyngeal nerve 44 Carotid sinus
16 Stylohyoid ligament 45 Lower root of ansa cervicalis
17 Ascending palatine artery
18 Hyoglossus
19 Lingual nerve
20 Submandibular ganglion
22 Sublingual gland
23 Hypoglossal nerve
24 Mylohyoid
26 Lingual artery
Branches of the right trigeminal
nerve and related structures, from
the left
1 Nasal septum
2 Inferior
3 Middle
concha
4 Superior
5 Supreme j
6 Optic nerve
7 Internal carotid artery
8 Oculomotor nerve
9 Trochlear nerve
10 Abducent nerve
11 Ophthalmic branches of
j
12 Maxillary trigeminal
13 Mandibular nerve
I
14 Motor root of trigeminal nerve

15 Trigeminal ganglion
16 Petrous part of temporal bone
17 Trigeminal nerve
18 Pons
19 Jugular bulb
21 Parotid gland
23 Sphenomandibular ligament and
maxillary artery
24 Roots of auriculotemporal nerve
25 Chorda tympani
26 Middle meningeal artery
27 Marker in auditory tube
28 Nerve to medial pterygoid
29 Tensor veli palatini
30 Medial pterygoid
31 Lingual nerve
32 Inferior alveolar nerve
34 Submandibular ganglion
36 Stylohyoid ligament
37 Lingual artery
38 Hyoglossus
40 Mylohyoid
41 Geniohyoid
42 Genioglossus
43 Sublingual gland
, 43 ^^S^!^
42 ^,.|- .45 36
• In this specimen much
of the right petrous
temporal bone has been removed, and the right 38 37
cavernous sinus has been opened from the medial
side, so reveahng from this aspect the nerves that
normally lie in the sinus - the ophthalmic,
maxillary, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent.
• The occasional supreme (highest) concha is
present in this specimen,

• The chorda tympani leaves the skull through
the petrotympanic fissure and joins the posterior
aspect of the Ungual nerve about 2 cm below the
skull.
A sagittal section through
the head, slightly to the
left of the midline (with
the neck extended)
1 Lefir
2 Left ethmoidal air cells
3 Falx cerebri
4 Medial surface of right
sphere
5 Anterior cerebral
6 Corpus
7 Arachnoid granular:
8 Superior sagittal
ium cerebell
10 Straight
11 Cerebellum
12 Great
13 Midbrain
14 Pons
1 5 Fourth ventricle
16 Medulla oblongata
17 Margin of foramen
magnum
18 Cerebellomedullary
cistern icisterna magna)
19 Posterior arch of atlas
20 Spinal medulla
21 Intervertebral disc
between axis and third
» Tlie falx cerebri separar
cerebral hemispheres. The
cervical vertebra
*o
mcerebelli separates the 22 Laryngeal part of pharynx
f parts of the cerebral 23 Inlet of larynx
hemispheres from the cerebellum. Thyroid cartilage
24
• The hard palate (floor of the
Hyoid bone
nose, roof of the mouth) lies in
25
approximately the 26 Epiglottis
horizontal plane as the forai 27 N'allecula
magnum. 28 Oral part of pharynx
29 Tongue
30 Mandible
31 Hard palate
32 Soft palate
33 Nasopharynx
Noles page 47
ior
34 Dens of axis
• The palatoglossal folds form the b<
35 Anterior arch of atlas
the oral part of the pharynx. The (pala
herefore in the oral 36 Pharyngeal tonsil
the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal foldi
partof the pharynx the mouth 37 Opening of auditory tube
• In A the cricoid cartilage
ce is lying at a higher level than normal 38 Choana (posterior nasal
(opposite the fourth and fifth rvical vertebrae, instead of the sixth). aperture)
• In B, the sphenoidal air s uses ate large, and both have extended
39 Nasal septum
s the rnidlir
I The sphenopalatine a!he termination of the maxillary anety;, 40 Sphenoidal sinus
upplying much of the lat ill of the nose and nasal
septum, enters 41 Pituitary gland
he nasal cavity through the sphenopalati foramen (page 18) which
42 Optic chiasma
les immediately behind ihe superior mei
The nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx in a midline
sagittal section, from the right, with the nasal A
septum intact, B the left nasal cavity with the nasal
septum removed
1 Anterior margin of foramen magnum
2 Pituitary gland
3 Left sphenoidal sinus
4 Vomer
5 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
6 Septal cartilage
7 Frontal sinus
8 Incisjve canal
9 Hard palate
10 Soft palate
11 Salpingopalatal fold
12 Opening of auditory rube
13 Tubal elevation
14 Salpingopharyngeal fold
15 Levator elevation
16 Pharyngeal recess
17 Pharyngeal tonsil
18 Palatopharyngeal fold
19 Palatine tonsil
20 Palatoglossal fold
21 Pharynge
parr of dorsum of tongue
22 O
23 Genioglossus
24 Geniohyoid
25 Mylohyoid
26 Vallecula
27 Epiglottis
28 Aryepigli : fold
29 Arytenoid cartilagi
30 Vestibular fold
31 Vocal fold
32 Arch
nd cartilage
33 Lamina I
34 Laryngeal
35 Oral partofpharyn
;
36 Nasal
37 Dens of axis
38 Transverse ligament of atlas
39 Median atlanto-axial joint 47 Superior concha
40 Anterior arch of atlas 48 Superior meatus
41 Tectorial membrane 49 Middle concha
42 Apical ligament of dens 50 Middle meatus
43 Intercavernous venous sinus 51 Inferior concha
44 Optic nerve 52 Inferior meatus
45 Right sphenoidal sinus 53 Atrium
46 Spheno-ethmoidal recess 54 Vestibule
C The palatine tonsils. Medial surface (operation

specimens from a child aged 14)
• The openings of the lonsillar crypts are seen on ihe surface. The
arrow indicates the intratonsillar cleft (ihe remains of the embryonic
second pharyngeal pouch).
• The palatme lonsils (commonly called simply 'the tonsils') are
masses of lymphoid tissue that are frequently enlarged in childhood but
become much reduced in size in later life. Together with the lymphoid
tissue in the posterior part of the tongue (lingual tonsil) and in the
posterior wall of the nasopharynx (pharyngeal tonsil), they form a
protective 'ring' of lymphoid tissue at the upper end of the respiratory
B and alimentary tracts.
A Lateral wall of the left nasal cavity in a midline
sagittal section of the head. Openings of the
paranasal sinuses
I The middle concha and part of the inferior concha have
been remmed
1 Left sphenoidal sinus
2 Spheno-ethmoidal recess
3 Superior concha
4 Superior meatus
5 Cut edge of middle concha
6 Ethmoidal bulla and opening of middle ethmoidal air
cells
7 Semilunar hiatus
8 Marker in opening of maxillary sinus
9 Ethmoidal infundibulum
10 Opening of anterior ethmoidal air cells
1 Marker in frontonasal duct (opening of frontal sinus)
12 Middle meatus
13 Inferior concha
Ifs--^ 14 Inferior meatus
15 Marker in opening of nasolacrimal duct
16 Openingof auditory tube
The sphenoidal sinus opens into ihc spheno-eihmoidal recess

The posterior
" ...
ethmoidal air cells open into the superior meatus, the
... ..u^-_.„„^r cells imo
middle cells on or above the ethmoidal bulla, and the ai
the infundibulum or frontonasal duct
• The frontal sinus opens into the middle meatus by c frontonasal
duct or via the mfundibulum, which is the up\\3rd and
anterior
continuation of the semilunar hiatus

• The maxillary sinus opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middl
meatus; occasionally there are two openings, one of which may be
below the hiatus (as in the specimen on the page opposue!-
• The nasolacrimal duci opens into the inferior meatus.
B Left nasal cavity and pterygopalatine ganglion,

from the right
• The olfactory area of the nasal mucosa occupies the mucosa Sec note opposite lor an explanaiton of this dissection
overlying ihc superior concha, the corresponding part of the septum 1 Arcuate eminence
and the adjacent part of the roof of the nose- 2 Internal acoustic meatus and facial nerve
• The nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by the union of the
greater petrosal nerve (from the facial and the deep peiro
i
(from the sympathetic plexus round the inicmal carotid a 4 Internal carotid vs\'mpathetic> nerve
internal carotid 5 Deep petrosal nerve
6 Greater petrosal nerve
7 Nerve of pterygoid canal
9 Maxillary nerve
10 Abducent nerve
11 Oculomotor nerve
12 Opt.c nerve
13 Ollaciory nerve filamenis
14 Frontal sinus and marker
1 Anterior ethmoidal nerve
16 Left nasopalatine nerve
1 Greater palatine nerve
18 Lesser palatine nerves
19 Inferior concha
20 Marker emerging froi .al duct in middle
21 Arlihcial opening into maxillary sinus ar

22 Opening of maxillary sinus and marker
23 I'tcrygopalatine ganglion
24 Opening of auditory tube and marker
25 Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
26 \'eriebral artery
C Lateral wall of the left nasal cavity. Ethmoidal ai:
cells and bulla

( /;/ J nnJ/nic sfciwu of ihe hr.id aficr removal of the
saffiiiLil
superior iuui middle aniehae '
1 Pons
14 Thyropharyngeal part of inferior
A The pharynx, from behind with the
15 Cricopharyngeal constrictor
posterior part of the skull removed
1 Inicrnal acoustic meatus with facial and 16 Oesophagus
vestibulocochlear nerves 17 Middle constrictor
2 Trigeminal nerve
18 Superior constrictor
Abducent nerve 19 Pharyngeal raphe
3
• Fnr the pharynx from Ihe side see pages 41 and 44.
4 Trochlear nerve
• I he phdrvnx extends from the
base of the skull to
5 Optic nerve
ihc level of the sixth cervical vertebra. The nasal part
6 Oculomotor nerve nasopharynx i. as far down as Ihc lower border of the
7 Dura mater overlying clivus soft palate, contains the opening of the auditory tube,
8 Pharyngobasilar fascia the pharyngeal tonsil and the pharyngeal recesses and
opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity. The oral part,
9 Cilnssopharyngcal nerve
between the soft palate and the upper border of the
10 Sivlcnd rrocess and stylopharyngeus epiglottis, contains the palatine tonsils, and opens
1 P.iMcnor border of ramus of mandible into the mouth The laryngeal pan, below the upper
12 Masscter border of the epiglottis, contains Ihe piriform recess
and opens anteriorly into the larynx, becoming
13 Medial pterygoid
continuous bckm with the oesophagus
C The soft palate, from behind

Afu-r remoiiil of the phjrynx and part of the base of
the iktiU
2 Tvmpanic membrane
3 .Apex of petrous pan of temporal bone
5 C.hvus
6 \'omer inasal septum''
7 Soft palate
8 Uvula
9 Marker in auditory tube
10 Levator veli palatini
1 Tensor veli palatini (superficial to marker)
12 Pterygoid hamulus
13 Tendon of tensor veil palatini
14 Styloid process
15 Part of stylomandibular ligament
16 Sphenomandibular ligament
17 Angle of mandible
palate are supplied
• All the muscles of the pharynx and soft
Ihe blanches of
by the cranial part of Ihe accessory netve through
except for the slylo-
Ihe vagus that loin the pharyngeal plexus,
nerve and
pharvngeus which is supplied by Ihe glossopharyngeal
the tensor veil palatini by a branch from Ihe
nerve to Ihe medial
pterygoid muscle imandibular nerveV
B The pharynx, from behind with most of the
superior and middle constrictors removed
1 Sigmoid sinus
2 Jugular bulb
4 Cartilaginous part of auditory tube (marker in
opening)
5 Clivus
6 Posterior nasal aperture (choana)
7 Nasal septum (vomer)
8 Soft palate
9 Levator veil palatini
10 Salpingopharyngeus
11 Superior constrictor (cut edge)
12 Medial pterygoid
13 Lingual nerve
14 Inferior alveolar nerve
15 Chorda tympani
16 Glossopharyngeal nerve
17 Stylopharyngeus
18 Styloglossus
19 Stylohyoid
20 Styloid process
22 Parotid gland
23 Masseter
24 Angle of mandible
26 Nerve to thyrohyoid
27 Tip of greater horn of hyoid bone
28 Middle constrictor (overlying red marker)
29 Inferior constrictor (overlying blue marker)
32 Superior parathyroid gland
33 Inferior thyroid artery
35 Longitudinal 1
r , ,
,, muscle of oesophagus
^ ^
36 r-
Circular ,

38 Lingual artery
39 Epiglottis
40 Foramen caecum in dorsum of tongue
41 Uvula
42 Palalopharyngeus
43 Pterygoid hamulus
44 Tensor veli palatini
• The palalopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus pass down-
wards iniernal to the superior constrictor, the stylopharyngeus
passes downwards between the superior and mi
The hyoid bone, A C The cartilage of th F The arytenoid
from the cartilages, from behind
from above and in epiglottis,
front, B with muscle front. D
The thyroid 1 Apex
cartilage from the 2 Muscular process
attachments
front, E from the ght 3 Articular surface for
1 Greater horn
with attachments cricoid cartilage
2 Lesser horn
Superior horn 4 Vocal process
3 Body 1
4 Genioglossus 2 Lamina
5 Geniohyoid 3 Inferior horn The cricoid cartilage
6 Stylohyoid hgament 4 Thyroid notch and muscle
5 Laryngeal prominen
attachments, G from
7 Middle constrictor
(Adam's applet behind and below, H
8 Hyoglossus
9 Mylohyoid 6 Supeno from the right
tubercle
10 Sternohyoid 7 Inferior
8 Inferior constr 2 Posterior crico-
1 Omohyoid
9 Sternothyroid arytenoid
12 Thyrohyoid
Stylohyoid 10 Thyrohyoid 3 Tendon of oesophagus
13
11 Cricothyroid 4 Articular surface for
arytenoid cartilage
5 Articular surface for
inferior horn of
thyroid cartilage
The larynx from behind, with 6 Arch
J
most of the posterior pharyngeal 7 Inferior constrictor
wall removed 8 Cricothvroid

The le/r of the thyroid cartilage has
lamma
K The tongue and the inlet of the
been reflected forwards, and a glass rod holds
part of the pharynx open) larynx, from above
Epiglottis 1 Posterior wall of pharynx
1
2 Corniculate cartilage in aryepi-
2 Posterior pharyngeal wall
3 Cuneiform cartilage glottic fold
3 Cuneiform cartilage : in aryepi-
4 Corniculatc cartilage glottic fold 4 Epiglottis

5 Median glosso-epiglottu ; fold
5 Transverse arytenoid muscle
6 Vallecula
5 Branch of internal laryngeal nerve
7 Branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve
7 Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold
Tendon of oesophagus 8 Pharyngeal part of dorsum of tongue

8
9 oesophagus
Circular fibres of 9 Foramen caecum
10 Anastomosis between internal and 10 Sulcus terminalis
recurrent laryngeal nerves 11 Vallate papilla
1 Cricothyroid muscle (reflected 12 Fungiform papilla

forwards with lamina of thyroid 13 Vestibular fold
cartilage) 14 \'ocal fold
5 I.
1 f4
The larynx in a midline sagittal
from the right
Pharyngeal wall
Aryepiglottic fold and inlet of larynx
Epiglottis
'
Vallecula
16 Tongue
Body of hyoid bone
Lamina of thyroid cartilage
Vestibular fold
Sinus of larynx
Vocal fold
i^^
i-
Arch of cricoid cartilage
Isthmus of thyroid gland
19 Trachea
«- ^ Lamina of cricoid cartilage
#*^ Branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve
25/ Transverse arytenoid muscle
12 '26 Branches of internal laryngeal nerve
anastomosing with recurrent laryngea
Biter nerve
Corniculate cartilage and apex of
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx, A from Lammj ot" thyroid cartilage arytenoid cartilage
behind, B from the right (with the Internal laryngeal nerve Internal laryngeal nerve entering
right lamina of the thyroid cartilage Thyrohyoid membrane piriform recess
removed), C from the left (with part of Quadrangular membrane Vestibule of larynx
the thyroid lamina reflected forwards) Thyro-arytenoid muscle
1 Greater horn of hvoid bone Lateral crico-arytenoid muj
2 Vallecula Arch of cricoid cartilage
3 Dorsum of tongue Cricothyroid joint
4 Epiglottis Posterior wall of pharynx
5 Aryepiglottic fold Aryepiglottic
muscle
6 Cuneiform Thyro-epiglottic
cartilage
7 Corniculate Anastomosis of internal and recurren
8 Transverse laryngeal nerves
arytenoid muscle
9 Oblique Recurrent laryngeal nerve
10 Posterior cnco-arytenoid muscle Oesophagus
1 Area on lamina of cricoid cartilage for Cricothyroid muscle (reflected from
tendon of oesophagus cricoid attachment)
12 Trachea
• The space between the vestibular and vocal
• folds the sinus of the larynx, and this is
In K (opposite) theV-shaped sulcus is
tcrminalis, behind the row of vallate papillae, is nu continuous with the saccule, a small pouch that
well marked in this tonEue. extends upwards for a few millimetres between th<
vestibular fold and the inner surface of the thyro-
• The fissure between the two vestibular folds is
the rima of ihe vestibule. The fissure between the

vocal folds (vocal cords) is the nma of the glottis.
• The vestibular folds are sometimes called the
false vocal cords.
E Ligaments and membranes of the right

side of the larynx. Internal surfaces, from the
left
IAfter removal of mosi of the left side of (he larynx t The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied hy the recuri
iryngeal nerve, except the cricothyroid which is supplied by the
but with the cricoid cartilage iniad I
xternal laryngeal nerve.
1 Hyoid bone The mucous membrane of the larynx above the level of the vi
2 Hyo-epiglottic ligament folds IS supplied by the internal laryngeal nerve, and below the
3 Epiglottis folds by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
4 Quadrangular membrane • The recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the larynx by passing
beneath the lower border of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx,
5 Apex I of arytenoid and here it lies immediately behind the cricothyroid joint.
6 Vocal process I cartilage • The vocal fold (vocal cord) is formed by the upper margin of the
7 Lamina I of cricoid cricovocalmembrane, which is triangular.
8 Arch cartilage
• The vestibular fold (false vocal cord) is formed by the lower
I
margin of the quadrangular membrane, whose upfper margin forms

9 Cricovocal membrane the aryepiglottic fold.
10 Lamina of thyroid cartilage • The central (anterior) part of the cricothyroid membrane is
II Thyro-epiglottic ligament usually known as the conus elasticus

A Cerebral dura mater, outer surface (after
removal of the right half of the craaiai vault)
• Branches of ihc middle meningeal vessels are seen on the out
skull, le.
surface of the dura; ihey lie between the dura and the
ii
brain.
the extradural space. These vessels do not supply the
• The middle cranial fossa is bunerfly-

shaped. with a central part containing the
pituitary gUnd in its fossa tbelow the
optic
chiasmal and lateral parts in which the

temporal lobes of the brain arc lodged.
• The posterior cranial fossa lies beneath
and contains the
the tentorium cerebelli
cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.
C Cerebral dura mater, falx cerebri, Falx erebn 17 Vestibulocochlear nerve
tentorium cerebelli and cranial nerves, on 2 Sphenoparietal sinus 18 Sensory root 1
the right side of a midline sagittal section 3 Inferior sagittal sinus (nervus intermedius) of facial r
of the head 4 Arachnoid granulations 19 Motor root |
(After removal of the brain. A zvittdozi' has been CU: 5 Superior sagittal sinus 20 Abducent nerve
in the posterior part of the falx I 6 Transverse sinus 21 Trigeminal nerve
7 Tentorium cerebelli 22 Free margin of tentorium cerebelli
8 Straight sinus 23 Trochlear nerve
9 Margin of foramen magnum 24 Oculomotor nerve
10 Posterior arch of atlas 25 Internal carotid artery
11 Spinal medulla 26 Optic nerve
12 Dens of axis 27 Olfactory tract
13 Medulla oblongata 28 Pituitary gland
14 Rootlets of hypoglossal nerve 29 Sphenoidal sinus
15 Spinal part of accessory nerve 30 Choana (posterior nasal aperture)
16 Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory 31 Nasal septum
B The cranial fossae and dura nerves
mater
(On the right part of the
dura has
been removed, and on the left a
window has been cut in the base of the
skull. The brainstem has been
transected through the midbrain)
1 Anrerior cranial fossa
2 Falx cerebri
3 Olfactory bulb
4 Olfactory tract
5 Maxillary nerve
6 Mandibular nerve
8 Trigeminal nerve
9 Free margm of lentormm
cerebelli
10 Motor root )
"^""^^
intermedius) ;
12 Vestibulocochlear nerve
1 Attached margin of tentorium
cerebelli [containing transverse
sinus)
14 Superior sagittal sinus
15 Junction of falx cerebri and
tentorium cerebelli (containing
straight sinus)
16 Cerebellum
17 Midbram
18 Oculomoiornerve
19 Superior cerebellar artery
20 Posterior cerebral artery
21 Posterior communicating artery
22 Optic tract
23 Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
24 Optic chiasma
25 Optic nerve
26 Middle cerebral artery
27 Attached margin of tentorium
cerebelli containing superior
petrosal sinus
28 Lateral part of middle cranial
fossa
29 Upper surface of lateral
pterygoid
30 Deep temporal nerves and
vessels
14 12,«
Right extra-ocular muscles, B from above.

A Left eye
C from the right
1 Lacrimal caruncle Superior oblique
1
2 Lacrimal papilla
2 Trochlea
3 Plica semilunaris
3 Tendon of superior oblique
4 Sclera
4 Levator palpebrae superioris
5 Limbus corneoscleral
5 Eveball
junction^
6 Inferior oblique
6 Ins 7 Lateral rectus
7 Pupil 8 Superior rectus
• The cornea the iranspareni
is
9 Tendinous ring
anicnor part of the outer coat of the
10 Optic nerve
eyeball and is coniinuous with ihe sclera
at the limbus. 11 Optic canal
• The pupil is the central aperture of 12 Anterior clinoid process
the ins, the circular pigmented 13 Sella turcica pituitary fossa)
diaphragm that lies in front of the lens.
14 Posterior clinoid process
• Each lacrimal papilla contains the
lacrimal punctum, the minute opening of
15 Ethmoidal air cells
the lacrimal canaliculus which runs 16 Inferior rectus
medially to open into the lacrimal sac', • Of the muscles thai move the eyeball, the lateral rectus is
supplied by the abducent nerve, the superior oblique by
lying deep to the medial palpebral
Ihe
ligament and continuing downwards as trochlear nerve, and the others (medial, superior and
inferior
the nasolacrimal duct within the rectus and infenor oblique by the oculomotor nerve.
i
The
nasolacrimal canal. levator palpebrae supenons is also supplied by the
oculomotor nerve, but part of this muscle consists of visceral
muscle fibres which receive a sympathetic supply.
1 Lacrimal gland 14 .Abducent nerve

2 Lacrimal nerve 15 Trigeminal ganglion
Nerves of the left orbit, D 3 Eyeball 16 Lateral rectus (reflected
from above, E from the let i
4 Levator palpebrae backwards)
The roof and lateral zvall ot ,". supenons 17 Superior rectus
orbithave been removed and ir.>. 5 Supra-orbital nerve 18 Ophthalmic nerve
cavernous sinus opened. The 6 Supratrochlear nerve 19 Ciliary ganglion
lateral rectus muscle has been 7 Superior oblique 20 Short ciliary nerves
superficial to marker)
detached near the eyeball and 8 Frontal nerve
backwards 9 Trochlear nerve 21 Nerve to medial rectus
reflected i
10 Optic nerve 22 Inferior rectus

Ophthalmic artery 23 Nerve to infenor oblique
11
24 Inferior oblique
25 Lateral rectus
13 Oculomotor nerve
A The orbits opened from above, to • The most important branch of the ophthalmic
artery - the central artery of the retina - is hidden
show the principal vessels and nerves
below the optic nerve It runs within the dural sheath
IAfter partial removal of muscles and of the nerve and pierces the inferomedjal surface of the
muscular branches of vessels nerve 1 .25 cm behind the eyeball, passing forwards in
1 Lacrimal gland the centre of the nerve to reach the retina where its
branches can be observed with the ophthalmoscope,

2 Levator palpebrae superioris
• In this specimen the supra-orbital artery is absent
• The two oblique muscles {superior and inferior)
3 Superior rectus both pass below the corresponding rectus muscles,

on the right and unusually small on the left
4 Supra-orbital artery • The lateral palpebral ligament (connected to the
tarsal plates of both eyelids) is attached to a small
5 Supra-orbital nerve
tubercle on the zygomatic bone immediately in front
(
6 Supratrochlear nerve of the part of the orbital septum seen in this
7 Eyeball B Right orbit, from the front wit) specimen). The medial palpebral ligament is attached
process
8 Medial rectus eyeball removed to the anterior lacrimal crest of the frontal c f
the maxilla, and therefore lies anterior to the lacrimal

9 Nasociliary nerve IThe exira-ocular muscles and the optic
10 Superior oblique • The orbital septum is the continuation into the
I IOphthalmic artery 1 Supra-orbital nerve eyelids of the orbital periosteum (properly called the
12 Trochlear nerve 2 Supratrochlear nerve orbital fascia).
13 Frontal nerve 3 Trochlea

14 Lacrimal nerve 4 Tendo 1 of superior oblique C Right nasolacrimal duct (with
15 Lateral rectus 5 Superi )r oblique bristles in the puncta of the lacrimal
16 Optic nerve (with overlying short ciliary 6 Anteri. ethmoidal nerve
r canalicuhl
nerves in left.orbit) 7 Infratrochlear nerve 1 Superior canaliculus
17 Internal carotid artery 8 Medial rectus 2 Dorsal nasal artery
18 Middle cerebral artery 9 Attachment of medial palpebral 3 Medial palpebral ligament overlying
19 Anterior cerebral artery ligament lacrimal sac
20 Optic chiasma 10 Inferior oblique 4 Nasolacrimal duct
21 Anterior communicating artery 11 Inferior rectus 5 Infra-orbital nerve
22 Cribriform plate of ethmoid 12 Optic nerve 6 Inferior canaliculus

23 Lacrimal artery 13 Lateral rectus
24 Posterior ciliary artery 14 Part of orbital septum
25 Infratrochlear nerve and ophthalmic 15 Lacrimal gland
artery 16 Superior rectus
26 Anterior ethmoidal artery and nerve 17 Levator palpebrae superioris
26
20 Stapes m
oval window and stapedius muscle
21 Promontory with overlying tympanic plexus
22 Lesser petrosal nerve
23 Groove for greater petrosal nerve (yellow)
B Right temporal bone and middle ear
znih some remoVijl of
24 Carotid canal redl I,
The' bone has hcai f>is.\fc-J,

25 Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
the upper pari of ihe petrous part. The section has
entering its canaliculus
opened up the tympanic middle ear > cavity,- on the
i
includes
26 Jugular bulb bluel I
left side of the figure the lateral wall, tvhich

A Right external ear • The middle ear nr tympamc cavity is an irregular space
the tympanic membrane, is seen from the medial within the temporal bone, containing the auditory ossicles
1 Helix side, while on the right the main features of the and filled with air that commumcaies with the nasopharynx
2 Auricular tubercle medial wall are in view > through the auditory tube
3 Scaphoid fossa • The cpitympanic recess is the pan of the tympanic cavity
1 Groove for middle meningeal vessels
4 Upper crus of aniihelix that lies above the tympanic membrane, and lodges the head
2 Tensor lympani muscle in its canal backwards
ot the malleus and the body of the incus- It leads
5 Triangular fossa
3 Bony part of auditory lube through the aditus into the mastoid antrum, which is an
6 Lower crus of antihelix 4 Part of carotid canaUred) enlarged mastoid air cell.
7 Upper part of concha 5 Partof jugular bulb (blue) • The medial wall of the middle car contains jfrom below
8 Crus of helix upwards) the promontory <duc to the first turn of the
6 Styloid process
cochlear, the canal for the facial nerve and the prominence
9 Lower part of concha 7 Stylomastoid foramen due to the lateral semicircular canal. Below and behind the
10 External acoustic meatus 8 Tympanic membrane promontory (.and lusi hidden by it in this view' is the round
1 Superficial temporal vessels 9 Malleus window (fenestra cochleae, closed by the secondary tympanic
and auriculotemporal nerve 10 Incus membrane), and above and behind it is the oval window
Tragus (.fenestra vestibuli, closed by the footplate of the stapes).
12 U Tegmen lympani • The rotif of the middle ear is the tegmen tympani the ;
13 Iniertragic notch Epiiympanic recess the

12 lugular bulb lies below the fioor. and the carotid canal in
14 Anlitragus 13 Aditus to mastoid antrum
15 Lobule 14 Mastoid antrum
16 Transverse process of atlas 15 Mastoid air cells
D Right temporal bone,
17 Mastoid process from the right, after
16 Mastoid process
18 Antihelix
removal of mastoid air
17 Superior
cells
18 Lateral
i With the canal for the facial
19 Canal for facial nerve tyellowi
nerze opened up i
• The concha is ihc decpcsi pan ot i

1 Sigmoid sinus
external ear. The lower part of ihe
2 Dura mater of posterior
concha leads into the external acoustic
meatus the suprameaial triangle and
i
cranial fossa
mastoid antrum lie behind the upper 3 Facial nerve
4 Lateral semicircular canal
5 Chorda tympani
6 Tympanic membrane
;,upper part removed)
C Cast of the mastoid air • Ther :clls a
cells, within a transparent related lo the sigmoid sinus and
cast of their own right posterior cranial fossa
temporal bone, from the Pîsieromcdially . above is the
temporal lobe of the brain the
right
middle cranial fossa. The i
• Thi!. ^peclmc^ is supported by a rod

:clls c ibc
in the external acoustic meatus. The
approached surgically by opening up
styloid process projects downwards
the bone through the suprameatal
immediately below the meatus, with the
triangle ^pagc 2Si.
mastoid process behind ii.
Right temporal bone, dissected to show parts of the external, 10 Tensor tympani muscle
middle and internal ear. A from the right, B from the right and 11 Cochleanform process
slightly above and behind, magnified, C from above and in 12 Tendon of tensor tympan:
front, and D magnified 13 Cochlea
14 Cochlear part
Auditory ossicles: dark blue, malleus; red, incus; green, stapes. of vestibulocochlear nerve
I
15 Vestibular part
Margins of opened semicircular canals and cochlea: black) 16 Internal acoustic meatus
\ Mastoid process 17 Genicular ganglion of facial nerve
2 Posterior 1
3 Superior semicircular canal

• To assist orientation in A and C, pan of the surrounding temporal bone has been
4 Lateral ]
preserved Note the depth of the middle ear in relation to the mastoid process.
5 Tympanic membrane and fdark bluej handle of malleus • The handle of the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane.
6 Facial nerve (yellowj • The chorda tympani passes between the fibrous and mucous layers of the
tympanic membrane and crosses the handle of the malleus.
7 Stapedius muscle
• From the genicular ganglion the facial nerve passes backwards in its canal above
8 Chorda rympani fpurple) the promontory and then downwards in the medial wall of the aditus to reach the
9 Margins of auditory tube (mauvej stylomastoid foramen.
C Right temporal boi e, from above,
dissected to show the nternal ear
1 Vestibule with stapes
window
2 Superior
3 Lateral [
semicircular canal
4 Posterior
5 Cochlea
6 Tympanic r mbrane
• The iniemal consists of the bony
labyrinth and the jmbranous labyrinth.
The bony labyrinth consists of the
vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea.
• The membranous labyrinth is inside the
bony labyrinth and consists of the utricle and
saccule within the vestibule . the semicircular
i,
ducts twithin the semicircular canals" and the

duct of the cochlea within the cochlea
i
• The membranous labyrinth contains

endolymph and is separated from the bony
labyrinth by perilymph. These two fluids do
not communicate with one another, but the
perilymph probably communicates with the
subarachnoid space v a the cochlear canaliculus
Right temporal bone and middle ear, dissected to show

the facial nerve and branches, A. B magnified
1 Facial canal leading to 8 Malleus

stylomastoid foramen 9 Genicular ganglion of facial nerve
2 Facial nerve 10 Internal acoustic meatus
3 Chorda tympani U Greater petrosal nerve
4 Nerve to stapedius 12 Margin of auditory tube
5 Stapedius 13 Paraflfin wax (.for support)
overlying tympanic membrane
6 Stapes E Cast of the cerebral blood vessels, from
7 Incus the left
• The upper pan of ihc facial canal has been opened up; ihc chorda lympani • The largest vessels on the lateral surface of the cerebral
and nerve to stapedius branch from the facial nerve while it is m the
canal- The
hemisphere are branches of the middle cerebral artcry.
greater petrosal nerve branches from ihc genicular ganglion.
• The stapedius tendon emerges from a small conical projection on the
posterior wall of the tympanic cavity, the pyramid (here dissected
away).
F Cast of cerebral veins and venous sinuses
in the skull, from above and behind
With ihc Ufi half of th€ cranial vault removed
1 Foramen caecum and vein from nasal cavity
D Right temporal bone, dissected 2 Superior sagittal sinus
from above, magnified 3 Superior cerebral veins
1 Auditory tube 4 .Widdle meningeal veins
2 Chorda tympani 5 Inferior sagittal sinus
3 Malleus 6 Internal cerebral vein
4 Incudomallear )oim 7 Great cerebral vein
5 Incus 8 Straight sinus
6 Incudoslapedial joint 9 Transverse sinus
7 Stapedius muscle 10 Inferior cerebral veins
8 Stapes U Inferior petrosal sinus vrighti
9 Footplate oi stapes in oval window ot
12 Superior petrosal sinus Oeft^
vestibule 13 Petrosquamous vein
10 Lateral 14 Basilar plexus
1 Posterior [
semicircular canal 15 Cavernous sinus
12 Superior I
16 Sphenoparietal sinus
13 Internal acoustic meatus 17 Internal carotid artery
14 Bony canal 18 Middle cerebral artery
15 Osseous spiral lamina of 19 Anterior cerebral artery
16 Modiolus cochlea • At the internal occipital protuberance the superior
17 Cupola !
sagittal sinus usually turns to the right to become the right
• The spiral organ the end organ of hearing: lies

backwards in the free margin
on the basilar membrane, which stretches between • The inferior sagittal sinus r
s, which lies at the

the free edge of the osseous spiral lamina and the of the falx cerebri to join the sii light
lunction of the falx cerebri and cerebelli and turns to
side of thebony canal.
• The modiolus is the central axis of the cochlea, the left to become the left
and the cupola is its apex. s may communicate with one another.
A The brain from above. The right B Gyri and sulci of the right cerebral C The brain from the right, with the
hemisphere, from above after removal arachnoid mater
cerebral hemisphere with the
of the arachnoid mater 1 Occipital pole
arachnoid mater
Superior frontal gyrus 2 Superolateral surface of right cerebral
IA window has been cut in the arachnoid 1
hemisphere
mater ozer the left cerebral hemisphere) 2 Precentral sulcus
3 Precentral gyrus 3 Superior cerebral veins
1 Longitudinal fissure
4 Central sulcus 4 Frontal pole
2 Frontal pole
5 Postcentral gyrus 5 Temporal pole
3 Superolateral surface
6 Postcentral sulcus 6 Superficial middle cerebral vein
4 Occipital pole
7 Parieto-occipital sulcus overlying lateral sulcus
5 Arachnoid granulations
7 Inferior cerebral veins
• VChen removed from Ihe cranial cavity the brain is
covered by the arachnoid mater which collapses on to

g Pons and basilar artery
the gyn of the cerebral hemispheres. In life the 9 Medulla oblongata and vertebral artery
arachnoid mater is slightly separated from Ihe brain 10 Right cerebellar hemisphere
surface by the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid
• The cerebral arteries and veins that appear to be

on the brain surface are within the subarachnoid space.
D Gyri and sulci of the

superolateral surface of
the right cerebral
hemisphere
1 Lunate sulcus
2 Parieto-occipital sulcus
3 Pre-occipital notch
4 Inferior
temporal
5 Middle gyrus
6 Superior
7 Middle temporal
8 Superior ulcus
9 Supramarginal gyrus
10 Lateral sulcus (.posterior
ramus^
1 Postcentral sulcus
12 Postcentral gyrus
1 Central sulcus
14 Precentral gyrus
15 Precentral sulcus
16 Superior
17 Middle frontal gyrus
18 Inferior
19 Ascending ramus of
20 Anterior lateral sulcus
21 Pars triangularis
• The brain consists of the forebrain cerebrum
i
comprising the two cerebral hemispheres!, the

midbrain, and the hindbrain (comprising the pons
medulla oblongata and cerebellum),
• The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
constilute the brainstem.
• The central su
boundary between the frontal and
parietal lobes.
A An arbitrary line from the pre-
occipital notch to the parieto-
occipital sulcusmarks the boundary
between the parietal and occipital
lobes, and the part of the hemispheri
m from of this line and below the
lateral sulcus (strictly, the posti
ramus of the lateral sulcus) forms the
temporal lobe.
• The precentral and postcentral
gyri contain the classically described
"motor" and 'sensory' areas of the
cortex, but these terms are no longer
valid in the light of modern
• The motor speech areas are ii

the region of the ascending and
anterior rami of ihc lateral sulcus
and the pars triangularis
• The auditory areas of the cor
probably comprise parts of the
superior temporal gyrus, especial
the upper surface of it within the
lateral sulcus.
A The brain from below, with the
arachnoid mater partially intact
As typically seen uheti freshly remozed/rom
the cranial cavity and before dissection i
1 Inferior surface of frontal lobe

2 Frontal pole
3 Longitudinal fissure
4 Gyrus rectus
5 Olfactory bulb
6 Olfactory tract
7 Anterior perforated substance
8 Optic nerve
9 Optic chiasma
10 Infundibulum pituitary stalk
1 I ntemal carotid artery
12 Posterior conununicating artery

13 Oculomotor nerve
14 Crus of cerebral peduncle (midbrain)
15 Basilar artery
16 Pons
17 Trigeminal nerve
18 Abducent nerve
19 Facial nerve
20 \'estibulocochlear nerve
21 Vertebral artery
23 Spinal part of accessory ner\-e
24 Cerebellar hemisphere
25 Inferior surface of temporal lobe
26 Uncus
27 Arachnoid mater overlying mamillary
bodies
28 Temporal pole
B The optic tract and geniculate 10 Crus

bodies, from below U Substantia nigra
'After retmnal of part of the brainstem and 12 Tegmentum of midbrain
cerebral hemispheres 13 Tectum
1 Olfactory tract 14 Aqueduct
2 Anterior perforated substance 15 Lateral . , . .
ge"'™'"' body
3 Optic nerve 16 Medial
4 Optic chiasma 17 Pulvinar of thalamus
5 Infundibulum pituitary stalk 18 Splenium of corpus callosum
6 Tuber cincreum • The lateral geniculate bod\ is p*n of the \-isual
7 Mamillary body
• The mcjul geniculate body is pan ol" the acousti
8 Posterior perforated substance
9 Optic tract
C The brain from below. Gyri, sulci and
cranial nerves
IAfter removal of most of [he arachnoid marer and
minor blood vessels/
1 Orbital sulcus
2 Olfactory bulb
3 Olfactory tract
4 Gyrus rectus
5 Anterior perforated substance
6 Optic nerve
7 Optic chiasma
8 Optic tract
9 Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
10 Tuber cinereum
II Mamillary body
12 Posterior perforated substance
13 Anterior cerebral artery
14 Middle cerebral artery
16 Posterior communicating artery
17 Posterior cerebral artery
18 Oculomotor nerve
19 Superior cerebellar artery
20 Trochlear nerve
21 Crus of cerebral peduncle
22 Uncus
23 Parahippocampal gyrus
24 Collateral sulcus
25 Pons
26 Trigeminal nerve
27 Abducent nerve
28 Facial nerve
29 Vestibulocochlear nerve
30 Flocculus of cerebellum
31 Choroid plexus from lateral recess of fourth
ventricle
32 Roots of glossopharyngeal, vagus and
accessory nerves
34 Rootlets of hypoglossal nerve (superficial to
marker)
35 Vertebral artery
37 Tonsil of cerebellum
38 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
39 Pyramid of medulla
[
40 Ohve oblongata
:
41 Anterior mfcnor cerebellar artery

42 Basilar artery
• A blue marker has been placed behind the right flocculus
and the overlying tacial and vestibulocochlear nerves.
• A red marker has been placed behind the roois of the
right glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves.
The medial surface of the right cerebral
hemisphere and a midline sagittal section
through the brainstem
1 Anterior cerebral
artery
2 Rostrum i
of
3 Genu j
corp
4 Body callo I
5 Cingulate gyrus
6 Precentral gyrus
7 Central sulcus
8 Postcentral gyrus
9 Parieto-occipital
sulcus
10 Calcarine sulcus
11 Lingual gyrus
12 Cerebellum
13 Medulla oblongat;
14 Median aperture (
lourth ventricle
15 Fourth ventricle
16 Pons
17 Basilar artery
18 Tegmentum
19 Aqueduct !
'''
20 Inferior ,
coUiculus
brain
21 Superior
colliculus I
22 Posterior
commissure
23 Pineal body
24 Suprapineal recess
25 Great cerebral vein
26 Splenium of corpus
callosum
27 Fornix
28 Cut edge of septum
pellucidum
29 Body of lateral
ventricle
30 Thalamus cistern, from behind
31 Interthalamic
The cerebellum and cerebellomedullary
1 Cerebellar hemisphere
connexion
2 Arachnoid mater
32 Hypothalamic sulcus
• The cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) is formed by arachnoid mater
33 Hypothalamus
bridging the -^pace between the medulla oblongata and the under surface ot the
34 Posterior perforated
substance
35 Mamillary body
36 Tuber cinereum
37 Infundibular recess
38 Optic chiasma
39 Supra-optic recess
40 Lamina tcrminalis
41 Anterior commissure
42 Anterior column of
fornix
43 Interventricular
foramen and choroid plexus
• The interventricular foramen (between the third and lateral

ventricles) is bounded in front by the anterior column of the
fornix and behind by the thalamus.

• The aqueduct of ihc midbrain connects the third and fourth
The part of the midbrain dorsal to the aqueduct (and
ventricles.
containing the superior and inferior colUcuIi) is the tectum, and
ventral to it is the tegmentum.
The ventral surface of the
1 nerves
i The left cerebellar hemisphere has been
A The medial surface of the right 10 Calcarine sulcus removed. The cranial nerves are identified by
cerebral hemisphere, with the 11 Paneto-occipital sulcus their official numbers and names. The
brainstem removed through the 12 Lingual gyrus filaments of the first cranial nerve, the
midbrain 13 Parahippocampal gyrus olfactory, run into the olfactory bulb and so
1 Corpus callosum 14 Collateral sulcus are not seen with the brainstem)
2 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle 15 Uncus 2 Optic
3 Anterior column of fornix • The parahippocampal gyrus is coniinuous
3 Oculomotor
4 Interventricular foramen anteriorly with the hook-hke uncus and posteriorly 4 Trochlear
Thalamus with the lingual gyrus, 5 Trigeminal
5 I in lateral wall
6 Hypothalamus [ of third ventricle
# The visual area of ihe cerebral cortex occupies the 6 Abducent
upper and lower lips of the posterior part of the
7 Midbrain 7 Facial
calcarine sulcus (behind the parieto-occipital sulcus i,
8 Pineal body and part of the lower Up of the calcarine sulcus 8 Vestibulocochlear
9 Splenium of corpus callosum anterior lo its junction with the paneto-occipital 9 Glossopharyngeal
10 Vagus
11 Accessory
12 Hypoglossal
C The brainstem from the left, with • For notes on the emergence of cranial nerves
18 Postpyramidal fissure from the brainstem sec page 68.
the cerebellum in a midline sagittal 19 Uvula
section 20 Nodule
IThe left half of the cerebellum has been 21 Tonsil
removed by transecting the cerebellar 22 Fourth ventricle
peduncles j 23 Choroid plexus in lateral recess
1 Pons 24 Medulla oblongata
2 Trigeminal nerve 25 Roots of glossopharyngeal, vagus and
3 Superior cerebellar artery accessory nerves
4 Trochlear nerve 26 Olive
5 Basal cerebral vein 27 Rootlets of hypoglossal nerve
6 Crus of cerebral peduncle 28 Pyramid
7 Posterior cerebral artery 29 Abducent nerve
8 Inferior colliculus 30 Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
9 Superior I
• The central part of the cerebellum constitutes

10 Middle cerebellar peduncle the vermis (nodule, uvula and pyramid), which is
I
II Inferior continuous laterally with the hemispheres
12
j
Superior medullary velum

• The folia of the cerebellar cortex are
considerably narrower than the gyri of the cerebral
13 Lingula
14 Anterior lobe • The largest of the subcortical nuclei of the
15 Primary fissure cerebellar hemisphere is the dentate nucleus, whose
16 Prepyramidal fissure axons constitute the main efferent pathway from
17 Pyramid
the cerebellum and leave m
the superior peduncle.
Injected arteries of the base of the brain
U"i//j punul uiH.Kul .'/ lilt n^hi >uL oj ihe brain)
1 Anterior choroidal
2 Middle cerebral
3 Internal carotid
4 Anterior cerebral
5 Anterior communicating
6 Optic nerve-
7 Olfactory tract
8 Posterior communicating
9 Posterior cerebral
10 Oculomotor nerve
11 Superior cerebellar
12 Basilar with pontine branches
13 Pons
14 Trigeminal nerve
15 Anterior inferior cerebellar
16 Abducent nerve
17 Pvramid
18 Olive
19 Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
20 Filaments of glossopharyngeal, The dorsal surface of the roof of
\agus and accessory nerves the fourth ventricle
21 Vertebral With moii of the cerebellum removed
22 Posterior inferior cerebellar b\ iransectiTtg the peduncles'
23 Spinal medulla 1 Pulvinar of thalamus
24 Spinal part of accessory nerve 2 Superior colliculus
25 Rootlets of first cervical nerve 3 Inferior colliculus
26 Anterior spinal 4 Trochlear nerve
27 Medulla oblongata 5 Superior medullary velum and
lingula of cerebellum
6 Superior .
7 Middle cerebellar peduncle

•
8 Inferior
9 Nodule of cerebellum
10 Epend>-ma and pia mater forming
roof
1 Median aperture
12 Lateral recess
• The median aperture in the posterior pan
of the roof of the fourth ventricle and the two

lateral apertures ,in the lateral recesses^ are the
only sites of communication between the
ventncular system and the subarachnoid space.
• The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve to

emerge from the dortal surface of the brainstem (from
the midbrain, below the inferior coHicuIus),
The arterial circle and basilar artery, • The oculomotor nerve emerges on the medial side
of the crus of the cerebral peduncle, and the trochlear
after removal from the base of the brj
nerve winds round the lateral side of the peduncle.
1 Anterior cerebral Both nerves pass between the postenor cerebral and
2 Anterior communicating superior cerebellar artenes-
3 Internal carotid The trigeminal c emerges from the lateral side
4 Middle cerebral of the pons

• The 3bdu> t emerges between the pons
5 Anterior choroidal
and the pyram
6 Posterior communicating • The fa. sttbulocochlear ves emerge
7 Posterior cerebral _ lateral poniomedullary angle
8 Superior cerebellar • The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and the

cranial root of the accessory nerve emerge from the
9 Basilar
medulla oblongata lateral to the olive
10 Labyrinthine • The spinal part of the accessory ner\e emerges
11 Anterior inferior cerebellar irom the lateral surface of the upper five or six
12 Vertebral cervical segments of the spiral medulla, dorsal to
13 Posterior inferior cerebellar the denticulate ligament

The brainstem and upper part of
the spinal medulla, from behind
(After removal of the posterior part of
and vertebral
the skull, cerebellum
arches i

2 Tentorium cerebelli
3 Inferior
cerebellar
Middle
peduncle
6 Superior medullary velum

7 Trochlear nerve
8 Inferior
colliculu
9 Superior
10 Straight sinus
The floor of the fourth ventricle
11 Medial eminence
1 Pulvmar of thalamus
12 Facial colliculus
2 Pineal body
13 Medullary striae
3 Superior colliculus
14 Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
4 Inferior colliculus
and internal acoustic meatus
5 Trochlear nerve
15 Glossopharyngeal, vagus and
6 Superior cerebellar peduncle
accessory nerves and iugular
7 Median sulcus
foramen
8 Medial eminence
9 Facial colliculus
17 Rootlets of hypoglossal nerve and
10 Vestibular area
hypoglossal canal
1 Lateral recess
18 Margin of foramen magnum
12 Medullary striae
19 Vertebral artery
13 Cuneate tubercle
14 Gracile tubercle
20 Lateral mass of atlas
21 Ventral ramus of first c
15 Obex
22 Dorsal rootlets
16 Vagal triangle
17 Hypoglossal triangle
23 Dorsal root ganglion second
18 Inferior
24 Ventral ramus cervical
j
25 Do
i
.
'^^'"ebellar peduncle nerve
19 Middle i

27 Internal iugular vein
28 Zvgapophvsial ioint
29 Spinal medulla
30 Denticulate ligament
31 Dura mater
34 Vagus nerve
36 Superior cervical sympathet
ganglion
• Occasionally (as 5 specimen^ the dorsal
root of the first cervi rve is absent. The
dorsal ramus of this has been removed , the
hc5 betw
s ithev :ebral a
and the posterior arch of the atlas
• After emerging from the foramen the m
transverse process of the atlas the vertebral aner
wmds backwards round the lateral mass of the
passmg under the posterior atlanto-
atlas before
occipitalmembrane and piercing the dura and
arachnoid mater to enter the skull.
The cerebral hemispheres in horizontal
sections
IThe left hemisphere is cut on a level with the
interventricular foramen, and the right 1 cm
higher)
1 Insula in lateral sulcus
2 Claustrum
3 Putamen forming
4 Globus pallidus lentiform nucleus
5 Head of caudate nucle
6 Anterior limb i
7 Genu of apsule
j
8 Posterior limb |
9 Thalamus
10 Third ventricle
I I Interventricular foramen
12 Anterior column of fornix
13 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle
14 Forceps minor (corpus callosum)
15 Thalamostriate vein
!6 Choroid plexus
17 Forceps major
18 Inferior horn
of lateral ventricle
19 Posterior horn
20 Visual area of cortex
21 Lunate sulcus
22 Optic radiation
23 Tapetum
24 Collateral trigone
25 Calcar
26 Bulb
27 Hippocampus
28 Fimbria
29 Tail of caudate nucleus
30 Retrolentiform part of internal capsule
• The important corticonuclear and corticospinal fibres
pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule The
striate branches of the anterior and middle cerebral
arteries
supply this area, entering the brain through the anterior

perforated substance (page 65). One of these vessels may
constitute the 'artery of cerebral haemorrhage'.
• The choroid plexus of the third ventricle passes through
the interventricular foramen into the body of the lateral
ventricleand then into the inferior horn, there is no choroid
plexus in the anterior or posterior horns.
• The optic radiation is alternatively known as the
geniculocalcanne tract, and passes from the lateral geniculate
body to the calcarinc area of the cortex.

A The brain in oblique coronal section, from
the front
(At a level ihrough ike interventricular foramen
and the ventral junction of the pons and medulla
oblongata)
1 Ir ula
2 Putamen
3 Globus pallidus
4 Internal capsule
5 Caudate nucleus
6 Corpus callosum
7 Lateral ventricle
8 Septum pellucidum
9 Fornix
10 Interventricular foramen
11 Choroid plexus
12 Thalamostriate vein
13 Thalamus
14 Third ventricle
15 Choroidal fissure
16 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle
17 Hippocampus
18 Pons
19 Pyramid
20 Olive
21 Substantia nigra
22 Red nucleus
23 Optic tract
B The cerebral hemispheres in horizontal

section, from above and behind
I \X'ith the posu-nor pun of the hemispheres and
the ivhoU of the cerebellum removed I
1 Forceps minor
3 Head of caudate nucleus
4 Third ventricle
5 Thalamus
6 Anterior limb |
7 Genu of internal capsule

8 Posterior limb
9 Insula
10 Choroid plexus and junction of inferior and
posterior horn
I I Tela choroidea of roof of third ventricle
12 Internal cerebral vein
13 Inferior colliculus
14 Trochlear nerve
15 Floor of fourth ventricle
w
B The optic radiation and the caudate
and lentiform nuclei, from above
IPartly dissected out JTom a horizontal
section of the right cerebral hemisphere >
1 Forceps minor
2 Caudate nucleus
3 Internal capsule
4 Lentiform nucleus
5 Thalamus
6 Splenium of corpus callosum
7 Hippocampus
^ 8 Optic radiation
10 Posterior horn of lateral ventricle
II Calcar
12 Bulb
13 Forceps major
/^
5
~-s^...
C Cast of the i 1 ventricles, fror

the left
1 Anterior horn
^ 2 Body
3 Posterior horn
of lateral
ventricle
4 Inferior horn
5 Interventricular foramen
6 Third ventricle with gap for
i
interthalamic connexion >
7 Supra-optic recess of
A Fornix, hippocampus and horns 8 Infundibular ^hird veniri
of the lateral ventricle of the right 9 Suprapineal
cerebral hemisphere, dissected 10 Aqueduct of midbrain
from above 11 Fourth ventricle
1 Forceps minor
3 Head of caudate nucleus
4 Iniervcniricular foramen
5 Fornix
6 Thalamus(floorof body of lateral
ventricle)
7 Fimbria
8 Pes hippocampi in fioor of
9 Collateral eminence ; inferior horn
10 Hippocampus
12 Posterior horn
13 Calcar
14 Tapetum
15 OptiL radiation
Radiographs of the skull, from the front,
A B orbital features
general view,
1 Superior orbital margin
2 Frontal sinus
3 Ethmoidal sinus
5 Mastoid process and air cells
6 Ramus 1
7 Angle of mandible
8 Body I
9 Maxillary sinus
10 Nasal septum
1 Inferior orbital margin
13 Foramen rotundum
B Tomograph of the
larynx, from the front
1 Piriform recess of pharynx
2 Vestibular fold
3 Laryngeal sinus
4 Vocal fold
5 Trachea
• Tomography is a radiographic
method of focusing on a thin lamina
or shce of tissue, so eliminating the
shadow of overlying or underlying
• The f the gloi
14 Trachea
A Radiograph of the head anc
from the right 15 Body
Mastoid process and air cells 16 Pedicle ofs
1

17 Superior I
articular cervical
18 Inferior process
3 Condyle of mandible |
4 Sella turcica (pituitary fossa)

19 Spinous process
20 Intervertebral foramen
5 Sphenoidal sinus
21 Zygapophysial joint
6 Frontal sinus
22 Anterior <
u of atlas
Orbit
„ .i .
I
7 arch
23 „
Posterior
N Hard palate
9 Pharynx • The spinous process of the seventh cervical
vertebra proiects farther backwards than those ol
10 Hyoid bone other cervical vertebrae.
1 Lamina of thyroid cartilage • The outline of parts of the pharynx, larynx and
12 Arytenoid cartilage trachea is due to the translucency produced by the
13 Laminaof cricoid cartilage contained air (as in the paranasal sinuses).
Vertebral Column & Spinal Medulla
Atlas (first cervical vertebra), A from • The superior amcular facets are concave and kidney-
above, B from below shaped.
1 Posterior tubercle
• The inferior anicular facets are round and almost flat.
• The anterior arch is straighter and shorter than the

2 Posterior arch posterior arch, and contains on its posterior surface the
3 Lateral mass with superior articular facet facet for the dens of the axis
4 Transverse process and foramen • The atlas is the only vertebra that has no body.
5 Anterior arch and tubercle

6 Facet for dens of axis
7 Groove for vertebral artery
8 Lateral mass with inferior articular facet
Axis (second cervical vertebra), C

from above, D from below, E
from the front, F articulated with
the atlas, from above and behind
1 Bifid spinous process
2 Lamina
3 Transverse process and foramen
4 Pedicle
5 Superior articular surface
6 Dens
7 Body
8 Vertebral foramen
9 Inferior articular process
10 Impression for alar ligament
1 Anterior arch of atlas
9 The axis is unique in having the dens which
projects upwards from the body, and represents
the body of the atlas.
of transverse
process
19
Twelfth thoracic vertebra, E from
the left, F from above, G from behind
1 Body
2 Costal facet
3 Pedicle
First thoracic vertebra, A from 4 Superior articular process
above, B from the front and the left 5 Superior tubercle
1 Spinous process 6 Inferior tubercle
2 Lamina 7 Spinous process
3 Superior articular process 8 Inferior articular process
4 Transverse process with costal facet 9 Lateral tubercle
5 Pedicle • The atypical thoracic vertebrae are the firs:,
6 Body with posterolateral lip lenih, eleventh and twelfth.
7 Vertebral foramen • The first thoracic vertebra has a posterolateral

lip on each side of the upper surface of the body and
a triangular vertebral foramen (features like typical
9 Superior costal facet cervical vertebrae), and complete (round) superior
10 Inferior costal facet articular facets on the sides of the body.
• The tenth, eleventh and twelfth thoracic
vertebrae are characterised by a single complete
articular facet on each side of the body that in the
Tenth thoracic vertebra, C, and successive vertebrae comes to lie increasingly far
eleventh thoracic vertebra, D, from from the upper surface of the body and encroaches
the left increasingly on to the pedicle. There is also no
articular facet on the transverse process.
1 Costal facet
• The transverse process of the twelfth thoracic
2 Pedicle
vertebra is replaced by three tubercles - superior
3 Superior articular process (corresponding to the mamillary process of a lumbar
4 Transverse process vertebra), lateral (corresponding to a true transverse
5 Spinous process process) and inferior (corresponding to the accessory

process of a lumbar vertebra).
• The inferior articular processes of the twelfth
7 Inferior vertebral notch thoracic vertebra are curved to articulate with the
8 Inferior costal facet (not usually present curved superior processes of the first lumbar
on this vertebra)
Sacrum and coccyx, A pelvic surface, B 13 Median sacral crest
dorsal surface 14 Intermediate sacral crest
1 Promontory 15 Lateral sacral crest
2 Upper surface of lateral part 16 Sacral cornu
3 Lateral part 17 Sacral hiatus
4 Second pelvic sacral foramen 18 Third dorsal sacral foramen
5 Facet for coccyx • The sacrum is formed by the fusion of the five sacral
6 First coccygeal vertebra vertebrae. The median sacral crest represents the fused
spinous processes, the intermediate crest the fused articu
7 Fused second to fourth vertebrae
processes, and the lateral crest the fused transv
8 Transverse process • The sacral hiatus is the lower openmg of the sacral canal,
9 Coccygeal cornu • The coccyx is usually formed by the fusion of four rudi-
10 Site of fusion of first and second sacral mentary vertebrae but the number varies from three to five.
vertebrae In this specimen the first piece of the coccyx is not fused with
11 Sacral canal
12 Superior articular process
Sacrum with sacralization of the fifth lumbar
vertebra, A pelvic surface, B dorsal surface, and
sacral muscle attachments
1 Body ot fifth lumbar vertebra
2 Fusion of transverse process and lateral part of
3 Foramen for ventral ramus of fifth I
4 First pelvic sacral foramen

5 Coccygeus
6 Piriformis
7 Ihacus
8 Spinous process of fifth lumbal
9 Lamina
10 Superior articular process of fifth I
11 Sacral canal
12 First dorsal sacral foramen
13 Foramen for dorsal ramus of fifth lumbar nerve
14 First coccygeal vertebra fused to apex of sacrum
15 Erector spinae
16 Gluteus maximus
A Vertebral column, 6 Anterior tubercle of
cervical region, from the 7 Costotransverse trans-
front bar verse
( On the right the transverse 8 Posterior tubercle proces;
processes have been partly 9 Ventral ramus of fifth
remm-eJi cervical nerve
1 Lateral mass . 10 Body of seventh cervical
2 Transverse process vertebra
3 Vertebral artery 1 Ventral ramus of eighth
4 Axis cervical nerve
5 Anterior longitudinal 12 Head of first rib
hgamcni 13 Ventral ramus of first
B Vertebral column, cervical and upper thoracic regions,

from the left. Nerve roots and rami
1 Lateral mass 12 Anterior
2 Tn verse process ofatla tubercle process of
3 Posterior arch 13 Posterior fifth cervical
4 Vertebral artery tubercle vertebra

5 First cervical nerve 14 Body of seventh cervical
6 Dorsal root ganglion and vertebra
rami of second cervical nerve 15 Ventral ramus of eighth
7 Atlanto-axial joint cervical nerve'
8 Zygapophysial joint 16 Headof first rib
9 Intervertebral foramen 1 Bodyof first thoracic
10 Wntral ramus of fifth vertebra
U Dorsal cervical nerve 18 Ventral ramus of first
19 Dorsal thoracic nerve
The and second cervn

first pass respectively above and below the
arch of the atlas
itcrior
upward course from the subclavian artery the vertebral artery sthe
On Its
amen of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra.

For the joints of the nbs with thoracic vertebrae see pages m6 and
1'
C Vertebral column, 6 Posterio of

cervical region, from the tubercle
left. Intervertebral foram 7 t'o-stotr process
1 Body of third cervical bar ;
of fifth
vertebra 8 Anterior |
cervical
2 Intervertebral disc tubercle I

vertebra
3 Pedicle • Each inicrvcrtcbral foramen is
4 Intervertebral foramen bounded in front by a vertebral body and
intcrvcricbral disc, above and below by
5 Zygapophysial joint pedicles, and behind by a zygapophysial
D Vertebral c jmn, cervical region, from behind and

slightly right, th the left half of the vertebral arches
removed
1 Pan of occipital bone of skull 7 Ligamentum flavum
2 Posterior arch of ,
8 Spinous process of se
3 Transverse process atlas cervical vertebra

I
4 5
4 Spinous process of axis 9 Dorsal root of
5 Lamina of fifth cervical ganglion fifi'
vertebra 10 Dorsal ramus cer

:*-^-A,
6 Zygapophysial joint 11 Ventral ramus ner
• Ihc hgamcntii (lava pass between the lai lac of adjacent vertebrae They a
irger and thicker in the lumbar region (page 86) than clscwhci
E Lower cervical and upper thoracic • The spinal medulla is commonly called the spmal cord
regions of the spinal medulla, from behind • Each nerve moi is formed by the union of several Tooilen.
• Each spinal nerve is formed by the unioii of ventral and
with vertebral arches and meninges dorsal nerve roots. The union occurs immediately distal to
removed the dorsal root ganglion, within the intervertebral foramen,
1 Spinal medulla and posterior spinal vessels and the nerve at once divides into a ventral and a dorsal
2 Dorsal rootlets of eighth (primary) ramus. The spinal nerve proper is therefore only a
,
few millimetres or so in length.

3 Dorsal root ganghon cervical nerve
• The lowest cervical and upper thoracic nerve roots
4 Pedicle of first thoracic vertebra become acutely angled in order to enter their dural sheaths.
5 Dura mater • For the upper cervical spinal medulla and its continuity
6 Dural shearh of second '.
with the brainstem sec page 69.
7 Dorsal root ganglion thoracic nerve !
8 Ventral ramus of fifth

|
M Dorsal thoracic nerve

i
F Vertebral column and spinal

medulla, cervical and upper
thoracic regions, from the left
with parts of the vertebral arches
and meninges removed
2 Medulla oblongata
3 Foramen magnum
4 Occipital bone
5 Posterior arch of atla
6 Spir process of a
i
nally large)
7 Spin
8 Dura mater
9 Denticulate ligamen
10 Ventral rootlets
U Dorsal rootlets
12 Dorsal root ganglioi
13 Dorsal ramus
14 Ventral ramus
15 Spinous process of «
cervical vertebra
16 Dorsal root ganglior
cervical nerve
17 Body of first thoraci
18 Arachnoid mater
(i Part of the cervical region of

the spinal medulla, from behind.
Dura mater and denticulate
ligament
1 Dura mater and arachnoid mater
2 Dorsal rootlets of first cervical
3 Sp; 1 root of accessory nerve
denticulate ligament
The denticulate ligament is composed of
• On the right some dorsal rootlets have been

lu[ and turned n edially and the ventral rootlets
removedf they ti anterior to the denticulate
ligament)
A Cleared specimens of
thoracic vertebrae, from the
left
1 Body
2 Space for intervertebral disc
3 Pedicle
6 Transverse process
7 Spinous process
• The inicrvenebral foramen is bounded
by the lower part of the vertebral
in front
body and the interveriebral disc, above and
below by the pedicles, and behind by the
zygapophysial joint
B Vertebral column, lumbar

and sacral regions. Meninges
and Cauda equina from behind,
with the vertebral arches
removed
1 Conus meduUans
2 Cauda equina
3 Dura mater
4 Superior articular process of
third lumbar vertebra
5 Filum terminale
6 Roots of fifth lumbar nerve
7 Fourth lumbar intervertebral
disc
8 Pedicle of fifth lumbar vertebra
9 Dorsal root ganglion of fifth
lumbar nerve
10 Fifth lumbar .lumbosacral
intervertebral disc
1 Dural sheath of first sacral
12 Lateral pan of sacrum

13 Second sacral vertebra
• The spinal medulla ends at the level of
the first lumbar vertebra.
• The subarachnoid space ends at the
level of thesecond sacral vertebra.
• For 3 similar specimen of this importanr
region sec page 86
C Vertebral column and spinal

medulla, lower thoracic and
upper lumbar regions, from
the left with parts of the
vertebral arches and meninges
removed
1 Greater splanchnic nerve
2 Sympathetic trunk
3 Sympathetic ganglion
4 Rami communicantes
5 Dorsal root ganglion of tenth
thoracic nerve
6 Spinal medulla
7 Dura mater
8 Spinous process of tenth
thoracic vertebra
9 Interspinous ligament
10 Supraspinous ligament
11 tûda equina
12 Body of first lumbar vertebra
13 First lumbar intervertebral disc
D Vertebral column, lower thoracic region,
from behind with the vertebral arches
removed to show the posterior longitudinal
ligament
1 Vascular foramina m posterior surface of body
2 Pedicle
3 Posterior longitudinal ligament
• The posterior longiiudinal ligament is broad where il is
firmly attached lo the intervertebral discs, but narrow and

less firmly attached to the vertebral bodies (to leave the
vascular foramina patent!
• The anterior longitudinal ligament is broad and firmly
anached to vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
E Cleared specimens of lumbar

vertebrae, from the right
F Vertebral column, lower lumbar 1 Spinous process
region, from the front. Anterior
longitudinal ligament
3 Pedicle
1 Anterior longitudinal ligament (anterior
to marker and reflected)
5 Body
2 Bodyof fourth lumbar vertebra
6 Space for intervertebral disc
3 Fourth lumbar intervertebral disc 7 Zygapophysial joint
4 Body of fifth lumbar vertebra
• The boundaries of the intervertebral foramir
5 Ventral ramus of fifth lumbar nerve lumbar region are similar to those in the cervical
6 Lateral part of sacrum thoracic regions (pages 83 and 84).
G Vertebral column, upper

lumbar region, from the right.
Intervertebral foramina and
spinal nerves
1 Twelfth rib
2 Sympathetic trunk ganglion
3 Anterior longitudinal ligament
4 First lumbar vertebra
6 First lumbar nerve emerging
from intervertebral foramen
7 Ventral ramus of first
8 Dorsal lumbar nerve
9 First lumbar intervertebral disL
10 Ventral ramus of second
11 Dorsal lumbar nerve
13 Spinous process of second
lumbar vertebra
14 Inierspinous ligament
• If the fifth lumbar intervertebral disc protrudes
Nerve roots and meninges in the backwards ('slipped disc') it may irritate the roots of
lutnbar and sacral regions, from the first sacral nerve. This is the general rule for any
behind with the vertebral arches part of the vertebral column - a protruded disc may
removed irnlale the roots of the nerve numbered one below
the disc Note for example that the fifth lumbar
1 Dura mater
netvc roots within their dural sheath pass laterally
2 Pedicle of fifth lumbar vertebra immcdiaiely below the pedicle of the fifth lumbar
3 Dural sheath contammg roots and vcriebta and so do not come to lie immediately
dorsal root ganghon of fifth lumbar behind the fifth lumbar disc, it is the first sacral roots
nerve in mtervertebral foramen that lie in this position.
4 Fifth lumbar nerve

5 Fifth lumbar intervertebral disc
6 Filum terminale
7 Dural sheath containing roots and
dorsal root ganglion of first sacral nerve
8 Second sacral vertebra
Vertebral column, lumbar region, from the

right and behind. Ligamenta flava
2 Spinous process of second
3 Lamina lumbar vertebra
!
4 Interspinous ligament
5 Ligamentum flavum
ocess of third lumbar vertebra
Muscles of the vertebral column,
Erector spinae and the thoracolu bar
fascia on the right
1 Posterior layer of lumbar part of
thoracolumbar fascia overlying
spinae
2 Branches of dorsal rami of thoracic
nerves
3 Latissimus dorsi
4 Cutaneous branches of dorsal rami of
first three lumbar nerves
5 External oblique
6 Internal oblique
7 Iliac crest
8 Gluteal fascia (partly removed)
overlying gluteus medtus
9 Gluteus maximus
10 Level of fourth lumbar spinous process
• For other parts of erccior spinae see pages 88 and
157.
Muscles of the vertebral column. Rotator and
intertransverse muscles of the thoracic region
1 Spinous process
2 Lamina of fourth thoracic vertebra
3 Transverse process I
4 Transverse process of fifth thoracic vertebra

5 Intertransverse muscle and ligament
6 Tendons of longissimus
7 Levator costae
8 Rotator muscle
rotator muscles, only promineni in the thoracic region, pass from
the
• The
transverse process of one vertebra to the lamina of the vertebra above.
Muscles of the vertebral column. Erector spinae in the

thoracolumbar region
1 Iliocostalis
2 Levator costae
3 Spinalis
4 Spine of eighth thoracic vertebra
5 Erector spinae
• In the upper lumbar region the erector spinae
divides into three muscle masses
an intermediate longissimus muscle (removed in this
iliocostalis laterally,
of each group and
specimen), and spinalis medially The details of the subdivision
their precise attachments are not usually
considered important.
tsee page
• The Icvaiores costarum muscles are classified as muscles of the ihorax
this specimen because the
155) not of the vertebral column. They arc revealed in
longissimus muscle has been removed.
Radiograph of upper cervical vertebrae, from behind
with the mouth open
1 Dens of axis
2 Lateral mass of atlas

3 Atlanto-axial joint
4 Body of axis
5 Third cervical vertebra
Radiograph of lower cervical and upper thoracic

vertebrae, from the front
1 Body of sixth cervical vertebra
2 Margin of tracheal shadow
3 Body re u
of first thoracic vertebra
1
-
4 T-
Transverse process \
5 Head i
6 Neck !
7 Tubercle 1
Radiographs of lumbar
vertebrae, A from behind, B
lateral view
^ H^'iy of third
3 Spinous process lumbar
4 Superior articular vertebra
process
5 Pedicle
• Compare wiih tile cleared specimens o1
vertebrae on page 85
C Myelogram of the
lumbrosacral region, from
behind
,,-i/ltr iiyt-t-IlciH of contrast medium mlo
the •.uharaehnoid space ;
1 Subarachnoid space
2 Third lumbar vertebra
3 Needle lor iniection
4 Fourth lumbar vertebra
5 Dural sheath containing fourth
lumbar nerve roots
5 Dural sheath containing first sacral
nerve roots
Upper
Limb
Left scapula, A dorsal surface, B costal surface

1 Coracoid process
2 Suprascapular Jiotch
3 Superior border
4 Supraspinous fossa
5 Superior angle
6 Spine
7 Medial border
8 Infraspinous fossa
9 Inferior angle
10 Lateral border
11 Neck (and spinoglenoid notch on dorsal surface)
12 Glenoid t
13 Acromial angle
14 Acromion
15 Subscapular fossa
• The spine of the scapula projects from its dorsal surface with the a
at (he lateral end of the spine.
• The glenoid cavity is at the upper lateral angle, for articulation with the head
of humerus.
• T>ie suprasoipulaT octree »
bridged in The supen« nvasverst
8a^pul8I suprutcaputar Ujtsmeni
'
vsrcpsjrc 114.
• The c*iiK>id and rrapczMd
lifWnenK ic^reichci TaT
cvffscoclaîcular lijismcni
• The coracods^tculai hgk'
incm sxemcas. the cUîdc to the
ceavxad piwccss of the scapula.
The wiracahumeral l^nmesn
rcairforccK the iîpcr pan <rf the
ci|>Rule of the shoulder lomt The
coraoi>-a£mnual ligameni
canDCCxs the ccmcaid process
with the acromion, tonninf wiih
thoHc honi; procssscs an arch
aivvc ihc head oi ihe bumeru!-
B
A Left scapula, from the 5 Deltoid
lateral side. Attachments 6 Infraspinatus
IEpiphysial line, dotted; capsule 7 Long head of triceps
attachment, interrupted line) S Teres minor and intervening

1 Coracobrachialis and short
groove for circumflex scapular
head of biceps artery
2 Coraco-acromial ligament 9 Teres major

3 Coracohumeral ligament 10 Serratus anterior
4 Long head of biceps 11 Subscapularis
B Articulation of
left scapula and
clavicle, from
above
I Hpiphvsial line,
dotted; capsule attach-

ment, interrupted line i
1 Levator scapulae
2 Supraspinatus
r belly of
omohyoid
4 Trapezius
5 Deltoid
6 Coraco-a
ligament
7 Coracobrachialis
and short head of
biceps
8 Pcctoralis major
9 Sternocleidomasti
C Left cl
from below.
Attachments
Ilipiphysial line,
dotted; capsule attach
ment, interrupted line
1 Sternohyoid
2 Oistocla
ligament
3 Pcctoralis major
4 Subclavius and
clavipecioral fascia
5 Deltoid
6 Trapezoid ligament
7 Trapezius
8 Conoid lig;
^H^^B
Right humerus, lower end, A from the
front, B from behind, C from below, D
from the medial side, E from the lateral
side
1 Lateral supracondylar ridge
2 Lateral epicondyle
3 Capitulum
4 Radial fossa
5 Trochlea
6 Coronoid fossa
7 Medial epicondyle
8 Medial supracondylar ridge
9 Anterior surface
10 Posterior surface
11 Olecranon fossa
12 Medial surface of trochlea
13 Lateral edge of capitulum
• The medial epicondyle is more promineni than the
• The olecranon fossa (on the posterior surface) is
deeper than the radial and coronoid fossae (on the

anterior surface).
Right humerus, lower end, A from the
front, B from behind, C from below, D
from the medial side, E from the lateral
side. Attachments
1-piphvsiul hue, doiied; capsule attachment,
interrupted line I
1 Brachialis
2 Pronator leres
3 Common flexor origin
4 Common extensor origin
5 Extensor carpi radialis longus
6 Brachioradialis
7 Anconeus
8 Medial head of triceps
• The ulnar and radia! collateral ligaments of the
elbow loini are attached to the medial and lateral
epicondyles respectively (beneath the common flexor
r origins).
Right radius, upper end, A from the
front, B from behind, C from the
medial side, D from the lateral side
1 Head
2 Neck
3 Tuberosity
4 Anterior oblique line
5 Interosseous border
6 Anterior surface
7 Anterior border
8 Lateral surface
9 Posterior border
11 Rough area for pronator teres
• The head of the radius is at ils upper end the head
;
of the ulna is at its lower end (page 100).

• The tuberosity is rough posteriorly for the attach-
nt of the biceps tendon, and smooth
Right ulna, upper end, A
from the front, B from
behind, C from the medial
side, D from the lateral side
1 Olecranon
2 Trochlear notch
3 Coronoid process
4 Tuberosity
5 Radial notch
6 Supinator crest
8 Anterior surface
9 Anterior border
1 Posterior border
12 Medial surface
• The trochlear notch faces forwards,
with [he radial notch on the lateral side
• The upper part of the shaft is tri-
angular in cross section but the lower

quarter is almost cylindrical. The
posterior and medial; the borders are

interosseous, anterior and posterior
(compare with the radius, page 99).
E H
A Right radius and ulna,
upper ends, from above and
in front
1 Olecranon
2 Trochlear notch
3 Coronoid process
4 Tuberosity of ulna
5 Tuberosity of radius
6 Neck
7 Head
B Right radius and ulna,

lower ends, from below
1 Styloid process of radius
2 Surface for scaphoid
3 Surface for lunate
4 Attachment of articular disc
5 Surface for disc
6 Styloid process of ulna
7 Groove for extensor carpi
Groove for extensor digi-

S
torum and extensor indicis
9 Groove for extensor pollicis
longus
10 Dorsal tubercle
H Groove for extensor carpi
radialis brevis
12 Groove for extensor carpi
radialis longus
Articulation of right
humerus, radius and ulna, C
from the front, D from
behind
1 Lateral epicondyie I
2 Cap.tulun. Lf humerus
3 Trochlea
4 Medial epicondyie I
5 Coronoid process of ulna

6 Head of radius
7 Olecranon
• The elbow joint is the articulation of
the humerus with the radius and ulna -
the capitulum of the humerus with the
head of the radius, and the trochlea of
the humerus with the trochlear notch of
the ulna.
• The head of the radius also articu-
lateswith the radial notch of the ulna,
forming the proximal radio-ulnar joint.
• The elbow joint and the proximal
radio-ulnar joint are both synovial, and
the joint cavities are in continuity with
Right radius and ulna, A from the
front, B from behind. Attachments
' Epiphysial hnc\ dotted; capsule attachment,
inierrupted line i
\Flexor digitorum superficialis, ulnar head

2 Pronator teres
3 Brachials
4 Flexor digitorum profundus
5 Pronator quadratus
6 Brachioradialis
7 Flexor pollicis longus
8 Flexor digitorum superficialis, radial
head
9 Pronator teres
10 Supinator
1 Biceps
12 Triceps
13 Anconeus
14 Abductor pollicis longus
15 Extensor pollicis brevis
16 Extensor indicis
17 Extensor pollicis longus
18 Aponeurotic attachment of flexor
digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris
and extensor carpi ulnaris
• Flexor pollias longus has an occasional small
additional ongin from the lateral .or rarely the medial)
side of the coronoid process of the ulna (beside the lower
part of the brachialis atiachmentl.
Bones of the right hand, A palma surface, 15 Proxim
phala i. of thumb
B from the lateral side, C scapho ,
palmai 16 Distal
surface, D
hamate from the med 17 Proximal phalanx of inde nger
1 Tubercle (tt scaphoid 18 Base 1of middle
2 Scaphoid 19 Shaft ^phalanx of
3 Lunate 20 Head Imiddle finger
4 Triquetral 21 Distal phalanx of ring finger
5 Pisiform 22 Proximal phalanx of little finger
6 Hook of hamate 23 Head 1
7 Hamate 24 Shaft I of fifth metacarpal

8 Capitate 25 Base j
9 Trapezoid 26 Second metacarpal

10 Tubercle of trapezium 27 Surface for capitate
11 Trapezium 28 Surface for lunate
12 Base |
29 Groove for deep branch of ulnar nerve
13 Shaft \ of first metacarpal 30 Palmar surface
14 Head 31 Surface for triquetral
Bones of the right hand, A dorsal surface
2 Scaphoid
3 Lunate
4 Triquetral
6 Hamate
7 Capitate
8 Trapezoid
9 Trapezium
10 Base |
1 Shaft I of first metacarpal

1; Head J
1 \ Proximal
phalanx of thumb
14 Distal
If Third metacarpal
16 Proximal )
17 Middle phala
18 Distal I
19 Fifth metacarpal
Bones of the right hand, B pain surface, C dorsal

surface. Attachments
1 Flexor carpi ulnans
2 Abductor digiti minimi
3 Pisohamate ligament
4 Pisometacarpal ligament
5 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
6 Opponens digiti
7 Fourth
8 Third
palmar interosseous
9 Second
10 First
11 First
12 Second
dorsal interosseous
13 Third
14 Fo rth
15 Transve
head of adductor pollicis
16 Oblique
17 Flexor carpi radialis
18 Flexor pollicis brevis
19 Opponens pollicis
20 Abductor pollicis brevis
22 F,xicnM>r pollicis brevis
23 Hxtcnsor pollicis longus
24 Flexor digitorum superficialis
27 Dorsal digital expansion
28 Extensor carpi ulnans
29 Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• The pisiform is a sesamoid bone m the tendon ol flexor carpi ulnaris
which IS anchored by the pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments.
• In oSicial anatomical terminology, the origin of flexor pollicis brevis

from the trapezium (.and flexor retinaculum) is referred to as the superficial
head, and that from the trapezoid and capitate as the deep head (often small
or even absent, and to be distinguished from the first palmar interosseous
which IS sometimes considered to be synonymous with the deep head).
Secondary centres of ossification of right upper
limb bones
Figuni myearsi, conwienceruent of ossificuiuw -*
fuswn^ P: piihc-rly
A Upper lateral part of scapula, B sternal end
of clavicle, C upper and D lower end of
humerus, E upper and F lower end of radius, G
upper and H lower end of ulna, J first
metacarpal and phalanges of thumb, K second
metacarpal and phalanges of index finger
• For simplicity single average dates have been given here ând lor
lower limb bone centres on pages 290 and 291) but there may be
considerable individual variations.
• Apart from the acromial, coracoid and subcoracoid centres
illustraied. the scapula usually has other centres for the inferior
angle, medial border, and the lower pari of the rim of the glenoid
cavity lallP-^ 20),
• The centre illustrated at the upper end of the humerus is the
result of the union at 6 years of centres for the head (I year), greater
tubercle (3 years)and lesser tubercle (5 years).
• At the lower end of the humerus the centres for the capitulum,
inxhlea and lateral cpicondylc fuse together before uniting with (hi-
-haft
• All the carpal bones arc cartilaginous at birth and none has a
• All the phalanges, and the metacarpal, have a secondary

first
centre at their proximal ends; the other metacarpals have one at

their distal ends.
Right shoulder, from the front (with the arm slight] 12 Areola
abducted) 13 Nipple
1 Tip of shoulder (deltoid overlying head of humerus) 14 Serralus anterior
2 Acromioclavicular joint 15 Lower border of pectoralis major
3 Anterior margin of deltoid 16 Deltopectoral groove and cephalic vein
4 Infraclavicular fossa 17 Biceps
5 Clavicular part of pectoralis major • The nipple in the male normally hes ai the level of the fourth mterc
6 Clavicle
7 Supraclavicular fossa
• The lower pan of pectoralis major forms (he anteri or axillary fold.
8 Anterior border of trapezius

9 Lateral (clavicular) 1 . , . ... - .
,rt *« head of sternocleidomastoid

10 Medial (sternalj
-I I , I
11 Sternal part of pectoralis major
16
13
Right shoulder and neck, from the front,
dissection
(l) Deltoid
(|) Trapezius
4 Cervical nerve to trapezius
9 Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck
10 Superior belly of omohyoid
1 Thyrohyoid
12 Sternohyoid
13 Sternothyroid
tJiPecioralis major
15 Cephalic vein overlymg thoraco-acromial
16 Clavipectoral fascia m infraclavicular fossa
17 Venous plexus overlying inferior belly of omohyo
• The venous plexus above the clavicle is abnormal. Twoveins emerge bencaih
ihc posterior border of sternoclcidomasioid instead of a normal external jugular
vcm superficial lo the muscle, and there is a large communication with an anterior
luRular vein between the two heads of sternocleidomastoid.
• The transverse cutaneous nerve of neck has an unusually large branch passing
upwards over sternocleidomastoid.
• For further details of the neck in this specimen, see pages 35 and M
Left shoulder and neck, from the
13
Right shoulder, from behind

IW'tih [he arm slighrly abducted i
1 Trapezius
2 Acromial end of clavicic
3 Acromioclavicular joint
4 Acromion
5 Deltoid
6 Level of axillary nerve
behind humerus
7 Triceps
8 Lalissimus dorsi
9 Inferior angle of scapula
10 Teres major
11 Infraspinatus
12 Spine of scapula
13 Supraspinatus
14 Rhomboid major underlying
15 Rhomboid minor trapezius
16 Levator scapulae
• The inferior angle of ihc scapula usualh
(he level of the seventh intercostal
lies at
space (when the arm is by the side).

• For the position of the scapula with the
arm fully abducted see page 153.
• The latissimus dorsi and teres inaior
form the po&terior axillary fold.
Right shoulder and back, from
behind
fT^ Trapezius
^ Acromial end of clavicle
3 Acromioclavicular joim
4 Acromion
(I^Deltoid
6 Branches of upper lateral
nerve of arm
7 Long head of triceps
8 Posterior cutaneous nerve of
9 Imercostobrachial nerve
)Latissi
Teres major
Fascia over infraspinatus

^3^Rhomboid major
15 Medial cutaneous branches of dorsal
rami of thoracic nerves
k 14
Left shoulder, from behind, with most of trapez 10 Branch of dorsal ramus of a thoracic nerve
ajid deltoid removed 1 Erector spinae
vlJlDelioid 12 Thoracolumbar fascia
Acromion ^13 Latissimus dorsi
2
3 Acromioclavicular joint 1^, Teres major
4 Acromial end of clavicle iT Long head of triceps
(^Trapezius 16 Posterior circumflex humeral vessels and a>
^Supraspinatus nerve
•^Levator scapulae &71 Teres minor
^^«^nfraspinatus
Cf) Rhomboid minor
^-Jlhomboid major vf Spine of scapula
KV;:
'\iipi'
li Left shoulder, from the lateral
side, with deltoid removed
1 Deltoid
2 Infraspinatus
3 Teres minor
4 Teres major
5 Latissimus dorsi
7 Lateral head of triceps
8 Posterior circumflex humeral
vessels and axillary nerve
9 Tendon of long head of biceps
10 Cephalic vein
11 Lesser tubercle
• The deltoid covers the shoulder region at
the front and back and laterally The most
lateral part, overlying the greater tubercle of
the humerus, forms the tip of the shoulder
A Left shoulder, from the lateral

side
1 Pcctoralis major
2 Trapezius
3 Acromion
ijDeltoid
^^ Long head of triceps
7v BrachioradiaUs
'^Brachialis
9, Biceps
^^1 9
A Left shoulder, from the left and behind. Suprascapular and

axillary nerves
I
Pan of supraspitiatus ami infraspinaiui removed I
1 Deltoid
2 Acromioclavicular joint
4 Suprascapular nerve
5 Superior transverse scapular (suprascapular) ligament
6 Supraspinalus
7 Infraspinatus
8 Teres major
10 Teres minor
1 Posterior circumflex humeral artery
12 Axillary nerve
• The suprastapular artery passes into the supraspinous fossa superficial to the
superior transverse scapular ligament; the suprascapular nerve passes deep to the
ligament.
• The axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels pass backwards through
the quadrilateral space which (viewed from behind) is bounded above by teres
minor,
below by teres major, medially by the long head of triceps and laterally by (he humerus.
{Viewed from the front, the upper boundary of the space is subscapularis - see page 1 18.)
• As it lies just beneath the capsule of ihe shoulder n ullaty r
iniured by dislocation of the joint.

D Left shoulder joint, operied from below and behind, with
Right shoulder joint, B from the front, C from behind,
with resin injection of the synovial cavity and of the much of the capsule removed
subacromial bursa 1 Capsule
1 Subacromial bursa 2 Head of humerus
3 Long head of biceps
2 Coraco-acromial ligament
3 Acromioclavicular joint 4 Glenoid labrum
5 Glenoid cavity
4 Trapezoid ligament
5 Conoid ligament
6 Inferior glenohumeral ligament
suprascapular) ligament 7 Middle glenohumeral ligament
6 Superior transverse scapul;
7 Subscapularis bursa 8 Opening into subscapularis bursa
8 Capsule of shoulder joint 9 Superior glenohumeral ligament

9 Tendon of long head of biceps 10 Supraspinatus
• The subscapularis bursa normally communicates 11 Acromion
the shoulder joint.
• The subacromial bursa does noi normally commu icaie with the shouldei
joini; It is separated from the loini by the supraspmal i tendon Only if the
tendon is ruptured can the twi one another.
E Radiograph of
the left shoulder,
from behind
1 Head of humerus
2 Acromion
3 Acromioclavicular
joint
4 Coracoid process
5 Rim of glenoid
cavity
6 Clavicle
7 Superior angle of
scapula
8 First rib
9 Second rib
10 Medial border of
scapula
11 Inferior angle of
scapula
12 Lateral border of
scapula
Left axilla, anterior wall (with
pectoralis major reflected)
1 Pectoralis major
2 Clavicle
3 Subclavius
4 Cephalic vein
5 Thoraco-acromial vessels and
lateral pectoral nerve
6 Pectoralis minor
7 Branches of medial pectoral nerve
8 First nb
9 Subclavian vein
The hier^l pectoral nerve is related t

ledial tupperj border of pectoralis minor
ledtal pectoral nerve is related to the lati
liiwer) border of pectoralis minor-
Left axilla and brachial plexus

I
zviih pectoralis major reflected)
1 Pectoralis major
2 Clavicle
3 Deltoid
4 Thoraco-acromial vessels and
lateral pectoral nerve
5 Lateral cord of brachial plexus
6 Axillary artery
7 Pectoralis minor
8 Musculocutaneous nerve
9 Coracobrachialis
10 Lateral root „^^,^„
..-,,,
II Medial root
.f
oi median „.,rv
nerv
12 Median nerve
13 Ulnar nerve
14 Medial cutaneous nerve of
forearm
15 Axillary vein
16 Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
17 Latissimus dorsi
18 Teres major
19 Circumflex scapular artery
20 Thoracodorsal artery and nerve
21 Subscapularis
22 Serratus anterior
23 Entry of cephalic vein
24 Subclavian vein
25 First rib
26 Subclavius
Left brachial plexus ( with the arm
partially abducted, pectoralis major and
minor reflected and the axillary vein and
Its tributaries removed)
1 Clavicle
2 Pectoralis major
3 Subclavius
4 Lateral pectoral nerve
5 Lateral cord
6 Axillary artery
7
8
Thoraco-acromial artery
Loop between medial and lateral
39 _ 3rs. ^ 8
pectoral nerves
9 Pectoralis minor
10 Musculocutaneous nerve
11 Lateral root ^ i ,.
,,,,,., of median nerve
12 Medial root )
13 Median nerve
14 Radial nerve
15 Axillary nerve
16 Anterior circumflex humeral anery
17 Coracobrachialis and short head of
biceps
19 Deltoid
20 Ulnar nerve
21 Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
23 Latissimus dorsi
24 Teres major
25 Lower subscapular nerve
26 Circumflex scapular artery
27 Thoracodorsal artery
28 Thoracodorsal nerve
29 Subscapularis
30 Serratus anterior
31 Long thoracic nerve
32 Intercostobrachial nerve (cut end)
33 Communication between 22 and 32
34 Branch from first thoracic nerve to
intercostobrachial nerve
35 Lateral thoracic artery
36 Axillary vein
37 Entry of cephalic vein
38 Subclavian vein
39 First rib
largest branches form the shape of

• The thoracodorsal artery is the name given t
1 of the M ) in front of the axilU
the continuation of the subscapular artery distal from which the musculoculaneou;
lateral cord,
the ongjn of the circumflex scapular branch M to run into the coracobrachiahs muscle, Follow the medial
)
nerve upwards to the medial cord, whose largest branch is the

stem of the Ml
• The radial nerve (one of the tw iinalbranches of the posterior cord and the
largest of all the branches of the pli smosi easily identified as it lies behind the
axillary artery and in front of the is us dorsi tendon. Follow the nerve upwards
to find ihe axillary nerve fthe other branch of the posterior cord) passing
laterally and backwards through Ihe quadrilateral space.
Right brachial plexus and branches, from
the front and medial side, with all vessels
removed and some displacement of the
cords of the plexus to reveal the branches
more clearly
1 Lateral cord
2 Posterior cord
3 Medial cord
4 Pcctoralis minor and lateral pectoral nerve
5 Musculocutaneous
6 Axillary nerve
"^
Lateral root of medi
H Radial nerve
9 Medial root of medi
10 Upper subscapular nerves
] 1 Thoracodorsal nerve
12 Lower subscapular nerve
14 L'lnar nerve
15 Medial cutaneous nerv
16 Intercostobrachial nerve
17 Subscapulars
18 Teres major
19 Latissimus dorsi
23 Radial nerve branches to triceps
2^-Aledian nerve
/j^^ôracobrachialis
)^^ Biceps
^7 Deltoid
• In this specimen ihc tendon of laiissimus dorsi i^
hasbecome blended with pan of the long head of ince|

• Although having three heads, the triceps has four
medial head receiving two, the long and lateral heads o
branches lo triceps arise proximal t'
Left arm, from the medial side.
Vessels and nerves
1 Latissimus dorsi
2 Branches of medial cutancnus and

posterior cutaneous nerves nt arm
3 Posterior branch oi medial cuianenus
nerve of forearm
4 Basihcvein
5 Anterior branch of medial cutaneous
nerve of forearm
Ulnar nerve
7 Brachial artery and venae comitantcs
8 Median nerve
9 Coracobrachialis
10 Biceps
11 Brachialis
12 Cephahc vein
13 Brachioradiahs and lateral cutaneous
nerve of forearm
14 Bicipital aponeurosis
15 Pronator teres
16 Superior ulnar collateral artery
17 Muscular branch of profunda brachii
artery
• In this specimen iKe basilic vein shows several
In the upper pan of the arm the median nerve

n front of the lateral side of the brachial artery.
Itthe elbow (cubital fossa) the nerve lies on the
:di3l side of the artery.
Left arm, from behind.
Triceps
1 Deltoid
2 Teres major
5 Medial intermuscular
septum
6 Medial epicondyle
7 Tendon of triceps
8 Extensor carpi radialis
longus
9 Brachioradialis
Left upper arm, from behind. Triceps and the

radial nerve
1 Deltoid
2 Posterior circumrtex humeral artery

3 Axillary nerve
4 Nerve to teres minor
5 Teres minor
7 Teres major
with
9 Profunda brachii artery and radial nerve
branches to triceps
long and lateral heads of ir.ccps have
been separated lo teve»l
• The
the upper pan oilhc medial ^dcep^ head.
• The radial nerve and accompanying vessels cross ihe uppermost
part of the attachment of the medial
head of triceps before coming into
contact with the radial groove of the humerus.
• The radial nerve is most commonly injured by fractures ol the shall
of the humerus in the region of the radial groove.
Left elbow, from behind
1 Triceps
2 Medial epicondyle
3 Ulnar nerve
4 Olecranon
5 Posterior border of ulna
6 Flexor carpi ulnaris
7 Extensor muscles
8 Proximal radio-ulnar joint and head of
radius
• The ulnar nerve can be palpated easily (and
injured) asii lies behind (he medial epicondyle
before passing into ihe forearm between ihe two

heads of flexor carpi ulnaris.
• The head of the radius can be palpated easily
in the depression beside the lateral epicondyle.
Left elbow region, A from the medial

side, B from the medial side and behind
1 Triceps
3 Ulnar nerve
4 Medial intermuscular septum
5 Branches of medial cutaneous nerve of
forearm
6 Biceps
7 Brachioradialis and lateral cutaneous
nerve of forearm
8 Bicipital aponeurosis and deep fascia
overlying pronator teres
9 Medial epicondyle
10 Brachial artery
11 Median nerve
12 Common flexor origm
13 Palmaris longus
14 Humeral head of flexor
15 Ulnar carpi ulnaris
16 Posterior border of ulna
17 Olecranon
6 7
10
14 4
-«mr
15
^..
6
-
^ 12
-^êKi
^
Left elbow joinl and proximal radio-ulnar joint, A from

the medial side, B from the lateral side, C from behind,
with the forearm flexed to a right angle
1 Medial cpicondylc
2 Upper band
3 Posterior band / of ulnar collateral ligament
4 Oblique band )
5 (.oronoid process of ulna

.eV 6 Head of radius covered by annular ligament
13 8 Interosseous membrane
14 9 Oblique cord
w ; ^^ 10 Tuberosity of ulna
11
12
Capitulum
Radial collateral ligament
14 Olecranon of ulna
15 Supinator crest of ulna
16 Olecranon fossa
17 Biceps tendon and underlying bursa
Right elbow joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint, D

from the medial side, E from the lateral side, F from
behind, with the forearm partially flexed and resin
injection of the synovial cavity
Identitying ligures as above
• Ihi synovi.il â\ iiv ot ihc proximal radio-ulnar ioint is continuous witti
thai ol ihf elbow ).imi ihc synovial cavity of the interior radio-ulnar ioint is
noi continuous with that of the wrisl ioint).
• Posteriorly and above, the capsule of the elbow ioim is attached lo the
the fo"
upper part of the/foor of Ihc olecranon fossa, not to the upper margin of
A Left elbow joint, opened from Radiograph of the left elbow, B
behind, with the humerus viewed from behind in extension, C from
from below and the forearm in the medial side in semiflexion
forced flexion 1 Lateral epicondyle of humerus
1 Capitulum 2 Capitulum
j
2 Trochlea of humerus
[
3 Olecranon fossa
3 Medial epicondyle 1 4 Olecranon of ulna
4 Olecranon 5 Medial epicondyle
Medial margm of trochlea
|
5 Trochlear notch \ of ulna 6

6 Coronoid process I 7 Coronoid process of ulna
7 Head of radius 8 Head of radius {in C superimposed
8 Annular ligament on coronoid process)
9 Anterior part of capsule 9 Medial supracondylar ridge
A Left cubital fossa.
Superficial veins and nerves
1 Posterior branch ol medial
cutaneous nerve of forearm
2 Anterior branch of medial
cutaneous nerve of forearm
3 Basihc vein
4 Medi basihc vein (double)
5 Ante: branch of lateral
nerve of forearm
6 Median cephalic vein
7 Median vein of forearm
8 Cephalic vein
9 Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
• The paiicrn of veins in ihe cubital region is
very variable. The principal veins are the

cephalic (laierally) and the basilic (medially),
with one or more communications between
them, and often a median vein in the centre of
the forearm.
• The readily visible veins in the cubital
region (and the dorsum of the hand) are com-
monly used as sites for intravenous injections
and infusions.
• The anterior branch of the medial
cutaneous nerve of the forearm usually passes
deep to the median cubital vein, not superficial
to It as in this specimen.
• The posterior branch of the medial
cutaneous nerve of the forearm usually passes in
front of the medial epicondyle, not behind it as
in this specimen.
B Left cubital fossa. Superficial

dissection
1 Basilic vein (double)
2 Median basilic vein
3 Median nerve
4 Brachial artery and ve
5 Biceps
6 Lateral cutaneous nerve of
forearm
7 Cephalic vein
8 Brachioradialis
9 Median cephalic vein
10 Median vein of forearm
11 Pronator teres
12 Bicipital aponeurosis
g
C [Left forearm, from the front,
the midprone position.
Superficial muscles
\1; Flexor carpi ulnaris
)J.'Flexor digitorum superficialis
^\ Palmaris longus
jW Flexor carpi radialis
Ijf^ Pronator teres
^r Brachioradialis
^(T^ Extensor carpi radialis longus
^Flexor pollicis longu*^
10 Abductor pollicis longus (double
tendon)
B Right cubital fossa and fore- 10 Ulnar nerve and artery
arm. Arteries and nerves (part 11 Radial artery
of pronator teres and flexor 12 Superficial terminal branch of
carpi radialis removed) radial nerve overlying extensor
1 Lateral cutaneous nerve of carpi radialis longus
forearm 13 Radial head of flexor digitorum
2 Brae hia lis superficiahs
3 Biceps 14 Anterior interosseous nerve
4 Brachial artery 15 Ulnar head of pronator teres
5 Median nerve 16 Ulnar artery
6 Humeral head of pronator teres 1 Muscular branch of median
8 Humero-ulnar head of flexor 18 Radial recurrent artery
digitorum superficiahs 19 Brachioradialis (displaced
9 Flexor carpi ulnaris (displaced laterally)
medially)
A Right cubital fossa and

forearm. Arteries and nerves
(palmaris longus and radial head of
flexor digitorum superficiahs
removed)
1 Brachioradialis (displaced
laterally)
2 Radial nerve
3 Superficial terminal branch of
radial nerve
4 Posterior interosseous nerve
(deep terminal branch of radial
nerve)
5 Nerve to supinator
6 Brachialis
7 Biceps
8 Brachial artery
9 Radial artery
10 Ulnar artery
11 Median nerve
12 Medial epicondyle
14 Pronator teres
15 Anterior interosseous nerve
16 Humero-ulnar head of flexor
digitorum superficiahs # The median nerve passes between the humeral
(superficial) and.ulnar (deep)heads of pronator teres, the
17 Flexor carpi radialis (displaced
ulnar artery passes deep to the ulnar head In specimen B
medially)
the humeral head has been removed to show the ulnar head
18 Flexor carpi ulnaris lying between the median nerve and the ulnar artery
19 Flexor digitorum profundus # In the lower part of B flexor carpi ulnans has been
20 Anterior interosseous nerve displaced medially to show the underlying ulnar nerve and
and artery overlying

# At the epicondyle and under cover of
level of the lateral
mterosseous membrane brachioradialis the radial nerve divides into its superficial
21 Flexor pollicis longus and deep terminal branches. The deep terminal branch is
22 Supinator nly called the posierit
A Left forearm, from the front
Deep muscles
1 Common flexor ongm
2 Brachialis
3 Biceps
4 Supmator
5 Pronator teres
6 Flexor poUicis longus
9 Brachioradialis
13 Flexor retinaculum
B Right cubital fossa and

-15-
forearm. Arteries
1 Brachioradialis
3 Radial recurrent artery overlying
supinator
4 Biceps tendon
5 Brachiahs
6 Brachial artery
7 Medial epicondyle of humerus
9 Ulnar artery
10 Posterior ulnar recurrent artery
1 Anterior ulnar recurrent artery
12 Common interosseous artery
15 Anterior interosseous artery over-
lying interosseous membrane
18 Radial artery
19 Pronator teres
10 20 Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• The radial artery usually appears lo be ihc
direct continuation of [he brachial, wiih ihc
ulnar anery leaving the main trunk almosi ai a
nghl angle
• The small unnamed vessels arc
branches
muscular
I
A Left forearm and hand, from
behind. Superficial muscles rrr'f
1
2
3
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
7
4^ Abductor pollicis longus
SJ Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
S Extensor digiti minimi
9 Extensor indicis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor digiti minimi
12 Extensor retinaculum
13 First dorsal interosseous
B Left forearm and hand fror

behind. Deep muscles
1 Supinator
2îAbductor pollicis lewgos
[HbExtensor poUicis brevis
/"Êxtensor pollicis longus
l-^^^xtensor indicis
Âbnormal slip of extensor
C
indicis to middle finger
(^"^xtensor carpi ulnaris
9 X>orsaI interossei
.xtensor digitorum
carpi radialis brevis
carpi radialis longus
A Left forearm, from the lateral side.
Muscles
1 Biceps
2 Supinator
3 Pronator teres
4 Abductor poUicis longus
5 Extensor polllcis brevis
6 Extensor polHcis longus
7 Extensor indicis
10 Extensor carpi radialis longus (doubled
B Left forearm, from the left in the

midprone position. Posterior interosseous
nerve (extensor dipitorum and part of
extensor carpi ulnaris removed)
1 Biceps
2 Brachiahs
3 Brachioradialis
4 Triceps
6 Lateral epicondyle and common extensor
origin
7 Anconeus
8 Supinator
12 Extensor carpi ulnaris
13 Extensor indicis
• The posienor interosseous nerve passes between the
superficial and deep pans of the supinaior
Left elbow and forearm, in the
midprone position, A from the
medial side, B from the front, C
from the lateral side. Interos-
seous membrane and supinator
muscle
Medial epicondyle of humerus
1
2 Trochlea
3 Upper band of ulnar collateral
ligament
4 Coronoid process of ulna
7 Supinator
8 Interosseous membrane
10 Capitulum
12 Radial collateral ligament
13 Annular ligament
• The posterior inierosseous vessels pass
backwards through the gap above the upper
border of the interosseous membrane.
• The membrane
fibres of the interosseous
pass obUquely downwards and medially from
s border of the radius to that of
the ulna, Titting weight from the hand
and radius to the ul
• The obhque cord ( page 122) is an un-
important mconstani fit jsband, whose fibres
pass (at rightangles lo t
membrane) from the tuberosity of the ulna to
the radius just below its tuberosity.
# The supinator muscle arises from the
lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the radial
collateral ligament of the elbow joint, the
annular ligament of the proximal radio-ulnar
joint, the supinator crest of the ulna and the
area of bone in front of the crest, and from an
aponeurosis overlying the muscle. From these
origins the fibres wrap round the upper end of
the radius (the fibres from the ulna passing
behind the radius), and are attached to the
lateral surface of the radius above the pronator
teres attachment, extending anteriorly and
posteriorly as far as the radial tuberosity.
• The curved lines proximal to the bases of the
fingers indicate the ends of the heads of the
larpals and the level of the metacarpo-
phalangeal joints.
• The creases on the fingers indicate the level of
the interphalangeal joints.
• The middle crease at the wrist indicates the
level of the wnsi joint.
A Palm of the left hand

1 Thenar eminence
2 Longitudinal crease
3 Proximal transverse
4 Distal I crease
5 Level of superficial palma
arch I 1( Jl" - Y Wt
6 Level of deep palmar arch
8 Hypothenar eminence
Left wrist, from the front, in ulnar 5 Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve
9 Palmaris brevis B
deviation (adduction). Cutaneous 7 Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm and
10 Hook of hamate
fascia overlying flexor digitorum
1 Pisiform nerves
superftcialis
Ulnar artery and nerve 1 Lateral part of palmar aponeurosis
12
overlying thenar muscles 8 Palmaris longus
13 Distal
2 Palmar cutaneous branch of median
14 Middle wrist crease
nerve overlying palmaris longus 10 Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
15 Proximal
Superficial terminal branch of radial
16 Flexor carpi ulnaris attachment to flexor retinaculum 1
17 Palmaris longus 3 Medial pan of palmar aponeurosis

18 Median nerve overlying hypothenar muscles • The palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve
4 Branches of dorsal branch of ulnar ncrvi normally pierces the deep fascia lateral to flexor carpi
ulnaris. not medial to it as in this specimen.
20 Radial artery 5 Flexor carpi ulnaris
A Palm of the left hand. Palmar
aponeurosis
1 Lateral part of aponeurosis overlying
thenar muscles
2 Central part of aponeurosis
3 Medial part of aponeurosis overlying
hypothenar muscles
4 Digital slip of aponeurosis
5 Superficial transverse metacarpal
ligament
6 Palmar digital vessels and nerves in
interval between slips
• The palmar aponeurosis is continuous with the
distaledge of the flexor retinaculum the palmaris

;
longus tendon is attached lo the aponeurosis and

the distal part of the retinaculum.
B Palm of the left hand.

1 Flexor retinaculum and palmar
branch of median nerve

4 Adductor pollicis and digital
branches of median nerve
5 First lumbrical
6 Central part of palmar aponeurosis
and filaments of palmar branch of
median nerve
7 Palmar digital vessels and nerves
8 Fibrous sheath (partly removed)
9 Flexor digitorum profundus tendon
overlying superficialis tendon
12 Palmaris brevis and filament of
palmar branch of ulnar nerve
14 Ulnar nerve and artery passing
beneath superficial part of flexor
retinaculum
16 Median nerve and overlying palmar
branch
18 Radial artery
A Left wrist and palm. Muscles
and tendons (digital fibrous
sheaths partly removed)
1 Abductor pollicis longus overlying
extensor pollicis brevis
4 Adductor pollicis
6 First lumbrical
7 Flexor digiiorum profundus
9 Second lumbrical
10 Third lumbrical
11 Fourth lumbrical
13 Abductor digiti mmimi
14 Flexor carpi ulnans and pisiform
15 Palmaris longus
19 Brachioradialis
• The lumbrical muscles arise trom the
lendons of flexor digitorum profundus - the
first and second lumbricals from the lendons of
the index and middle fingers respectively, and

the third and fourth from adjacent sides of the
middle and ring, and ring and Httle, fingers
respectively
B Left wrist and hand, from the

lateral side
1 Extensor digitorum

7 Abductor pollicis longus ^giving
slip to brevis)
A Palm of the left hand, with resin injection of digital synovial
sheaths
3 Muscular (recurrent) branch of median nerve
4 Superficial palmar arch
Mr '
)
5 First lumbrical
6
7
8
Common palmar digital artery and nerve
digital artery and nerve
Palmar
Fibrous sheath
9 Synovial sheath
10 Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon overlying profundus tendon
11 Communication between median and ulnar nerves
14 Palmaris brevis
15 Deep branch of ulnar nerve and artery
17 Pisiform and fiejcor carpi ulnaris
3' 18 Ulnar artery and nerve
\ I ;i3/
20 Median nerve
23 Radial artery and superficial terminal branch of radial nerve
• Communications between digital branches of the median and ulnar nerves (as at 1 1 ) are
ian nerve at the wrist is usually flat and ribbon-like rather than rounded, and i!
ly iniured at this site.
e on the synovial sheaths see page 1 35.
A ^0 1p 18
A If
B Palm of the right hand. Superficial palmar arch
( thenar muscles, flexor tendons and part of the deep
palmar 1
removed)
2 Deep branches of ulnar artery and nerve

4 Opponens digiti minimi and digital branches of ulnar
5 Common palmar digital branch of superficial arch
6 Palmar digital artery
7 Common palmar digital branch of median nerve
8 Palmar digital nerve
9 Radialis indicis artery
10 Princeps pollicis artery
1 Common stem of radialis indicis and princeps pollicis arteries
14 Radial artery
15 Superficial palmar branch of radial artery
18 Median nerve
20 Ulnar artery and nerve
• In the palm ihc superficial arterial arch and its branches lie superficial to
the digital nerves, but on the fingers the palmar digital nerves are superficial
(anterior) to their corresponding arteries.
• The common palmar digital arteries and nerves divide distally to form the
palmar digital arteries and nerves that run along the sides of adjacent fingers.
• In this specimen the radial side of the superficial arch anastomoses with
the vessels of the thumb and index fingers
• In one third of hands the superficial palmar arch as B Palm of the left hand, with resin
in this specimen is ..oi a complete arch. In another third injection of synovial sheaths
It IScompleted by the superficial palmar branch of the 1 Abductor polhcis brevis
radial anery which passes superficial to or through the
muscles of the thenar eminence ^sce page 133) and in the
remainder by the pnnceps pollicis or radialis mdicis 3 Adductor pollicis
• On the palmar surface of the hand the ulnar nerve 5 First lumbrical arising from flexor
supplies the skin of the ulnar side of the palm and of the
digitorum profundus tendon and lying
medial one-and-a-half fingers; the rest of the palm and
anterior to superficialis tendon
palmar surfaces of the remaining fingers and thumb are
supplied by the median nerve 6 Second lumbrical
8 Synovial sheath
9 Fibrous sheath
10 Third lumbrical (with abnormal part
going to middle finger)
11 Fourth lumbrical
12 Opponens digiti mmimi
15 Deep branchof ulnar nerve
18 Median nerve
• The deep branch of the ulnar ner\e passes betwet
flexor diguiminimi brevis and abductor digiti minimi
and then through opponens digiti mimmi.
A Palm of the left hand. Incomplete

superficial palmar arch
3 Median nerve dividing into common
palmar digital nerves
m
4 Muscular recurrent branch of median
i,
^
nerve
5 First lumbrical
6 Ulnar artery forming superficial palmar
arch giving off common palmar digital
branches
10 7 Flexor digitorum superficialis
9 Fourth lumbrical
10 Abductor digiii minimi
11 Palmaris brevis
12 Opponens digiti minimi and common
palmar digital branches of ulnar nerve
15 14 Ulnar nerve and artery
16 Median nerve
J716 7 7 7^.^13 ^
19 Radial artery
^
w
Palm of the right hand. Deep branch of the
ulnar nerve
1 Pisiform
2 Abductor digiti minimi and palmar digital
branch of ulnarnerve
3 Opponens digiti minimi
4 Fourth palmar interosseous
5 Fourth dorsal interosseous and common palmar
digital branch of ulnar nerve
6 Third palmar interosseous
7 Third dorsal interosseous and common palmar
digital branch of median nerve
8 Deep branch of ulnar nerve
9 Adductor pollicis ( partly
removed)
10 Second dorsal interosseous
1 Second palmar interosseous
18 Median nerve
20 Ulnar artery and nerve
21 Flexor carpi ulnans
22 Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
• The deep branch of the ulnar nerve supplies all the small
muscles of ihe hand, except abducior pollicis brevis. flexor
pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and the two lateral lumbncals
'supplied by the median nerve).
• Anomahes in the innervation of the small muscles of the
hand arc frequent, especially in the case of flexor pollicis brevis,
which in approximately one third of hands is supplied by the
ulnar nerve, in one ihird by the median nerve, and in the
remainder by both nerves.
Palm of the right hand. Deep pal
2 Ulnar artery
3 Deep branch of ulnar artery
4 Deep palmar arch
5 Palmar metacarpal artery
6 Common palmar digital artery (fr uperficial
arch)
7 Palmar digital artery
8 Radial artery
10 Abductor poUicis longus
12 Head of ulna
13 Branch of anterior interosseous artery to
anterior carpal arch
• Unlike the superficial arch (see page 134), the deep arch is
usually compleie, being formed by the terminal pari of the radial
artery uniting with the deep branch of the ulnar.
• The most distal point of the deep arch lies about 1 cm
proximal to the superficial arch
Left wrist and palm. Palmar interossei
(superficial to the blue marker) and
dorsal interossei (deep to the marker)
1 First palmar
2 First dorsal
3 Second palmar
4 Second dorsal
5 Third dorsal
6 Third palmar
7 Fourth dorsal
8 Fourth palmar
9 Hook of hamate
10 Pisiform
1 Ulnar collateral ligament
13 Head of ulna
16 Scaphoid
17 Trapezium
18 Capsule of carpometacarpal joint of
thumb
• The inierossei are inscncd partly into the extensor
expansions of the extensor digitorum tendons, and
partly into the sides of proximal phalanges (sec page
145).
18
11
12
V"*^^3
Long flexor tendons of the right middle flnger, from

the front and right. Long and short vincula
3 Short vinculum of profundus tendon
4 Long vinculum of profundus tendon
5 Position of short vinculum of superficialis tendon
6 Long vincula of superficialis tendon
• The fibrous and synovial sheaths have been removed and the long
tendons pulled anteriorly to reveal the vincula, which represent the i
of mesotendons and carry small blood vessels to the tendons.
Palm of the right hand. Ligaments and joints

1 Ulnar collateral ligamenl of wrist joint
2 Pisiform
3 Pisometacarpal ligament
4 Pisohamate ligament
5 Hook of hamate
6 Interosseous metacarpal ligament
7 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
8 Palmar ligament of metacarpophalangeal joint
with groove for flexor tendon
9 Collateral ligament of mterphalangeal joint
(capsule removed)
10 Sesamoid bones of flexor pollicis brevis and
adductor pollicis tendons
1 Palmar ligament of carpometacarpal joint of
thumb
12 Lateral ligament of carpometacarpal joint
13 Tubercle of trapezium with marker in groove
for flexor carpi radialis tendon
14 Head of capitate
15 Tubercle of scaphoid
16 Lunate
17 Palmar radiocarpal ligament
18 Articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint
19 Sacciform recess of capsule of distal radio-ulnar
joint
• The collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal and
interphalangeal loints pass obliquely forwards from the posterior
pan of the side of the head of the proximal bone to the anterior
part of the side of the base of the distal bon?. They become
lightest in flexion.
B Left wrist, from behind, in ulnar
deviation (adduction). Cutaneous
nerves
1 Branches of dorsal branch of ulnar
nerve
2 Head of ulna
3 E rem
4 Lower end of radius
5 Superficial terminal branche
6 Branches of lateral
forearm
r 2 ^^
A Dorsumof the left hand

I
The Jingers are extended ai the meiacarpophalangeal
joints and partially fiexed at the inter phalafigeal
joints. The thumb is extended at the carpometacarpal
joint and partially flexed at the metacarpophalangeal
8 and interphalangeal joints >
1 Extensor digiti minimi

3 Extensor indicis
4 First dorsal mterosseous
5 Extensor polhcis longus
6 Anatomical snuffbox
10 7 Extensor polhcis brevis and abductor pollicis
longus
10 Head of ulna
• The curved line* proximal to the bas« of ihc fingers indicate
the ends of the heads of the meiacarpaU and the level of the
metacarpophalangeal loints. In a clenched fisi the heads of the
metacarpals form the knuckles.
Dorsum of the left hand
1 Abductor digiti r
2 Extensor digiti
3 Slip from extensor digitorum to little finger
5 Extensor indicis
8 Extensor polHcis brevis
13 Extensor carp: ulnaris
• The tendon of CIS lies on the ulnar side of
r digito: 1 tendon to the index finger,
ensor digiti minimi is normally double.
• The 'tendon' of extensor digitorum to the little finger
consists of a slip from the digitorum tendon to the ring finger,
loining the digiti minimi tendon just proximal to the
metacarpophalangeal joint. Similar slips join adjacent
digitorum tendons to the other fingers.
• Ai the lateral side of the wrisi the radial artery lies in the
• In this specimen ihe extensor digiiorum tendon to the ring
•anatomical snuffbox' which is bounded laterally by the tendons
hnger is double, as well as giving a slip to the digiii minimi
of abductor pwllicis longus and extensor poUicis brevis, and
tendon, and to the extensor tendon of the middle finger. Some
medially by the tendon of extensor poUicis longus.
fascia distal to ihe extensor retinaculum is preserved-
• In this specimen the pnnceps pollicis artery has a more
proximal origin than usual, it normally arises from the radial
artery after that anery has passed through the first dorsal inter-
t The anienor interosseous artery pierces ihe ii
A Dorsum of the right hand, with resin in- nembrane above pronator quadratus (here removed) to anas-
jection of synovial sheaths omose wiih the posterior interosseous artery and join the dorsal
3 Radial artery
5 Dorsal digital expansion of extensor digitorum
tendon
6 Collateral slip of expansion to distal phalanx
7 Intermediate part of expansion to middle
phalanx
9 Extensor indicis
10 Extensor digiti minimi
11 Extensor carpi ulnaris
12 Head of ulna
B Right wrist and hand, from the lateral side,

with resin injection of synovial sheaths
2 Opponens pollicis
5 Radial artery
8 Adductor pollicis
9 First lumbrical
1 Extensor expansion
C Dorsumof the right hand. Arteries

1 Adductor pollicis and branch of princeps
pollicis artery
2 First dorsal interosseous and first dorsal meta-
carpal artery
3 Second dorsal i nd second dorsal
metacarpal artery
4 Abductor digili minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
5
6 Dorsal carpal arch
7 Anterior interosseous artery
8 Posterior interosseous artery
9 Branch of anterior interosseou: artery t
anterior carpal arch

12 Brachioradialis
15 Radial artery
A Dorsum of the right hand. Ligaments and joints
1 Collateral ligament of metacarpophalangeal joint
2 Collateral ligament ot interphalangeal jomt
3 Hamate
4 Triquetral
5 Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
7 Scaphoid
8 Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint
• The deep transverse metacarpal ligaments (of the palmar surfacel ;
seen between ihc metacarpophalangeal joints i,see page 139).
B Coronal section of the right wrist and hand, from

behind
2 Sacciform recess of distal radio-ulnar joint
3 Head of ulna
4 Articular disc
5 Triquetral
6 Lunate
7 Scaphoid
8 Trapezium
9 Trapezoid
10 Capitate
11 Hamate
12 Head of fourth metacarpal
13 Headof third metacarpal
14 Headof second metacarpal
• The arrows indicate the hne of the midcarpal joint.
• The section has passed through the carpus near the dorsal surface, and
and fifth metacarpals have not been included in the
sawcut.
the first
• The cavity of the wrist lomt does not communicate with that of the distal
radio-ulnar, nor with ihc midcarpal, joint-
D Radiograph of the left wrist and hand, from the lateral
side, with the thumb abducted
2 Lunate
3 Capitate
4 Pisiform
5 Trapezium
6 Hook of hamate
7 Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
8 First metacarpal
• Because of its rounded shape, the lunate is the carpal bone most frequently
dislocated.
C Extensor expansion of the left index finger, dorsal surface

1 Collateral slip
2 Intermediate part
3 First lumbncal
4 Flexor digitorum profundus tendon
5 First dorsal i
6 Extensor digitorum tendon

7 Extensor indicis tendon
8 First palmar interosseous (dissected t into two bellies)
• The lumbncal muscles are mscrtcd entirely

• The inierossei arc inserted partly inic
sides of pruximal phalanges.
Radiograph of the left wrist and hand, A in the normal
position, Bin adduction (ulnar deviation)
2 Scaphoid
3 Lunate
4 Triquetral
5 Pisiform
7 Head of ulna
8 Position of articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint
9 Trapeziuin
10 Trapezoid
11 Capitate
12 Hamate
13 Hook of hamate
^^^. of first metacarpal
1
I ,
15 Head
,
16 Sesamoid bones in flexor pollicis brevis and adductor

poUicis tendons
17 Proximal phalanx
^^ ^^^^
;
18 Distal phalanx
I? f/*^ of third metacarpal

20 Head
21 Proximal
22 Middle phalanx of middle finger
23 Distal
24 Base
25 Shaft '
of phalanx
26 Head |
iradiocarpalt (omt is the joint between the lower end of

the radii
• The wrist
and the scaphoid.
and ariK-ular disc of the distal radio-uhur lornt proximally,
lunate and triquetral distaily.
radius and the arncu
• In the normal position the lunate articulates with the
it moves completely on to the
radius In extreme
disc, but in adduclion
may also make contaa with the radius-
adduction part of the triquetral
Thorax
C Typical rib and vertebra articulated, from above

1 Non-articular I *- i_ i
2 Articular P-" "f '""ercle

1
3 Articular facet of transverse process

4 Neck of rib
5 Upper costal facet of head of rib
6 Upper costal facet of vertebral body
• The lower of the two facets on ihc head of a typical rib articulates with
the upper costal facet on the vertebral body having the same number as the
nb. The upper facet on the head of the rib articulates with the vertebral body
Typical ribs, from behind, A the left fifth rib (a typical upper rib),
B the left seventh rib (a typical lower rib)
1 Articular facets of head
2 Crest of head
3 Neck
4 Articular facet of tubercle
5 Non-articular part of tubercle
6 Angle
7 Costal groove
8 Shaft
• Typical ribs (3-9) have a head with two facets, and a tubercle with articular and non-
articular parts at the junction of theneck and shaft. The shaft has external and internal surfaces,
an angle and a costal groove.
• In typical upper ribs (3-6) the articular facet of the tubercle is curved, but becomes
increasingly flattened in lower ribs (7-9).
• The atypical ribs are the first, second, tenth, eleventh and twelfth.
• The first rib has a Head with one facet, a prominent tubercle, no angle and no costal groove.
The shaft has superior and inferior surfaces.
• The second rib has a head with two facets, an angle near the tubercle, a broad tfostal groove
and an external surface facing upwards and outwards with the inner surface facing
posteriorly,
cortespondingly downwards and inwards.
• The tenth rib has a head with one or two facets, a tubercle with or without an articular
facet, and a costal groove.
• The eleventh rib has a head with one facet, no tubercle but there is an angle and a slight
costal groove.
• Thetwelfth rib has a head with one facet but there is no tubercle, no angle and no costal
groove. TTie shaft tapers at its end (the ends of all other ribs widen slightly).
Left first rib (inner) and second rib (outer), A from above, Left first rib (inner) and second rib (outer), G from above,
B from below H from below. Attachments
1 Head (Epiphysial line, doited; capsule attachmeni, interrupted line)
2 Neck 1 Lateral costotransverse ligament

3 Tubercle 2 Scalenus medius
4 Groove for subclavian anery and first thoracic nerve 3 Serratus anterior
5 Scalene tubercle 4 Subclavius
6 Groove for subclavian vein 5 Costoclavicular ligament
7 Shaft 6 Suprapleural membrane

8 Angle 7 Scalenus anterior
9 Serratus anterior tuberosity 8 Superior costotransverse ligament
10 Costal groove 9 Levator costae
10 Serratus posterior superior
11 Scalenus posterior
Atypical left lower ribs, C tenth rib from behind, D 12 Intercostal muscles and membranes
eleventh rib from behind, E twelfth rib from the front, 13 Area covered by pleura
• The second nb gives origin to pari of the first, and the whole of the second,
with attachments, F twelfth rib from behind, with
digitation of serratus anterior.
attachments
1 Head 10 Quadratus lumborum
2 Neck 11 Costotransverse ligament
3 Tubercle 12 Laiissimus dorsi
4 Angle 13 External intercostal
5 Costal groove 14 Levator costae
6 Internal intercostal 15 Erector spinae
7 Diaphragm 16 Serratus posterior inferior
8 Line of pleural reflexion 17 External oblique
9 Area covered by pleura
• The body of the sternum is formed by the
fusion of four sterncbrae, the sites of the fusion
s being indicated by three shght
ugular notch
ndgcs.
2 C\a\ic
• The manubrium and body are bony but the
xiphoid process, which varies considerably in ^ NiXch for first *.
size and shape, is cartilaginous although it 4 Manubrium

frequently shows some degree of ossification. 5 Sternal angle and manubnosternal joint
• The manubnosiernal and xiphi
6 Body
joints are both symphyses, the surfaces bcmg
7 Notches for second
covered by hyahne cartilage and united by a
tibrocarlilagi 8 Notch for third
9 Notch for fourth
costal cartilage
10 Notch for fifth
1 Notch for sixth
!2 Notches for seventh
13 Xiphisternal joint
14 Xiphoid process
The sternum, D from the front, E F Thoracic inlet, from above and in • The thoracic inlel (upper aperture of the thorax is
l
approximately ihc same size and shape as the outline of

from behind. Attachments front, in an articulated skeleton
the kidney, and is bounded by the first thoracic vertebra,
1 Sternocleidomastoid 1 First thoracic vertebra first ribs and costal cartilages, and the upper border of the
2 Pectoralis major 2 Head I

manubrium of the sternum. It does not lie in a horizontal
3 Rectus abdominis 3 Neck j
of first nb plane but slopes downwards and forwards.
4 Sternohyoid 4 Shaft !
5 Sternothyroid 5 Sternal end of clavicle

6 Area covered by right pleura 6 Sternoclavicular joint
7 Area covered by left pleura 7 Jugular notch
8 Area in contact with pericardium 8 Manubrium of sternum
9 Transverse thoracic 9 Manubnosternal joint (angle of Louis)
10 Diaphragm 10 Second sternocostal joint
• The two pleural sacs are in coniaci from the 11 Second costal cartilage
levels of the second to fourth costal cartilages. 12 Costochondra! joint
13 Second rib
14 First costal cartilage
15 First sternocostal joint
16 First costochondral joint
Left hemithorax in the female,
from the front. Surface
markings of the heart and
pleura
I
Heart, interrupted line; pleura,
dotted line)
1 Jugular notch
3 Sternoclavicular joint
4 Midpoint of clavicle
5 Acromioclavicular jomt
6 Axillary tail |
7 Areola
of breast
8 Nipple
9 Areolar gland |
10 Costal margin (at eighth costal

cartilage)
II Xiphisternal joint 15
12 Sixth
13 Fourth
costal cartilage
14 Third
15 Second '
16 Manubriosternal joint
17 Pulmonary
18 Aortic ,
19 Mitral ^^'^^ I
20 Tricuspid
• The manubriosiemal joini is palpable
and a guide to identifying the second costal
cartilage which joins the sternum at this
• The pleura and lung extend into ihe

neck for 2,5 cm above the medial third of
the clavicle.
• In the midclavicular line the lower limn
of the pleura reaches the eighth costal
cartilage, in the midaxillary line it reaches
the tenth rib, and at the lateral border of the
erector spinae muscle it crosses the twelfth
rib- The lower border of the lung is about
two ribs higher than the pleural reflexion.
• Behind the sternum the pleural sacs are 20
adjacent to one another in the midline from
the level of the second to fourth costal
cartilages, but then diverge due to the mass
of the heart on the left.
• For a radiograph of the chest and heart

seepage 1Q7
v. 11
iL
Right hemithorax, from behind with the
arm abducted
Oblique fissure of ihe right lung indicated by the
i
interrupted lineI
1 Spinous process of third thoracic veriebra 8 Fifth intercostal space

2 Trapezius 9 Medial border of scapula
3 Spine of scapula
• With ihearm fully abducicd the medial border of ihe
4 Deltoid scapula indicates approximately the line of the oblique
5 Teres major fissure of the lung, which runs from the level of the
6 Inferior angle of scapula spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra to the sixth
7 Latissimus dorsi costal cartilage at the lateral border of the s
A Right hemithorax, from the right with
the arm abducted
Oblique and transverse fissures of (he right lung
Iindicated by the interrupted and doited lines
respectively
1 Latissimus dorsi
2 Pectoralis major
3 Fourth costal cartilage
4 Nipple overlying fourth intercostal space
5 Sixth costal cartilage
6 Serratus anterior
• The transverse fissure of the nghi lung is represented by a
hne drawn horizontally backwards from the fourth costal

it meets the line of the oblique fissure. The
cartilage until
triangle so outlined demarcates the middle lobe of the lung.
'i
B Muscles of the thorax, left side, from the

front. External and internal intercostal
muscles
1 Sternal angle
2 Second costal cartilage

3 Second rib
4 External intercostal
5 Internal intercostal
6 Xiphoid process
7 Se nth
8 Eighth
istal cartilage
9 Ninth
10 Tenth ]
• The external intercostal muscles arc continuous anteriorly

with the anterior intercostal membranes (here removed) which
cover up the medial ends of the internal intercostal muscles.
# The seventh costal cartilage is the lowest to ioin the sternun"
and together with the eighth, ninth and tenth costal cartilages
forms the costal margin
A Muscles of the thorax, left side, from the left
• The external intercostal muscles pass obliquely dow-nwards and forwards from
the nb above to the nb below_
/I
*N..
B Muscles of the thorax, left side, from behind. Levatores

costarum muscles
1 Seventh nb
3 Levator cosiae
4 Lateral costotransverse ligament
5 Transverse process of eighth thoracic vertebra
6 Lamina of eighth thoracic vertebra
• The levatores costarum muscles pass from the tip ol the transverse prtKcss
of one vertebra to the nb below between the tubercle and angle.
• The internal intercostal muscles are continuous posteriorly with the
posterior inicrcosial membranes which are covered up (as here) by the medial
ends of the external intercostal muscles.
Muscles of the thorax, lower
left side, from behind. Serratus
posterior inferior and related
muscles
1 Latissimus dorsi
2 Tenth rib
4 Serratus posterior inferior
5 Dorsal rami of lower thoracic
and upper lumbar nerves
6 Longissimus part of erector
spinae
7 Spinalis part of erector spinae
8 Erector spinae
9 Iliac crest
10 Internal oblique
11 Posterior (free) border of
external oblique
• The medial part of the serratus
posterior inferior muscle (arising from the
last two thoracic and upper two lumbar
spinous processes and the supraspinous
hgament, and blending with the underlying
lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia) has
been removed, so displaying the medial and
intermediate parts of the erector spinae
muscle which belongs to the muscles of the
venebral column (page 88), The lateral (iho-
costalis) pan of erector spinae is under" cover
of the lateral part of the serratus muscle,
which becomes attached to the lower four
ribs lateral to their angles.
• The serratus posterior superior muscle
(not illustrated) passes to the second lo fifth
ribs lateral to their angles, under cover of
the rhomboid muscles fpagc 112), having
arisen from the lower part of the
ligamentum nuchae and the spinous
processes of the seventh cervical and upper
two or three thoracic vertebrae and the
supraspinous ligament.
• On each side there is one serratus
anienor muscle (belonging V the group
connecting the upper limb ii
two serratus poUenor muscl< (belonging
i t<
the muscles of the thorax).

B Muscles of the thorax. Lower left subcostal and innermost
intercostal muscles, from the right and the front
I Part of the vertebral column has been retained hut the anterior parts of the
vertebral bodies have been removed together with the pleura)
1 Eighth thoracic vertebra
2 Eighth rib
3 Innermost intercostal
4 Subcostal
• The subcostal and innctmosl intercostal muscles are often poorly developed especially ii
the upper pan of the thorax. The subcostals (posteriorly) span more than one
rib.
^ ^
A Muscles of the thorax. Right transverse thoracic

muscle (sternocostalis) on the internal surface of
the anterior wall i
Pleura remoz'edl
1 Sternal angle
4 Slips of transverse thoracic muscle
5 Second rib
6 Sixth rib
7 Diaphragm
8 Xiphoid process
9 Body of sternum
• The transverse thoracic muscle is in the same plane as the
innermost intercosials (laterally) and the subcostal muscles (posteriorly)
and like them it separates the intercostal vessels and nerves from the
pleura.
The show some degree of emphysema
Lungs and pericardium, from the 8 Oblique hssLirc lungs
illoon-Iike dilatation of the air sacs).
front with the anterior thoracic 9 Inferior lobe of left lung
The pleurae become separated at the level of
and abdominal walls removed 10 Diaphragm the fourth costal cartilage du 3 the leftward
1 Superior lobe of right lung n Left lobe of liver bulge of the heart, and the ce :a! part of the
2 Right and left parietal pleurae in 12 Falciform ligament fibrous pericardium is not co
contact 13 Right lobe of liver

3 Line of reflexion of right pleura 14 Inferior lobe
4 Fibrous pericardium 15 Oblique fissure
of right lung
5 Line of reflexion of left pleura 16 Middle lobe
6 Pleura overlying pericardium 17 Transverse fissure
7 Superior lobe of left lung
A The heart from the front with the anterior
part of the pericardium removed
1 Remains of thymus
2 Pleura reflected from pericardium
3 Superior vena cava
4 Ascending aorta
5 Pulmonary trunk
6 Auricle of left atrium
7 Left ventricle
8 Apex
9 Right ventricle
10 Right atrium
1 Auricle of right atrium
• The marker passes through the transverse sinus, bchmd the
aorta and pulmonar>' trunk.
• The right border of the heart is formed by the nghl atrium, the
leftborder by the auricle of the left atnum and the left ventricle, and
the inferior border by the right ventricle with a small part of the left
ventricle {at the apex).
B Posterior part of the pericardiun

with the heart removed
2 Arch of aorta
3 Pulmonary trunk
4 Left phrenic nerve
5 L.cfi vagus nerve
6 Superior left
pulmonary ve
7 Inferior left
opening into
8 Superior right
left atrium
9 Inferior right
10 Inferior vena cava
11 Oblique sinus
12 Transverse sinus
• The inicrrupied line indicates the line of
reflexion between the parietal and serous
pericardium that forms the upper and right
boundaries of the obUque sinus.
• The continuous hne indicates that the aorta
and pulmonary trunk arc enclosed within the sar
tube of serous pericardium. The space between
these two great vessels {enclosed within their
and the pericardial reflexion
pericardial sleeve)
round the pulmonary %'eins and superior vena ca
C TTie heart, sternocostal surface, with injection of
major cardiac vessels
2 Right atrium
3 Auricle of right atrium (displaced laterally)
4 Ascending aorta
5 Pulmonary trunk
6 Infundibulum of right ventricle
7 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery and
great cardiac vein in interventricular groove
8 Left ventricle
9 Apex
10 Right ventricle
1 Marginal branch of right coronary artery
12 Right coronary artery in anterior atrioventricular groove
• The siemocosial surface is ihc anienor surface,formed mainly by the right
ventricle, with parts of the left ventricle and right atrium.
• The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle.
• The infundibulum is the part of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary
• In this specimen the anterior atrioventricular groove has been opened up by

displacing the auricle of the right atrium to show the right coronary artery more
clearly. The marginal branch of this vessel has an unusually high origin.
r<-':^M • The base of the heart is the posierwr surface, formed mainly
by the left atrium with a small part of the right atnum.
• The inferior surface is the diaphragmafic surface, formed by

the two ventricles {mainly the left),
• In this specimen there is a large ventricular branch of the left
artery passing superficial to the great cardiac vein.
D The heart from behind, with injection of

major cardiac vessels
1 Left pulmonary artery
2 Superior left pulmonary vein
4 Inferior left pulmonary vein
5 Left atrium
6 Right pulmonary artery
7 Right atrium
9 Superior right pulmonary vein
10 Inferior right pulmonary vein
12 Coronary sinus in posterior atrioventricular
groove
13 Middle cardiac vein and posterior
interventricular branch of right coronary artery
in posterior interventricular groove
14 Right ventricle
15 Left ventricle
16 Posterior vein of left ventricle
17 Great cardiac vein and circumflex branch of left
coronary artery
18 Great cardiac vein and anterior interventricular
branch of left coronary artery
A The right atrium, from the right and the front, v
the anterior wall opened and reflected to the right
1 Pectinate muscles
2 Crista terminahs
4 Auricle
5 Tricuspid valve
6 Position of atrioventricular node
7 Coronary sinus
8 Valve of coronary sinus
9 Valve of inferior vena cava
11 Fossa ovalis
12 Limbus
13 Position of intervenous tubercle
fossa ovalis forms part of the intcracnal septum, and
the a
• The
m>de IS embedded within the myocardial tibres of the septum.
• The sinuatnal node (not illustrated) is horseshoe-shaped, beginning a
superior v
upper end of the crista terminahs in front of the opening of the
tava, and embracing the left side of the opening. It extends
through the fi
thickness of the myocardium, i.e. from epicardium to endocardium.
• The inrervenous tubercle, which is rarely detectable in the human hei
may have served the embryo to direct blood from the superior vena cav
m
towards the tricuspid orifice
B The right ventricle, from the front with most

of the anterior wall removed
1 Right atrium
3 Anterior
4 Posterior cusp of tricuspid valve
5 Septal
6 Supraventricular crest
7 Infundibulum
Anterior
papillary muscle
9 Posterior
10 Septomarginal trabecula
11 Chordae tendineae
the righr limb cl
• The septomarginal trabecula, which conducts
muscle, is
the atrioventricular bundle to the anterior papillary
sometimes called the moderator band.
• The chordae rendineae connect the valve cusps to the papillary
muscles or ventricular wall. The anterior papillary muscle is large
posterior
and connected with the anterior and posterior cusps, the
papillary muscle is small and often in two or
three parts, and is
septal
connected with the posterior and septal cusps. Smaller
papillary muscles may be present, connected
with the septal and
C The left ventricle and left
atrium, opened from the left
1 Wall of left ventricle
3 Left atrium
4 Anterior cusp of mitral valve
overlying posterior cusp
5 Chordae tendineae
6 Posterior
papillary muscle
7 Anterior
8 Aortic orifice
itenor and posierior papillary

e each connected by chordae
ro boih cusps of the miiral valve.
)rticand mitral orifices are
1 one another, separated only by
•r cusp of the mitral valve (see
English
Anterior
Left posterior
Right posterior
Left
Anterior
Right
D The ventricles in section, from the

front
1 Ascending aorta
2 Left coronary artery branches and gre

cardiac vein
3 Posterior cusp of aortic valve
4 Anterior cusp of mitral valve
5 Chordae tendmeae
6 Anterior papillary muscle
7 Posterior papillary muscle
8 Left ventricular wall
9 Muscular part of inier-
10 Membranous ventricular septi
11 Right ventricular wall
12 Septal cusp of
i
13 Posterior tricuspid valve

I
14 Right atrium
15 Coronary sinus
• The wall of the left ventricle is normally three
limes as thick as the wall of the right ventricle.
A The heart from above, with the
great vessels and part of the left
atrium and left ventricle removed
1 Right atrium
2 Auriclcof right atrium
4 Cusps of aortic valve
5 Cusps of pulmonary valve
6 Cusps of mitral valve
B
C Cast of the cardiac vessels, from the front
1 Ascending aorta
2 Pulmonary trunk and sinuses above pulmonary valve cusps
3 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery and
great cardiac vein
4 Vessels of interventricular septum
5 Middle cardiac vein and posterior interventricular branch of
right coronary artery
6 Marginal branch of right coronary artery and small cardiac
7 Coronary sinus
8 Right coronary artery
9 Anterior cardiac vein
D Cast of the heart and great vessels, from the front

1 Azygos vein
3 Ascending aorta
4 Arch of aorta
7 Left subclavian artery
8 Pulmonary trunk
9 Left ventricle
10 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
and great cardiac vein
11 Right ventricle
12 Marginal branch of right coronary artery and small
cardiac vein
13 Right coronary artery and anterior cardiac vein
14 Right atrium
• For a view of this specimen from behind see page 169.
• Like the veins of ihc brain, ihe veins of the heart do not have names that
correspond to those of the arteries- The great cardiac vein accompanies the
anterior interventricular and circumflex branches of the left coronary artery
the middle cardiac vein accompanies the posterior interventricular branch of
the right coronary artery; and the small cardiac vein accompanies the
marginal branch of the right coronary artery. These veins normally dram
into the coronary sinus (sec page 171)- The anterior cardiac veins dram
directly into the right atrium.
165
A Cast of the coronary arteries, from the front
1 Ascending aorta
2 Left coronary artery
3 Circumflex branch of left
4 Anterior interventricular coronary artery
6 Marginal branch of right
7 Posterior interventriculai coronary artery
• Each coronary y gives off two mam branches - the
circumflex and ann mierventricular from the left, the margmal
and posterior liar from the right.
B Cast of the heart and vessels, from the front

and above with the pulmonary trunk removed
2 Left atrium
3 Left pulmonary veins
6 Left (posterior) aortic sinus
7 Circumflex branch
8 Anterior interventricular branch
9 Great cardiac vein
10 Left ventricle
11 Right ventricle
12 Marginal branch of right coronary artery and
small cardiac vein
14 Anterior aortic sinus
15 Ascending aorta
16 Auricleof right atrium
• The origin ol the right coronary artery (from the anterior
aortic sinus) is easily seen when dissecting the heart from the
front, but the origin of the left coronary artery (from the left
posterior aortic sinus) is hidden behind the pulmonary trunk
(page 168).
C Cast of the coronary arteries, from
above. Origin of the sinoatrial nodal
artery from the right coronary
artery
1 Ascending aorta

3 Circumflex branch
6 Sinoatrial nodal artery
7 Marginal branch
8 Posterior interventricular branch
D Cast of the coronary arteries, from above. Origin

of the sinuatrial nodal artery from the left coronary
artery
1 Ascending aorta
3 Circumflex branch
4 Sinuatrial nodal artery
7 Marginal branch
• In 55",, of hearts the sinualrial nodal a
anery. In 45",, it arises from the circumfle:
B 4
A Cast of the heart and vessels, from above
2 Pulmonary trunk
3 Anterior intcrvcniricu ch of left coronary artery
5 Circumflex branch of left coronary artery
• The- origin o) ihf kfi coronary ariery is obscured behind the
pulmonary trunk (see page 166).
B Cast of the ascending aorta, from below

1 Right I
2 Left part of aortic sinus

I
3 Posterior ]

• 1he right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus, ihe
left coronary from the left (posteriori sinus
C Cast of the pulmonary trunk, from the front and

above
1 Right I
2 Anterior ,
part of pulmonary sinus
3 Left 1
4 Pulmonary trunk
6 Right pulmonary artery and branch to superior lobe of
right lung
• 1 here is no such thing as the pulmonary
artery, the pulmonary
irunk divides into nghi and le/i pulmonary arteries.
I> Cast of the heart i s, fror 1 the

frontand the right, \ ith the ghtat
removed
1 Pulmonary veins
2 Left atrium
3 Sec note below
4 Ascending aorta
5 Anterior interventricular bn ch of left coronary
artery and great cardiac vein
7 Marginal branch of right coronary artery and
smalt cardiac vein
8 Middle cardiac vein
9 Opening of coronary sinus into right atrium
• The white marker lies behind rcsin that has passed from the
left atrium into the right atrium chrough a patent foramen ovale.
• The small cardiac vein frequently drains direcrly into the
right ainum (as in this specimen) and not into Ihc coronary
E Cast of the heart and great vessels, from behind
2 Arch of aorta
6 Azygos vein
9 Right pulmonary veins
10 Right atrium
13 Coronary sinus
15 Left atrium
17 Pulmonary trunk
• The base of the heart is its posterior surface, formed by the left
• For a view of this specimen from the front see page 165.
F Cast of the heart and vessels, from the left, below and
behind
1 Pulmonary trunk
3 Ascending aorta
6 Right atrium
7 Inferior
8 Poslerio Lilar branch of right coronary artery
I
10 Coronary sinus
'
11 Left ventricle
12 Posterior vein of left
I
I
15 Oblique vein of left atrium

'
16 Left atrium
I 17 Left pulmonary veins
I
I • The coronary sinus which receives most of the venoi blood from the
heart (see page 171) lies in the posterior part of the liar groove
;
I between the left atrium and the left ventricle, and opens
(page 162).
I
A Cast of cardiac vessels, from the right
and behind. Interventricular septum
1 Ascending aoria
3 Anterior cardiac vein
4 Small cardiac vein entering right atrium
5 Right ventricle
7 Posterior interventricular branch of right
coronary artery
9 Coronary sinus
1 Left ventricle
• position of ihe muscular inlerventricular septum
The
indicated by the deeply penetrating branches of the anteni
and posterior interventricular aneries and their
accompanying veins.
B Cast of the heart and vessels, from the

right and behind. Interventricular septum
1 Pulmonary veins
2 Left atrium
4 Ascending aorta
6 Marginal branch and small cardiac vein
7 A large atrial branch
9 Posterior interventricular branch and middle
cardiac vein
10 Coronary sinus
• For another view of this specimen see page 168.
C Cast of the cardiac veins, from behind
1 Pulmonary trunk
5 Azygos vein
7 Right atrium
9 Coronary sinus
11 Various veins of left ventricle
13 Position of right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
14 Right ventricle
• The coronary sinus normally receives the great, middle and small
cardiac veins, the posierior vein of the left ventricle, and the oblique
vem of the left atrium (see page 169),
D Cast of cardiac vessels, from the right,

below and behind. Coronary sinus
3 Ascending aorta
5 Marginal branch and small cardiac vein
6 Posterior interventricular branch and middle
cardiac vein
7 Coronary sinus
Right lung root and mediastinal pleura covered by mediastinal
ihe trachea which is
1 Oesophagus
2Trachea • The right ph e passes downwards under cover
3 Right vagus nerve of I he media )1 pleura and overlying the superior vena
4 Superior vena cava cava, right a and pericardium, and inferior vena cava.
• The plei the right is in close contact with the
5 Right phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic
i
c left the subclavian and common carotid

vessels
6 Azygos vein
7 Branch of righi pulmonary artery to superior
lobe
8 Superior lobe bronchus
10 Right principal bronchus
1 Superior right pulmonary vein
12 Inferior right pulmonary vein
13 Mediastinal pleura and pericardium
o\'erlying right atnum
15 Diaphragm
16 Posterior intercostal vessels under parietal
pleura
18 Right superior intercostal vein
Left lung root and mediastinal pleura • The left vagus and phrenic nerves pass downwards over
the arch of the aorta, the phrenic in front of the vagus.
1 Diaphragm
• The left superior intercostal vein crosses the upper part
2 Thoracic aorta of the aortic arch, and passes superficial to the vagus but deep
3 Oesophagus
4 Mediastinal pleura and pericardium • In both lung roots ihc order of the main structures is
vein, artery,bronchus from before backwards, with the
overlying left ventricle
inferior pulmonary vein being the lowest structure (see page
5 Left phrenic nerve and
184). Other structures in the lung roots are the bronchial
pericardiacophrenic vessels vessels, lymph nodes and vessels and autonomic nerves.
6 Left inferior pulmonary vein • On the left side above the diaphragm, the oCMiphagus
7 Left principal bronchus lies in a triangle bounded by the diaphragm, hearl and aorta.
8 Left superior pulmonary vein

10 Arch of aorta
11 Left vagus nerve
12 Left superior intercostal vein
The medial surface of the upper part of the left lung.
The medial surface of the upper part of the right lung.
Impressions of adjacent structures
Impressions of adjacent structures
1 Groove for aorta
1 Groove for firsi rib
2 Groove for left subclavian artery
2 Groove for subclavian vein vein
3 Groove for left subclavian and brachiocephalic
3 Groove for subclavian artery
4 Groove for first rib
4 Oesophageal and tracheal area
5 Groove for azygos vein
6 Branches of left principal bronchus
5 Groove for superior vena cava
7 Branches of left pulmonary artery
8 Branches of right pulmonary artery
9 Branches of right principal bronchus
• The irachea divides inio right and left principal
bronchi.
• The nghi principal bronchus is shoner, wider and
erlical than the left.
The left principal bronchus is longer and narrower and

sversely than the right. Foreign bodies are
therefore more likely to enter the right principal bronchus
than the left.
• The nghi principal bronchus gives off a superior lobe

bronchus and (hen enters the hilum of the right lung before
dividing into middle and infenor lobe bronchi
• The left principal bronchus enters the hilum of the lung
before dividing into superior and inferior lobe bronchi
• The branches of the lobar bronchi are called segmental
bronchi and each supplies a segment of lung tissue -
bronchopulmonary segment. The segmental bronchi and
the bronchopulmonary segments have similar names, and
the ten segments of each lung are officially numbered (as on
pages 176-183) as well as being named. The bronchi here
have been numbered to conform with those of the segments.
• The lobar bronchi of the left and right lungs are
ially similar except that (a) the apical and posterior
bronchi of the supenor lobe of the left lung arise from a
common stem, thus called the apicopostenor bronchus and
labelled here as and 2 (b) there is no middle lobe in the
1 ;
left lung - the superior and inferior lingular bronchi of its
supenor lobe correspond to the lateral and medial bronchi

of the middle lobe of the right lung, and so the
coiresponding segments bear similar numbers; and (c) the
medial basal bronchus of the left lung usually arises in
ith the anterior basal (but in the specimen
illustrated it arises from the lateral basal bronchus).

• The apical (superior) bronchus of the inferior lobe (6)
of both lungs is the first or highest bronchus to arise from
the poitertor surface of the bronchial tree. When lying on
the back fluid may therefore be aspirated into this
bronchus.
Left lung
Superior lobe
1 & 2 Apicoposterior
3 Anterior
4 Superior lingular
5 Inferior lingular
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
7 Medial basal (cardiac)
Inferior lobe
8 Anterior basal
6 Apical (superior)
9 Lateral basal
7 Medial basal
10 Posterior basal
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
Cast of the lower trachea, principal bronchi and lobar

bronchi, A from the front, B from the left as with the subject
lying down (a slightly anterior oblique view, with the right side
higher than the left)
Cast of the bronchial tree, from
the front, with
bronchopulmonary segments
nan:ied and numbered
Right lung
Superior lobe
1 Apical
2 Posterior
3 Anterior
Middle lobe
4 Lateral
5 Medial
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
7 Medial basal
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
Left lung
Superior lobe
1 Apical
2 Posterior
3 Anterior
4 Superior lingular
5 Inferior lingular
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
Bronchopulmonary segments of the right
lung, A from the front, B from behind, C
from the medial side
Superior lobe
1 Apical
2 Posterior
3 Anterior
Middle lobe
4 Lateral
5 Medial
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
7 Medial basal
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
• A subapical (subsuperior)
lobar bronchus and broncho-
pulmonary segmenr are
present in over 50",. of lungs,
in ihisspecimen this
additional segment is shown ;
• The posterior basal

segment (10) is coloured with
two different shades of green
Bronchopulmonary segments of
the right lung, costal surface
Superior lobe
1 Apical
2 Posienor
3 Anterior
Middle lobe
4 Lateral
5 Medial
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
7 Medial basal
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
• The medial basal segment (7) is not seen
this view.
• The posterior basal segment (10) is
coloured with two different shades of green.

Bronchopulmonary segments of
the left lung, costal surface
Superior lobe
1 Apical
2 Posterior
3 Anierior
4 Supe '
lingular
5 Infer lingular
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
• The apical and posterior segments { I & 2)
are both coloured green, having been filled from
the common apicopostenor bronchus (see page
175).
The medial basal segment (7
[his view-
• See nc ; 1 79 for I
Bronchopulmonary segments of the
left lung, A from the front, B from
behind, C from the medial side
Superior lobe
1 Apical
2 Posterior
3 Anterior
4 Superior lingular
5 Inferior lingular
Inferior lobe
6 Apical (superior)
8 Anterior basal
9 Lateral basal
10 Posterior basal
• The apical and posicrior
segments (1 & 2) are both coloured
green, having been filled from ihe
common apicoposicrior bronchus
{sec page 175).
• Sec note on page 179 lor the
white segment m B.
Cast of the bronchi and pulmonary vessels, A
from the front, B from behind, C from the
right and behind
1 Trachea
2 Left L u
Pnnc.pal bronchus
I ,
3 Right i
4 Puhnonary trunk
5 Left
pulmonary artery
6 Right
7 Super
left pulmonary vein
8 Infen.
9 Left
10 Inferior
right pulmohary vein
1 Superior
lain structures enicnng the hilum of
, vein, artcr>'. bronchus from before
r pages 172 and 173:
• The lowest the lung root is the infenor
pulmonary vein, as in B.
• The nght pulmonary anery passes ) the nght immedia
below the bifurcation of the trachea, as
D (âst of the pulmonary arteries
bronchi, from the front
:
i^
1 Hranchof right puln
supc obc
4 Trachea
5 Pulmonary trunk
6 Left principal bronchus
• I he pulmonary trunk bifurcates ii front of the left
pnoLLpal bronchus.
leftpulmonary artery hooks o
.ipal bronchus and descends behmd the lobar
Ihc right pulmonary artery passes below the

rcation of the trachea and hooks over the right
cipalbronchus but its branch to the superior lobe
uns in front of the superior lobe bronchus.
E Cast of the bronchi and bronchial

arteries, from the front
1 Trachea
2 Left
Pnnc.pal bronchus
, V,
3 Right '
4 Arch of aorta
5 Thoracic aorta
6 Origin of upper left bronchial artery
7 Origin of lower left bronchial artery
8 Origin of right bronchial artery
# There are usually two left bronchial arteries (from
(he aorta)and one right artery (from the right third
posterior intercostal or upper left bronchial artery). This
specimen is unusual in that the upper left artery arises
from the right bronchial artery,
• The bronchial arteries normally lie behind ihe
bronchi, not in from as in
ViTJI^.
A The mediastinum from the right, with the

pleura and diaphragm removed
1 Sympathetic trunk and ganglia
2 Azygos lein
3 Oesophagus
4 Trachea
5 Right phrenic netve
6 Supetior vena cava
7 Ascending aorta
8 Right atrium
10 Cut edge of diaphragm
11 Right hepatic vein
12 Splanchnic nerves
13 Posterior intercostal vessels
14 Part of oesophageal plexus
• Fit Jeiail of the trachea above the azygos vein, see B. and trachea.
'~
• F.T J similar specimen before removal of the mediastinal
B Superior ver 1
pleura, see page 172.

from the right
1 Oesophagus
2 Trachea
3 Right vagus nerve
4 Cardiac branches of vagus nerve
6 Right phrenic nerve
Arch of aorta
7
8 Second right costal cartilage
9 Right atrium
10 Branches of right pulmonary artery
U Right bronchial artery
12 Superior lobe bronchus
13 Azygos vein
The arch of the aorta and associated
structures, from the left
i The specimen has been removed from
the
thorax but (he sternum has been retained)
1 Ascending aorta
2 Arch of aorta
6 Left vagus nerve
7 Lower cervical cardiac branch of vagu
nerve
9 Cardiac branch of left superior cervica
ganglion
10 Trachea
Thoracic inlet, upper thorax and ne
'
from the front
f With the sternum, ctavicies and costal
and their attached muscles
cartilages
remm-edi
1 Subclavian artery
2 Scalenus anterior
- -, . »^._.,,
removal of the manubrium and first right 5 Phrenic nerve
The thoracic inlet, after
6 Vagus nerve
costal cartilage
1 First nb
8 Ansa subclavia
2 Lowest roots of brachial plexus
9 Apex of lung
3 Right phrenic nerve and scalenus anterior
4 Right vagus nerve
5 Cervical vertebral column
6 Oesophagus
7 Trachea
14 Hyoid bone
8 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
9 Left vagus nerve
16 Thyrohyoid
10 Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
1 Cricothyroid
1 Ansa subclavia and lell subclavian artery
18 .^rch of cricoid cartilage
12 Left thyrocervical trunk, phrenic nerve and scalenus anterior
19 Isthmus of thyroid gland
13 Upper trunk of brachial plexus (displaced downwards)
20 Trachea
14 Apex of lung
21 Thyroidca ima artery
1 5 Left internal thoracic arterv
16 Left subclavian vein
23 Brachuvephalic trunk
1
" I cU internal jugular vein
24 Left brachiiKcphahc vein
15 Lett common carotid artery
25 Right brachuKcphalic vein
19 Left brachiocephalic vein
20 Left internal thoracic vein
27 Internal thoracic vein
21 Arch of aorta
28 Fifth cervical
29 Sixth nerveI
23 Right internal thoracic artery

30 Seventh ventral
24 Right brachiocephalic vein
31 Eighth ramus
25 Brachiocephalic trunk I
32 First rib
26 Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
33 Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
34 Upper trunk of brachial plexus
35 Suprascapular nerve
• Further dclaiK of the neck in ihis spctimcn 1
on page ^^
t>ccn given
A Right first and second ribs. Nerve relations
2 Head of first rib
3 Seventh cervical vertebra
4 First thoracic vertebra
5 Anterior longitudinal ligament
6 Sympathetic trunk and ganglion
7 Ventral ramus of second thoracic nerve
S Second intercostal nerve
9 Second nb
10 First intercostal nerve
11 Communication with first thoracic nerve
12 Ventral ramus of first thoracic nerve
1 Lower trunk of brachial plexus
contribution
In ihis specimen ihe second ihoracic nerve makes a large (i
•
from of Ihe red marker) to the brachial plexus
B Relations of the right cervical pleura, from below

First nb
C The thoracic duct, from the right after
1
removal of thoracic and abdominal viscera
2 Subclavian vein
and most of the diaphragm and pleura
3 Internal thoracic vessels
1 Sympathetic trunk underlying pleura
2 Azygos vein
5 Vagus nerve
3 Thoracic duct
6 Subclavian artery
4 Thoracic aorta
5 Right crus of diaphragm
6 Cocliac trunk
9 Trachea
7 Superior mesenteric artery
8 Right renal artery
9 Abdominal aorta
12 Second intercostal nerve
10 Cistcrna chyli
13 Second rib
14 Superior intercostal vein
12 Medial arcuate ligament
15 First intercostal nerve
13 Psoas major
16 Ventral ramus of first thoracic nerve
14 Diaphragm
17 Neck of first rib vertebra
15 First lumbar artery and first lumbar
16 Twelfth thoracic vertebra and subcostal
19 Superior intercostal artery
artery
20 Vertebral vein
D Termination of the thoracic duct. Deep
dissection of the thoracic inlet on the left,
from the front
1 Longus colli
2 Sympathetic trunk
5 Thoracic duct
6 Subclavian vein
S Phrenic nerve
9 Pleura
10 Arch of aorta
1 Subclavian artery
12 Ansa subclavia
14 Vagus nerve
15 Origin of vertebral artery
16 Inferior thyroid artery
• From the cisiema chyli, situated under cover of the left
margin of the right crus of the diaphragm at the level of the

first and second lumbar vertebrae, the thoracic duct passes
upwards {through the aortic opening in the diaphragm) on the
right side of the front of the thoracic venebral column, crossing
to the left at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra and ending
by opening into the left side of the union of the left internal
jugular and subclavian veins after passing between the c
carotid artery (in front) and the vertebral artery (behind).
The diaphragm, from above, removed from the
body with the adjacent part of the trunk
1 C'ostt»diaphragmanc recess
2 Central tendon
3 Vertebral column
4 Position of right phrenic nerve
5 Foramen for inferior vena cava
6 Thoracic aorta passing into aortic opening
7 Oesophageal opening
8 Cut edge of fibrous pericardmm
9 Position of left phrenic nerve
10 Costomediastinal recess
• In ihis specimen ihc aorta is unusually large and the three principal
openings in the diaphragm appear lo be at approximately the same level,
but in most subjects the aortic opening is in the midline at the level of
the twelfth thoracic vertebra, the oesophageal opening to the left of ihe
midline at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra, and the foramen for
the vena cava m the central tendon to the right of the midline at the
level of the disc between the eighth and nmth thoracic vertebrae.
• The central tendon of the diaphragm has the shape of a trefoil leaf
and has no bony attachment
• The right phrenic nerve passes through the vena caval foramen of
the central tendon, with a few filaments piercing the tendon
immediately to the right of the foramen.
• The left phrenic nerve pierces the muscular pan of the diaphragm
in front of the central tendon just lateral to the overlying pericardium

• The phrenic nerves are the only motor nerves to the diaphragm the .
supply from the lower intercostal nerves is purely afferent

The oesophagus and thoracic aorta, • After forming the oesophageal plexus, the vagi
become reconstituted as the anterior and posterior
from behind vagal trunks which enter the abdomen with the
1 Left subclavian artery oesophagus on its anterior and posterior surfaces
2 Upper cervical cardiac branches of respectively (page 240). The anterior vagal trunk
left vagus nerve consists mainly of fibres from the left vagus nerve,
the posterior trunk being formed mainly by the
right vagus, but there is some mixture of fibres in
4 Left common carotid artery each trunk
5 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
6 Oesophagus
7 Right subclavian artery and ansa
subclavia
8 Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
9 Right brachiocephalic vein Intercostal spaces with vessels and nerves* on
10 Superior vena cava the right adjacent to the vertebral column,
11 Right phrenic nerve from the front with the pleura removed
12 Right internal thoracic vessels 1 Subcostal muscle
13 Azygos vein 2 Eighth rib
14 Third right posterior intercostal 3 Eighth posterior intercostal vein
artery 4 Eighth posterior intercostal artery
15 Right bronchial artery 5 Eighth intercostal nerve
16 Right vagus nerve 6 Sympathetic trunk and ganglia

17 Right principal bronchus 7 Body of ninth thoracic vertebra
18 Right inferior pulmonary vein 8 Greater splanchnic nerve

19 Oesophageal plexus (right and left • The expected order of structures beneath a nb is vein,
:
vagus nerves) artery, nerve from above downwards,
20 Right atrium
21 Inferior vena c
22 Thoracic aorta nd origins of left
posterior intercostal arteries
23 Left inferior pulmonary vein
24 Left principal bronchus
25 Left superior pulmonary vein
27 Arch of aorta
20 f^^
^M
Cast of the aorta and associated
vessels, A from the right, B from the
left
1 Anterior spinal artery
2 Sixth posterior intercostal vessels
3 Azygos
4 Thorac;
5 Right superior intercostal
7 Right subclavian vein
8 Righr brachiocephalic vein
10 Left brachiocephal
n Arch of
12 Superio:
13 Coeliac trunk
14 Subcostal vessels
16 Left vertebral vein
17 Left superior intercostal vein
19 Accessory hemiazygos
21 Hemiazygos vein
22 Left lumbar azygos vein
A Right costove
right
1 Neck of rib
2 Superior costotransverse ligament
3 Ventral ramus of spinal nerve
5 Sympathetic trunk
6 Radiate ligament of joint of head of rib
7 Vertebral body
8 Imervertebral'disc
9 Greater splanchn:c ncrvt'
m <^^>
'%
C Disarticulated right costovertebral
joints, from the right
1 Articular facet of tubercle of rib
2 Articular facet of transverse process
3 Superior costotransverse ligament
4 Neck of rib
5 Cavity of joint of head of rib
6 Radiate ligament
7 Marker between anterior and posterior
parts of superior costotransverse ligament
I
B Right costotransverse
I
ligaments and the rami of
I
spinal nerves, from behind
I
1 Spinous process
*
2 Lamina
!
1 4 Superior ;
costotransverse
s
Bronchogram of the right lung afte 3 Superior
injection of contrast medium into
the trachea
2 Principal bronchus
Bronchogram of the left lung
1 Arch of aorta
3 Principal bronchus
4 Left border of heart
5 Dome of diaphragm
A Bronchogram of the right
lung, oblique view
1 Trachea
2 Right
principal bronchus
3 Left
4 Superior I
^^^^ bronchus
5 Middle of right lung
6 Inferior I
B Radiograph of the
oesophagus, after swallowing
barium paste (oblique view)
1 Oesophagus
2 Level of arch of aorta

3 Shallow indentation by left
atrium
4 Dome of diaphragm
5 Level of cardio-oesophageal
jimction
6 Heart shadow
A Radiograph of upper thoracic vertebrae
and ribs, from the left and behind
1 Left first rib
2 Left second rib

3 Sternal end of right clavicle
4 Manubrium
5 Sternal end of left clavicle
6 Left fifth nb
7 Costotransverse joint
8 Fifth thoracic vertebra
B Radiograph of left costal margin

1 Sixth costal cartilage
2 Anterior end of sixth nb
3 Seventh costal cartilage
4 Interchondral joint
5 Eighth
6 Ninth costal cartilage
'
7 Tenth
Abdomen and Pelvis
• The umbilicus Anterior abdominal wall above

the level of the disc between the third the umbilicus. Some surface
and fourth lumbar venebrae. markings
• The transpyloric plane lies
( Interrupted line, duodenum; dotted
midway between the jugular notch of
1 and the upper border of line, transpyloric pla
rhe pubic symphysis, or 1 Dome of diaphragm and upper
approximately one handsbreadth margin of liver
below the xiphisternal joint.
2 Foramen for inferior vena cava in
• In life the duodenum and
pancreas may lie ai one or more
diaphragm
venebral levels lower than in the 3 Xiphisternal joint
standard textbook description (shown 4 Apex of heart in fifth intercostal
here). space
5 Oesophageal I opening in
6 Aortic I
diaphragm
7 Hilum of left kidney
S Second lumbar vertebra and
head of pancreas
9 Hilum of right kidney
10 Fundus of gall bladder, and
junction of ninth costal cartilage
and lateral border of rectus
sheath
Anterior abdominal wall above the 14 Internal oblique
umbilicus. Muscles and rectus sheath 15 Internal oblique aponeurosis
1 External oblique 16 Branches of ninth intercostal nerve
2 Anterior wall of rectus sheath 17 Branches of tenth intercostal nerve
3 Rectus abdominis 18 Umbilicus
4 Tendinous intersections of rectus 19 Branch of tenth intercostal nerve
muscle 20 Lateral cutaneous branch of eleventh
intercostal nerve
5 Linea alba
• The rectus sheatii is formed by the internal
6 Xiphoid process
oblique aponeurosis which splits at the lateral border
7 Seventh j
of the rectus muscle into two layers, one passing
8 Eighth costal cartilage behind the rectus to blend with the aponeurosis of the
9 Ninth I
transverse muscle, the other passing in front of the
10 Superior epigastric artery rectus to blend with the external oblique aponeurosis.
These reunite at the medial border of the rectus to
1 Branches of eighth intercostal nerve
form the midline linea alba (For a note on the sheath
12 Transversus abdominis bclov^ (he unibilKUs sl'c page 311
'
13 PoMLTior wall iif rectus sheath
17
17
Anterior abdominal wall. Upper part of the
right external and internal oblique muscles
1 Serratus anterior digitation
2 External oblique
3 External oblique aponeurosis
4 Internal oblique aponeurosis
5 Rectus abdominis and tendinous intersection
6 Internal oblique
7 Tenth rib
7 Pubic symphysis • McBurncy's point indicates the
Right lower quadrant of the 1 Tubercle of iliac crest
opening of ihe appendix into the caecum)
anterior abdominal wall anc 2 Iliac crest 8 Pubic tubercle
and lies at the function of the Uieral and
ring
the inguinal region. Some 9 Superficial inguii
Anterior superior iliac spine al
3 nuddle thirds of a line drawn from the
surface markings 4 McBumey's point (see note 10 Femoral canal anterior supenor lUac spine to the
Caecum, Icnver ascending colon below) 1 Femoral vein umbilicus.

I
Femoral arier>' • The superficial inguinal nng (.at the

and terminal ileum, continuous 5 Bifurcation of aorta (founh 12
medial end of the inguinal canaP lies I
line; mgutnal ligament, lumbar vertebra) 13 Femoral nerve an above the pubic tubercle
interrupted line; the dotted line 6 Lower end of inferior vena 14 Inferior epigastric vessels • The deep mguinal nng ât the lateral
cava ififth lumbar vertebra) 15 Deep inguinal ring end of the mguinal canal^ lies 1 cm above
joins the anterior superior iliac
the nudpomt of the inguinal ligament.
spine and the umbilicus
• The femoral aner>' ^whose pulsation
should normally be palpable'' enters the
thigh midway between the pubic
symphysis and the anterior supcnor iliac
Anterior abdominal wall below the 10 Medial umbilical ligament (fragmented into 21 Pubic symphysis
umbilicus, and superficial inguinal region, strands) 22 Round ligament of uterus
in the female 11 Inferior epigastric vessels (cut) 23 Superficial external pudendal vess*
1 External oblique 12 Internal oblique 24 Great saphenous vem
2 External oblique aponeurosis 13 Iliohypogastric nerve 25 Femoral vein
3 Internal oblique aponeurosis 14 Inguinal ligament 26 Femoral artery
4 Rectus abdominis 15 Sartorius 27 Femoral nerve
5 Transversalis fascia 16 Cutaneous branches of femoral nerve 28 Superficial circumflex iliac vessels
6 Branch of tenth intercostal nerve 17 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
7 Posterior wall of rectus sheath 18 Superficial epigastric vein
8 Arcuate line 19 Ilio-inguinal nerve
9 Peritoneum 20 Anterior wall of rectus sheath
Anterior abdominal wall. Lower part of right external and
internal oblique muscles
1 External oblique
2 Tenth rib
4 Internal oblique
6 Anterior layer of internal oblique aponeurosis
7 Rectus abdominis
8 Superficial inguinal ring
9 Spermatic cord
10 Inguinal ligament
1 Iliopubic eminence
12 Iliopectineal ligament
13 Anterior superior iliac spine
14 Iliac crest
B Anterior abdominal wall, from behind, in a lu
fetus. Umbilical vessels
f Wiih periloneum and pans of muscles and rectus sheaihs
1 Diaphragm
2 Transversus abdi
3 Falciform ligament
4 Left umbilical vein
5 Rectus abdominis
6 Internal oblique
7 Umbilical artery
8 Urinary bladder
9 Inferior epigastric \
10 External oblique
A Anterior abdominal wall, from behind. Umbilical folds

2 Umbilicus and remains of vitello-intestinal duct
3 Lateral umbilical fold
4 Arcuate line
5 Medial umbilical fold
6 Median umbilical fold
• The falciform ligament the ligamentum teres (the obliterated It
• The median umbihcal fold iins the median umbilical ligament (the
of ihe urachus).
• The ihc medial umbilical ligament (the
ns the
medial umbilical fold coniains
obliterated umbilical artery).
• The lateral umbilical fold, which does reach the umbil:
inferior epigastric vessels before they entei rectus sheath,
• In this specimen the ligamentum teres not raised a falciform fold
distance from the umbilicus.
Anterior abdominal wall. Upper part of the
right transversus abdominis from behind
1 Rectus abdominis
2 Transversus abdominis
3 Diaphragm
4 Tenth rib
5 Transversus abdominis aponeurosis
6 Lateral border of rectus sheath
• The uppermosi fibres of the transversus muscle
interdiguatc at their origin wth fibres of the diaphragm, and
then pass behind the uppwr part of the rectus muscle before
becoming aponeurotic.
A Anterior abdominal wall. Lower part
of the right transversus abdominis,
from behind
1 Rectus abdominis
2 Transversus abdominis aponeurosis
4 Internal oblique (seen through incision in
bdominis)
5 Iliac crest
6 Iliopectineal ligament
7 Inguinal ligament
8 Position of deep inguinal ring
9 Spermatic cord
Lateral border of rectus sheath
the upper part, the lower part of the
muscle becomes aponeurotic
before reaching the rectus sheath.
1 Umbilicus
2 Posterior wall of
3 Arcuate line
4 Rectus abdominis
6 Inguinal ligament
7 Spermatic cord
8 Inferior epigastric vessels
9 Position of deep inguinal ring
10 Pubic crest
11 Linea alba
• A shon distance below the level of the umbilicus the
posterior wall of the rectus sheath comes to an abrupt end at
Below this level the aponeuroses of the

external and internal oblique and transversus muscles all lie
in frontof the rectus muscle The inferior epigastric vessels
enter the sheath by passing under the arcuate line.
A Upper abdominal viscera i
B Greater omentum
al wall, pan of the diaphragm and lotce. 1 Right lobe of liver
(After remcn-al of ihe anterior abd(
thoracic wall)
Lower lobe of right lung 8 Lower lobe of left lung 3 Left lobe of liver
1
9 Greater omentum 4 Stomach
2 Pericardial fat
3 Diaphragm 10 Superior (first) part of duodenum 5 Greater omentum
4 Falciform ligament 11 Gallbladder 6 Small intestine

5 Righi lobeof hver 12 Transverse colon 7 Caecum
6 Left lobeof liver • In this obese subject ihere is a large amount of 8 Ascending colon
pericardial and peritoneal fat. 9 Right colic flexure
7 Stomach
10 Transverse colon
11 Fundusof gall bladder
12 Superior (first) part of duodenum
• The greater omentum hangs down from the
greater curvature of the stomach, covering most of th
small and large iniesnnc
upper abdominal viscera, with • The appendices epiploicae are fat-filled
appendages of peritoneum on the various parts of
greater omentum lifted upwards
the colon (ascending, transverse, descending and
1 Right lobe of liver sigmoid). They are not present on the small
2 Falciform ligament intestine or the rectum, and may be rudimeniary
3 Left lobe of liver on the caecum and appendix. In abdominal

operations they are one feature that helps to
4 Posterior surface of greater omentum
distinguish colon from other parts of the intestine.
5 Transverse colon • In strict anatomical nomenclature the term
6 Appendices epiploicae 'small intestine' includes the duodenum, jejunum
7 Small intestine and ileum, but clinically it is frequently used to
8 Superior (first) part of duodenum mean jejunum and ileum, with the duodenum
being referred to by its own name
• For further details of the peritoneum and
obese subject, see pages
• The parts of the duodenum are properly called
greater omentum in a less
superior, descending, horizontal and ascending,
216-218.
but are more commonly known as the first, second,
third and fourth parts respectively.
Lesser omentum and epiploic foi
from the front, B from the right
2 Left lobe of liver
3 Diaphragm
4 Pericardium
5 Lesser curvature of stomach
6 Lesser omentum
7 Right free margin of lesser omentum
9 Gallbladder
10 Quadrate lobe of liver
11 Epiploic foramen
12 Descending (second) part of duodenum
13 Upper pole of right kidney
15 Right lobe of liver
• The epiploic foramen (of Winslow) is bounded behind by
the inferior vena cava, in front by the right free margin of the
lesser omentum (which contains posteriorly the portal vein with
in front of it duct to the right and the hepatic anery to
the bile
the below by the first pan ol the duodenum (which parses
left),
backwards as well as to the nghi), and above by the caudate prot

of the liver overlapped in B by a bulbous upper end of the gall
i
bladder^ See also page 219

8 Greater omentum overlying transverse • In this specimen there is less adipose tissue than in
A Upper abdominal viscera in situ
thaion page 213, and the stomach is more contracted,
Gallbladder mesocolon and transverse colon part of the body of
1 lymg at a lower level and enabling
2 Left lobe of liver 9 Descending colon the pancreas to be seen through the lesser c
3 Lesser omentum overlying pancreas 10 Small intestine and mesentery • The transverse colon is often mor
Ascending colon may lie at a lower level, than its name

4 Body 1
I
12 Transverse colon • The pyloric part of the stomach c

5 Lesser curvature pyloric anlrum and pyloric canal.
of stomach
6 Greater curvature 13 Descending (second) part of duodenum
7 Pyloric part
B Upper abdominal viscera, from the D
left and below
(The greater omentum, transverse colon and
mesocolon and stomach have been lifted
upwards)
1 Greater omentum
2 Transverse colon
3 Transverse mesocolon
^ _ \ curvature of stomach
5 Lesser J
6 Lower border of pancreas

7 Jejunum
S Duodenojejui il flexure
9 Ascending \
part of duode
10 Horizontal )
11 Mesentery
C Lesser sac and transverse mesocolon

f The greater omentum has been separated
from the transverse colon and mesocolon, and
lifted up with the stomach, so opening up the
cavity known as the lesser sac
1 Greater omentum
2 Greater
of stomach
3 Lesser
4 Lesser omentum
5 Peritoneum of lesser sac overlying
pancreas
6 Transverse mesocolon
7 Transverse colon
8 Mesentery
9 Coils of jejunum and ileum
• The greater omentum hanging down from the
greater curvature of the stomach overlies the
transverse mesocolon and transverse colon and fuses
with them Aj, so that when the greater omentum
fas in
is lifted up the transverse colon is lifted also (as in Bj
When the greater omentum is dissected off the

transverse colon and mesocolon and lifted up (as in C),
the transverse colon behind, suspended from the
is left
lower border of the pancreas by its mesocolon.

Mesentery and sigmoid colon, from the left • The root of ihe mesentery begins at the duodenojejunal
flexure and passes downwards and to the right, crossing the
I The stomach and iransverse colon have been lifted
horizontal part of the duodenum ; the superior mesenteric
upzvards >
vessels enter the mesentery at this point {seepage 221).

1 Coils of jejunum and ileum • The sigmoid colon, like the transverse colon, has its own
2 Mesentery . the sigmoid mesocolon.
3 Root of mesentery
4 Horizontal (third'i part of duodenum
5 Duodenojejunal flexure
6 Greater curvature of stomach
7 Transverse colon
8 Left colic flexure
9 Descending colon
10 Peritoneum overlying external iliac vessels
II Sigmoid colon
12 Sigmoid mesocolon
A The hepatorenal pouch of peritoneum, from
the right and below
'
The liver û> bt-en displaced upwards and to the right
10 open up ihc space between the liver and right kidney)
Falciform hgament
2
4 Lesser omentum overlying pancreas
5 Lesser
curvature ol stomach
6 Greater
7 Greater omentum
8 Transverse colon
9 Ascending colon
10 Right colic flexure
11 Upper pole of right kidney
12 Hepatorenal (Morison's) pouch
13 Gallbladder
15 Epiploic foramen
16 Right free margin of lesser
17 Superior part of duodenun"
18 Gastroduodenal junction
• The upper boundary of the hepatc
Ijyer of the coronary ligament, where i
I n^m the lower margin of the bare area of the hver to the upper pole
ot the right kidney {see page 227).
B Duodeno]e)unal flexure, from the

left
I With the mesentery and intestine lifted to
ihcri^ht)
1 Jcunum
2 jMesentery
3 Root of mesentery
4 Du(^>denoje)unal flexure
5 Transverse colon
6 Ascending part of duodenum
7 I nferior duodenal recess
1 and retroperitoneal fat of
9 Appendices epiploicae of descer
10 Horizontal part of duodenum

'
• The number and size of peritoneal reces
related to the duodenum are variable This
I
specimen shows one of the c
A Coeliac trunk and its branches
( Most of the left lobe of the liver, lesser
omentum and greater omentum have been

removed)
4 Left triangular ligament
5 Diaphragm
6 Abdominal part of oesophagus
7 Body of stomach
8 Branches of left and right gastro-epiploic
arteries in greater omentum
I 9 Transverse colon
10 Right gastro-epiploic artery
111 Pyloric part of stomach
I
j
13 Gall bladder
15 Cystic artery
! 16 Cystic duct
17 Common hepatic duct
1
18 Bile duct
i
19 Right gastric artery
:
20 Gastroduodenal artery
]21 Hepatic artery and right and left branches
I
22 Portal vein
I23 Accessory hepatic artery
I
24 Common hepatic artery
I 25 Left renal vein
26 Abdommal aorta
[27 Coeliac trunk
28 Superior mesentei artery
I
29 Body of pancreas
30 Lesser omentum c itaming right and left
gastric arteries
31 Splenic artery
'
32 Left crus of diaphragm
33 Left gastric artery
I
j
34 Oesophageal branch of left gastric artery
35 Median arcuate ligament
• The portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct are
contained within the right free margin of the lesser
otnentum, the duct being the structure farthest to the
right,
• The cystic artery is normally derived from the right
branch of the hepatic artery and passes behind the

common hepatic and cystic ducts. Here it comes from the
hepatic artery itself and passes in front of the bile duct
• If an accessory hepatic artery is present (as in this
specimen) it passes behind the portal vein, not in front liki
the normal artery
• It is normal for the right gastric artery to be much B Superior mesenteric vessels 9 Ascending (fourth) part of duodenum
smaller than the left.
i The stomach has been lifted upzvards but 10 Jejunal and ileal arteries
the transverse colon is normal positio}
in its 1 Superior mesenteric artery
although its mesocolon has been removed) 12 Middle colic artery
1 Posterior surface of pyloric part of 13 Right colic artery
stomach 14 Horizontal (third) part of duodenum
2 Body of pancreas 15 Ileocolic artery
3 Lower pole of left kidney 16 Descending (second) part of duodenum

4 Branches of left colic vessels 17 Head of pancreas
5 Transverse colon 18 Uncinate process of head of pancreas
6 Cut edge of peritoneum at root of 19 Superior mesenteric vein
mesentery • The right colic artery is normally a branch of the
superior mesenteric artery but often (as here) arises
7 Jejunum
from its middle colic branch.
Superior mesenteric vessels
( The stomach and transverse colon
hare been lifted upwards, and most oj
the peritoneum removed >
1 Transverse colon
2 Posierior surface of body of

stomach
3 Body of pancreas
4 Left kidney
5 Left colic vessels
6 Descending colon
8 Jejunum
9 Mesentery
10 Cut edge of peritoneum at root
of mesentery
1 Jejunal and ileal arteries
13 Middle colic artery
14 Superior mesenteric vein
15 Horizontal third: part of
I
duodenum
16 Ileocolic artery
P Descending (second) part of
duodenum
1 Uncinate process of head of
pancreas
19 Head ^
ofP^^^^s
20 Neck
• Innormal position the middle colic
Its
jrtery passes downwards from lis superior

mesenteric ongm to the transverse colon,
but obviously when the transverse colon is
lifted upwards the vessel appears to be
passmg upwards also ^textbook drawings
often illustrate it in this position).
Inferior mesenteric vein and associated structures on the 14 Left renal vein
posterior abdominal wall, from the left 15 Transverse colon
.\/'M/ ,)/" the pcnioneuni has been remozeJ, the duodenum reflected to 16 Splenic artery
[ihf right, and ihc lower border of the pancreas, transverse colon and 17 Left renal artery
^stomach reflected upwards) 18 Lower pole of left kidney
1 Mesentery 19 Branches of left colic vessels
j
2 Horizontal (third) a a «,
20 Descending colon
part. ofe duodenum
i
, A /V ,u\ 21 Pelvis of kidney

3 Ascending (fourth)
-I
I
4 Duodenojeiunal flexure 22 Testicular artery
5 Inferior mesenteric artery 23 Testicular vein
I 6 Abdominal aorta 24 Inferior mesenteric vein
7 Suspensory muscle of duodenum (muscle of Treitz) 25 Psoas major
'
8 Superior mesenteric artery 26 Genitofemoral nerve

9 Superior mesenteric vein 27 Ureter
10 Splenic vein 28 Left colic artery
111 Body of pancreas 29 Cut edge of peritoneum
il2 Middle colic artery • In this specimen las in thai on page 241)
renal artery and not from the aorta
13 Posterior surface of pyloric part of stomach
A Stomach and its arteries, from the
front
1 Cardio-oesophageal junction
2 Fundus
3 Greater curvature
4 Body
5 Left gastro-epiploic artery
6 Right gastro-epiploic artery
7 Pyloric antrum
8 Pyloric canal
9 Gastroduodenal junction
10 Right gastric artery
11 Lesser curvature
• In this museum specimen the left and right
gastro-epiploic arteries anastomose along the
greater
B Duodenum and head of the pai C Duodenal papillae
I With the peritoneum rcmoveJ and the pvloric part of the stomach lifted upwards I IThe anterior wall of the
1 Falciform ligament 14 Abdominal aorta descending part of the duodenum
2 Pyloric part of stomach 15 Inferior vena cava has been removed)
3 Neck of pancreas 16 Horizontal (third) part of duodenum 1 Bristle in minor duodenal
4 Superior mesenteric vein 17 Middle colic artery papilla
5 Superior mesenteric artery 18 Uncinate process of head of pancreas 2 Major duodenal papilla
6 Duodenoiejunal flexure 19 Head of pancreas 3 mucous

Circular folds of
7 Ascending ffourth) part of 20 Descending (second) part of membrane
duodenum duodenum 4 Head of pancreas
8 Jejunal and ileal arteries 21 Hilum of right kidney • The hepaiopancreaiic ampulla,
formed by the union of the bile and
9 Lower pole of left kidney 22 Right ureter
pancreatic ducts, opens on the summit of
10 Left testicular (ovarian) vein 23 Right testicular (ovarian) vein the major papilla. The smooth muscle
II Left ureter • Ihc head of the pancreas lies within the C- that surrounds the ampulla and the ends
12 Inferior mesenteric vein shapcd curve of the duodenum, often referred to of the two ducts constitutes the
clinically and radiogically as the 'duodenal loop'. ampullary sphincter (of Oddi).
13 Left testicular fovarian) artery
• The accessory pancreatic duct opens
on the summit of the minor papilla.
D Duodenum and head of pancreas, 13 Descending (second) part of

from behind duodenum
1 Body of pancreas 14 Head of pancreas
2Splenic vein 15 Pancreatic duct
3 Splenic artery 16 Posterior branch of inferior
4 Coeliac trunk pancreaticoduodenal artery
5 Common hepatic artery 17 Uncinate process of head
6 Portal vein 18 Superior mesenteric vein
7 Accessory hepatic artery 19 Superior mesenteric artery
8 Common hepatic duct 20 Ascending (fourth) part of
9 Cystic duct duodenum
10 Bile duct
11 Posterior branch of superior
pancreaticoduodenal artery
12 Bile and pancreatic ducts entering
duodenal wall
The liver, from above (with part of the • The main surfaces of the liver are named as
diaphragmatic and visceral; the diaphragmatic surface has
diaphragm attached) superior, right, anterior and posterior parts (surfaces^ and the
1 Right triangular ligament
2 Diaphragm n\crlying bare area • The caudate and quadrate lobes are classified
3 Superior layer ot coronary Hgament anatomically as part of the right lobe, but functionally they
4 Inferior vena cava belong to the left lobe, smce ihey receive blood from the left
branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and drain bile
5 P'lbrous pericardium
to the left hepatic duct
6 Diaphragm overlying left triangular ligament • The caudate procca joins the caudate lobe to the right
7 Supen lobe. It the caudate process (not the caudate lobe) thai
is
surface of left lobe forms the upper boundary of the epiploic foramen.
8 An ten
10 Anterior
surface of right lobe
11 Super
12 Right surface
The liver, from above and behind (with part of the 13 Renal impression
diaphragm attached) 14 Right lobe
1 Left triangular ligament 15 Colic impression
2 Diaphragm 16 Duodenal impression
3 Left lobe 17 Suprarenal impression
4 Gastric impression 18 Caudate process
5 Oesophageal groove 19 Right free margin of lesser
6 Lesser omentum in fissure for ligamenium 20 Portal vein
7 Inferior vena cava 21 Hepatic artery
8 Caudate lobe 22 Bile duct
9 Diaphragm on part of bare area 23 Gall bladder
10 Bare area 24 Quadrate lobe
11 Inferior layer of coronary ligament 25 Ligamentum teres and falcifi
12 Right triangular ligament ligamentum teres
26 Omental tuberosity
Cast of the liver, extrahepatic biliary tract 1 Right lobe
and associated vessels, from behind 2 Fundus
yt-!lozi\ };all bLiJJt-r and biliary tract; red, 3 Body of gallbladder
hepatic artery and branches; light blue, portal veir. 4 Neck
and tributaries; dark blue, inferior vena cava, 5Cystic duel
hepatic veins and tributaries i 6 Common hepatic duct
7 Bile duct
8 Caudate process
10 Portal vein
11 Right branch of hepatic artery and portal vein
12 Cystic artery and veins
13 Right gastric vein
14 Hepatic artery
15 Left gastric vein
16 Left branch of hepatic artery and portal vein
and left hepatic duct
17 Caudate lobe
18 Left hepatic vein
19 Fissure for ligamentum venosum
20 Quadrate lobe
21 Fissure for ligamentum teres
22 Left lobe
Cast of the duodenum, biliary tract and 12 Left gastro-epiploic vessels
associated vessels, from the front 13 Vessels of left kidney
( Yellow, biliary iraci, pancreatic duel and urinary 14 Pancreatic duel
tract; red, arteries; blue, portal venous system) 15 Duodenojejunal flexure
1 Right branch of portal vein and hepatic artery 16 Superior mesenteric artery
and right hepatic duct 17 Superior mesenteric vein
2 Gallbladder 18 Horizontal (third) part of duodenum
3 Bile duct 19 Right gastro-epiploic vessels
4 Hepatic artery 20 Pyloric canal
5 Portal vein 21 Pylorus
6 Left branch of portal vein and hepatic artery 22 Superior (first) part of duodenum
and left hepatic duct 23 Right gastric vessels
7 Left gastric artery 24 Branches of superior and inferior
8 Left gastric vein pancreaticoduodenal vessels
9 Splenic artery 25 Descending (second) part of duodenui
10 Splenic vein 26 Vessels of right kidney
11 Short gastric vessels
Cast of the duodenum, biliary tract
associated vessels, from behind
(YellozL-. biliary tract and pancreatic duct; red,
arteries; blue, portal venous system I
1 Stomach outlined by its vessels

2 Left branch of portal vein and hepatic artery
and left hepatic duct
3 Portal vein
4 Right branch of portal vein and hepatic artery
and right hepatic duct
5 Gall bladder
6 Cystic duct
7 Common hepatic duct
8 Bile duct
9 Pancreatic duct
10 Descending (second 1
11 Horizontal (third) part of duodenum

12 Ascending (fourth)
13 Branches of pancreaticoduodenal vessels
15 Splenic vein
16 Coeliac trunk
18 Left gastric vein
19 Splenic artery
20 Pyloric canal
Cast of the liver and associated structures, from above 10 Inferior pancreaticoduodenal v
and behind. Hepatic segments (indicated by 1 Superior mesenteric vein
interrupted li: 12 Superior mesenteric artery
(Green, biliary rcatic ducts; red, arteries; 13 Portal vein
blue, portal ven^ system) 14 Left gastric vein
1 Left lateral 15 Common hepatic artery
2 Left medial 16 Gastroduodenal artery
segments
3 Right anterior 17 Coeliac trunk
4 Right posterior |
5 Gallbladder 19 Accessory hepatic artery
6 Descending (second) part of duodenum 20 Splenic artery
7 Accessory pancreatic duct 21 Splenic vein
8 Bile duct • The left lateral segment corresponds to ihe left lobe, and the left media
9 Pancreatic duct segment to the caudate and quadrate lobes,
Cast of the portal veir
and tributaries, from
behind
I Yellow, biliary i\
pancreatic ducts; red,

arteries; blue, portal venous
system)
1 Pancreatic duct
2 Splenic vein
3 Splenic artery
4 Coeliac trunk
5 Left gastric artery and
vein
6 Left branch of
I
7 Right hepatic artery

8 Portal vein
9 Left
branch of portal "
10 Right
II Bile duct
12 Pancreaticoduodenal
vessels
13 Pancreatic ducts in head
of pancreas
14 Branches of middle colic
vessels
15 Right colic vessels
16 Ileocolic vessels
17 Inferior mesenteric artery
18 Sigmoid vessels
19 Inferior mesenteric vein
20 Left colic vessels
• The inferior mesenteric vein
normally drains into the splenic vein
behind ihe body of the pancreas, but n
may |Oin the splenic vein nearer the

union with the superio
or (as in this specimen
superior mesenteric vc
• The coli
one another near the colonic wall
forming what is often called the marginal
artery (as at the arrows)
The spleen in situ • The spleen lies in the long axis of the
tenth nb
(The stomach has been pulled
• The gastrosplenic ligament
towards the right and part of the the short gastric and left gasiro-epiplt
diaphragm detached and lifted branches of the splenic vessels
upwards I • The henorenal ligament contains
tail of the pancreas and the splenic
1 Diaphragm
vessels.
2 Stomach
3 Gastrosplenic hgament
4 Gastric impression
5 Superior border
6 Notch
7 Diaphragmatic surface
8 Inferior border
9 Left cohc flexure
10 Costodiaphragmatic recess
11 Thoracic wall
The spleen, visceral surface

1 Superior border
2 Gastric impression
3 Gastrosplenic ligament
4 Notch
5 Colic impression
6 Tail of pancreas and splenic
vessels in lienorenal ligament
7 Renal impression
8 Inferior border
Cast of the splenic vessels, from above and

in front. Many pancreatic vessels are also
displayed. The pancreatic duct is in yellow
A The appendix in situ
1 Ascending colon
2 Caecum
3 Anterior taenia coli
4 Superior ileocaecal recess
5 Terminal ileum
6 Inferior ileocaecal recess
7 Base
of appendix
8 Tip
9 Peritoneum overlying external iliac vessels
10 Reirocaecal recess
• rhe position of the base of the appendix (properly called the
vermiform appendix) is constant, opening |ust below and behind the
I leocaecal valve, but the up may lie in a variety of positions - over ihe
pelvic brim, behind the caecum or ascending colon, below the caecum,
or behind the terminal part of the ileum,
• The three taeniae coli of the ascending colon and caecum converge
on the base of the appendix, and serve as useful guides to the base.
B Interior of the caecum

I
After opening the anterior wall
Ascending colon
1
2 Lips of ileocaecal valve

3 Opening of appendix
C Ileocolic artery and appendix, D Part of the mesentery and )ej
from the right # The vessels are largely obscured by fat in the
mesentery
(The peritoneum on the posterior
abdominal wall has been removed and the
descending part of the duodenum reflected
medially)
1 Descending (second) part of the
duodenum
2 Ileocolic artery
3 Mesentery and coils of jejunum and
ileum
4 Terminal part of ileum E Part of the sigmoid colon and
5 Mesoappendix mesocolon
6 Appendix • In all parts of the colon (and in the caecum) the
7 Appendicular artery in outer longitudinal muscle layer is largely collected
into three bands, the taeniae coli, one of which is
mesoappendix
clearly seen here. The taeniae probably give rise to
8 Caecum the sacculated appearance of the colon (well
9 Ascending colon illustrated in the radiograph on page 260).
10 Ileal and caecal vessels
11 Psoas major
12 Right colic artery
13 Lower pole of kidney
14 Ureter
15 Testicular vein
16 Genitofemoral nerve
18 Testicular artery
Kidneys and suprarenal glands, in position 14 Sympathetic trunk
on the posterior abdominal wall 15 Testicular artery
1 Kidney 16 Testicular vein
2 Suprarenal gland 17 Ureter
3 Renal vein 18 Subcostal nerve
4 Renal artery 19 Iliohypogastric ner\
5 Inferior vena cava 20 Ilio-inguinal nerve
6 Inferior phrenic artery 21 Quadratus lumboru
7 Crus of diaphragm 22 Psoas major
8 Left gastric artery 23 Inferior r : artery
9 Oesophagus 24 Abdominal aorta and aortic plexus

10 Coehac trunk and coeliac plexus • In this specimen the testicular arteries anse from the
renal aneries instead of the normal origin from the front of
the aorta below the origin of the renal arteries.
12 Splenic artery
B Right kidney and suprarenal gland with
A Left kidney and suprarenal gland with
related vessels, from behind
related vessels, from the front
1 Abdominal aorta
2 Right inferior phrenic artery
2 Coehac trunk
3 Suprarenal arteries
4 Suprarenal gland
4 Left renal vein overlying renal artery
5 Upper pole of kidney
5 Left suprarenal vein
6 Hilum of kidney
6 Suprarenal arteries
7 Pelvis of kidney
7 Suprarenal gland
8 Upper pole of kidney
9 Ureter
9 Hilum of kidney
10 Pelvis of kidney
11 Ureter
• In the liilum of eacli kidney the order of structures is
vein, artery, pelvisfrom before backwards- (Compare with
12 Lower pole of kidney vein, artery,bronchus In the hilum of the lung).
A The kidney in longitudinal
section
1 Cortex
2 Medullary pyramid
3 Papilla
4 Renal column
5 Mmor calyx
6 Major calyx
7 Pelvis of kidney
• The renal medulla is composed of the
medullary pyramids, whose apices form ihc
renal papillae which project into the mmor
calyces The renal columns are the pans of the
cortex thai intervene between the pyramids.
(The granular appearance m part of this
preserved specimen is a fixation artefact).
C Cast of the aorta and renal

arteries,from the front, with
double ureters on the right
1 Early branchmg of right renal
artery
2 Coeliac trunk
4 Accessory left renal artery
5 Left renal artery
• Accessory renal arteries represent
segmental vessels that arise directly from the
aorta. In this specimen, the left accessory
vessel supplies the superior and anterior
superior segments, leaving the 'normal'
vessel to supply the posterior, anterior
inferior and inferior segments.
B Cast of the right renal artery, calyces, pelvis and

ureter, from the front
1 Renal artery
2 Posterior division (formmg posterior segment artery)
3 Anterior division
4 Superior segment artery
5 Anterior superior segment artery (double)
6 Anterior inferior segment artery
7 Inferior segment artery
8 Major calyx
9 Minor calyx
10 Pelvis of kidney
11 Ureter
• The kidney has five arterial segments, named posterior, superior, anterior
superior, anterior inferior and inferior Typically the renal artery divides into
anterior and posterior divisions, ihc posterior supplies the posterior segment
and the anterior supplies the remainder. However, the pattern of branching
displays many variations.
• I'his specimen shows a fairly typical pattern, although the
superior segment
obtains a small additional branch from the posterior division, and the anterior
superior segment receives two major branches.
• The pelvis of the kidney is the furmel-shaped upward continuation of the
ureter, and it divides into two (or three) major calyces, each of which receives
minor calyces (which range from seven to thirteen in number).
D Cast of the aorta, inferior
vena cava, renal and supra-
renal vessels, from the front,
with kidneys with double
ureters and accessory arteries
1 Right renal vein
2 Right suprarenal vein
4 Aorta
5 Coeliac trunk
7 Left renal vein
8 Left suprarenal veins
9 Left renal artery
10 Accessory renal arteries
• The left suprarenal vein is double in ihis
specimen. Although the suprarenal glands
rece ve numerous arterial vessels (ftom the
aorta, inferior phrenic and renal arteries),
there is normally only one vein ftom each
gland - on the left it drains into the left renal
ve n, on the right directly into the inferior
• The left renal vein crosses the aorta
below the origin of the superior mesenteric

artery, (The splenic vein crosses the aorta
abme the origin of that artery and below the
coeliac trunk).
''3I!*:.'
A Coeliac plexus, from the right
1 Diaphragm
2 Right hepatic vein
4 Abdominal part of oesophagus
5 Right crus of diaphragm and infeno
6 Right suprarenal gland
7 Right coehac ganghon
8 Coehac trunk and plexus
10 Splenic artery
1 (Common hepatic artery
12 SuptTuir mesenteric artery
13 Abdominal aorta
14 Third lumbar vertebra
16 Right lumbar azygos vein
18 Right second lumbar artery
19 Right ascending lumbar vein
20 Subcostal vein
21 Azygos vein
22 Splanchnic nerves
B Coeliac plexus, lower

oesophagus and vagal trunks,
from the left
1 Abdominal aorta
3 Coeliac trunk and plexus
5 Splenic artery
8 Diaphragm and oesophageal
opening
9 Oesophagus
10 Ihoracic aorta
11 Hemiazygos vein
12 Left tenth posterior intercostal
14 Anterior vagal trunk (double) in
front of red marker
15 Cardio-ocsophageal junction
16 Posterior vagal trunk
19 Left suprarenal gland and vein
20 Left renal artery and vein
21 Left coeliac ganglion
• The iwo coeliac ganglia lie one on each side
of the origin of Ihe coeliac trunk, and form pan

of the coeliac plexus whose branches pass down
in front of the aorta and along all lis maior
branches.
• The anterior and posterior vagal trunks are
somelimcs known as the gastric nerves, since
they provide secretory and motor fibres to the
stomach. In the operation of vagotomy, they are
cut to diminish gastn
C Posterior abdominal wall. Crura of
the diaphragm after removal of
viscera and vessels
1 Right crus
2 Oesophageal opening
3 Left crus
4 Median arcuate hgament
5 Coehac trunk
6 Aorta
7 Sympathetic trunk
8 Psoas major
9 Medial arcuate ligament
10 Dirphragm
11 Lateral arcuate ligament
12 Quadratus lumborum
13 Subcostal nerve
14 Lumbar part of thoracolu nbar fascii
15 Third lumbar artery
16 Second lumbar intervertebral disc
17 Second lumbar vertebra
18 Second lumbar artery
19 First lumbar artery
20 Abnormal communication between
crura (superficial to marker)
21 Subcostal artery
• The right crus of the diaphragm has a more
extensive origin (from the upper three lumbar
vertebrae) than the left (from the upper two) because
of the greater bulk of the liver on the right, the crura
help to pull the liver downwards when the diaphragm
D Posterior abdominal wall. Left

side, with the lower part of the
kidney, vessels and nerves
1 Suprarenal vein
2 Suprarenal gland
3 Renal vein
4 Renal artery
5 Ureter
7 Ilio-inguinal nerve
9 Iliohypogastric nerve
10 Lumbar part of thoracolumbar fascia
11 Subcostal nerve
13 Iliac crest
14 Fourth lumbar artery
15 Testicular vein
16 Testicular artery
17 Psoas major
19 Inferior mesenteric artery
20 Aorta and aortic plexus
21 Sympathetic trunk and ganglion
• In [his specimen the testicular artery arises
from the renal artery and not from the aorta which
IS its normal origin.
• For the lower pari of this specimen see the next

page.
A Posterior abdominal wall and pelv 8 Sympathetic trunk and ganglia 17 Iliacus and branches from femoral i
Vessels and nerves 9 Femoral branch of genito- and iliolumbar artery
1 Psoas major 10 Genital femoral nerve 18 Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh ar
2 Testicular vessels 11 Quadratus lumborum from femoral nerve
3 Ureter 12 Fourth lumbar artery 19 Deep circumflex iliac artery
4 Genitofemoral nerve 13 Ilio-inguinal nerve 20 Femoral nerve
5 Inferior vena cava 14 Iliohypogastric nerve 21 External iliac artery
6 Aorta and aortic plexus 1 Lumbar part of thoracolumbar 22 External iliac vein
7 Inferior mesenteric artery and plexus 16 Iliolumbar ligament 23 Inguinal ligament
20
24
/
24 Femoral artery
25 Femoral vein
26 Position of femoral canal
27 Spermatic cord
28 Rectus abdominis
29 Lacunar ligament
30 Pectineal ligament
31 Ductus deferens
32 Inferior hypogastric (pelvic) j
pelvic splanchnic nerves

33 Hypogastric nerve
34 Internal iliac artery
35 Common iliac artery
36 Common iliac vein
37 Superior hypogastric plexus
38 Obturator nerve and vessels
39 Rectum (cut edge)
40 Bladder
B Left lumbar plexus, from the front, after

removal of psoas major
(The lowest parts of the internal oblique muscle
and external oblique aponeurosis have been
turned downwards
1 Third lumbar vertebra and anterior
longitudinal ligament
2 Sympathetic trunk and ganglia
4 Ventral ramus of fourth lumbar nerve
5 Iliolumbar ligament
8 Iliohypogastric nerve
9 Iliacus
10 Internal oblique
11 External oblique
13 Upper surface of inguinal ligament
15 Obturator nerve
16 Femoral nerve
18 Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
19 Ventral ramus of fifth lumbar nerve
20 Lumbosacral trunk
21 Ventral ramus of first sacral nerve
• The lumbar plexus is embedded wtthm the psoas major
muscle. The ascending lumbar and lumbar veins lie behind
the psoas muscle, in front of the vertebral transverse
processes.
Muscles of the left half of the pelv
upper thigh, from the front
1 Promoniory of sacrum
3 Psoas major
4 Iliacus
5 Iliac crest
7 Tensor fasciae latae
8 Vastus lateralis
9 Rectus femoris
10 Sartonus
11 Adductor longus
12 Gracilis
13 Adductor brevis
14 Peciineus
15 Pubic tubercle
16 Ingumal ligament
17 Coccygeus
18 Obturator intemus
19 Piriformis
/
liuscles of the left half of the pelvis,
rom the right
1 Coccyx
2 Coccygeus
3 Piriformis
4 Sacral canal
5 Promontory of sacrum
6 Psoas major
7 Iliacus
9 Inguinal ligament
Lacunar ligament
1 Pubic symphysis
2 Adductor longus
3 Gracilis
4 Adductor magnus
5 Gluteus maximus
6 Sacrotuberous ligament
7 Obturator internus
,8 Levator ani (cut edge)
A Right inguinal region, in the male.
2 Inguinal ligament
3 Fascia lata
4 Upper margin of saphenous opening
5 Cribriform fascia
6 Great saphenous vein and tributaries
7 Upper margin of superficial inguinal
ring
\
8 Spermatic cord
• The spermatic cord i
deferens, the obUterated is of the processu;

vaginalis of peritoneum, ineries (testicular
cremasteric and deferential), the pampiniform pli
of veins, the genital branch of the genitofemoral
nerve, sympathetic nen.'e fibres (accompanying the
artenes) from the testicular and pelvic plexuses, and
lymph vessels from the testis.
• The coverings of the cord consist of the internal

spermatic fascia (derived from the transversalis fasci
at the deep inguinal ring), the cremasteric fascia
^
(from the transversus and internal oblique muscles)
and the external spermatic fascia ^from the external
oblique aponeurosis at the superficial inguinal ring)
B ..^km. ^
B Right inguinal canal, the 6 Spermaiic cord covered b\ iiiicrnal
male spermatic and cremasteric lasciae
(The external oblique aponeurosis ,
7 Conjoint tendon
been incised and reflecled) 8 Rectus sheath

1 External oblique aponeurosis 9 Spermatic cord in its three
2 Inguinal ligament coverings
3 Ilio-inguinal nerve • The lowest fibres of the internal oblique
muscle together with those of the transversus
4 Internal oblique
1
abdominis constitute the roof of the inguinal I
5 Lowest fibres of internal obliq canal and arch over the spermatic cord to formi
the conioint tendon
• In the male the inguinal canal contains
the spermatic cord and the ilio-inguinal nerve, i
C Right testis and epididymis, and the penis

The scroiutn and the tunica vaginalis have been
i
opened and the testis rotated - see note beloiv '
1 Tunica vaginalis
2 Spermatic cord
3 Head of epididymis
4 Appendix of testis
5 Testis
6 Tail of epididymis
7 Ductus deferens
8 Body of penis
9 Foreskin (.retracted)
10 Corona of glans
11 Glans penis
12 External urethral orifice
• In Its normal position the epididymis adheres to the
posterolateral aspect of the testis , in this illustration the testis ha
been rotated to show that the ductus deferens is the upward
n of the tail of the epididymis.
)
emale
Right inguinal canal in the
D\
The external oblique aponeurosis has
een reflected downwards
External oblique aponeurosis
Ilio- inguinal nerve
Internal oblique
Upper surface of inguinal ligament
Round ligament of uterus in inguinal
Posterior surface of superficial

ingumal ring
I In the female the inguinal canal contains the
ound hgament of the uterus and the ilio-inguinal
» The processus vaginalis is normally obhierated,

ui if it remains patent withm the female inguirul
s known as the canal of Nuck.
1,Right inguinal region in the

emale. Superficial dissection
3 Cut edge of rectus sheath
4 Rectus abdommis
5 Superficial epigastric vein
7 Round ligament of uterus
8 Mens pubis
9 Gracilis
10 Adductor longus
11 Pectineus
12 Great saphenous vein

13 Superficial external pudendal vessels
14 Fascia lata
15 Accessory saphenous vein
16 Lower edge of saphenous opening
Id Femoral vein
iO Femoral artery
l\ Femoral nerve
12 Medial cutaneous r
13 Intermediate of thigh
14 Sartonus
15 Superficial ( flek iliac vessels
16 Fascia lata c lying tensor fasciae
latae
% Part of the fascia lata over sartonus and over
he upper part of the femoral nerve and vessels has
seen removed, including the fascia bordermg the
jpper part of the saphenous opening, through
ivhich the great saphenous vein and other smaller
/esscls pass. Anteriorly the upper part of the fascia
ata IS attached to the ingumal ligament and
superior ramus of the pubis.
• The various consliluenis of ihe spermatic cord
come together at the deep inguinal ring, which is in
the transversalis fascia lateral to the inferior
epigastric vessels The ductus deferens therefore
appears to enter the ring by hooking round the
lateral side of the vessels.
• The inguinal triangle is the area bounded
laterallyby the inferior epigastric vessels, medially
by the lateral border of rectus abdominis and below
by the inguinal ligament. A direct inguinal hernia
passes forwards through this triangle, media! to the
inferior epigastric vessels.
• An indirect inguinal hernia passes through the
deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric
• A femoral hernia passes into the femoral canal

through the femoral ring, bounded medially by the
lacunar ligament and laterally by the femoral vein
(the external iliac vein becomes the femoral vein as it
passes beneath the inguinal ligament).
A Right half of a midline sagittal B Right deep inguinal ring and C Left abnormal obturator artery, in
section through the pelvis in the inguinal triangle, in the male the male, from the right
male ( As when looking into the righi half of
seen 1 Iliacus
i The section has passed through part of the pehns from the left, with the peritoneum 2 Testicular vessels
the left side of the scrotum and testis) removed} 3 Psoas major
1 Rectus abdominis 1 Rectus abdominis 4 External iliac artery
2 Extraperitoneal fat 2 Conjoint tendon 5 External iliac vein (cut end)
3 Sigmoid colon 3 Inferior epigastric vessels 6 Deep circumflex iliac vein
4 Promontory of sacrum 4 Transversalis fascia overlying trans- 7 Ductus deferens
5 Rectum versus abdominis 8 Inferior epigastric artery
6 Coccyx 5 Deep inguinal ring 9 Inguinal ligament
7 Anococcygeal body 6 Testicular vessels 10 Lacunar ligament
8 External anal sphmcter 7 External iliac artery 1 Femoral ring
9 Anal canal with anal columns of 8 External iliac vein 12 Superior ramus of pubis and pectineal
mucous membrane 9 Ductus deferens ligament
10 Perineal body 10 Superior ramus of pubis 13 Abnormal obturator artery
1 Ductus deferens 11 Obturator nerve 14 Obturator nerve
12 Epididymis 12 Origin of levator ani from fascia 15 Bladder
13 Testis overlying obturator internus 16 Right common iliac artery and vein
14 Spongy part of urethra and corpus 13 Pubic branches of inferior epigastric • The anastomosis between the pubic branches of the
spongiosum inferior epigastricand obturator arteries may be
unusually large, forming the vessel known as the
15 Corpus cavernosum 14 Body of pubis
abnormal obturator artery, in which case the normal
16 Bulbospongiosus 15 Pubic symphysis obturator branch from the internal iliac may be absent.
17 Perineal membrane 16 Lacunar ligament • The abnormal obturator artery usually lies at the
18 Sphincter urelhrae 17 Pectineal ligament lateral margin of the femoral ring, but rarely it lies at the
19 Membranous part of urethra 18 Femoral ring medial edge of the ring, i.e. at the lateral margin of the
lacunar ligament, where it may be at risk if the ligament
20 Pubic symphysis 19 Inguinal ligament
has to be incised to enlarge the femoral ring in
21 Prostate gland operations to reduce a femoral hernia
22 Prostatic part of urethra
23 Seminal colliculus
24 Bristle in ejaculatory duct
25 Internal urethral orifice
26 Bladder
27 Bristle passing up into right
ureteral orifice
28 Rectovesical pouch
Right inguinal region and pelvis in
the male, from above
/Most of ihe urinary bladder, except Jot
part of the trigone, and pelvic veins have
been removed}
2 interna! oblique
3 Iliacus
4 Femoral nerve
5 Psoas major
6 Femoral branch of genito-
7 Genital femoral nerve
g External iliac artery
9 Ureter
12 lumbar intervertebral disc
Fifth
13 Sigmoid colon cut lower end)
I
14 Rectum
15 Ductus deferens
16 Seminal vesicle
17 Prostate
18 Trigone of bladder
20 Ureteral orifice
21 Superior vesical artery
22 Inferior vesical artery
23 Obturator artery
24 Obturator nerve
25 Spermatic cord
26 Inferior epigastric artery
27 Deep dorsal vein
28 Dorsal artery of penis
29 Dorsal nerve
30 Adductor longus
31 Pectineus
32 Deep external pudendal artery
33 Femoral vein
35 Superficial circumflex iliac vein
36 Femoral artery
27—
28 —
29
The urinary bladder and prostate
gland, from behind
( The bladder has been distended and the left
half of the prostate removed)

1 Ureter
2 Seminal vesicle
3 Ductus deferens
4 Left ejaculatory duct
5 Base of bladder
6 Posterior surface of prostate
• The base of the bladder is its posterior surface.
• The base of the prostate is its upper surface, in
contact with the neck of the bladder and pierced by the
urethra.
• In the male pelvis the ureter is crossed superficially
by the ductus deferens (In the female pelvis the ureter
IS crossed superficially by the uterine artery,
A" 6
Right side of the pelvis in the male,

from the left and above
I Most of the urinary bladder and all pelvic
veins have been removed/
2 Internal oblique
4 Spermatic cord
5 Ductus deferens
6 Psoas major
External iliac vein (cut edge)
7
8 External iliac artery
9 Genital branch of genitofemoral
'
10 Femoral branch nervef
II Femoral nerve
12 Psoas minor
13 Ureter
17 Ventral ramus of first sacral nerve and
lateral sacral artery
18 Sigmoid colon (cut lower end)
19 Rectum
20 Seminal vesicle
21 Trigone of bladder
23 Ureteral orifice
24 Obturator internus,
25 Obturator artery
26 Pubic branch of obturator artery
27 Obturator nerve
28 Inferior vesical artery
29 Superior vesical artery
30 Anterior trunk of internal iliac artery
• The superior gluteal artery is hidden by ihe
internal iliac anery, just above the first sacral nerve.
A Left side of the pelvic cavity. Iliac arteries
1 Sacrococcygeal joini
2 Coccygeus and sacrospinous ligament

3 Union of ventral rami of second and third
sacral nerves
4 Piriformis
5 Inferior gl al artery
6 Ventral ramu:s of first sacral nerve
7 Lateral sacral
8 Superior glut- al artery piercing lumbosacral
trunk
9 Posterior trunk of internal il : artery
10 Sacral promontory
12 Anterior trunk of internal iliac artery
13 Internal pudendal artery
14 Obturator nerve and artery
18 Lacunar ligament
19 Pubic symphysis
21 Ischial tuberosity
• The internal pudendal and inferior gluteal aneries are the
terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac
artery. The inferior gluteal arier>, which passes posteriorly
below piriformis into the gluteal region, lies posterior to the
internal pudendal.
B Left inferior hypogastric plexus, from the right

IAfter remoial oj most of the right pelvic wall, but the anterior
part of the nghi legator ani muscle has been preserved I
1 Ventral ramus of first sacral nerve
2 Superior gluteal artery

3 Lumbosacral trunk
4 Arcuate line
5 Fascia overlying obturator intemus
6 Left inferior hypogastric plexus
7 Left seminal vesicle
8 Left ductus deferens
9 Rectum
10 Lateral surface of fascia overlying right obturator
iniernus
I I Right levator ani and ischiorectal fossa
12 Right ischiopubic ramus
13 Left coccygeus and nerves to levator am
14 Ischial spine
15 Left levator am
16 Pelvic splanchnic nerves (nervi erigcntes)
17 Ventral ramus of third sacral nerve
18 Ventral ramus of second sacral nerve
19 Part of left sympathetic trunk
• The pelvic splanchnic nerves are not confined to the pelvis on the left
;
branches from ihcm pass upwards behind the pentoneum on the posterior
abdominal wall lo the left colic fiexure. descending colon and sigmoid
Left half of the pelvis, internal surface.
Ligaments
1 Sacral promontory
2 Iliac fossa
4 Anterior inferior iliac spine and origin
of straight head of rectus femoris
5 Inguinal ligament
6 Lacunar ligament
8 Pubic symphysis
9 Obturator foramen
10 Obturator membrane
11 Falciform process of sacrotuberous
ligament
14 Lesser sciatic foramen
15 Ischial spine
16 Sacrospinous ligament
17 Greater sciatic foramen
18 Ventral sacro-iliac ligament
• The sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
conven the greater and notches inio
lesser sciatic
foramina.
Left half of a midline sagittal
section through the pelvis in the
female
IThe right limb of the sigmoid mesocolon
has been detached from the posterior
pelvic wall.The lower end of the rectum
is dilated, and the bladder, uterus and
vagina are contracted'
1 Line of attachment of right limb of
sigmoid mesocolon
2 Fifth lumbar mtervertebral disc
3 Apex of sigmoid mesocolon
4 Ureter underlying peritoneum
5 Ovary
6 Uterine tube
7 Suspensory ligament of ovary
containing ovarian vessels
8 Left limb of sigmoid mesocolon
ovtrlying external iliac vessels
9 Sigmoid colon (reflected to left and
up\ ards
10 Fundus
11 Body of uterus
12 Cervix
13 Marker internal os
14 Marker external os
15 \'csico-uterine pouch
16 Bladder
17 Marker in !eft ureteral orifice
19 Urethra
20 Hxternal urethral orifice
21 Pubic symphysis
22 Rectus abdominis turned forwards)
i
23 Fat of mens pubis

24 Labium minor
25 Labium major
26 \'esiibule
27 Anterior wall
28 Posterior wall of vagina
29 Am.
30 Posterior
31 Recto-ul. ^ pouch (of Douglas)
32 Rectum
33 Perineal bi^y
34 Anal canal
35 External anal sphincter
• The apex of ihe sigmoid mcsoctilon is a guide
to the position of the left ureter which lies under
the peritoneum at this point
• The retto-uterme pouch of peritoneum
overlies the posterior fornix of the vagma, but ihc
vesico-uierine pouch does r t reach the a
A The uterus and ovaries, from
above and in front
1 Recto-uterine pouch (of Douglas)
2 Ligament of ovary
3 Uterine
extremity of ovary
4 Tubal I
5 Infundibulum
6 Ampulla {
of uterine tube
7 Isthmus I
8 Roundligament of uterus
9 Fundus of uterus
10 Vesico-uterine pouch
11 Peritoneum overlying bladder
12 Mesosalpinx
13 Posterior surface of broad ligament
14 Mesovarium
15 Suspensory ligament of ovary
• The ovary normally lies against the lateral
pelvic wall in front of the ureter and internal iliac
B Ischiorectal fossae and perineum in 10 Superficial transverse perineal muscle
the male, from below overlying posterior border of perineal
I On the right the perineal membrane and membrane
urogenital diaphragm have been removed I 11 Inferior rectal vessels and nerve in
1 Perineal branch of posterior cutaneous ischiorectal fossa
nerve of thigh 12 Perforating cutaneous nerve
2 Adductor magnus 13 Gluteus maximus
3 Gracilis 14 Anococcygeal body
4 Adductor longus 15 Margm of anus
5 Posterior scrotal vessels and nerves 16 Sacrotuberous ligament
6 Corpus cavernosum of penis 17 Perineal nerve
7 Corpus spongiosum of penis 18 Internal pudendal artery
8 Bulbospongiosus overlying bulb of penis 19 Perineal artery
overlying cms of penis
s 20 Artery lo bulb
21 Dorsal nerve and artery of penis
22 Levator ani
C Root of the penis, from i
front and below

1 Pubic tubercle
2 Pubic crest
3 Pubic symphysis
4 Suspensory ligament
5 Deep dorsal vein
6 Dorsal artery
7 Dorsal nerve
A The perineum, ii 8 Corpus cavernosum
male from below (v th 9 Corpus spongiosum
Che scrotum pulled ID Urethra
upwards) 1 Perineal membrane
1 Scrotum overlying left 12 Ischiopubic ramus
13 Obturator membrane
2 Raphe overlying bulb • In the male the subpubic arch
of penis (below ihe pubic symphysis

between the inferior pubic rami)
3 Perineal body
makes an angle measuring about 5U
4 Margin of anus lo 60 but in the female it more
,
5 Anococcygeal body nearly approaches a right angle

1 ,
E Left ischiorectal fossa and

perineum in the female, from
below
IThe nerves are preserved but the
accompanying vessels have been
remoz>ed)
1 Labium majus
2 Labium minor
3 External urethral orifice
4 Wall of vagina
5 Bulbospongiosus overlying bulb of
vestibule
6 Perineal membrane
7 Posterior labial nerve
8 Ischiocavemosus overlying crus of
9 Perineal branch of posterior

cutaneous nerve of thigh
10 Pudendal nerve
II Pudendal canal
14 Gluteus maximus
15 Coccyx
16 Anococcygeal body
17 Margin of anus
18 External anal sphincter
19 Levator ani
20 Inferior rectal nerve in ischiorectal
fossa
21 Superficial transverse perineal
muscle overlying posterior border
of perineal membrane
D The vulva, from below F Left ischiorectal fossa and

1 Mons pubis perineum in the female, from
2 Anterior commissure behind
3 Clitoris 1 Ischial tuberosity
4 Labi 2 Perineal branch of poster:
5 Labium majus cutaneous nerve of thigh
6 Anococcygeal body 3 Sacrotuberous ligament
7 Margin of anus 4 Gluteus maximus
8 Perineal body 5 Levator ani
9 Posterior commissure 6 Coccyx
10 Vaginal orifice 7 Anococcygeal body
11 External urethral orifice 8 Margin of anus
# The pudendal cleft is the region between 9 External anal sphincter
the two labia majora into which the vagina and 10 Posterior labial nerve
urethra open.
1 Posterior border of perineal
• The vestibule is the cleft between the labia
minora. The lesser vestibular glands open on membrane
the inner surface of these labia. 12 Pudendal nerve
13 Pudenda! canal
14 Fascia overlying obturator
• In B the pudendal canal on the lateral intemus
wall of the ischiorectal fossa has been
15 Inferior rectal nerve in
opened to display the internal pudendal
artery and the terminal branches of the
ischiorectal fossa
pudendal nerve (perineal nerve and dorsal
nerve of penis).
the female in F
The canal is shown intact ir /
• The inferior rectal nerve and vessels
cross the fossa transversely. Mk.«n£k{$
A Radiograph of the stomach in the
female, a few minutes after
drinking a barium meal
1 Lower end oi oesophagus
2 Lower margin of shadow of left
breast
3 Fundus
4 Body
5 Angular notch
6 Peristaltic wave
7 Pylor:
8 Pylor
(first part of duodenum
9 Superior I
duodenal cap)
I
10 Twelfth thoracic vertebra

11 Twelfth rib
• A small amount of barium has eniered the
descending (second) part of the duodenum.
B Radiograph of the small

intestine, three hours after a
barium meal
1 Supcru>r first'
2 Descending second part of

3 Horizontal third I
duodenum
4 Ascending .fourth!
5 Pylorus
6 Pyloric antrum
7 Body of stomach
8 Côils of jejunum and ileum
• rhe lunction ot the descending and horuontal
pans of the duodenum is obscured by an overlying
loop of bowel. The duodenoieiunal dexurc is
behind the lower part of the stomach
1
A Radiograph of the large

intestine after a barium
1 Right colic flexure

2 Transverse colon
3 Fourth lumbar vertebra
4 Left colic flexure
5 Descending colon
6 Sacro-iliac joint
7 Sigmoid colon
8 Rectum
9 Hip joint
10 Caecum
1 Ascending colon
B Radiograph of the gall bladder

(cholecystogram), one hour after
the intravenous injection of contrast
medium
1 Right twelfth rib
2 Fundus I
3 Body ! of gail bladder

4 Neck '
5 Cystic duct
6 Bile duct
• Radiologicaliy the gall bladder is frequ atly
seen in the angle beiween the Iwelfth nb ar
upper lumbar venebrae.
Radiograph of the kidneys
and ureter (pyelogram),
minutes after the
intravenous injection of
contrast medium
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Pelvis of kidney
5 Twelfth rib
7 Lateral part of sacrum
8 Sacro-iliac joint
• Kadiologically the ureters
ihc tips of the
ransverse processes of the lumbar
ertebrac.
1
Lower
Limb
Left hip bone, lateral surface

2 Iliac crest
3 Tubercle of iliac crest
4 Anterior gluteal line
5 Posterior gluteal line
6 Posterior superior iliac spine
7 Posterior inferior iliac spine
8 Greater sciatic notch
9 Body of ilium
10 Ischial spine
1 Lesser sciatic notch
12 Body of ischium
14 Obturator foramen
15 Ramus of ischium
16 Junction of 15 and 17
17 Inferior ramus of pubis
18 Body of pubis
19 Pubic tubercle
20 Superior ramus of pubis
21 Obturator groove
22 Obturator crest
23 Acetabular notch
25 Acetabulum
26 Rim of acetabulum
27 Inferior gluteal line
28 Anterior inferior iliac spine
• The hip innominale) bone is formed by
(
ihe
union of ihe ilium, ischium and pubis.
• It bears on its lateral surface the cup-shaped
acetabulum, to which the ilium, ischium and
pubis each i.on(ributc a part see page 2Wi
i
antcnnrlv at the pubic symphysis, poslenorlv

they are separated by the sacrum, forming the
sacro-ihac joints. The two hip bones with the
sacrum and coccyx constitute the pelvis
• The ischiopubic ramus is formed by the
union of the ramus of the ischium with the
inferior ramus of the pubis.
Left hip bone, lateral surface.
Attachments
IEpiphysial line, dolled; capsule
attachmeni, inlerrupied line I
1 External oblique
2 Tensor fasciae latae
3 Gluteus minimus
4 Gluteus medius
5 Gluteus maximus
6 Piriformis
7 Ischiofemoral ligament
8 Superior gemellus
9 Semimembranosus
10 Semitendinosus and long head of
biceps
II Quadratus femons
12 Adductor magnus
13 Obturator externus
14 Gracilis
15 Adductor brevis
16 Adductor longus
17 Transverse ligament
18 Reflected head of rectus femons
19 Iliofemoral ligament
20 Straight head of rectus femons
21 Sartonus
Left hip bone, medial
surface
1 Iliac fossa
4 Arcuate line
6 Obturator groove
8 Body of pubis
9 Pubic tubercle
10 Pubic crest
11 Obturator foramen
12 Ischiopubic ramus
15 Ischial spine
16 Body of ischium
18 Auricular surface
19 Posterior inferior iliac spine
21 Iliac tuberosity
22 Iliac crest
• The auricular surface of the ilium is
ihe articular surface for the sacro-jliac
Left hip bone, medial
surface. Attachments
(Epiphysial line, dotted; capsule
attachment, tnterrupied line i
1 Erector spinae
2 Imerosseous ligament
6 Iliacus
7 Inguinal ligament
8 Sartorius
9 Straight head of rectus
femons
10 Psoas minor
11 Levator am
12 Pubic symphysis
14 Sphincter urethrae
15 Superficial transverse
perineal and
ischiocavernosus
16 Falciform process of sacro-
tuberous ligament
18 Inferior gemellus
19 Coccygeus and sacrospinous
ligament
1
Left hip bone, from above

1 Posterior inferior iiiac spine
3 Iliac crest
4 Iliac fossa
6 Anterior superioriliac spine
9 Pubic tubercle
10 Pubic crest
1 Pecten of pubis (pectineal line)
12 Arcuate line
13 Ischial spine
14 Auricular surface
• The arcuate line of the ilium and the
pecten and crest of the pubis form pan of the
brim of the pelvis (the rest of the brim being
formed by the promontory and upper surface of
the lateral part of the sacrum - see page 79).
• The pecten of the pubis is more commonly
called the pectineal line.
Left hip bone, from above. Attachments
(Epiphysial line, dolled; capsule aiiachmerii.
inierrupied line)
1 Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
4 Iliacus
6 Internal oblique
7 External oblique
8 Ingumal ligament
9 Straight head of rectus femoris
11 Psoas minor
13 Pectineus
14 Lacunar ligament
15 Anterior wall of rectus sheath
16 Pyramidahs
17 Lateral head of rectus abdominis
18 Conioint tendon
19 Medial head of rectus abdominis
# The inguinal ligament is formed by ihc lower
border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle, and extends from the anterior superior iliac
# The lacunar ligament sometimes called the

i
pectineal part of the inguinal ligament) is the part of the
inguinal ligament that extends backwards from the

medial end of the inguinal ligament to the pecien of the
pubis
# The ptcaineal ligament is the lateral extension of
the lacunar hgameni along the pecten It is not classified
as a pan of the inguinal ligament, and must not be
confused with the alternative name for the lacunar
hgament, i c with the pectineal part of the inguinal
ligament
# The conioint tendon is formed by the aponeuroses
ot the internaloblique and transversus muscles, and is
attached to the pubic crest and the adjoining pan of the
pecien, blending medially with the anterior wall of the
A Left hip bone. Ischial tuberosity,
from behind and below
1 Ischial spine
3 Upper pan of tuberosity
4 Transverse ridge
5 Lower part of tuberosity
6 Longitudinal ridge
7 Ischiopubic ramus
8 Obturator groove
9 Acetabular notch
11 Acetabulum
B Left hip bone, from the front

4 Rim of acetabulum
5 Acetabular notch
7 Ischiopubic ramus
8 Obturator foramen
9 Body of pubis
10 Pubic crest
U Pubic tubercle
12 Obturator groove
13 Obturator crest
14 Pecten of pubis (pectineal line)
16 Iliac fossa
A Left hip bone. Ischial tuberosity,
from behind and below. Attachments
/ Epiphysial line, dolled; capsule aitachmenit
inierrupted line I
1 Superior gemellus
2 Inferior gemellus
3 Semiicndinosus and long head of biceps
4 Semimembranosus
5 Adductor magnus
• The area on the ischial (uberosiiy medial to the
nus aiiachment is covered by fibrofatty
ischial bursa underlying glu
B Left hip bone, from the front.

Attachments
(Epiphysial line, dolled; capsule aiiachment,
interrupted line)
2 Internal oblique
3 External oblique and inguinal hgament
4 Sartonus
5 Straight head of rectus femoris
7 Reflected head of rectus femoris
8 Psoas minor
9 Pubofemoral ligament
1 Semimembranosus
12 Quadratus femoris
13 Adductor magnus
14 Obturator £
15 Gr
16 Adductor brevis
17 Adductor longus
18 Wedial head of rectus abdo
19 Rectus sheath
21 Pyramidahs
22 Lateral head of rectus abdo
23 Conjoint tendon
24 Lacunar ligament
25 Pectineus
Left femur, upper end, A from the front, B from the medial
side
1 Head
2 Neck
3 Greater trochanter
4 Intertrochanteric hne
5 Lesser trochanter
6 Shaft
7 Facet of head
8 Spiral Hne
9 Pectineal Hne
10 Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest
11 Trochanteric fossa
• The neck makes an angle with the shaft of about 125^

• The pectineal line of the femur must not be confused with the pectineal lir
(pecten) of the pubis (page 267), nor with the spiral line of the femur which is
usually more prominent than the pectineal line
• The neck of the femur passes forwards as well as upwards
Left femur, upper end, A from behind, B
and medially, making an angle of about 15 with the
from Che lateral side, C from above transverse axis of the lower end (the angle of femoral torsion).
1 Greater trochanter • The lesser trochanter projects backwards and medially.
2 Trochanteric fossa
3 Neck
4 Head
5 Lesser trochanter
6 Spiral hne
7 Linea aspera
8 Gluteal tuberosity
9 Iniertrochanicric crest
10 Quadrate tubercle
1 Intertrochanteric line
12 Adductor tubercle i
13 Medial condyle [
at lower end
14 Lateral condyle I
Left femur, upper end, A from the front, B • The iliofemoral ligament has the shape of an inverted Y,
from the medial side. Attachments with the stem attached to the anterior inferior iliac spine of
the hip bone, and the limbs attached lo the upper (lateral) and
(Epiphysial line, dotted; capsule attachment,
lower (medial) ends of the intertrochanteric line, blending
interrupted line) with the capsule of the hip joint.
1 Piriformis # The tendon of psoas major is attached to the lesser
2 Gluteus minimus trochanter ; many of the muscle fibres of iliacus are inserted
3 Iliofemoral ligament into the psoas tendon but some reach the femur below the
trochanter.
4 Vastus lateralis
5 Vastus intermedius
6 Vastus medialis
7 Psoas major and iliacus
8 Quadratus femoris
9 Obturator
10 Obturator i
11 Gluteus medius
12 Ligament of head of femur
Left femur, upper end, A from behind, 9 Gluie
from the lateral side, C from above. 10 Vastus lateralis
Attachments 11 Piriformis
Il-ptphvuui line. Jotted; capsule allachmeni, 12 Gluteus minimus
interrupted line i 13 Vastus mtermedius
1 Gluteus medius 14 Iliofemoral ligament
2 Obturator exiernus 15 Obturator internus
3 Quadraius femorts • On the front of the femur the capsule of the hip joint r
attached to the intertrochanteric hnc. but at the back the

4 Psoas major and iliacus
capsule li attached to the neck of ihe femur and docs not
5 Pectineus
extend as far laterally is the intertrochanteric crest.
6 Vastus medialts
7 Adductor brcvis
8 Adductor magnus
A Left femur, upper end. Posterior half of cleared
bisected specimen, from the front, showing major
groups of trabeculae
1 From medial
surface of shaft to head
2 From lateral
3 From medial
surface of shaft to greater trochanter
4 From lateral
5 Calcar femorale
6 Triangular area of few trabeculae
• The calcar femorale is a dense concentraiion of trabeculae passing from the
region of the lesser trochanter to the under surface of the neck.
B Left femur, shaft, from behind

1 Gluteal tuberosity
2 Lesser trochanter
3 Pectineal line
4 Linea aspera
5 Medial supracondylar line
6 Lateral supracondylar line
• The rough linea aspera often shows distinct medial and lateral lips; the
lateral lip continues upwards as the gluteal tuberosity
C Left femur, shaft, fror behind. Attachments

1 Vastus lateralis
2 Quadratus femoris
3 Gluteus maximus
4 Adductor magnus
5 Psoas and iliacus
6 Pectineus
7 Adductor brevis
8 Vastus medialis
9 Adductor longus
10 Short head of biceps
11 Vastus intermedius
# For diagrammatic clarity the n cle attachments to the linea aspera have
been slightly separated.
Left femur, lower end, A from the
front, B from behind, C from the
medial side, D from the lateral side
1 Adductor tubercle
2 Medial epicondylc
3 Medial condyle
4 Patellar surface
5 Lateral condyle
7 Medial supracondylar line
8 Intercondylar fossa
9 Lateral supracondylar line
10 Popliteal surface
1 Impression for lateral head of
gastrocnemius
12 Groove for popliteus tendon
• The condyles bear ihc ariicular surfaces for the
iibia,and proieci backwards the cpicondyles arc
,
the most prominent points on the ^non-articuUr)

sides of the condyles
• lower ends of the condyles lie in the lame
The
horizontal plane in order to rest squarely on the
condyles of the libia at the knee lomt. The shaft
therefore passes obliquely outwards and upwards
from the knee towards the hip.
Left patella, A anterior surface, B articular (posterior) surface
1 Base 4 Vertical ridge
2 Apex 5 Facet for medial condyle of femu
3 Facet for lateral condyle of femur
• The lateral part of the anicular surface larger than the medial
is
• The articular surface does noi extend on to the apex-
Left patella, C anterior surface, D articular (poster r) surface.

Attachments
1 Vastus intermedius '
2 Rectus femoris
parts of quadriceps tendon
3 Vastus medialis
4 Vastus lateralis i
5 Facets for femur in flexit

6 Facets for femur in <
7 Area for medial condyle flexion
8 Area for infrapatellar fat pad
9 Patellar ligament
Left femur, E from below, articulated with the patella in the

extended position, F from below and behind, articulated with the
patella in the flexed position
1 Medial condyle
2 Lateral condyle
• The most medial facet of the pa[eila only comes mto contact with the medial condyle in
extreme flexion
^^P
Left tibia, upper end, A from the front, B • The shaft of the tibia has three borders - anterior, medial
from behind and interosseous - and three surfaces - medial, lateral and
posterior.
1 Tubercles of intercondyla
• Much of the anterior border forms a slightly curved crest
2 Lateral condyle commonly known as the shin. Most of the smooth medial
3 Impression for iliotibial tract surface is subcutaneous. The posterior surface contams the
4 Tuberosity soleal and vertical lines.
5 Lateral surface • The tuberosity is at the upper end of the anterior border.
7 Anterior border
8 Medial surface
9 Medial border
10 Medial condyle
11 Groove for semimembranosus
13 Soleal line
14 Vertical line
15 Articular facet for fibula
Left tibia, upper end, A from the medial • The medial condyle is larger than the Uteral condyle.
Side, B from the lateral side, C from above " °" '**' ^'"^
'^ J!;^t^;^/H^;lfîf^.^nHvl^
inferior aspect of ihc lateral condyle
1 Groove for semimembranosus
2 Medial condyle
3 Tuberosity
4 Medial surface
5 Anterior border
6 Medial border
7 Soleal line
8 Posterior surface
9 Lateral condyle
10 Articular facet for fibula
12 Lateral surface
13 Tubercles of intercondylar c
14 Posterior intercondylar area
15 Anterior intercondylar area
1
A from the
Left tibia, upper end, front, B 6 Semicendinosus
from behind. Attachments 7 Tibial collateral ligament
(Epiphysial line, dotted; capsule atiachn 8 Semimembranosus
interrupted line) 9 Vastus medialis
\ Iliotibial tract 10 Popliteus
2 Tibialis anterior 1 Soleus
3 Patellar ligament 12 Flexor digitorum longus
4 Sartorius 13 Tibialis posterior
5 Gracilis 14 Posterior cruciate ligament
Left tibia, upper end, A from the medial digiiorum longus
side, B from the lateral side, C from above. 15 Peroneus longus
Attachments 16 Posterior cruciate ligament
I Epiphysial line, dotted; capsule aitachmeni, 17 Posterior horn of medial meniscus
irtierrupled line IS Posterior horn of lateral meniscus
1 Semimembranosus 19 Ai horn of lateral meniscus
2 Patellar ligament 20 Anlerio r cruciate ligament
3 Sariorius 21 AnieriG r horn of medial meniscus
4 Gracilis • Although arising mainly from ihe fibula (see page 285),
:)rum longus and peroneus longus have a small
5 Semiiendinosus
attachment to the tibia above tibialis anterior.
6 Popliteus
The horns of the lateral meniscus arc attached close to
7 Soleus another on either side of the intercondylar eminence, but
8 Tibial collateral ligament lorns of ihc medial meniscus arc more widely separated
9 Vastus medialis page 109).
10 Iliotibial tract
U Tibialis posterior
13 Tibialis anterior
Left tibia, lower end, A from the front, B from behind, C Left tibia, lower end, E from the front, F from behind, G from
from the medial side, D from the lateral side the medial side, H from the lateral side. Attachments
1 Medial malleolus (Epiphysial '-ne, doited; capsule attachment
2 Anterior surface 1 Medial collateral ligament
3 Posterior surface 2 Interosseous membrane

4 Groove for flexor hallucis longus 3 Interosseous ligament
5 Groove for tibialis posterior 4 Posterior tibiofibular ligament
6 Medial surface 5 Inferior transverse ligament
7 Interosseous border • The medial collateral ligament is commonly known
8 Fibular notch • The lowest fibres of the posterior tibiofibuiar ligami
the tibia) are known as the inferior transverse ligament.
9 The lower end of ihe tibia has five surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, lateral anc
inferior (for the inferior surface seepage 286).
• The medial surface continuous below with the medial surface of the medial
is
malleolus (the lateral malleolus is the lower end of the fibula).

• The fibular notch is triangular and constitutes the lateral surface of the lower end.
Left fibula, upper end, A from the front, B
1 Anterior border
2 Medial surface
4 Lateral surface
5 Triangular subcutaneous
6 Lateral malleolus
7 Posterior border
• The fibula has three borders
surfaces - medial, lateral and posterior.
• Ai first sight much of the shaft appears to have four borders and four surfaces, bu
thisIS because the posterior surface is divided mio two pans tmcdial and lateral) by th
medial
• At the lower end the lateral surface comes to face postcnorly. so leaving the
triangular subcutaneous area above the lateral malleolus.
r border is easily identified by following it upwards from the ape:
triangular subcutaneous area; the interosseous border is usually two or three mill
behind the anterior border [although in the upper part of the shaft these two border:
may fuse into one).
• The malleolar fossa is posterior to the articular surface.
Left fibula, upper end, A from the front, B from
behind, C from the medial side, D from the
lateral side. Attachments
IEpiphysial line, doited; capsule attachment, interrupted
Uateral ligament
Left fibula, lower end, E from the front, F from behind, G

from the medial side, H from the lateral side. Attachments
(Epiphysial line, dotted; capsule attachment , interrupted line)
1 Extensor digitorum longus
2 Extensor hallucis longus
3 Peroneus brevis
4 Peroneus tertius
5 Calcaneofibular ligament
6 Anterior talofibular ligament
# TTie medial surface (between the
muscles (digitorum longus and hallucis longus, and peroneus
# The lateral surface (between the anterior and posterior borders) give:
peroneus longus and brevis.
# The posterior surface (between the interosseous and posterior borders) gv
origin to flexor muscles (soleus and flexor hallucis longus lateral to the medial
tibialis posterior medial to the medial crest).
# The gap at the upper end of the peroneus longus attachment is for the
peroneal
Articulation of left tibia and fibula, A uppe ends from
behind, B upper ends from above, C upper t >f fibula from
above, D lower ends of tibia and 6bula froc behind, E lower
ends from below
1 Head of fibula
2 Apex of head (styloid pr
3 Lateral condyle of tibia
lar facet
5 Lateral malleolus
6 Malleolar fossa
7 Inferior surface of tibia
8 Medial malleolus
• The superior tibiofibular loint is synovial, wiih the tibial facet of the joint on the
posterolateral and lower aspect of the lateral condyle. The facet on the fibula is towards
the posterior and medial part of the upper surface of the head.
• The inferior tibiofibular |omi is fibrous.
• The lateral malleolus extends lower than the medial malleolus. The articular
surfaces of the malleoli together with the inferior surface of the tibia embrace the talus
to form the ankle {talocrural) y
Bones of the left foot, A
from above (dorsum), B
from below (plantar
surface)
1 Calcaneus
2 Lateral tubercle of talus

3 Groove on talus for flexor
hallucis longus
4 Medial tubercle of talus
5 Trochlear surface of body
of talus
6 Neck of talus
7 Head of talus
8 Navicular
9 Tuberosity of navicular
10 Medial cuneiform
11 Intermediate cuneiform
12 Lateral cuneiform
13 Cuboid
14 Tuberosity of base of fifth
metatarsal
15 Base of fifth metatarsal
16 Shaft of fifth metatarsal
17 Head of fifth metatarsal
18 Proximal phalanx of
second toe
19 Middle phalanx of second
20 Distal phalanx of second

toe
21 Distal phalanx of giêat
22 Proximal phalanx of great

toe
23 Head of first metatarsal
24 Shaft of first metatarsal
25 Base of first metatarsal
26 Medial process of
calcaneus
27 Lateral process of
calcaneus
28 Sustentaculum tali of
calcaneus
29 Groove on calcaneus for
flexor hallucis longus
30 Anterior tubercle of
calcaneus
31 Tuberosity of cuboid
32 Groove on cuboid for
peroneus longus
33 Grooves for sesamoid
bones in flexor hallucis
brevis tendons
Bones of the left foot, A from the
medial side, B from the lateral
C calcaneus from above, D
side,
talusfrom below, E calcaneus
from behind
1 Medial process
2 Medial surface
3 Sustentaculum ta
4 Anterior tubercle
5 Lateral process
6 Peroneal trochlea
7 Posterior ]
talal ^ of calcaneus
8 Middle > articular
9 Anterior ) surface
10 Sulcus
1 Posterior surface
12 Groove for flexor
hallucis longus
13 Lateral tubercle
14 Groove for flexor
hallucis longus
15 Medial tubercle
16 Medial malleolar surface
17 Neck
18 Head
19 Lateral malleolar surface
20 Posterior calcanean
1
21 Middle i articular
22 Anterior surfacej
23 Surface for plantar

ca lean eona v cu lar i
ligament
24 Sulcus
25 Tarsal sinus
26 Navicular
28 Medial "
]
29 Intermediate cuneiform
30 Lateral ]
31 First metatarsal
metatarsal
33 Cuboid
1
Bones of the left foot, A from

above, B from below.
Attachments
i Joint capsules and minor liga-
tnenis have been omiited)
1 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles'
tendon)
2 Plantaris
3 Extensor digitorum brevis
4 Calcaneocuboid part of
bifurcate ligament
5 Calcaneonavicular part of
bifurcate ligament
6 Peroneus brevis
7 Peroneus tertius
8 Fourth
9 Third
dorsal
10 Second
1 First
12 Abductor hallu
13 Extensor halluc i brevis
14 Extensor halluc ; longus
15 Extensor digito jm longus
and brevis
17 First 1
18 Second plantar interosseous

[
19 Third J
21 Flexor digitorum brevis
22 Flexor accessorius
23 Long plantar ligament
24 Short plantar ligament
25 Plantar calcaneonavicular
ligament
26 Tibialis posterior
27 Tibialis anterior
28 Flexor hallucis brevis
30 Adductor hallucis
31 Flexor hallucis longus
32 Flexor digitorum longus
33 Opponens digiti i
(part of 29)
34 Peroneus longus
Left calcaneus, A from above, C from behind, and B
left talus, from below. Attachments
I Capsule, mterrupied line; cun'ed lines indicate corresponding
cular afa.
1 C'-alcaneofibular ligament
2 Lateral
talocalcanean ligament
3 Medial
4 Tibiocalcanean part of deltoid ligament
5 Interosseous talocalcanean ligament
6 Inferior extensor retinaculum
7 Cervical ligament
9 Calcaneocuboid \
p^rts of bifurcate ligament
10 Calcaneonavicular I
1 Area for bursa

12 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles' tendon)
13 Plantaris
14 Area for fibrofatty tissue
• The interosseous talocalcanean ligament is formed by thickening of the
adjacent capsules of the talocalcanean and talocalcaneonavicular joints.
Secondary centres of ossification of left lower limb

bones
(Figures tn years, commencemeni of ossification -— fusion; B,
ninth tnirautenne month; P, puberty i
D Lower lateral surface of hip bone, E upper and F

lower end of femur, G upper and H lower end of
tibia, J upper and K lower end of fibula, L calcaneus,
M metatarsal and phalanges of second toe,
N metatarsal and phalanges of great toe
• See noie on page lOb
• In the hip bone one or more secondary cenlres appear in the Y-shaped
cartilage between ilium, ischium and pubis Other centres (not illustraied)
arc usually present for the iliac crest, anterior inferior iliac spine, and
tpossibly) the pubic tubercle and pubic crest (all P -* 25).
• The patella (not illustrated) begins to ossify from one or mote centres
1 the third to sixth year.
The calcaneus is the only tarsal bone to have a secondary centre.
All ihc phalanges, and the first metatarsal, have a secondary centre at
;it proximal ends, the other metatarsals have one at their distal ends.
Right gluteal region. Superficial nerves
1 Posterior layer of lumbar fascia overlying c
spinae
2 Iliac crest
3 Cutaneous branches of dorsal rami of first thrc-e
lumbar nerves
4 Gluteal fascia overlying gluteus medius
5 Gluteus maximus
6 Gluteal branches of posterior cutaneous nerve of
thigh
7 Semitendinosus
8 Adductor magnus
9 Gracilis
10 Ischiorectal fossa and levator ani
1 Coccyx
12 Perforating cutaneous nerve
1 Gluteal branches of dorsal rami of first three sacral
> ^»\ • Ihe thrct lumbar nerves and the fir^l ihrcc sacral nerves
first
supply skin over the gluteal region tby the lateral branches of thcu
dorsal rami) but the inicrvenmg fourth and fifth lumbar nerves do
not have a cutaneous distribution in this region.
) 1
A Right gluteal region. 13 Tibial part of sciatic nerve

Branches of the sacral plexus 14 Posterior cutaneous nerve o
(Most of gluteus maximuSy thigh
piriformis and the superior gemellus 15 Ischial tuberosity
have been removed, together with 16 Long head of biceps
the blood vessels 17 Semitendinosus
1 Gluteus maximus 18 Sacrotuberous ligament
2 Piriformis 19 Nerve to quadratus femoris
3 Branches of superior and (superficial to marker)
inferior gluteal nerves 20 Nerve to obturator
4 Gluteus minimus marker)
(superficial to
5 Gluteus medius 21 Pudendal nerve
6 Greater trochanter • The lower edge of the pirtformi
7 Obturator internus muscle IS here penetrated by thi
peroneal part of the sciatic nerve and by

8 Inferior gemellus
numerous filaments forming the inferior
9 Obturator extemus gluteal nerve (supplying gluteus
10 Quadratus femoris maximusj- TTie lowest part of piriformis
11 Adductor magnus here gives off a tendon that joins that of
obturator
12 Common peroneal part of
sciatic nerve
B Right gluteal region with the central part

of gluteus maximus i
1 Gluteus I
2 Piriformis
3 Superior gluteal n ; and Is overlying
1
gluteus minimus
4 Gluteus medius
5 Greater trochanter of femur
6 Obturator internus and gemelli
8 Quadratus femoris
9 Ascending branch of medial cin jmflex femoral
artery
10 Sciatic nerve
1 Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
13 Perforating cutaneous nerve
15 Inferior gluteal artery
• Of the numerous structures that pass out of t
sciatic foramen, only the superior gluteal nerve ai
ab<n.ie the piriformis.
4 [21
^ .-. 3
Back of the left thigh. xMuscles, A in the upper part, B in the
lower part and bordering the popliteal fossa
1 Gluteus maximus
2 Gracilis
3 Adductor magnus
4 Semimembranosus
5 Semitendinosus
6 6 Biceps
' 7 Vastus laterahs
>l 8 Sartorius
9 Medial ^.I . .
head of gastrocnemius
10 Lateral f
11 Plantans
• The long head of biceps (.the part seen in illustration A>, semimembranosus and
vemiicndinosus are commonly called the hamstrings. The short head of biceps, which is
under cover of the long head and arises from the back of the femur, not from the ischial
tuberosuy, is not classihcd as a hamstring. The true hamstrings span both the hip and
}
Back of the right thigh. Hamstrings and

muscular branches of the sciatic nerve
{ Gluteus maximus has been reflected laterally and the
hamstrings separated
2 Gracilis
3 Semimembranosus
4 Semitendinosus
6 Anastomotic branch of inferior gluteal artery
7 Sciatic nerve
8 Quadratus femoris
9 Upper part of adductor magnus ('adductor
)
10 Gluteus r
11 First perforating artery
12 Nerve to short head of biceps
13 Ihotibial tract overlying vastus lateralis
14 Short head of biceps
15 Popliteal vein
16 Popliteal artery
17 Opening in adductor magnus
18 Fourth perforating artery
19 Adductor magnus
20 Nerve to semimembranosus
21 Third perforating artery
22 Nerve to semitendinosus
23 Nerve to semimembranosus and adductor magnus
24 Nerve to long head of biceps
25 Second perforating artery
# The only muscular branch lo arise from ihe lateral side of the
sciaiic nerve (i.e. from ihc common peroneal pan) is the nerve to the
short head of biceps. All the other muscular branches arise from the
medial side of the nerve (i.e. from the tibial part).
B Left femoral vessels and profunda
femoris artery
(From the same specimen as in A, with the
femoral artery displaced laterally)
1 Adductor longus
2 Adductor brevis
3 Branches of anterior branch of obturati
nerve
4 Pectineus
5 Femoral vein
6 Femoral anery
7 Femoral nerve
8 Sartorius
9 Rectus femoris
10 Profunda femoris artery
11 Meuial circumflex femoral artery
A Left femoral triangle

( The superficial vessels, cutaneous branches of ihefemot
the anterior part of the fascia lata have been removed}
1 Inguinal ligament
3 Femoral vein
4 Femoral artery
5 Femoral nerve
6 Iliacus
7 Sartorius
8 Fascia lata overlying tensor fasciae latae
9 Iliotibial tract overlying vastus lateralis
10 Rectus femoris
11 Vastus medialis
12 Adductor longus
13 Adductor magnus
14 Gracilis
15 Nerve and vessels to gracilis
16 Adductor brevis
17 Nerve to adductor brevis !
from anterior
18 Nerve to adductor longus ; branch of
19 Nerve to gracilis obturator nerve
20 Pectineus
22 Saphenous nerve
23 Muscular branches of femoia! : overlying lateral
circumflex femoral vessels
• For superticial dissection of this region see page 207.
• The boundaries of the femoral triangle arc the inguinal ligament, the medial
border of sanorius and the medial border of adductor longus.
• The adjacent borders of pectineus and adductor longus arc usually in conlac
with one another, but if they are not (as in this specimen) the anterior branch of
the obturator nerve and its muscular branches are visible in the floor of the
triangle lying in front of adductor brevis.
• The femoral canal is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath (rcmo
which contains in its middle a)mpartmcnt the femoral vein, and in the lateral
compartment the femoral artery. The femoral nerve is lateral to the sheath, m
within it
1 )
C Posterior branch of the left obturator ner

(Adductor iongus, adductor bret'ts and pectineus
have been detached from their origins and reflected
laterally)
1 Adductor Iongus
3 Anterior branch of obturator nerve
4 Femoral vein
5 Femoral artery
6 Pectineus
7 Adductor brevis
8 Nerve and vessels to gracilis
9 Gracilis
10 Adductor magnus
1 Posterior branch of obturator nerve
• The obiuraior nerve divides into its anterior and
posterior branches when in the obturator foramen. The
anterior branch emerges anterior to obturator externus, while
the posterior branch pierces the muscle.
Left femoral nerve and branches

-row the same specimen as in A, iviih sarinnus and rectus fet 'is displaced laterally
Pectineus 1 1Ascending branch of lateral
; Femoral vein 12 T: circumflex femoral
'•
Femoral artery 13 Descending artery

\ Femoral nerve 14 Nerve to vastus lateralis
15 Vastus intcrmcdius and nerve
Sartorius 16 Vastus medialis and nerves
Tensor fasciae latae 17 Saphenous nerve
Rectus femoris 18 Adductor Iongus
19 Adductor brevis and nerve
10 Nerve to rectus femoris 20 Profunda femoris artery
The femoral artery (with the vein behind it) passes down the ihigh in front of adductor Iongus and
ductor magnus in the adductor canal, and enters the back of the thigh through the opening in
ductor magnus (pages 295 and 299) to become the popliteal artcry.
The profunda femoris artery passes down the thigh behind adductor Iongus, and ends by piercing
ductor magnus as the fourth perforating artery (page 295).
Right femoral artery and
hes, with parts of adjacent
iscular bratiche.
1 Sartorius
2 Superficial <
umflex iliac vessels
overlying iliacus
3 Femoral artery
4 Inguinal ligament
7 .Wedial circumflex femoral artery

8 Pectineus
9 Profunda femoris artery
10 Adductor brevis
11 Adductor longus
12 Adductor magnus
13 Gracilis
14 Vastus imermedius
15 Rectus femoris (displaced
laierallyl
16 Vastus lateralis
17 Descending branch of
18 Transverse lateral circumflex
19 Ascending femoral artery
20 Lateral circumflex femoral artery
• In this specimen ihc medial circumflex
Icmoral artcr>' is a branch of the femoral artery
â frequent occurrence), and not from the
profunda arter>' which is the standard parent
• The medial circumflex femoral aner>'

passes backwards between the tendon of psoas
and pectineus lo take part in the cruciate
,is on the back of the thigh.
Lower left thigh, from the front and medial
side. Vastus mediaiis and the lower end of
the adductor canal
( Sartonus and gracilis have been displaced
medially I
1 Gracilis
2 Adductor magnus
3 Sartorius
4 Femoral artery
5 Saphenous nerve
6 Opening in adductor magnus
7 Vastus mediaiis and nerve
8 Rectus femoris
9 Iliotibial tract
10 Quadriceps tendon
11 Patella
12 Medial patellar retinaculum
13 Lowest (horizontal) fibres of vastus mediaiis
14 Saphenous branch of descending genicular
artery
• The saphenous nerve is lateral to the femoral artery in the
femoral triangle but medial to it in the lower end of the
adductor canal, and becomes superficial by passing between
sartonus and gracihs at the medial side of the knee,
• The lowest fibres of vastus mediaiis pass homontally to
[he patella and are of the utmost importance for obtaining
complete extension of the knee joint.
Right hip joint in the male, A from the front,
B from behind
1 Amerior inferior iHac spine
2 Inguinal ligament
3 Superficial inguinal ring and spermatic cord
5 Obturator canal
7 Pubofemoral ligament
9 Lesser trochanter
10 Intertrochanteric line and capsule attachment
13 Zona orbicularis
14 Intertrochanteric crest
i' ^M
16 Lesser sciatic notch and surface for obturator
intemus
17 Ischial spine
• The iliofemoral ligament has ihe shape of an inverted Y Ii and
the interosseous sacro-iUac ligament are the two strongest ligaments
in the body
• Some of the fibres of the ischiofemoral hgament help to form the
zona orbicularis - circular fibres of the capsule that form a collar
round the neck of the femur
• Posteriorly the capsule is attached to the neclc of the femur, not
^rtrochanterlc crest (Anteriorly it is attached to the
jitertrochanteric line).
C Left vertebropelvic and dorsal sacro-iliac
ligaments
1 Iliac crest
3 Transverse process of fifih
4 Superior articular process lumbar
5 Inferior articular process vertebra
7 Dorsal sacro-iliac ligaments
9 Coccyx
11 Falciform process of sacrotuber* i ligament
13 Sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine
15 Acetabular labrum
• The vertebropelvic ligamenis are the iliolumbar, sacrotuben
sacrospinous ligaments.
• The dorsal sacro-iliac ligaments c
ligament.
10
D Right hip joint, from the i
removal of the femur

1 Reflected
head of r
2 Straight
3 Pectineus
4 Adductor longus
6 Acetabular labrum
8 Ligament of head of femui
9 Articular surface
10 Acetabular fossa (non-articular)
A Left hip joint. Coronal section,
from the front
2 Psoas major
3 Iliacus
4 Iliac cresl
5 Gluteus medius
6 Gluteus minimus
8 Vastus lateralis
9 Shaft of femur
10 Vastus medialis
11 Profunda femorjs vessels
12 Adductor longus
13 Pectineus
14 Medial circumflex femoral vessels
15 Capsuleof hip joint
16 Neck of femur
17 Zona orbicularis of capsule
18 Head of femur
19 Acetabular labrum
• In this section the convergence of gluteus
medius and minimus on to the gresier trochanter is
well illustrated. In walking these muscles prevent it

pelvis from falling to the opposite side when the
opposite leg is off the ground, i c- they are acting
more as preventers of adduction than as abductors.
B Radiograph of the left hip Joint,

from the front in the female
1 Transverse process of fifth lumbar
vertebra
2 Sacro-ihac joint
4 Rim of acetabulum
5 Head
6 Neck
of femur
8 Lesser trochanter
10 Pecimeal line
11 Pubic tubercle
12 Pubic symphysis
13 Shadow of pudendal cleft
14 First coccygeal vertebra
15 Calcified lymph mxles
16 Ischial spine
B Wg^^
d, A from 1
dial !
2 Iliotibial tract
3 Patella
4 Margin of condyle of femur
5 Patellar ligament
6 Tuberositv of tibia
7 Margin iif con r tibia
8 Headol hbula
9 lAin
10 McJi.il hc.i
1 Popliteal to
12 Vastus med
13 Semimembranosus
14 Semitendinosus
C Right knee, from the lateral side. liiotibial tract
and common peroneal nerve
1 Fascia lata
2 Lateral head of gastrocnemius
3 Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf
4 Common peroneal nerve
5 Biceps
6 Iliotibial tract
7 Patella
8 Attachment of iliotibial tract to tibia
9 Deep fascia overlying extensor muscles
10 Deep fascia overlying peroneus longus
11 Head of fibula
Soleus
• The iliotibial iraci is the thickened lateral part of the fascia lata. At
us upper pan the tensor fasciae latae and most of gluteus maximus are
insened into it; its lower end is attached to the lateral condyle of the
D Right knee^ from the medial side. Superficial

10
vessels and nerves
1 Patella
2 Vastus medialis
3 Cutaneous branches of femoral nerve
4 Sartorius
6 Saphenous nerve
7 Gracilis
8 Semitendinosus
9 Medial head of gastrocnemius
10 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve
# At the level ol the knee joint the great saphenous vein lies one
handsbreadth behind the medial border of the patella.
• The saphenous nerve becomes superficial behind the lower end of
/I
m w
13 is
12 / 10
I
a^rfew/'affiw^*-
• small saphenous vein (here removed) normally drains mto

The
A Right popliteal fossa vein by piercing the deep fascia thai forms the roof of the fossa.
1 Sartorius • The mist lateral branch of the sural nerve may here take the pi;
2 Gracilis (displaced backwards by white marker) lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf which normally arises from the
peroneal nerve
3 Semiiendinosus
4 Semimembranosus
5 Tibial nerve B Right knee joint from behind. Semimembranosus
6 Common peroneal nerve attachment and tibrous expansions
7 Biceps 1 Semitendinosus
8 Superior lateral genicular artery (passmg over blue marker) 2 Gracilis
9 Plantaris (superficial to white marker) 3 Adductor magnus
10 Lateral head of gastrocnemius 4 Vastus medialis
1 Branches of sura! nerve 5 Vastus lateralis
12 Sural arteries 6 Plantaris
13 Popliteal artery 7 Lateral head of gastri>cnemius
14 Popliteal vein (displaced medially by blue marker) 8 Fibular collateral ligament
15 Medial head of gastrocnemius (displaced medially by red 9 Biceps
marker) and branch from tibial nerve 10 Soleus
• The upper red marlccr passes between ihc tibial nerve and ihe underlying 11 Popliteus
popliteal vein.
12 Fascia overlying popliteus
• The uppermost blue marker is crossed by a muscular branch of the popliteal 13 Expansion to tibia
• The sural nerve has divided at an unusually high level mio several branches. 14 Oblique popliteal ligament
The peroneal communicating branch of the common peroneal nerve is not 15 Semimembranosus
16 Medial head of gastriK-nemms
• The principal structures in the middle of the fossa - the tibial nerve, popliteal
• The semimembranosus tendon gives three mam slips or expansions to the
vein and popliteal artery * lie in that order from superficial to deep, The deep
:
behind the tibial collateral ligament, to

tibia join the fascia over popliteus. and tn
position of the artery makes palpation of its pulsation diBicult,
form the oblique popliteal ligament.
1
C Right popliteal fossa with the knee joint flexed. Deep 24 Middle genicular artery
dissection of popliteal artery (with unusually high 25 Semimembranosus
division) and genicular vessels 26 Tibial collateral ligament
1 Adductor magnus • The popliical anery normally divides into anterior and posterior tibial vessels
2 Medial head of gastrocnemius atthe lower border of popliteus, but m this specimen the division is unusually
3 Superior medial genicular artery high and the anterior tibial artery passes deep to popliteus.
4 Popliteal artery
5 Popliteal surface of femur in section D Right knee )oint, from behind. Capsule and popliteal
6 Superior lateral genicular artery ligaments
7 Capsule of knee joint 1 Adductor magnus
8 Plantaris 2 Capsule overlying medial condyle of femur
9 Popliteus 3 Medial head of gastrocnemius
10 Fibular coUatera' ligament 4 Plantaris
11 Inferior lateral genicular artery 5 Lateral head of gastrocnemius
12 Head of fibula 6 Popliteus
13 Biceps 7 Arcuate popliteal ligament
14 Common peroneal nerve 8 Head'of fibula
15 Soleus 9 Soleus
16 Lateral head of gastrocnemius 10 Popliteal vessels and tibial nerve
17 Nerve lo popliteus 1 Semimembranosus
18 Popliteal vein 12 Oblique popliteal ligament
19 Tibial nerve • The oblique popliteal ligament is derived from the semimembranosus tendon
20 Posterior tibial artery and vein and reinforces the central posterior part of the joint capsule it is pierced by the
;
21 Anterior tibial artery middle genicular artery which passes through the capsule to supply the cruciate
22 Inferior medial genicular artery

al ligament arches over the poplit t emerges from
23 Oblique popliteal ligament
12
13 10
Ligaments of the left knee joint, A

from the front, B from behind, C from
the lateral side, D from the medial
side
1 Tibial collateral ligament
2 Medial condyle ot femur
3 Posterior cruciate ligament
4 Anterior meniscofemoral ligament
5 Anterior cruciate ligament
6 Lateral condyle of femur
7 Popliteus
8 Fibular collateral ligament
9 Biceps
1 Lateral meniscus
12 Medial meniscus
7 6 13 Medial condyle of iibia
14 Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
1 > ( jpsule of superior tibiotibular joint
16 Lateral
11 epicondylc t>f fe
17 Medial
• The tran»vcnc ligament, connecting ihc medial
and menisci anicnorly. is not present in this
laicra!
10 spcx.ifncn ,icc opposite page).
• Iht iibial collateral (medial) ligament is a broad
tianil jK>ui 12cm long.
• Ihc hbular collateral (lateral) ligament is a

rounded ciud about 5cm long.
• The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial
ligament but the lateral meniscus
cttllatcral is not
attached to the fibular collateral ligamcnt.
• The posterior and anterior meniscofemoral
ligaments arc both derived from the lateral meniscus
iiH and are named from

cruciate ligament.
their relationship to the posterior
1
E Left knee joint, with the femur 12 Anterior cruciate ligament

removed, from above 13 Anterior horn of medial i
1 Posterior horn of medial meniscus 14 Tibial collateral ligament attached to
2 Posterior cruciate ligament medial meniscus
3 Posterior 1 meniscofemoral • The anterior cruciate ligament is attached to
the intercondylar area of ihe tibia some distance
4 Anterior f ligament
behind the anterior margin of the upper surface of
5 Posterior horn of lateral meniscus the bone, but the attachment of the posterior
6 Popliteal attachment to lateral cruciate hgament overlaps the posterior margin on
meniscus (with underlymg bristle) to the posterior surface.
7 Popliteus tendon # The cruciate ligaments are named from their

attachments to the tibia. The anterior cruciate
passes upwards, backwards and laterally to be
9 Biceps tendon attached to the medial side of the lateral condyle
10 Anterior horn of lateral meniscus of the femur ; the posterior cruciate passes
1 Transverse ligament upwards, forwards and medially to be attached to
the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femui
r Left knee joint, from behind F Right knee joint, with the medial
ith the femur removed femoral condyle removed, from
1 Head of fibula the medial side
2 Hiceps 1 Transverse ligament (displaced
? Fibular collateral ligament backwards)
4 Popliteus 2 Anterior cruciate ligament
5 Attachment of lateral meniscus 3 Posterior cruciate ligament
to popliteus 4 Lateral condyle of femur
S Anterior cruciate ligament 5 Semimembranosus
7 Posterior cruciate ligament 6 Popliteus
S Posterior meniscofemoral 7 Tibial collateral ligament
ligament 8 Medial meniscus and attachment of
? Medial meniscus attached to tibial collateral ligament
tibial collateral ligament 9 Patellar ligament
[) Semimembranosus
1 Solcus
A Left knee joint, opened from behind
removed
1 Lateral
articular surface of patella
2 Medial
3 Suprapatellar bursa (supported by gl;
4 Alar fold
5 Medial meniscus
6 Posterior 1
,
_ , cruciate ligament
^
7 Anterior i
8 Infrapatellar fold (ligamen

9 Lateral meniscus
• Below the patella ihc synovial membrane is proiectcd backwards by the
infrapatellar fat pad. so forming the two alar folds which have posterior free
borders, and the central infrapatellar fold which is attached 3 the front of the
intercondylar area of the femur.
B Left knee ioint, from the medial

side, with injection of synovial and
bursal cavities
1 Articularis genu
2 Suprapatellar bursa
3 Quadriceps tendon
4 Patella
5 Patellar ligament
6 Capsule
7 Medial meniscus
nbranosus
nbranosus bursa
11 Bursa of popliteal tendon
• The normal knee loini (the largest of all
synovial joints) contains less than ml of synovial

I
fluid; the loini illustrated contains about 80 ml of

injected rcsin which has distended the synovial
• The suprapatellar bursa alw

with the loint cavity- The bursa around the
popliteus tendon usually docs so. The s<
branosus bursa may do so.

Radiographs of the knee, A from behind,
B from the lateral side, in partial flexion
1 Medial condyle of femur
2 Base I ^
ofP^êlla
3 Apex 1
4 Lateral condyle of femur

5 Head of fibula
7 Tubercles of intercondyla
8 Medial condyle of tibia
/-' ''.rl
2 3
n5
i:4\, 6
1
A Left knee and leg, from the medial side.

Tendons, vessels and nerves
1 Semitendinosus
2 Semimembranosus
3 Gracilis
4 Saphenous nerve and artery
5 Sar tonus
6 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve
7 Branch of saphenous artery overlying medial
meniscus
8 Medial condyle of femur (part of capsule
10 Branches of superior medial genicular artery
11 Tibial coUateralligament
12 Infrapatellar fat pad
13 Patellar ligament
14 Medial surface of tibia
• In this specimen the great saphenous vein at the level of
knee is unusually small.
B Left knee and leg, from the lateral side.

Muscles and nerves
1 Patellar ligament
2 Infrapatellar fat pad
3 Iliotibial tract
4 Lateral meniscus
5 Popliteus
8 Biceps
9 Head of fibula
12 Soleus
13 Peroneus longus
14 Superficial peroneal nerve
16 Fascia overlying tibialis anterior
C Middle of the calf of the left leg. Superficial

vessels and nerves
3 Small saphenous vein
5 Sural nerve
6 Aponeurotic part of tendo calcaneus
7 Soleus
8 Peroneus longus
9 Deep fascia
# The medial head of gastrocnemius extends lo a lower level than
the lateral head.
A Left leg, from the front and
lateral side. Extensormuscles and
branches of common peroneal nerve
1 Tuberosity of tihia and patellar
ligament
2 Tibialis anterior and overlying fascia
4 Peroneus longus
5 Head of fibula
6 Recurrent branch of common
peroneal nerve
7 Deep peroneal nerve
8 Branch to tibialis anterior
9 Superficial peroneal nerve
10 Anterior tibial artery overlymg
interosseous membrane
12 Medial branch of superficial
I
13 Lateral peroneal nerve

I
• The upper ends of peroneus longus and

extensor digilorum longus have been partly
removed and displaced backwards.
• The common peroneal nerve divides into its
superficial and deep parts irrunediately below the
lateral side of the head of the fibula where it is in
contaa with the bone under cover of peroneus
longus
B Left ankle, from the front and

lateral side. Tendons, vessels and
1 Medial malleolus
2 Tibialis anterior
4 Anterior tibial vessels
5 Deep peroneal nerve
7 Medial branch of superficial peroneal
8 Lateral malleolus
• On the front of the ankle the txtfnsor hallucis
longus tendon is immediately adjacent to the
nbtalts anterior tendon. Behind the medial

malleolus ipage 3201 it is \hc flexor digitorum longx
tendon that lies immediately adjacent lo the tttnah
7
C Right popliteal fossa

and upper calf. Deep
dissection of muscles
2 Medial condyle of femur
3 Medial head of
gastrocnemius
4 Capsule of knee joint
5 Plantaris
6 Lateral head of
gastrocnemius
7 Popliieus
8 Attachment of popliteus
to lateral meniscus
10 Biceps
10 11 Soleus
C 12
13
Peroneus longus
Posterior surface of fibula
(soleus removed)
19 18 1 Semitendinosus
18 Gracilis
19 Sartorius
20 Semimembranosus
# Tibialis poslerior is ihe deepest
muscle of the C3lf.
• Flexor hallucis longus, although
passing to the great toe on the medial
side of the foot, arises from the fibula
on the lateral side of the leg.
D Calf of the right leg.

Deep muscles
2 Fascia overlying tibialis
16 posterior
4 Peroneus longus
5 Superior peroneal
retinaculum
6 Peroneus brevis
7 Posterior talofibular
ligament
8 Tcndo calcaneus
(Achilles' tendon)
9 Part of flexor retinaculum
10 Position of posterior tibial
vessels and tibial nerve
10
7 6
0^ -<
4
A B
10
ilx>iT:^
A Left popliteal fossa i alf. Popliteal artery and branches
1 Biceps
3 Sural arteries
4 Inferior lateral genicular artery overlying popliteus
5 Popliteal artery
7 Semitendinosus
8 Semimembranosus
9 Gracilis
10 Soleus
11 Posterior tibial artery
12 Anterior tibial artery
15 Peroneal artery
• The arrow indicates the origin (hidden by ihe overlying soleus) of the peroneal
artery , itfrom the posterior tibial below the lower border of popliteus,
arises
• The popliteal artery ends at the lower border of popliteus
by dividing into
the anteriorand posterior tibial vessels. The anterior tibial artery
passes forwards above tibialis posterior into the extensor compartment.
B Calf of the left leg. Deep dissection of arteries

1 Lateral head of gastrocnemius 7 Medial head of gastrocnemius
2 Soleus 8 Flexor digitorum longus
3 Flexor hallucis longus 9 Communicating branch
4 Peroneal artery 10 Peroneus brevis
5 Tibialis posterior 11 Peroneus longus
• The peroneal artery passes down the medial crest of the fibula between flexor
hallucis longus and tibialis posterior. Itends by dividing into a
number of lateral calcanean branches.
• The posterior tibial artery passes down the medial side of the calf on tibialis
posteriorand flexor digitorum longus, to lie behind the digitorum
tendon behind the medial malleolus where it ends by dividing into
the medial and lateral plantar arteries.
C Left popliteal fossa and calf, from the right and behind
( With the soleus bisected in the midline and displaced to each side to
show the branches of the tibial ner, The knee joint has been
injected with resin and the capsule noved. Most of gastrocnemius
and all veins have also been remov
2 Sural nerve (double origin)

3 Tibial nerve
4 Popliteal artery
5 Semimembranosus
6 Semitendinosus
7 Gracilis (displaced laterally at upper end)
8 Sartorius
10 Popliteus
11 Plantaris
12 Soleus
14 Nerve to flexor hallucis longus
16 Peroneal artery
17 Fascia over tibialis posterior
19 Nerve
to deep surface of soleus
20 Nerve to tibialis posterior
21 Nerve to superficial surface of soleus
22 Nerve to popliteus
23 Nerve to lateral head of gastrocnemius
24 Nerve to medial head of gastrocnemius
A Right ankle, from the lateral side
2 Peroneus longus and brevis
3 Lateral malleolus
4 Tibialis anterior
6 Tuberosity of base of fifth metatarsal
14
13
B Right ankle and foot, from the medial side

and in front 12
2 Tibialis anterior
4 Medial malleolus
8 Calcaneus
9 Tuberosity of navicular 10
10 Head of first metatarsal
1 Dorsal venous arch
14 Dorsalis pedis artery
C Right ankle, from the lateral side and front,
injection of synovial tendon sheaths
1 Tendon calcaneus (Achille 10 Fascia overlying extensor
tendon) digitorum brevis
2 Peroneus longus 11 Base of fifth metatarsal
3 Peroneus brevis 12 Anterior talofibular ligament
4 Peroneus t 13 Anterior tibiofibular
5 Extensor digitorum longxis ligament
6 Extensor hallucis longus 14 Lateral malleolus
7 Tibialis anterior 15 Bursa
8 Dorsalis pedis artery
9 Medial terminal branch of
deep peroneal r
3 Branch of s
4 Cutaneous branch of superficial
peroneal r
5 Lymphatic vessel (injected)
6 Dorsal \
7 Fascia overlying t
digitorum brevis
8 Lateral malleolus
9 Fascia overlying peroneus longus
• The small saphenous vein passes behind the
lateral malleolus.
B Right ankle le, in plantar flexion,
from the med and below
2 Flexor digiiorum longus
3 Posterior tibial artery and tibial ner
5 Planlaris
7 Medial calcanean branches
8 Lateral plantar artery and nerve
10 Flexor accessonus
n Medial plantar artery and nerve
a 1
A Right lower leg and ankle fron
media! side. Superficial veins am
1 Great saphenous vein and saphenous nerve
2 Tibialis posterior and flexor diguorum
longus underlying deep fascia
3 Posterior arch vein
5 Communication between great and small
saphenous veins
7 Posterior tibial vessels and tibial nerve
8 Medial malleolus
9 Dorsal venous arch
• The arrows indicate common levels for perforating veins
(communications between superficial and deep veins).
• Tht: great saphenous vein passes m/row/ »)/ the medial
malleolus. The imali saphenous vem passes hthind the lateral
malleolus (see page 318).
te
C Left ankle and foot in plantar 9 Anterior lateral malleolar artery
flexion, from the front and overlying talus (ankle joint
lateral side capsule removed)
1 Deep fascia forming superior 10 Lateral malleolus
naculum brev
2 Tibialis anterior 12 Peroneus longus
3 Extensor hallucis longus 13 Small saphenous and
1
4 Anterior tibial vessels and deep sural nerve

peroneal nerve 14 Tendo calcaneus (Achil
5 Superficial peroneal nerve tendon)
6 Extensor digitorum longus 15 Tarsal sinus
Peroneus terlius 16 Inferior extensor retinaculum
Perforating branch of peroneal (partly removed)
artery 17 Extensor digitorum brevis
4:^
/ 2;
7 8
D Left ankle and foot, in plantar flexion and

inversion, from the lateral side and above.
Muscles and tendons
1 Tibialis anterior
4 Peroneus tertius
5 Inferior extensor retinaculum
6 Lateral malleolus
7 Peroneus brevis
8 Peroneus longus
9 Superior peroneal retinaculum
10 Inferior peroneal retinaculum
13 Dorsal interossei
14 Extensor hallucis brevis
• For an explanation of the tendons on the dorsui
of the foot see page 322.
A Dorsum of the right foot. Muscles, tendons and arteries
1 First metatarsophalangeal joint digitorum brevis
2 Extensor hallucis longus 12 Second dorsal metatarsal artery
3 First dorsal metatarsal artery 13 Arcuate artery
4 Digital arteries 14 Peroneus tertms
5 Extensor hallucis brevis 1 Tuberosity of base of fifth metatarsal
6 First and peroneus brevis
7 Second 16 Dorsalis pedis artery
dorsal interosseous
8 Third 17 Tibialis anterior
9 Fourth 18 Tarsal arteries
10 Extensor digitcrum longus
• Exiensor diguorum longus sends its tendons to the four lateral toes, >
sends its tendons to the four medial toes. The part of extensor digitorum
known as extensor hallucis brevis.
• The dorsalis pedis artery enters the sole by passing between the two heads of the first dorsal
Right talocalcanean and talocalcaneonavicular joints, from above with

le talus removed
Dorsal venous arch 15 Sural nerve
la's 10 Tibialis anterior 16 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles' tendon
Extensor hallucis longus 17 Abductor hallucis
Dorsalis pedis artery and vena is' Flexor hallucis longus
11 ,-^14
comitans 19 Posterior tibial vessels and medial
Deep peroneal nerve and lateral plantar nerves
Extensor digitorum longus 20 Flexor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum brevis 21 Tibialis posterior
Calcaneonavicular part of bifurcate 22 Deltoid ligament
ligament 23 Posterior
articular surface on
I
Cervical ligament 24 Middle

calcaneus for talus
Interosseous talocalcanean ligament 25 Anterior
Inferior extensor retinaculum 26 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Peroneus brevis 27 Articular surface on navicular for
Peroneus longus talus
Small saphenous vein
Left ankle and foot. Ligaments, C fro the medial side, D from the lateral
side, E from behind
1 Groove on talus for flexor hallucis 14 Calcaneofibular ligament
longus between lateral and medial 15 Calcaneocuboid parts of bifur-
\
tubercles 16 Calcaneonavicular cate ligament

2 Medial malleolus 17 Groove on lateral malleolus for
3 Deltoid ligament (marker between peroneus brevis
superficial and deep parts) 18 Posterior tibiofibular ligament
4 Groove on sustentaculum tali for 19 Inferior transverse ligament
flexor hallucis longus 20 Groove on tibia for flexor hallucis
5 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament longus
(above marker) 21 Tibial slip of posterior talofibular
6 Tuberosity of navicular ligament
7 Short plantar ligament (below 22 Groove on medial malleolus for
marker 1
tibialis posterior
8 Long plantar ligament 23 Posterior talofibular ligament

9 Neck of talus 24 Posterior tibiotalar parts of del-
10 Cervical ligament 25 Tibiocalcanean toid ligament
11 Tarsal sinus 26 Tendo calcaneus Achilles' tendon)

t
12 Anterior talofibular ligament

13 Lateral malleolus
• The deltoid ligament is the media! ligament of the ankle joint. On the later
ihree separate ligaments - anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibulai
F Sagittal section through the medial side of the left foot
1 Tibia 13 Navicular
2 Tibiotalal part of ankle joint 14 Cuneonavicular joint
3 Talus 15 Medial cuneiform
4 Talocalcanean (subtalar) joint 16 First tarsometatarsal (
5 Interosseous talocalcanean ligament tarsal) joint
6 Calcaneus 17 First metatarsal
7 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles' tendon) 18 Sesamoid bone
8 Flexor accessorius 19 Metatarsophalangeal joint of great
10 Plantar aponeurosis 20 Proximal phalanx
11 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament 21 Interphalangeal joint
12 Talonavicular part of talocalcaneo- 22 Distal phalanx
navicular joint
12
A Sole of the left foot. Plantar aponeurosis
-^m^
«^.' 1
2
Medial part of aponeurosis overlying abductor hallucis
Digital branches of medial plantar nerve and artery
3 Central part of aponeurosis overlying Hexor digitorum brevis
4 Superficial stratum of digital slip of aponeurosis
5 Digital branches of lateral plantar nerve and artery
6 Lateral part of aponeurosis overlying abductor digiti minimi
%" ~ "^
B Sole of the right fool. Plantar nerves with flexor digitorum
2 brevis removed
2 5
.
1 Fourth tendon of flexor digitorum longus (fourth lumbncal absent)
2 Common plantar digital branch of lateral plantar nerve
' 3 Transverse head of adductor hallucis
•
i
4 Third tendon of flexor digitorum brevis
5 Second lumbrical and common plantar digital branch of medial
plantar nerve
6 Oblique head of adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
7
Flexor hallucis longus
8
9 Abductor hallucis
10 Medial plantar nerve
1 Flexor accessonus
12 Lateral plantar nerve
« 15 Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve

16 Second plantar interosseous
17 Fourth dorsal interosseous
18 Third plantar interosseous
• The flexor digitorum brevis corresponds lo the flexor digitorum superficialis of the
upper limb the tendons split to allow the longus tendons to pass through, and the
phalangeal aitachments of the tendons arc similar.
• The medial plantar nerve normally supplies abductor hallucis, Hexor digitorum
brevis, flexor hallucis brevis and the first lumbrical. All the other muscles of the sole are
supplied by the lateral plantar nerve,
• In the foot there are four dorsal and three plantar interossei (in the hand there are
four dorsal and four palmar).
? i
C Sole of the left foot. Plantar nerves and deep muscles
1 Flexor hallucis brevis 17 Abductor digiti minimi
2 Flexor hallucis longus 18 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
3 Oblique head of adductor hallucis 19 Peroneus longus
4 First 20 Flexor accessorius
5 Second Plantar aponeurosis
nbrical
6 Third Lateral plantar artery
7 Fourth Lateral plantar nerve
8 Flexor digitorum brevis Medial plantar nerve
9 Flexor digitorum longu: Abductor hallucis
10 Fit 26 Deep branch of lateral plantar
1 Second
12 Third 27 Plantar digital i
13 Fourth
14 First
15 Second
16 Third
liiBrTii—T
• Unlike the palm of the hand which has superficial and B Sole of the left foot. Deep muscles
deep anenal arches, the sole of the foot has one plantar arch, 1 Abductor hallucis
formed by the lateral plantar anery anastomosing with the 2 Flexor hallucis brevis
dorsalis pedis anery which enters the sole by passmg
between the two heads of the first dorsal interosseous
muscle The arch gives off plantar metatarsal anenes. and "5"^
head of adductor hallucis
these divide to form the plantar digital vessels. 5 Transverse
6 Interossei
S Abductor digiti minimi
10 Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
11 Medial plantar nerve
13 Tibial nerve
A Sole of the right foot.

Arteries
1 Abductor dtgiti minimi
2 Flexor digiii minimi
brevis
3 Plantar digital artery
4 Third plantar
interosseous
5 Fourth dorsal
interosseous
6 Second plantar
interosseous
7 Lumbrical
8 Plantar metatarsal artery
9 Transverse head of adduc-
10 Oblique tor hallucis
1 Flexor hallucis brevis
13 Abductor hallucis
14 Medial plantar artery and
nerve
15 Lateral plantar anery
17 Flexor accessorius
18 Plantar arch
1
C Sole of the left foot. Long

plantar ligament and peroneus
iongus
3 Medial cuneiform
4 Tibialis anterior
5 Base of first metatarsal
6 Flexor hallucis Iongus
7 Peroneus Iongus
9 Short plantar ligament
metatarsal
11 Peroneus brevis
• Tibialis anierior is artachcd to the
medial sides of the medial cuneiform and
base of the first metatarsal peroneus Iongus
;
is attached to the lateral sides of the same
• The short plantar ligament is largely

under cover of the long plantar ligament
• The long plantar ligament converts the
groove on the cuboid into a tunnel for the
peroneus Iongus tendon.
E Sole of the left foot. Plantar

ligaments
1 Deltoid ligament
î! ^ fs 2 Gr itali
for flexor hallucis Iongus
3 Plantar calcaneonavicular
ligament D Sole of the left foot. Ligaments with
4 Tuberosity of navicular superficial fibres of the long plantar
5 Plantar cuneonavicular ligament removed
ligament 1 Sesamoid bone
6 Medial cuneiform 2 Collateral ligament of metatarsophalangeal joint
7 Plantar tarsometatarsal 3 Base of proximal phalanx
ligament 4 Head of second metatarsal
8 Base of first metatarsal 5 Plantar metatarsal hgament
9 Plantar metatarsal ligaments 6 Tuberosity of base of fifth metatarsal
10 Long plantar ligament 7 Groove on cuboid for peroneus Iongus
11 Groove on cuboid for peroneus 8 Deep fibres of long plantar ligament
Iongus 9 Groove on sustentaculum tali for flexor
12 Short plantar ligament (glass hallucis Iongus
marker at medial margin) 10 Deltoid ligament
• The blue marker passes between the 1 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
supeHicial and deep parts of the deltoid 12 Tibialis posterior
• TTie plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
14 Plantar cuneonavicular ligament
IS commonly called the spring ligament. Its
upper surface suppons part of the head of 15 Fibrous slip from tibialis posterior
the talus (see page 322). 16 Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament
Appendix
The reference lists of vessels and nerves pattern has been given. For common
have been arranged for quick variations, which are particularly
identification of parent trunks and frequent among veins, reference should
branches. Thus, the left common be made to standard texts. (The
carotid artery is one of the three articular and vascular branches of
branches of the arch of the aorta, while nerves have been omitted.)
the right common carotid is one of the The inclusion of items in these lists
branches of the brachiocephalic trunk. does not necessarily imply that they are
The arrows indicate a continuity illustrated in the atlas; many of the
(instead of branching) with a change of smaller vessels and nerves are not
shown but have been included in the
The generally accepted standard lists for reference purposes.
Arteries
AORTA AND BRANCHES CAROTID ARTERIES AND BRANCHES
Ascending anna * arch of aorta — thon Internal carotid External carotid
aorta -* abdominal aorta Caroticotympanic Ascending pharyngeal
Ascending aorta Pterygoid Superior thyroid
Right coronary Cavernous Infrahyoid
Marginal Hypophysial Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior interventricular Meningeal Superior laryngeal
Left coronary Ophthalmic Cricothyroid
CircumHex
Anterior interventricular
Lateral palpebral
Arch of aorta Zygomatic
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid Muscular ental
Right internal carotid Infe: or labi:
Right external carotid Long posterior ciliar; Superior labial
Right su maxillary — brachial Short posterior ciliar Septal
Thyroid' Supra -orbital Lateral nasal
Left Posterior ethmoidal Occipital
Left internal carotid Anterior ethmoidal Posterior auricular
Left external carotid Anterior meningeal Superficial temporal
Left subclavian —
axillary — h:
Medial palpebral
Thoracic aorta Supratrochlear Maxillary -* sphenopalatine
Pericardial Do De. ular
Right bronchial Ante ebral Anterior tympanic
Oesophageal Middle cerebral Middle meningeal
Mediastinal Posterior communit Accessory meningeal
Anterior choroidal Inferior alveolar
Posterior intcri tal i3-ni Dental
Left bronchi :from third) Mylohyoid
Subcostal Mental
Deep temporal
Abdominal aor Pterygoid
Cocliac trunk
Inferior
Infra-orbital
Middle suprarenal Anterior superior al
Renal Dental
Inferior suprarenal Posterior superior alvc
Testicular (ovarian) Dental
Inferior phrenic Greater palatine
Superior suprarenal Lesser palatine
Lumbar Pharyngeal
Median sacra!
Artery of pterygoid cai
Common iliac
alili^
External i
Arteries
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY AND AXILLARY ARTERY AND SOME BRANCHES OF THE

BRANCHES BRANCHES ABDOMINAL AORTA
Subclavian -^ axillary -^ brachial Axillary -^ brachial Coeliac trunk
Vertebral Superior thoracic Left gastric
Spinal Thoraco-acromial Oesophageal
Meningeal Acromial Common hepatic
Anterior spinal Clavicular
Posterior spinal Deltoid Cystic
Posterior inferior cerebellar Pectoral Gastroduodenal
Internal thoracic Lateral thoracic Right gastro-epiploic
Pericardiacophrenic Lateral mammary Superior pancreaticoduodenal
Mediastinal Subscapular Supraduodenal
Thymic Circumflex scapular Right gastric
Sternal Thoracodorsal Splenic
Perforating Anterior circumflex humeral Pancreatic
Mammary Posterior circumflex humeral Short gastric
Anterior intercostal Left gastro-epiploic
Brachial
Musculophrenic Superior mesenteric
Profunda brachii
Superior epigastric Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Posterior descending
Thyrocervical trunk Jejunal and
Radial collateral ileal
Inferior thyroid
Nutrient Ileocolic
Ascending cervical Ascending
Superior ulnar collateral
Inferior laryngeal
Inferior ulnar collateral Anterior caecal
Glandular Posterior caecal
Radial
Pharyngeal Appendicular
Radial recurrent
Oesophageal
Palmar carpal Ileal
Tracheal Right colic
Superficial palmar
Suprascapular Middle colic
Dorsal carpal
Superficial cervical
Dorsal metacarpal
Costocervical trunk Inferior mesenteric
Dorsal digital
Superior intercostal Left colic
First dorsal metacarpal
Deep cervical Sigmoid
Princeps pollicis
Dorsal scapular Superior rectal
Radialis indicis
Basilar (union of vertebrals) Deep palmar arch Internal iliac
Pontine Palmar metacarpal Anterior trunk
Labyrinthine Perforating Superior vesical
Anterior inferior cerebellar Ulnar Inferior vesical
Superior cerebellar Anterior ulnar recurrent Middle rectal
Posterior cerebral Posterior ulnar recurrent Uterine

Common interosseous Vaginal
Anterior interosseous Obturator
Median Internal pudendal
Posterior interosseous Inferior rectal
Interosseous recurrent Perineal
Palmar carpal Artery of the bulb
Dorsal carpal Urethral
Deep carpal Deep artery of penis (clitoris)
Superficial palmar arch Dorsal artery of penis (clitoris)
Common palmar digital Inferior gluteal
Palmar digital Posterior trunk
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal
External iliac femoral

Inferior epigastric
Cremasteric
Pubic (abnormal obturator)
Deep circumflex iliac
Arteries Veins
FEMORAL ARTERY AND TRIBUTARIES OF MAJOR VEINS

BRANCHES SUPERIOR VENA CAVA INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Femoral popliteal Superior vena cava Internal jugular
Superficial epigastric Left brachiocephalic Inferior petrosal sinus
Superficial circumflex iliac Left internal jugular Pharyngeal
Superficial external pudendal Left subclavian Lingual
Deep external pudendal Left vertebral Facial
Profunda femoris Left supreme (first posterior) intercostal Superior thyroid
Lateral circumflex femoral Left superior intercostal (2-4) Middle thyroid
Medial circumflex femoral Inferior thyroid
Perforating EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Descending genicular Pericardial External jugular
Right brachiocephalic Posterior auricular
Popliteal
Right internal jugular Posterior branch of retromandibular
Sural
Right subclavian Occipital
Superior genicular
Right vertebral Posterior external jugular
Middle genicular
Right supreme (first posterior) intercostal Suprascapular
Inferior genicular
Azygos Transverse of neck
Anterior tibial -^dorsalis pedis
Right superior intercostal (2-4) Anterior jugular
Posterior tibial recurrent
Right posterior intercostal (5-11)
Anterior tibial recurrent
Anterior medial malleolar
Right subcostal RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN
Right ascending lumbar and/or lumbar Retromandibular
Anterior lateral malleolar
azygos Superficial temporal
Dorsalis pedis -^ plantar arch
Right bronchial Maxillary
Oesophageal Transverse facial
First dorsal metatarsal
Pericardial Pterygoid plexus
Dorsal digital
Mediastinal Middle meningeal
Arcuate
Vertebral ven >ple:
Dorsal metatarsal (2-4)
Hemiazygos Sphenopalatine
Dorsal digital
Left ascending lumbar and/or lu
Posterior tibial
azygos Dental
Circumflex fibular
Left subcostal Deep facial
Peroneal
Left posterior intercostal (9-1 1) Inferior ophthalmic
Nutrient
Anterior branch to join facial
Perforating
Pericardial Posterior branch to external jugular
Communicating
Mediastinal
Lateral malleolar
Calcanean
Vertebral venous plexuses FACIAL VEIN
Accessory hemiazygos Facial
Nutrient
Left posterior intercostal (5- Supratrochlear
Communicating
Left bronchial Supra-orbital
Medial malleolar
Oesophageal Superior ophthalmic
Calcanean
Pericardial Palpebral
Medial plantar
Mediastinal External nasal
Superficia 1 digital
Vertebral \ iple Labial
Lateral plan tar * plai Deep facial
INFERIOR VENA CAVA Submental
Plantai
Inferior vena cava Submandibular
Common plantar
Common and left)
iliac (right Tonsillar
Plantar digital
Fourth lumbar fright and left) External palatine (paratonsillar)
Perforating
Third lumbar (right and left)
Testicular (ovarian) (right) GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN
Renal (right and left) Great saphenous
Suprarenal (right) Dorsal venous arch
Inferior phrenic (right and left) Perforating
Hepatic (right, middle and left) Accessory saphenous
(Upper lumbar veins join ascending lumbar. Anterior femoral cutaneous
Left testicular or ovarian and suprarenal Superficial epigastric
veins join left renal) Superficial circumflex iliac
Superficial external pudendal
Deep externa! pudendal
(Small saphi
i but usually drains to popliteal
Veins Lymphatic System
CARDIAC VEINS THORACIC DUCT AND CISTERNA LYMPH NODES OF THE THORAX
Coronary sinus CHYLI TRIBUTARIES Draining thoracic walls
Thoracic duct Superhcial
Middle cardiac Left jugular trunk Pectoral
Small cardiac Left subclavian trunk Subscapular
Posterior of left ve Left bronchomediastinal trunk Parasternal
Oblique of left atr! Inferior deep cervical
Anterior cardiac Right lymphatic duct
Right lugular trunk Parasternal
Right subclavian trunk
DURAL VENOUS SINUSES Right bronchomediastinal trunk Phrenic
Posterosuperior group Cisterna chyU Diaphragmatic
Superior sagittal Left lumbar trunk Draining thoracic contents
Inferior sagittal Right lumbar trunk Brachiocephalic
Straight Intestinal trunks Posterior mediasiinj)
Tracheobronchial
Sigmoid LYMPH NODES OF THE HEAD AND Paratracheal
Petrosquamous NECK Superior tracheobronchial
Occipital Deep cervical Inferior tracheobronchial
Antero-inferior group Superior including lugulodigastric
i Bronchopulmonary
Cavernous Inferior (including jugulo-omohyoid Pulmonary
Intercavernous Draining superficial tissues in the head
Inferior petrosal Occipital
LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMEN
Superior petrosal Retro-auricular (mastoid) AND PELVIS
Sphenoparietal Parotid
Basilar Buccal (facial) Pre-aortic
Middle meningeal veins Coehac
Draining superficial tissues in the neck
Submandibular
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM Left gastric
Submental Right gastro-epiploic
Portal vein
Anterior cervical Pyloric
Superficial cervical Hepatic
Jejunal and ileal
Right gastro-epiploic Draining deep tissues in the neck Pancreaticosplenic
Pancreatic Retropharyngeal Superior r
Pancreaticoduodenal Paratracheal Infenc

Ileocolic Lingual Lateral aortic
Appendicular Infrahyoid Common iliac
Right colic Prelaryngeal External iliac
Middle colic Pretracheal Internal iliac

Splenic Inferior epigastric
Pancreatic LYMPH NODES OF THE UPPER Circumflex iliac
Short gastric LIMB AND MAMMARY GLAND

Left gastro-epiploic Retro-aortic
Draining the upper limb
Inferior mesenteric
Left colic
Axillary
Apical
LYMPH NODES OF THE LOWER
Sigmoid Central
LIMB
Superior rectal Superficial inguinal
Left gastric Pectoral (anterior)
Upper
Right gastric Subscapular (posterior)
Prepyloric Infraclavicular
Deep inguinal
Paraumbilical {to left branch) Supratrochlear
Popliteal
Cystic (to right branch)
Cubital
PORTAL-SYSTEMIC Draining the mammary gland

ANASTOMOSES Pectoral
Subscapular
Oesophageal branches of the left gastrii
Apical
Parasternal
Superior rectal branch of the infer
Intercostal
vein with the middle and inferior rectal vein
(internal iliac)
Paraumbilical veins of the falciform ligament \
anterior abdominal wall veins

Retroperitoneal colonic veins with posterior
abdominal wall veins
Bare area of the liver with diaphragmatic vein;
Nerves
CRANIAL NERVES AND BRANCHES VIII Vestibulocochlear SOME HEAD AND NECK NERVE
I Olfactory (from olfactory mucous membrane) Cochlear from coils of cochlea)
I
Vestibular (from utricle, saccule and ampulla^

II Optic (from rcl ma} All the Supplied Except Supplied
muscles of by by
III Oculomotor IX Glossopharyngeal Pharynx Pharyngeal Stylo- Giosso-
Superior ramus (to superior rectus and levator Tympanic piexus pharyngeal
pharyngeus
palpebrae superioris) Lesser petrosal
Inferior ramus (to medial rectus, inferior
Carotid Palate Pharyngeal Tensor veli Nerve to
rectus, inferior oblique and ciliary ganglion) plexus palatini medial
Pharyngeal
pterygoid
IV Trochlear (to superior oblique) Muscular {to stylopharyngeus)
Tonsillar Larynx Recurrent Crico- External
V Trigeminal Lingual laryngeal thyroid laryngeal
Ophthalmic
Lacrimal X Vagus Hypo, Palato- pharyngeal
Frontal Meningeal
Supratrochlear Auricular
Supra-orbital Pharyngeal (to muscles of pharynx and soft
Nasocilia ethmoidal *- external palate except stylopharyngeus and tensor veli
palatini)
Internal nasal (from antei Carotid body
Ciliary ganglion Superior laryngeal
Long ciliary Internal laryngeal
Infratrochlear External laryngeal {to cricothyroid) CERVICAL PLEXUS AND
Posterior ethmoidal Right recurrent laryngeal (to muscles of larynx BRANCHES
Maxillary •- infra-orbital except cricothyroid) Lesser occipital C2
Meningeal Cardiac (cervical) Greal auricular C2, 3
Pterygopalatine Cardiac (thoracic) Transverse cutaneous of neck C2, 3
Orbital Left recurrent laryngeal (to muscles of larynx Supraclavicular C3, 4
Palatine except cricothyroid) Phrenic (to dtaphragm) C3, 4, 5
Nasal Pulmonary Communicating (with vagus and hypoglossal
Pharyngeal Oesophageal nerves and superior cervical sympathetic
Zygomatic Anterior trunk ganglion)
Posterior superior alveolar Gastric Muscular (to rectus capitis lateralis, rectus capitis
Middle superior alveolar Hepatic anterior, longus capitis and longus colli, and by
Anterior superior alveolar Posterior trunk lower root of ansa cervicalis (descending
Palpebral Cocliac cervical) to sternohyoid, sternothyroid and
Nasal (frc Gastric inferior belly of omohyoid) CI, 2, 3
Superior labial
XI Accessory
Mandibular
Cranial root (to muscles of palate and possibly
TYPICAL THORACIC NERVE
Meningeal
larynx via vagus)
BRANCHES
Nerve to medij pterygoid I (; Thoracic spinal nerve
Spinal root (to sternocleidomastoid and
palatini and i
trapezius)
Anterior trunk Medial
Buccal XII Hypoglossal Lateral
Masseteric Meningeal Ventral ramus <- ante
Deep temporal Descending (upper root of ansa cervicalis,from
Nerve to lateral pterygoid first cervical nerve joining lower root from Collateral
Posterior trunk second and third cervical nerves, to form ansa
Auriculotemporal and supply sternohyoid, sternothyroid and
Lingual superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid)
Inferior alveolar Nerve to thyrohyoid (from first cervical nerve)
Mental Muscular (to geniohyoid and muscles of tongue
except palatoglossus)
VI Abducent (to lateral rectus)
VII Facial
Greater petrosal
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani
Posterior auricular (to occipitalis and auriculai
muscles)
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric
Nerve to stylohyoid
Temporal
Zygomatic to frontalis and
Buccal muscles of facial
Marginal mandibular expression
Nerves
BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND Ulnar C(7), 8, Tl SACRAL PLEXUS AND BRANCHES

BRANCHES Muscular (to flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor Nerve to quadratus femons and inferior gemellus
Supraclavicular branches digitorum profundus) L4, 5, SI
From the roots Palmar cutaneous Nerve to obturator intemus and superior gemellus
To scalenes and longus colli C5, 6, 7, 8 Dorsal L5, SI,2
To join phrenic nerve C5 Dorsal digital Nerve to piriformis S(l), 2
Dorsal scapular Ho rhomboids) C5 Superficial terminal Superior gluteal ito gluteus medius and minimus
Long thoracic (to serratus anterior) C5, 6, 7 Nerve to palmaris brevis and tensor fasciae latae) L4, 5, Si
Common palmar digital Inferior gluteal (to gluteus maximus) L5, SI, 2
From the upper trunk Palmar digital Posterior cutaneous of thigh S2, 3
Nerve to subclavius C5, 6 Deep terminal to abductor digiii minimi, SciaticL4, 5, Sl,2, 3
Suprascapular (to supraspinatus and opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti Muscular (,to biceps, semitendinosus,
infraspmatus: C5, 6 minimi brevis, adductor pollicis, all the semimembranosus and adductor magnus)
Infraclavicular branches interossei and the two medial lumbricals) Tibial L4, 5, Sl,2, 3
From the lateral cord

Muscular (,to gastrocnemius, plantaris,
Axillary C5, 6
soleus, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor
Lateral pectoral (to pectoralis major and ular (to deltoid and t
minor) C5, 6, 7 digitorum longus and flexor haltucis
Upper lateral of a
Musculocutaneous C5, 6, 7
longus)
Lateral root of the median C(5), 6, 7 RadialC5,6, 7,8, Tl
Muscular (to triceps, Medial calcanean
From the medial cord brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus Medial plantar
Medial pectoral {to pectoralis major and and brachialis) Common plantar digital
minor) C8,T1 Postt of a Plantar digital
Medial root of the median C8, Tl Lower lateral c of a Muscular (to abductor hallucis, flexor
Medial cutaneous of arm C8, Tl Posterior cutaneous of forearm digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis
Medial cutaneous of forearm C8, T Superficial terminal and first lumbrical)
Ulnar C(7), 8, Tl Dorsal digital Lateral plantar
Deep terminal (posterior interosseous) (to Muscular (to flexor accessorius and
From the posterior cord
r carpi radialis brevis, supinator, abductor digiti minimi)
Upper subscapular (to subscapularis) C5, 6
r digitorum, extensor digiti minin Superficial
Thoracodorsal (to laiissimus dorsi) C6, 7, 8
Lower subscapular (to subscapularis and r carpi ulnaris, extensor pollicis Muscular (to flexor digiti minimi brevis,
longus, extensor indicis, abductor pollici: and fourth dorsal and third plantar
teres major) C5, 6
Axillary C5, 6 longus and extensor pollicis brevis)
RadialC5,6, 7,8, Tl
Common plantar digital
Musculocutaneous C5, 6, 7
LUMBAR PLEXUS AND BRANCHES Plantar digital
Muscular psoas major and minor, quadratus

(to
Deep adductor hallucis, first to third
to
Muscular (to coracobrachialis, biceps and dorsal and first and second plantar
lumborum and iliacus) T12, LI, 2, 3, 4
brachialis) interossei, and second to fourth
Iliohypogastric ;;to part of internal oblique and
Lateral cutaneous of forearm lumbricals)
transversus abdominis) LI
Mediana5),6, 7, 8,Tl Ilio-inguinal ;to part of internal oblique and
Common peroneal L4, 5, Sl, 2
transversus abdominis) LI Recurrent
In the arm
Lateral cutaneous of calf
To pronator teres (occasional) Genitofemoral LI, 2
Peroneal communicating
In the forearm Genital branch (to cremasier)
Superficial peroneal
Muscular (to pronator teres, flexor carpi Femoral branch
Lateral cutaneous of thigh L2, 3
Muscular (to peroneus longus and
radialis, palmans longus and flexor
Femoral L2, 3, 4 peroneus brevis)
digitorum superficialis)
Nerve to pectineus Medial dorsal c
Anterior interosseous (to flexor pollicis
Intermediate dorsal c
longus, flexor digitorum profundus and Anterior division
Dorsal digital
pronator quadratus) Intermediate cutaneous of thigh
Palmar cutaneous Medial cutaneous of thigh Deep peroneal
Muscular (to tibialis anterior, extensor
Communicating (with ulnar nerve) Nerve to sartorius
hallucis longus, extensor digitorum
In the hand Posterior division
Saphenous longus, peroneus tertius and extensor
Muscular (to abductor pollicis brevis, flexor
pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and the Nerves to quadriceps femons digitorum brevis)
two lumbncals) Obturator L2, 3, 4 Dorsal digital
lateral
Perforating cutaneous S2, 3
Common palmar digital Anterior branch
Palmar Muscular (to adductor longus, adductor Pudendal S2, 3, 4
digital
Inferior rectal
brevis and gracilis)
Perineal
Posterior branch
Posterior scrotal (labial)
Muscular (to obturator externus and
Muscular (to perineal muscles and levator
adductor magnus)
Accessory obturator (occasional) {to peciincus)
Dorsal nerve of penis (clitoris)
L3,4
Nerve to levator ani, coccygeus and external anal
sphincter S4
Pelvic splanchnics ;nervi erigentes) S2, 3, (4)
Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD MUSCLE GROUPS IN HEAD AND

Muscles of the scalp NECK
Epicranius Muscles of the pharynx
Occipitofrontalis
Temporoparietalis Middle
thon
Muscles of the nose Levator
Stylopharyngeus
Procerus Serratus posterior superior
Palaiopharyngeus
Nasalis Serratus posterior inferior
Salpingopharyngeus
Diaphragm
Muscles of the eyelids
Muscles of the palate
Orbicularis oculi Muscles of the abdomen
Palatoglossus
Corrugator supercilii Anterolateral muscles
Palaiopharyngeus
External oblique
Muscles of mastication Tensor veli palatini
Internal oblique
Masseter Levator veli palatini
Cremaster
Temporalis Musculus uvulae
Transversus abdominis
Lateral pterygoid
Muscles of the larynx Rectus abdominis
Medial pterygoid
Cricothyroid Pyramidalis
Muscles of the mouth Posterior crico-arytenoid Posterior muscles
Levator labii superioris alaeque r Lateral crico-arytenoid Psoas major
Levator labii superioris Transverse arytenoid
Zygomaticus minor Oblique arytenoid Iliacus
Zygomaticus major Aryepiglottic Quadralus lumborum
Levator anguH oris Thyro-arytenoid and voca
Mentalis Thyro-epiglottic Muscles of the pelvis
Piriformis
Depressor labii inferioris
Muscles of the tongue Obturator internus
Depressor anguU oris
Buccinator
Levator ani
Orbicularis oris
Coccygeus
Hyoglossus and chondrc
Styloglossus Muscles of the perineum
Palatoglossus Anal muscle
MUSCLES OF THE NECK External anal sphincter
Superficial and lateral muscles
Superior longitudinal Urogenital muscles
Platysma Superficial
Inferior longitudinal
Splenius cervicis Bulbospong;
Sternocleidomsstoid Isch;
Vert
Anterior vertebral les
Muscles of the orbi Sphincter urethrae
Longus colli
Levator palpebrae pen
Longus capitis
Rectus capitis
Orbitalis MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
Muscles of the eyeball Connecting limb and vertebral column
Rectus capitis lateralis
Superior rectus
Lateral vertebral muscles Inferior rectus
Latissimus dorsi
Scalenus anterior Medial rectus Levator scapulae
Scalenus medius Lateral rectus Rhomboid major
Scalenus posterior Superior oblique Rhomboid minor
Inferior oblique
Suprahyoid muscles Connecting limb and thoracic wall
Digastric
Stylohyoid
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK Pecioralis major
Suboccipital muscles Pectoralis minor

Mylohyoid Subclavius
Geniohyoid Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor Serratus anterior
Infrahyoid muscles Obliquus capitis inferior Scapular muscles
Sternohyoid Obliquus capitis superior Deltoid
Sternothyroid
Deep muscles of the back Subscapularis
Thyrohyoid
Splenius capitis Supraspinatus
Omohyoid Infraspinatus
Splenius cervicis
Erector spinae Teres minor
Iliocosialis Teres major
Longissimus
Spmalis
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotator
Interspinal
In
Muscles
Muscles of upper arm Muscles of the thigh

Biceps brachn Anterior femoral group
Coracobrachialis Tensor fasciae latae
Brachialis Sartorius
Triceps Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Muscles of the forearm Vastus lateralis
Anterior forearm muscles
Vastus medialis
Superficial flexor group
Vastus intermedius
Pronator teres
Art icuiaris genu
Flexor carpi radialis
Medial femoral group
Palmans longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pectineus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Adductor longus
Deep flexor group
Adductor brevis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Adductor magnus
Flexor pollicis longus
Posterior femoral group
Pronator quadratus
Biceps femoris
Posterior forearm muscles
Semitendinosus
Superficial extensor group
Semimembranosus
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus Muscles of the leg
Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anterior muscles
Extensor digitorum Tibialis anterior
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnans r digitorum longus
Anconeus Peroneus lertius
Deep extensor group lateral muscles
Supinator Peroneus longus
Abductor pollicis longus Peroneus brevis
Extensor pollicis brevis Posterior muscles
Extensor pollicis longus Superficial group
Extei indie
Muscles of the hand Plantaris

Thenar group Deep group
Abductor pollicis brevis
Poplileus
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor hallucis longus
Oppuncns pollicis
Flexor digitorum longus
Adductor pollicis Tibialis posterior
Lumbncalsifour)
Dorsal inierossei (four) Muscles of the foot
Palmar interossei (four) Dorsal muscle - extensor digit*
Hypothenar group Plantar muscles

Palmans brevis First layer
Abductor digiii minimi Abductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor digitorum brevis
Opponcnsdigiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi
Second layer
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LLMB
Lumbricals tfour)
Muscles of the iliac region
Psoas major
Third layer
Flexor hallucis brevis
Psoas minor
Adductor hallucis
lliacus
F'lcxor digiti minimi brevi
Muscles of the gluteal region Fourth lavcr
Gluteus Dorsal interossei (four)
Gluteus Plantar inierossei tthree)
Gluteus
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
Obturator exiernus
Index
I notes as well
Index
Abdomen 203-252 Arch, carpal, antenor 137, 143 --right 221, 232, 234
Acetabulum 263, 269 - dorsal 143 - communica ng, anterior 57, 68
Achilles' tendon 289, 290, 315, 318-323 - - posterior 54, 64, 65, 68
Acromion 91, 93, 110-113 - palmar, deep 130, 133, 137, 326 - coronary, left 161, 163, 165-171
Adam's apple 33, 52 - palmar, superiiaal 130, 133, 134, 137, 326 -- right 161, 165-171
Adenoids 49 - plantar 326 246
Aditus, to niastoid antrum 58 - subpubic 256 - cystic 220, 228
Air cells, ethmoidal 18, 25, 31, 46, 48, 49, 56 - venous, dorsal of foot 318-320, 322 - deferential 246
- mastoid 22, 58, 73,74 -zygomatic 11, 13, 15,21,22,29,41 - digital, palmar 131, 133, 134, 137
Air sinuses, ethmoidal 18, 73 - - plantar 322, 324, 326
- frontal 17, 18, 21, 25, 46, 49, 73, 74 Area, auditory 63 - dorsal of penis 250, 256
- maxillary 18, 21, 26, 48, 49, 73 - bare 226, 227 - dorsalis pedis 318, 322, 326
- sphenoidal 18, 30, 46, 49, 55, 74 - calcarine 70 - epigastnc, infenor 206, 207, 209, 211, 249, 250,
Ala.ofcnstagalli 31 - intercondylar of femur 310 252, 298
-of V •30 - intercondylar of tibia 280, 309 - superior 204
Ampulla, hepatopancreatic 225 - motor 63 - ethmoidal, anterior 57
- of utenne tube 255 - motor speech 63 - facial 34-36, 38-44
Anastomosis, cruciate 298 - oesophageal of lung 174 - - transverse 36, 43
Angle of Louis 151 - sensory 63 - femoral 206, 207, 242, 247, 250, 296-299
- of mandible 23 - tracheal of lung 74 1 - - lateral circumflex 296-298
- ponlomedullary 68 - vestibular 69 - - medial circumflex 293, 296, 298, 302
-of rib 147, 148, 156 - visual 67, 70 - gastric, left 220, 224, 229-231, 236, 240
-sternal 150, 155 Areola, female 152 - - right 220, 224, 229
Ankle 314, 318-322, 328 - male 107 - - short 229, 233
Ansa cervicalis 38, 41, 44 Arm 119, 120 - gaslroduodenal 220, 231
-subclavia 39, 188, 189, 191, 194 Artery, alveolar, inferior 38 - gastro-epiploic, left 220, 224, 229, 233
Antihelix 58 - aorta, see Aorta - - nght 220, 224, 229
Antitragus 58 - appendicular 234 - genicular, descending 299
Antrum, mastoid 58 - arcuate 322 --infenor 307, 316, 317
- pyloric 224, 258, 259 - auricular, posterior 41, 44 - - middle 307
Anus 256, 257 -axillary 116, 117 --supcrior306, 307, 312
Aorta, abdominal 191, 220, 223, 225, 236, 237, - basilar 49, 63-66, 68 - gluteal, inferior 252, 255, 293, 295
239-242 -brachial 119, 121, 125, 126 --supenor251,252, 293
-arch 165, 169, 173, 174, 185, 186, 188, 191, 194, - brachiocephalic trunk 42, 44, 165, 169, - hepauc 215, 220, 226-230, 232
195, 197, 199,201 187-189, 195 - - accessory 220, 225, 231
-ascending 160, 161, 163, 165-171, 186, 187 -bronchial 185, 186, 194 - - common 220, 225, 231, 236, 240
- thoracic 185, 187, 191-195, 240 - of bulb 256 - humeral, anterior circumflex 109, 1 17
Aperture, median 66, 68
- nasal, posterior 46, 51, 55
- caecal 234
-
- posterior circumflex 1 12-1 14, 120
carotid, common 33, 39,41,42,44,69, 165, - ileal and jejunal 221, 222, 225, 234
Apex, of fibula 284, 286 169, 172, 187-189, 191, 194, 195 - ileocolic 221, 222, 232, 234
-of heart 160, 161,203 --external 36-41,44,45,49, 189 - iliac, common 242, 249-251
-of lung 188, 189 -- internal 36, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 55-57, 61, 64, - deep circumflex 242
- of patella 278, 311 65^ 68, 69 - - external 218, 234, 242, 249-252, 254, 302
- of sigmoid mesocolon 254 - central of retina 57 - - internal 242, 250-252, 255
Aponeurosis, biapital 119, 121, 124 - cerebellar, antenor inferior 65, 68 - superflcial arcumflex 207, 247, 298
- of external oblique 205, 207, 208, 243, 246, 247, - posterior inferior 65, 68 - iliolumbar 242
250,251,268 - - superior 49, 54, 65, 67, 68 - intercostal, postenor 194, 195
- of internal oblique 204, 205, 207, 268 - cerebral, antenor 46, 49, 57, 61, 65, 66, 68, 70 - superior 190
-palmar 130, 131, 135 --middle 54, 57,61, 65, 68, 70 tenor 125, 126, 137, 143
-plantar 323-325 - - postenor 49, 54, 65, 67, 68 126
- of transversus abdominis 2 10, 2 268
1 1 , - of cerebral haemorrhage 70 - posterior 129, 143
Appendices epiptoicae 214, 219 - cervical, superficial 35, 39, 40, 41, 189 - interventricular, antenor 161, 165-168, 170
Appendix, of testis 246 - choroidal, anterior 68 -- posterior 161, 165-167, 169-171
- vermiform 206, 234 - labynnthine 68
Aqueduct, of midbrain 65, 66, 72 - coehac trunk 191, 195, 220, 225, 230-232, 236, - lacrimal 57
- of vestibule 28 237.239-241 - laryngeal, superior 36, 37, 40, 41, 44
Arachnoid granulations 14, 46, 55, 62 -colic, left 221-223, 232 -Iingual36, 39, 44, 45, 51
- mater 62, 64, 66, 83 --middle 221-223, 225, 232
3
-lumbar 191,240-242 - supra-orbital 57

- malleolar, anterior lateral 321 - suprarenal 237
- marginal (heart) 161, 165-168, 170, 171 - suprascapular 39, 14, 189 -of u i254
- (large intestine) 232 -sural 306,316
1
Bone, bones
- maxillary 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 46 - see also individual bones
- meningeal, accessory 44 - temporal, deep 54 -of foot 287-291
- - middle 1 1 , 14, 22, 29, 44, 45, 54 -- superiicial 34, 36, 38, 41 44, 58 , -of hand 103-106
- mesenteric, inferior 223, 232, 236, 241, 242 - testicular 223, 225, 234, 236, 241, 242, 246, 249 -of lower limb 263-291
--superior 191, 218, 220-223, 225, 229, 231, - thoracic, internal 39, 43, 158, 188-191, 194 -sesamoid 105, 139, 146, 327, 328
232, 236, 237, 239, 240 -- lateral 109, 117 -of skull 23-32
- metacarpal, dorsal 143 - thoraco-acromial 108, 116, 117 - sutural 1
--palmar 137 - thoracodorsal 116, 117 -of thorax 147-151

- metatarsal, dorsal 322 - thyrocervical trunk 44, 188 - trabeculae 275
- - plantar 326 - thyroid, inferior 44, 51, 191 - of upper limb 92- 06
1
- nasal, dorsal 57 - - superior 36- 39, 4 1 -44, 5 1 89 1 , - of vertebral colunm 75-81

- obturator 242, 250-252, 255 - thyroidea ima 39, 1 89 Brain 62-72
- - abnormal 249 - tibial, anterior 307, 314, 316, 321 Brainstem 63, 67, 69
- 44
occipital 36, 41, 43, - - posterior 307, 3 5-3 8, 320, 322
1 1 Breast, female 152, 258
- oesophageal 220 -ulnar 125, 126, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137 Bregma 14
- ophthalmic 56, 57
- ovarian 254, 255
- collateral, superior 1 19 Brim of pelvis 234, 267
126 Bronchogram 198-200
- palatine, ascending 41, 44
posterior 126 Bronchus 172-175, 184-187, 190, 194, 198-200
-palmar, superficial 133 - umbilical 209 Bulb 70
- pancreaticoduodenal, inferior 225, 229-232
-- obliterated 209, 255 -jugular 45, 51,58
- - superior 225, 229, 230, 232 - olfactory 54, 64, 65
-uterine 251
- perforating, of profunda femoris 295, 297 - vaginal 255 - of penis 256
-pericardiacophrenic 172, 173 - vertebral 48, 63-65, 68, 69, 75, 82, 191 - of vestibule 257
- perineal 256 - vesical, inferior 250, 251, 255 Bulla, ethmoidal 18, 31, 48, 49
- peroneal 316, 317
--superior 250, 251,255 Bundle, atrioventricular 164
- pharyngeal, ascending 44
Atlas 46, 47, 49, 55, 58, 69, 74, 75, 82, 89 Bursa of biceps brachii tendon 99, 122
- phrcmc, inferior 236, 237, 239, 240 Atrium of heart, left 160, 161, 163, 164, 166, - ischial 270
- plantar, lateral 316, 320, 324-326 168-170, 184, 201 - of popliteus tendon 310
--medial 316, 320,324, 326 --right 160-165, 168-172, 186, 194 - semimembranosus 310
- pontine 68 - of nasal cavity 47, 49 - subacromial 1 14
- popliteal 295, 297, 306, 307, 316, 317 Auditory tube 28, 45-51, 59, 60 - subscapularis 1 14
- princeps pollicis 133, 137, 142, 143 Auricle of ear 58 - suprapatellar 310
- profunda brachii 119, 120 - of left atrium 160, 161, 163, 166, 169, 170, 197 - of tendo calcaneus 290, 319
- - femoris 296-298, 302 - of right atrium 160-162, 164-166, 171
- pudendal, deep external 250 Axilla 116, 117 Caecum 206, 214, 234, 260
- - internal 252, 255, 256 Axis 46, 47, 55, 75,82,89 Calcaneus 287, 288, 290, 318, 322, 323, 328
- - superficial external 207, 247 Calcar 70, 72
-pulmonary, left 161, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, Band, moderator 162 - femorale 275
184, 185, 187, 194, 197, 199 Barium enema 260 Calvaria 9
--right 161, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 184-186 - meal 258, 259 Calyx, major 238, 262
--trunk 160, 161, 155, 166, 168, 169, 171, 184, - swallow 201 - minor 238, 262
185, 187 Base of appendix 234 Canal, adductor 297, 299
- radial 125, 126, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137, 142, -of bladder 251 - anal 248, 254
143 -of hean 161, 169 - carotid 5, 28, 58
1
--recurrent 125, 126 -of patella 278, 311 -condylar 15, 32

- radialis indicis 33 1 - of prostate 251 - for facial nerve 58, 60
- rectal, inferior 256 Bifurcation of aoria 206 - femoral 206, 242, 247, 296
- - middle 255 - of common carotid artery 33 -hypoglossal 15, 17, 18,32
- - superior 255 -of pulmonary trunk 185 -incisive 18,26,47
-renal 191, 223, 229, 236-241 -of trachea 184, 187 - infra-orbital 26
-- accessory 239 Bladder, urinary 242, 248-251, 254, 255 - inguinal 206, 246, 247
-sacral, lateral 251,252 Body, anococcygeal 248, 256, 257 - nasolacrimal 56
-saphenous 312 - of corpus callosum 66 - of Nuck 247
- scapular, cirumflex 92, 94, 1 16, 1 17 -of gall bladder 228, 261 - obturator 300
- scrotal, posterior 256 - geniculate, lateral 65, 70 -optic 17, 18,21, 30,56
- sinuatrial nodal 167 - medial 65 - palatine, greater 26
- sphenopalatine 46 - of hyoid bone 33, 39, 45, 52, 53
- of ilium 263
- lesser 27
- spinal, anterior 68, 195 - palatovaginal 15
- - posterior 83 -of ischium 263, 265 - pterygoid 30
- splenic 220, 223, 225, 229-233, 236, 240 - mamillary 49, 64-66 - pudendal 256, 257
- sternocleidomastoid 44 - of mandible 9, 11,21 - pyloric 224, 229, 230
- striate70 - of pancreas 232 - sacral 79, 245
-subclavian 39, 42, 43, 149, 165, 169, 174, - of penis 246 - semicircular 58-60
187-191, 194, 195 - perineal 248, 254, 256, 257 - for tensor tympani 28, 58
-subcostal 191, 195,241 - pineal 66, 67, 69 - vomerovaginal 15
- submental 36, 43 - of pubis 249, 263, 265, 269 Canaliculus, cochlear 28, 60
- subscapular 1 17 -of sphenoid 18, 30 - lacrimal 49, 56, 57
- mastoid 28 47
Cleft, intratonsillar Crista galH 17,21, 31
- tympanic 28 - pudendal 257, 303 -lertninalis 162
Cap, duodenal 258 Clit i257 Crus, of cerebral peduncle 64, 65, 68
Capitate bone 103, 104, 139, 144-146 Chvus 17, 18, 50,51 - of clitoris 257
Capitulum97, 101, 122, 123, 129 Coccyx 79, 81, 245, 248, 257, 263, 292, 301 - of diaphragm 191, 220, 240, 241
Capsule, of ankle joint 32 Cochlea 58, 59 -ofheUx58
- of carpometacarpal joint of thumb 38 1 Colliculus, facial 69 - of penis 256
- of hip joint 273, 274, 300, 302 -inferior 65-69, 71 Cuboid bone 287, 288, 327, 328
- internal 70-72 - seminal 248 Cuneiform bone, intermediate 287, 288, 328
- of knee joint 277, 307, 3 0, 3 2, 3 1 5, 3
1 1 1 - superior 66. 68, 69 - lateral 287, 288, 328
- of proximal radio-ulnar joint 122, 123 Colon 206 - medial 287, 288, 323, 327, 328
-of shoulder joint 92, 114 - ascending 213,216,219,234,260 Cupola, of internal ear 60
- of superior tibiofibular joint 308 - descending 214, 216. 218, 219, 222, 223, 252, 260 Cusp of heart valves 152-164
- of talocalcanean joint 290 - sigmoid 214, 218,235, 248, 250-252, 254, 260
- of talocalcaneonavicular joint 290 - transverse 212-214, 216-223, 260 Diaphragm 149, 151, 158, 159, 172, 173, 186,
- of temporomandibular joint 41 Colu 191-193, 197-199,201,203,209,210,212,215,
- renal 238 220, 226, 227, 233, 235, 240, 241
Carpal tunnel 135
- vertebral, cervical 82, 83 - urogenital 256
Canilage, arytenoid 47, 52, 74
- comiculate 52, 53 --lumbar 84-86 Diploe 17
- costal 150-155, 159, 185, 202, 204 - - muscles 87, 88 Disc, articular of distal radio-ulnar joint, 101,
- cricoid 33, 37, 46, 47, 52, 53, 74, 189 - sacral 86 139, 144, 145
- intervertebral 46, 82, 84-85. 90. 1 96. 24 1 244.
- cuneiform 52, 53 -- thoracic 83. 194 .
- epiglottic 52 Commissure, of brain 66 250.251.254

- of larynx 52 - of vulva 257 - slipped 86
- septal 47 Concha, of external ear 58 Dorsum sellae 17. 18, 22
- thyroid 33, 46, 52, 53, 74 - inferior 9, 18, 21, 31, 45, 47-49 Duct, ductus
- middle 9, 18, 45 - bile 215, 220, 225, 227-232, 251
Caruncle, lacrimal 56
-superior 18, 31,45,47,48 - of cochlea 60
Cast of aorta 168, 195,239
- supreme 45 - cystic 220, 225, 228, 230, 261
- of biliary tract 228-232
Condyle of femur 272, 275-278, 304, 307-309, - deferens 242. 246, 248-252
-of cardiac veins 171
311, 312,315
- ejaculatory 248, 251
- of cardiac vessels 170, 171
- of mandible 11,23.74 - frontonasal 48
- of cerebral veins and venous sinuses 61
- of cerebral ventricles 72 -occipital 13, 15, 18, 32 - hepatic 228-230
- of tibia 279, 280. 286. 304, 308, 31 - - common 220, 225, 228, 230
-of coronary arteries 166, 167
Connexion, interthalamic 65 - nasolacrimal 48, 56, 57
- of duodenum 229, 230
- pancreatic 225. 229, 230-233
- of head and neck vessels 42, 43
- of heart and great vessels 165-171
Conus elasticus 53
- medullaris 84 - accessory 225, 231
- of inferior vena cava 239 Cord, oblique 122, 129 -parotid 34,35,38,41,44
-spermatic 208, 211,242, 245,250,251, 300 - semicircular 60
-of kidneys 238, 239
- spinal 83 - submandibular 41, 44, 45
-of liver 228, 231
- vocal 53 - thoracic 191
- of mastoid air cells 58
- of portal vein 232 Cornea 56 - vitello-inteslinal 209
-of pulmonary trunk 168 Corona, of glans penis 246 Duodenum 203, 212-223, 225. 229-231. 234. 25f
Corpus callosum 46, 55-57, 72 259
-of pulmonary vessels 184
- cavemosum 248, 256 Dura mater 50, 54, 55, 58, 69, 83, 84, 86
- of splenic vessels 233
- of suprarenal vessels 239 - spongiosum 248, 256
- of trachea and bronchi 175-177, 184 Cortex of kidney 238 Ear 58-60
- external 58
Cauda equina 84 Cranium 9
-fetal 19
- internal 59, 50
Cavity, glenoid 91, 93, 114
- middle 58-60
-nasal 18,46-49 Crease, of wrist and hand 1 30
- tympanic 58-60 Crest, conchal of maxilla 26 Elbow 121-123
- conchal of palatine 27 Elevation, levator 47
Cerebellum 46, 54, 63, 66
- ethmoidal of maxilla 26 - tubal 47, 49
- hemisphere 64, 67
- ethmoidal of palatine 27 Eminence, arcuate 17, 48
- vermis 67
Cerebrum 63 -frontal 14, 17.21,25
- hemisphere 46, 62, 63, 55-67, 70-72 - iliac 87, 1 57, 206, 208, 2 1 1 24
, 1 244. 263. 265.
.
- collateral 72
267,290, 292, 301, 302 - hypothenar 130
Cervix of uterus 254, 255
- infratemporal 13, 15, 30 - iliopubic 208, 263, 265. 267. 269. 300
Chiasma, optic 46, 54, 57, 54-66
- intertrochanteric 271, 272. 274, 300 - intercondylar of tibia 279. 280. 282. 31
Choana 46, 51,55
- lacrimal, anterior U, 18, 26, 57 - medial 69
Cholecyslogram 261
- posterior 11, 18, 26 - parietal 14
Chordae tcndineae 162, 163
- medial of fibula 284. 316 - thenar 1 30
Circle, arterial 68
Cistern, cercbellomedullary 45, 56 - nasal of maxilla 25 Emphysema 1 59
Cisterna chyli 191 - - of palatine 27 Endocardium 162

- magna 45, 55 - obturator 253. 269 Endolymph 60
07 110-112, 116.
Clavicle 35, 37, 40, 93, 94. 1 ,
- occipital, external 15. 32 Ependyma 68
- - internal 32 Epicardium 152
117, 151, 152,202
- pubic 211, 256, 265, 267-269, 290 Epicondyle. of femur 275, 277, 308
Cleared specimen, of femur 275
- sagittal 25 -of humerus 97, 101. 120-123. 125, 126, 129
- of lumbar vertebrae 85
- supinator 100, 122 Epididymis 246, 248
-ofskull2l,22
-supraventricular 152 Epiglottis 46, 47, 50-53
- of thoracic vertebrae 84
5 3
Ethmoid bone 17, 18, 31 - glosso-epiglottic 52 - infratemporal 38

Expansion, dorsal digital of finger 105, 142, 145 -infrapatellar 310 - intercondylar 276
- of semimembranosus 306 - palatoglossal 46, 47 - ischiorectal 252, 256, 257, 292
Extradural space 54 - palatopharyngeal 46, 47 - jugular 28
Eye 56, 57 - salpingopalatal 47 - for lacrimal gland 25
Eyeball 56, 57 - salpingopharyngeal 47 - malleolar 284, 286
- umbilical 209 -mandibular 13, 15, 28
Face 34, 40 - vestibular 47, 52, 53, 74 -olecranon 97, 122, 123
Falx cerebri 46, 54, 55, 61 - vocal 33, 47, 52, 53, 74 - ovalis 162
Fascia, cervical, deep 33, 35, 40 Folia 67 - pituitary 17, 22, 30, 54, 56, 74
- clavipecloral 94, 108 Fontanelle, anterior 19 - popliteal 304, 306, 307, 315-317
- mastoid 19 - pterygopalatine 1
- cribriform 246 - posterior 19 - radial 97

- gluteal 87, 292 - sphenoidal 19 - scaphoid of ear 58
- lata 246, 247, 305 Foot 287-289, 315, 318, 320-328 --of skull 15,30
- of obturator internus 249, 252, 257 Foramen, caecum of skull 25, 61 - subarcuate 28
- orbital 57
- pharyngobasilar 50
- of tongue 51, 52 - sublingual 23
-epiploic 215, 219, 226 - submandibular 23
- over poplitcus 306 - ethmoidal, anterior 18, 25 - subscapular 91
- pretracheal 33
- prevertebral 33
- posterior 18, 25 - supraclavicular 107
- frontal 25 -supraspinous 91, 93
- spermatic, external 246 - for inferior vena cava 203 - triangular 58
- - internal 246 - infra-orbital 9. 18, 26 - trochanteric 271. 272
- thoracolumbar 87, 112, 157, 241,242, 292 - interventricular 66, 67, 70-72 Fovea, pterygoid 23
- transversalis 207, 246, 249 - intervertebral 74, 82, 84-86, 90 - trochlear 25
Fat, extraperitoneal 248 -lugular 15, 17 Frontal bone 9, 1, 14, 18, 19, 25
1
- infrapatellar pad 278 - lacerum 15, 17 Fundus, of gall bladder 203, 228, 261
- pericardial 212 - magnum 15, 17, 32, 46, 55, 69, 83 - of stomach 224, 258
- peritoneal 212 - mandibular 23, 40 -of uterus 254,255
Female breast 152,258 - mastoid 15
-inguinal region 207, 247 -mental 9, 11,23
- pelvis 254, 255 - obturator 253, 263, 265, 269 Gall bladder 203, 212, 213, 215, 216, 219, 220,
- perineum 257 - ovale of heart 68 1 227-231,261
- pudendal canal 256 --of skull 15, 17,30 Ganglion, cervicothoracic 39, 189
- subpubic angle 256 - palatine, greater 15 - ciliary 49, 56
Femur 271-278, 290, 291, 293, 302, 308, 309, 311, - lesser 1 - coeliac 240
312 -parietal 13, 14, 29 - genicular 49, 59, 60
Fenestra cochleae 58 - rotundum 17, 30, 73 - otic 36, 49
- vestibulae 58 - sciatic, greater 253, 293 - pterygopalatine 48, 49
Fetus, anterior abdominal wall 209
- cast of head and neck arteries 43
- lesser 253 - submandibular 44, 45
- sphenopalatine 18, 46 -stellate 39, 41, 189
- skull 19 - spinosum 15, 17, 30 - sympathetic 44, 69, 84, 187, 188, 190, 194
Fibre, corticonuclear 70 - stylomastoid 15, 19, 28, 58-60 - trigeminal 45, 48, 49, 54, 56
- corticospinal 70 -supra-orbital 9, 18, 25 - of vagus, inferior 48
Fibula 282-286, 290, 291, 304, 305, 307, 309, 311, - in transverse process 76 Genu, of corpus callosum 66
312,314-316, 328 - of Winslow 215 -ofinternal capsule 70, 71
Filum terminale 84, 86 - zygomaticofacial 29 Glabella 9, 11,25
Fimbria 70, 72 - zygomatico-orbital 29 Gland, areolar 152
Fingers 127, 130-146 - zygomaticotemporal 29 - lacrimal 56, 57
Fissure, choroidal 71 Forceps, major 70, 72 - molar 41, 44
- for ligamentum teres 227, 228 - minor 70-72 - parathyroid, superior 51
- for ligamentum venosum 227, 228 Forearm 125-129 - parotid 34-36, 38, 40, 45, 51
- longitudinal 62 Forebrain 63 - pituitary 46, 47, 49, 55
-of lung 153, 154, 159 Foreskin 246 -prostate248, 250, 251,255
- orbital, inferior 9, 13, 15, 18 Fornix of brain 66, 67, 70-72 - sublingual 41, 44, 45
--superior 9, 18, 21, 30, 73 - of vagina254, 255 - submandibular 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45
-petrosquamous 15, 28 Fossa, acetabular 301 - suprarenal 236, 237, 239-241
- petrotympanic 15, 28, 45 - canine 26 - thyroid 33, 37, 39, 41-43, 51, 189
- posipyramidal 67 - cerebellar 32 - vestibular, lesser 257
- prepyramidal 67 - cerebral 32 Glans penis 246
- primary 67 - condylar 32 Globus pallidus 70, 71
- pterygomaxillary 13 - coronoid 97 Glottis 74
- squamotympanic 15, 28 - cranial, anterior 17, 54 Groove, for abductor pollicis longus 99
Flexure, colic,
left 218, 233, 252, 260 --middle 17,54 -for 174
--right 213,219,260
- duodenojeiunal 217-219, 221-223, 225, 229,
- posterior 17, 54, 58
a I
-atrioventricular 161, 169

-cubital 119, 124-126 - for azygos vein 174
259 - digastric 23 - for brachiocephalic vein 1
Flocculus 65 - iliac 253, 265, 267, 269 -carotid 17, 30

Fold, alar 310 -incisive 15,26 -costal 147, 149
- aryepiglottic 47, 52, 53 -infraclavicular 107, 108 - for deep branch of ulnar r
- infraspinous 91, 93 - deltopectoral 107
- of talus 287, 288, 327 - interchondral 202
-ethmoidal, anterior 17, 26, 31
- posterior 31 - of ulna 100, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146
Heart 152, 160-171, 173, 197-199, 201, 203
- interphalangeal of finger 130, 139, 140, 144
- interphalangeal of toe 323
- for extensor carpi radialis brevis 99, 101
- Helix 58 - knee 276, 294, 299, 306-313, 315, 317
for extensor carpi radialis longus 99, 101
- ulnans 100, 101 Hemisphere, cerebellar 46, 64, 67 - manubriostemal 150-152
for extensor carpi
- for extensor digilorum and extensor indicis 99, - cerebral 46, 62, 63, 65-67, 70-72 -metacarpophalangeal 130, 139, 140, 144
Hemithorax 152-154 - metatarsophalangeal 322, 323, 327
101
- 99 Hernia, femoral 249 - midcarpal 144
for extensor poUicis brevis
- for extensor pollicis longus 99, 101 - inguinal 249 -radiocarpal 130, 139, 146
- Hiatus, for greater petrosal nerve 17, 28 - radio-ulnar, distal 1 39
for flexor carpi radialis 1 39
- for flexor hallucis longus 283, 287, 288, 323, - for lesser petrosal nerve 17, 28 --proximal 101, 121, 122
327 - maxillary 26 - sacrococcygeal 252

- for first rib on lung 174 - sacral 79 - sacro-iliac 260, 262, 263, 265
- for first thoracic nerve 149 - semilunar 48. 49 -shoulder 114, 115
- for greater petrosal nerve 17, 28, 58 Hilum of kidney 203, 225, 237 - sternoclavicular 33, 152
- for inferior petrosal sinus 17, 18, 32 -of lung 175, 184, 237 -sternocostal 151
- infra-orbital 18, 26 Hindbrain 63 - subtalar 323, 328
- intertubercular 95 Hip bone 263-270, 273, 290 - talocalcanean 290, 322, 323, 328
Hippocampus 70-72 - talocalcaneonavicular 290, 322, 323, 328
-interventricular 161
- for lacrimal sac 26 Hook, of hamate 103, 130, 138, 139, 145, 146 - talocrural 286
- for lesser petrosal nerve 17, 28 Horn, of hyoid bone 33, 40, 51-53 - tarsometatarsal 323
- for middle meningeal vessels 17, 28, 58 - of lateral ventricle 70-72 - temporomandibular 41
- for middle temporal artery 28 - of meniscus 282, 309 - tibiofibular, mferior 286, 328
- mylohyoid 23 Humerus 95-98 - - superior 286, 308
-nasolacrimal 11, 18, 26 Hyoid bone 33, 39-41, 45, 46, 51-53, 74, 189 -wrist 130, 139, 146
- for nasopalatine vessels and nerve 30 Hypothalamus 66, 67 -xiphisternal 150. 152,203
- obturator 263, 265, 269 - zygapophysial 69, 74, 82, 84-86
-occipital 13, 15,28 Ileum andor jeiunum 206, 214, 217-219, 22 , Jugum 30
- oesophageal on liver 227 222, 234, 235, 259 Junction, cardio-ocsophageal 201, 224, 240
- palatine, greater 27 Ilium 263, 265, 267, 290 - gastroduodenal 219, 224
- for peroneus brevis 284, 323 Impression, for iliotibial tract 279
- for peroneus longus 287, 327 - for lateral head of gastrocnemius 276 Kidney 203, 215, 219, 221-223, 225, 229, 234,
- for popliteus 276 227 236-239, 241,262
-for radial nerve 95, 120 - on lung 174 Knee 299, 304-312
- for sesamoid bones on first metatarsal 287 - on spleen 233 Knuckle, aortic 197
- for semimembranosus 279, 280 - trigeminal 17, 28 -of hand 140
- for sigmoid sinus 17, 28, 29, 32, 51 Incus 58-60
- for subclavian artery on lung 174 Infundibulum, ethmoidal 48, 49 Labium, major 254, 257
- - on rib 149 - pituitary stalk 54, 64, 65 - minor 254, 257
- for subclavian vein on lung 174 -of right ventricle 161, 162, 164 Labrum, acetabular 301, 302
--on rib 149 - of uterine tube 255 -glenoid 114
- for subclavius 93 Inion 11, 13 Labyrinth, bony 60
- Inlet, thoracic 151, 188, 189, 191 - ethmoidal 31
for superior petrosal sinus 17, 28
- Insula 70, 71 - membranous 60
for superior sagittal sinus 14, 17, 32
- for superior vena cava 174 Intestine, large 213, 260 Lacrimal bone 9, 11, 18,26
- for tibialis posterior 283, 323 -small 213,214, 259 Lambda 13, 14
- for transverse sinus 17,32 56 Lamina, osseous spiral 60

- for vertebral artery 75 Ischium 263, 265, 290 - terminalis 66
Gyrus, cingulate 66 Isthmus, of thyroid gland 39, 53, 189 Large intestine 213, 260
- frontal 62, 63 -of uterine tube 255 Larynx 46, 47, 50, 52, 53
- lingual 66, 67 - inlet 52
- parahippocampal 65, 67 Jeiunum and/or ileum 206, 214, 217-219, 221, - muscles 53
- postcentral 62, 63, 66 222, 234, 235, 259 - tomograph 74

- precentral 62, 63, 66 Joint, acromioclavicular 93, 107, 110-112, 114, Leg 312-316, 319,320
- rectus 64, 65 152 -calf 313, 315-317
- supramarginal 63 -ankle 286, 321,323, 328 Lens 56
- temporal 63 - atlanto-axial 82 Ligament, tigamenlum
- median 47
- calcaneocuboid 328
- acetabular, transverse 264, 270, 301
-annular 122, 123, 129
Hamate bone 103, 104, 144-146
- carpometacarpal of thumb 138-140, 145 - apical of dens 47
Hamstrings 294, 295
Hamulus, lacrimal 26 - costochondral 151 - arcuate, lateral 241
- pterygoid 13, 15, 18, 30, 51 - costotransverse 197, 202 --medial 191,241
Hand 127, 130-146 -costovertebral 196, 197 --median 220, 241
Head of capitate 39 1
- cricothyroid 53 -artenosum 187
- of epididymis 246 - cuneometatarsal 323 - bifurcate 289, 290, 322
- cuneonavicular 323 - broad 255
-of femur 271-273, 275, 302, 303
-offibula284, 286, 304, 305, 307, 309, 311, 312 -elbow 101, 121-123 - calcaneocuboid 289, 290, 322
-of head of rib 196, 197 - calcancofibular 285, 290, 323
314
- of pancreas 203, 225, 232 - hip 260, 294, 300-303 - calcaneonavicular 289, 290, 322
- incudomallear 60 - - plantar 288, 289, 322, 323, 327
-of radius 99, 101, 121-123
- sagittal section 46 - itwudostapedial 60 - cardinal 255
1
- cervical 290, 322, 323 - pubofemoral 270, 300 - pectineal of femur 271, 272, 275
255 - radiate 196 - - of hip bone 267, 269, 303
- of ankle, medial 283, 323 - radiocarpal, dorsal 144 - soleal 279, 280
--
collateral,
of elbow, radial 122, 129 - palmar 1 39
- round 207, 247, 255
-spiral 271, 272
ulnar 122, 129 - supracondylar 275, 276
-- fibular 277, 285, 306-309, 312, 315 - sacro-iliac, dorsal 301 - temporal 25, 29
- of interphalangeal joint of hand 139, 144 - - interosseous 266, 268, 300, 301 - trapezoid 93
- of metacarpophalangeal joint 144 - ventral 253 - vertical 279
- of metatarsophalangeal joint 327 - sacrospinous 252, 253, 266, 301
- of radiocarpal joint 144 - sacrotuberous 245, 253, 256, 257, 266, 293, 301
Linea alba 204, 211
- aspera 272, 275
--ubial 277, 281,282, 306-310, 312,315 - scapular, superior transverse 92, 114
- of wrist joint 144 - sphenomandibular 24, 45, 51
Lingula, of cerebellum 67
- of mandible 23
-conoid 92, 94, 114 - spring 327 Liver 159, 203, 212-216, 219, 220, 226-228, 231
- coraco-acromial 92, 94, 1 14 -stylohyoid41,44, 45, 52 Lobe, anterior of cerebellum 67
- coracoclavicular 92 - stylomandibular 24, 51 - azygos 1 97
- coracohumeral 92, 94 - supraspinous 84-86, 157 - frontal 63, 64
-coronary 219, 226, 227 - suspensory of ovary 254, 255
- costoclavicular 93, 94, 149 -
-
of penis 256
-ofliverl59, 226, 231
-of lung 154, 159, 172, 175, 185, 197
: 149, 197 talocalcanean, interosseous 290, 322, 323 - occipital 63
: 307, 309 -- lateral 290 - parietal 63
r 277, 282, 308-310 - - medial 290 - temporal 54, 63, 64
- - posterior 277, 281, 282, 308-310 - talofibular, anterior 285, 319, 322 - of thyroid gland 37, 39, 4 1 42, 44, 5 1 1 89
- cuboideonavicular, plantar 327 - posterior 285, 315, 323 Lobule of external ear 58
, ,
- cuneonavicular, plantar 327 - tarsometatarsal, plantar 327 Loop, duodenal 225

- deltoid 283, 290, 322, 323, 327 - teres 209, 227, 228 Lower limb 263-328
- denticulate 68, 69, 83 - thyro-epiglottic 53 Lumbarization of first sacral vertebra 81
-falciform 159, 209, 212-215, 219, 220, 225-227 - tibiocalcanean 290, 323 Lunate bone 103, 104, 139, 144-146
- fiavum 82, 86 - tibiofibular, anterior 319 Lung 39, 152-154, 159, 172-184, 188, 189,
- gastrosplenic 233 - - posterior 283, 323 197-200,212
- glenohumeral 114 - tibiotalar, posterior 323 Lymph nodes, axillary 109
- of head of femur 273, 301 - transverse, of atlas 47 - calcified 303
- hyo-epiglotlic 53 - - inferior 283, 323 -cervical, deep 38
- iliofemoral 264, 268. 270, 273, 274, 300 - - of knee joint 308, 309 - inguinal, superficial 207
- iUolumbar 242, 243, 266, 268, 301 - trapezoid 92, 94, 1 14 - occipital 36
- iliopectineal 208, 211 - triangular, left 220, 226, 227 - parotid 36
- inguinal 206-208, 211, 242-247, 249, 252, 253, - - right 226, 227 - submandibular 36, 38
264, 266, 268, 270, 296, 298, 300 - umbilical, lateral 209 Lymphatic vessel of leg 319
- interosseous metacarpal 1 39 - - medial 207, 209, 255 - from testis 246
- - sacro-ihac 266, 268, 300, 301 - - median 209, 255
- tibiofibular 283-285
- interspinous 84-86
- venosum 227, 228 Malleolus, lateral 283, 284, 286, 314, 318, 319,
- vertebropelvic 301 321,323, 328
- intertransverse 88 Limb, of internal capsule 70, 71 - medial 283, 286, 314, 316, 318, 320, 323, 328
- ischiofemoral 264, 270, 300 - lower 263-328 Malleus 58-60
- lacunar 242, 245, 249, 252, 253, 268, 270 - of sigmoid mesocolon 254 Mandible 9, 11, 21-24, 34, 39,41,46, 50, 51, 73
- lateral of carpometacarpal joint of thumb 1 39 - upper 91-146 - cleared specimen 21 22 ,
- lienorenal 233 Limbus, of eye 56 - edentulous 20

- longitudinal, anterior 82, 85, 190, 243 - of right atrium 162
- posterior 85
- of Mackenrodt 255
Line, anterior oblique 99
-fetal 19
- muscle attachments 10, 16, 24
- arcuate of ilium 252, 265, 267 Manubrium 150, 151,202
- meniscofemoral: - - of reaus sheath 207, 211 Margin, costal 152, 155,202
- - posterior 308, 309 - epiphysial, of calcaneus 291 - infra-orbital 9,21
- metacarpal, deep -- of clavicle - supra-orbital 9, 21
- superficial transverse 131, 135
94, 106
- - of femur 273, 274, 277, 291 Mastoid antrum 58
- metatarsal, plantar 327 --offibula285, 291 Maxilla 9, II, 13, 15, 18, 19, 26, 27, 31, 44
-mucosum310 - - of hip bone 264, 266 268, 270, 290 McBurney's point 206
- nuchae 1 57 - - of humerus 96, 98, 06 1 Meatus, acoustic, external 11, 13, 15, 19, 22, 28,
- of ovary 255 -- of metacarpal 106 44, 58, 74
- palmar of carpometacarpal
- joint of thumb 1 39 -
- of metatarsal 29 --internal 17, 18, 28, 48, 50, 59, 60, 69
of metacarpophalangeal joint 1 39 of phalanges (finger) 106 - inferior 26, 47-49
- palpebral, lateral 57 (toe) 291 - middle 26, 47, 48
- medial 56, 57 - -of radius 102, 106 - superior 46-48
-patellar 278, 281, 282, 304, 309, 310, 312, 314 - -of rib 149 Mediastinum 186
- pectineal 242, 249, 253, 268, 270 - -of scapula 92,94, 106 Medulla, of kidney 238
- pectineal part of inguinal 268 - -oftibia 281-283,291 - oblongata 33, 46, 54, 55, 63-68
- of pelvis 253 --of ulna 102, 106 - spinal 46, 55, 68, 69, 83, 84
-pisohamale 105, 139 - gluteal 263 Membrane, atlanto-occipital, posterior 69
- pisometacarpal 105, 139 - intertrochanteric 271-274, 300 - basilar 60
- plantar, long 289, 323, 325, 327 -midaxillary 152 - cricothyroid 53
- - shon 289, 323, 327 - midclavicular 152 - cricovocal 53
- popliteal, arcuate 307 - mylohyoid 23 - intercostal,
- - obUque 306, 307 -nuchal 13, 15,32 - posterior 156
s of forearm 122, 125, 126, 129, 143 - diaphragm 149, 150, 158, 159, 172, 173, 186, - levator anguli oris 10, 12, 34
- interosseous of leg 282, 283, 285, 309, 314 191-193, 197-199, 201, 203, 209, 210, 212, - - ani 245, 249, 252, 255-257, 266, 292
--costae88, 148, 149, 156
- obturator 253, 256
- perineal 248, 256, 257 -
215, 220, 226, 227, 233, 236, 240, 241
digastric 16, 24, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 51, 69
-
--
glandulae thyroideae 39
labii supenoris 10, 12, 34, 36
- quadrangular 53 - erector spinae 81, 87, 88, 1 12, 149, 157, 266,
- labii supenoris alaeque nasi 10, 12, 34, 36
-
-
suprapleural 149
tectorial 47 -
292
extensor carpi radialis brevis 99, 101, 105, - palpebrae superioris 56, 57
- thyrohyoid 40, 53 125-128, 132, 141, 142, 143 - - scapulae 36-38, 40, 41 , 92, 94, 1 10, 1 12
- tympanic 58-60 -- carpi radialis longus 98, 99, 101 105, 1 20, -- veh palatini 16,44,51
-
,
124-128, 132, 141-143 - longissimus 88, 157

secondary 58
Meninges 86 -- carpi ulnaris 100-102, 105, 127, 128, 141-143 - capitis 16, 36
--digiti minimi 127, 140-142 - longus capitis 16

Meniscus, lateral 282, 308-310, 312, 315
-medial 282, 308-310,312 - - digitorum 99, 101, 127, 128, 132, 140-142, 145 --colh 191
- digitorum brevis 289, 290, 318, 319, 321, 322 - lumbrical (foot) 325, 326
Mesentery 216-219, 221-223, 234, 235 -
Meso-appendix 234 - - digitorum longus 282, 285, 289, 312, 314, --(hand) 131-135, 142, 145
318, 319,321,322 - masseter 10, 12, 16, 24, 34, 36, 40, 50, 51
Mesocolon, sigmoid 218, 235, 254
-transverse 216, 217 --hallucis brevis 289, 321, 322 -mentalis 10,24, 36
- musculus uvulae 16
Mesosalpinx 255 -- hallucis longus 285, 289, 314, 318, 319, 321,
- mylohyoid 24, 36, 38-41, 44, 45, 47, 52
Mesovarium 255 322
Metacarpal bones 103, 104, 135, 140, 144-146 --indicis99, 101, 102, 127, 128, 140-142, 145 -nasalis 10, 12, 34
--pollicis brevis 99, 102, 105, 124, 127, 128, - oblique, external 87, 149, 157, 204, 205,
Metatarsal bones 287, 288, 290, 291, 318, 319,
132, 133, 140-143
207-209, 243, 246, 247, 250, 251, 264, 268,
323, 327, 328
-- pollicis longus 101, 102, 105, 124, 127, 128, 270
Midbrain 46, 54, 63, 65-67
Moderator band 162 132, 140-143
- inferior 56, 57
- - internal 87, 1 57, 204, 205, 207-209, 211,243
Modiolus of internal ear 60 -flexor accessorius 289, 320, 323, 325, 326
246, 247, 250, 251, 268, 270
Mons pubis 247,
Mouth 46, 47
254, 257 --carpi radialis 105, 124-126, 130-137, 139
-- carpi ulnaris 102, 105, 121, 124-126, 130-137 - superior 56, 57
- obliquus capitis inferior 36
Muscles, named --digiti minimi brevis (foot) 289, 325, 326
- abductor digiti minimi (foot) 289, 320, 321, (hand) 105, 131-133, 135 superior 16
- - digitorum brevis 289, 323-326 - obturator externus 264, 270, 273, 274, 293, 29';
324-326
--digitorum longus 281, 289, 315-317, 320, 300, 301
(hand) 105, 127, 130-136, 141, 143
- - internus 244, 245, 251, 252, 257, 266, 273,
- - hallucis 289, 322, 324-326 322, 324-326
- - pollicis brevis 105, 131-136, 142 --digitorum profundus 102, 105, 125, 126, 274, 293, 300
- occipitofrontalis 12, 16, 34, 36
longus99, 102, 105, 124, 126-128, 131-135, 139
132-135, 137, 140-143 - digitorum superficialis 102, 105, 124, 125,
- omohyoid 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 52, 92, 94, 108,
109, 289
- adductor brevis 244, 264, 270, 274, 275, 130-136, 139, 325
296-298 - hallucis brevis 289, 325, 326, 328
- opponens digiti minimi 105, 133-136
--polhcis 105, 142
- - hallucis 289, 325, 326 --hallucis longus 283, 285, 287-289, 315-317,
- orbicularis oculi 10, 12, 34, 36
- - longus 244, 245, 247, 250, 256, 264, 270, 275, 320, 322, 325-327
- - oris 34, 36
296-298, 301, 302 --poUicis brevis 105, 131-136, 139, 146
- palatopharyngeus 16, 51
- - magnus 245, 256, 264, 270, 274, 275, 277, --pollicis longus 102, 105, 124-126, 128,
- palmaris brevis 130, 131, 133, 134
292-299, 306, 307 132-136
- - minimus 295 - gastrocnemius 276, 277, 294, 304-307, 312, --longus 121, 124, 130-132, 135
- papillary 162, 163
--pollicis 105, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 313, 315-317
- gemellus inferior 266, 270, 293 - pectinate 162
143, 146
- pectineus 244, 247, 250, 268, 270, 274, 275,
-anconeus 98, 102, 128 -- superior 264, 270, 293
- articularis genu 277, 310 - genioglossus 24, 45, 47, 52 296-298, 301, 302
- geniohyoid 24, 39, 41, 45, 47, 52 - pectoralis major 94, 96, 107-109, 113, 116,
- aryepiglottic 53
- arytenoid, oblique 53 - gluteus maximus 81, 87, 245, 256, 257, 264, 117, 150
- - transverse 52, 53 270, 274, 275, 292-295, 305 --minor 92, 109, 116-118
- - medius 87, 264, 273, 274, 292, 293, 302 - perineal, superficial transverse 256, 257, 260
- biceps (brachii) 92, 94, 95, 99, 102, 107, 109,
- - minimus 264, 273, 274, 293, 302 - peroneus brevis 285, 289, 315, 316, 318, 319,
113, 114, 116-119, 121, 122, 124-126, 128
-- (femoris) 264, 270, 275, 277, 285, 293-295, - gracilis 244, 245, 247, 256, 264, 270, 281, 282, 321-323, 327
- - longus 282, 285, 287, 289, 305, 312-316,
304-309, 312, 315,316 292, 294-299, 305, 306, 312, 315-317
- brachiahs 96, 98, 102, 113, 119, 125, 126, 128 -hyoglossus41,44, 45, 52 318, 319,321, 322, 325, 327
- iliacus 81, 242-245, 249, 250, 266, 268, 273-275 - - tertius 285, 289, 3 9, 32 1 322
1
- brachioradialis 98, 102, 113, 119, 120, 121, ,
- iliocostalis 88 - piriformis 81, 244, 245, 252, 264, 273, 274, 293
124-128, 132, 143
- plantaris 277, 289, 290, 294, 306, 307, 315, 317
- buccinator 10, 12, 24, 34, 36, 38, 41, 44 - infraspinatus 92, 94, 96, 110-114
- bulbospongiosus 248, 256, 257 - intercostal, external 149, 155-157, 208 320
- coccygeus 81, 244, 245, 252, 266 - innermost 158
- ptatysma 10, 12, 24, 36
- popliteus 276, 277, 281, 282, 306-309, 312,
- constrictor, inferior 38, 44, 50-53 --internal 149, 155, 156, 158
- interossei, dorsal (foot) 289, 321, 325, 326 315-317
- - middle 50-52
- procerus 10, 12, 34
- - superior 16, 24, 44, 50, 51 --(hand) 105, 127, 132, 135, 136, 138, 140-143,
- pronator quadralus 102, 124, 126, 129, 132, 13
- coracobrachialis 92, 94, 96, 109, 116-119 145
- crico-arytenoid, lateral 53 --palmar 105, 136, 138, 145 -- teres 98, 99, 102, 119, 121, 124-126, 128
- posterior 52, 53 - - plantar 289, 325, 326 -psoas major 191, 223, 234, 236, 241-245,
249-251,273-275,298, 302
-cricothyroids?, 52, 53, 189
ischiocavemosus 256, 257, 266 - - minor 251, 266, 268, 270
- deltoid 92, 94, 96, 107-114, 116-118, 120, -
- pterygoid, lateral 16, 24, 38, 49, 54
153 - latissimus dorsi 87,92,96, 110-113, 116-119,
- - medial 16, 24, 38, 45, 49-51
- depressor anguli oris 10, 12, 24, 34 149, 153, 154, 157
- pyramidalis 268, 270
- - labii inferiorls 10, 12, 24, 34, 36
1 1
- quadratus fcmoris 264, 270, 273-275, 293, 295 - trapezius 16, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 92, 94, s of thigh, intermediate 207, 247, 305
- - lumborum 149, 236, 241-243, 266, 268 107-113, 153 -- lateral 242, 243
- rectus abdominis 150, 204, 205, 207-211, 242, - triceps 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 110-114, 118, 120, --medial 207,247, 305
247-249, 268, 270 121, 128 - - posterior 256, 257, 292, 293
- - capitis anterior 16 - vastus intermedius 273-275, 277, 278, 297, 298 - to digastric, anterior belly, 41
-- capitis lateralis 16, 49 - - lateralis 244, 273-275, 278, 294-298, 302, - digital, palmar 131, 133, 134, 136
- - capitis posterior major 16 306 - - plantar 324, 325
- - capitis posterior minor 16 - - medialis 273-275, 277, 278, 281, 282, 296, -dorsal (ulnar) 130, 136, 140
- - femoris 244, 253, 264, 266, 268, 270, 278, 297, 299, 302, 304-306 - - of penis 250, 256, 257
296-299, 301 - zygomaticus major 10, 12, 34, 36 - erigentes 252
- - inferior 49, 56, 57 --minor 10, 12, 34, 36 - ethmoidal, anterior 48, 57
- - lateral 56, 57 Myelogram 90 - facial 19, 34, 36, 38, 48-50, 54, 55, 58-60,
- - medial 49, 56, 57 Myocardium 162 64, 65, 67-69
- - superior 56, 57 - femoral 206, 207, 242, 243, 247, 250, 251, 296,
- rhomboid major 92, 110-112 Nasal bone 9, 1 26 1 , 297, 305
--minor 92, 110, 112 -cavity 18, 47-49 - frontal 49, 56, 57
36 - concha, inferior 9, 18, 31, 45, 47-49 - gastric 240
- - middle 9, 45 - to geniohyoid 40
- salpingopharyngeus 51 --superior 18,31,45,47,48 - genitofemoral 223, 234, 241-243, 246, 250, 251
- sartorius 207, 244, 247, 264, 266, 270, 281, 282, - supreme 45 - glossopharyngeal 41, 44, 49-51, 55, 65, 67-69
294, 296-299, 305, 306, 315, 317 - crest 26, 27 - gluteal, inferior 293
- scalenus anterior 37, 39, 40, 41, 44,
- - medius 37, 38, 40, 41, 109, 149
149, 188, 189 - notch 26
- septum 9, 45-47, 51, 55, 73
- superior 293
-hypoglossal 33, 39-41,44, 45, 49, 51, 55, 65, 67,
- posterior 149 -spine 9, II, 15,25-27 69
- semimembranosus 264, 270, 279-282, 294, 295, Nasion 9, 1 - hypogastric 242
304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, 315-317 Nasopharynx 46, 47 - infra-orbital 57
- semispinalis capitis 16 Navicular bone 287, 288, 318, 320, 322, 323, 326 - infratrochlear 57
- semitendinosus 264, 270, 281, 282, 292-295, 327 - iliohypogastric 207, 236, 241-243
304-306, 312, 315-317 Neck 37-43, 189 - ilio-inguinal 207, 236, 241-243, 246, 247
- serratus anterior 92, 94, 107, 16, 17, 149, 154,
1 1 - of femur 271, 272, 274, 275, 300, 302, 303 - intercostal 117, 158, 190, 192, 194, 204, 207
205 -ofgallbladder 228, 261 - intercostobrachial 109, 11 1, 117, 1 18
- - posterior inferior 149, 157 - of humerus, anatomical 95 - intermedius 54, 55
- - posterior superior 149 - surgical 95 - interosseous, anterior 125
- soleus 281, 282, 285, 306, 307, 309, 312, 313, - of pancreas 222, 225 --posterior 125, 128, 129
315-317 -of radius 99, 101 - labial, posterior 257
- sphinaer, external anal 248, 254, 257 -of rib 147, 148, 151, 190, 196 - lacrimal 49, 56, 57
- - urethrae 248, 266 - of scapula 91 - laryngeal, external 36, 38-41, 44, 53
-spinalis 88, 157 -oftalus287, 288, 323 - - internal 33, 36, 39-41, 44, 51-53
- splenius capitis 16, 36, 38, 40, 41 Nerve, nervus -- recurrent 39, 44, 51-53, 187-190, 194
- stapedius 58, 59 - abducent 45, 48, 50, 55, 56, 64, 65, 67, 68
- accessory 33, 65, 67-69
- superior 44
- sternocleidomastoid 12, 16, 33-37, 40, 41, 44, - to levator ani 252
94, 107, 108, 150, 152 - cranial root 33, 50 - lingual 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 49, 51
- sternohyoid 37-41, 44, 52, 54, 108, 109, 151 - - spinal part 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 44, 49, 55, 64, -lumbar 87, 157,243,292
-sternothyroid 37,38,41,44, 108, 109, 151 65, 68, 69, 83, 108 - mandibular 34, 44, 45, 49, 54
-styloglossus 16, 41,44, 51 - alveolar, inferior 38, 41, 45, 51
- ansa cervicalis 37, 38
- marginal 34, 36
-stylohyoid 16,41,44,51,52 - maxillary 38, 45, 48, 49, 54
- stylopharyngeus 16, 44, 50, 51 --lower root 37, 38 - to medial pterygoid 44, 45
- subclavius 37, 38, 94, 109, 1 16, 1 17, 149 - - upper root 36-38, 40, 44 -median 109, 116-119, 121, 124, 125, 130, 131,
-subcostal 158, 194 - ansa subclavia 39, 188, 189, 191, 194 133-136
- subscapularis 92, 94, 96, 109, 116-118 - auricular, great 34-37, 40, 41, 44, 108 -musculocutaneous 109, 116-118
-supinator 102, 125-129 - auriculotemporal 34, 36, 38, 41, 44, 45, 58 -to mylohyoid 38, 41,44
- supraspinatus 92, 94, 96, 1 10, 1 12, 1 14 -axillary 1 10, 1 12-1 14, 117, 1 18, 120 - nasociliary 49, 57
- suspensory of duodenum (Treitz) 223 - buccal (facial) 34, 36 - nasopalatine 48
-temporahs 10, 12,24, 38,41
- tensor fasciae latae 244, 247, 264, 296, 297, 305
- (mandibular) 38
- carotid, internal 48
- obturator 242, 243, 249-252, 296, 297
- to obturator internus 293
- - tympani 58, 59 - cervical 39-41, 68, 69, 82, 83, 108, 189, 190 - occipital, greater 36
-- veH palatini 16, 44, 45, 49, 51 - - (facial) 36 --lesser 35, 36, 40,41, 108
- teres major 92, 94, 96, 110-114, 116-118, 120, - chorda tympani 44, 45, 49, 51, 58-60 - - third 36
153 - ciliary, short 56, 57 - oculomotor 45, 48-50, 54-56, 64, 65, 67, 68
-- minor 92, 94, 96, 111-114, 120 - cranial 65, 67, 68 - olfactory 48, 67
- thyro-arytenoid 53 -cutaneous of arm, medial 116-119, 121 - ophthalmic 45, 49, 56
- thyro-epiglottic 53
- thyrohyoid 39, 40, 41, 44, 51, 52, 108, 189
-
- posterior 111, 119 - optic 45, 47-50, 54-57, 64, 65, 67, 68
upper lateral 1 1 - palatine, greater 48, 49
- tibiahs anterior 281, 282, 289, 312, 314, 318, s of calf, lateral 305, 306, 312, 313 - - lesser 48, 49
319, 321,322, 327 s of forearm, lateral 119, 121, 124, 125, - pectoral, lateral 109, 116-118
- - posterior 281-283, 285, 289, 315-318, 320, 130, 140 --medial 109, 116, 117
322, 326, 327 -medial 116-119, 121, 124, 130 - perineal 256
: thoracic 151, 158 i of neck, transverse 35-37, 40, 108 - peroneal, common, 285, 293, 304-307, 312, 314,
i abdominis 204, 209-21 1, 241, 246,
, perforating 256, 292, 293 317
249,251,266,268,270 , palmar (median) 130, 131 --deep 314, 319, 321,322
-(ulnar) 130, 131 - - superficial 312, 314, 319, 321
- petrosal, deep 48 - of spleen 233 Pericardium 151, 159, 160, 172, 173, 187.
- - greater 7, 28, 48. 49,
1 58, oO - supra-orbital 25 192, 193,215,226
--lesser 17,28,49,58 - suprascapular 91, 92 Perilymph 60
-phreiuc 37-41, 44, 109, 160, 172, 173,186-189, -trochlear 100. 101. 123 Perineum, female 257
191-194 - ulnar 99 - male 256
- plantar. lateral 320, 322, 324-326 Nucleus, caudate 70-72 Pentoneum 207, 214, 217-219, 221-223, 234, 240,
--medial 320. 322, 324-326 - dentate 67 252, 254, 255
- of pter>goid canal 48, 49 - hypoglossal 41 Phalanges of fingers 103, 104, 146
- pudendal 256. 257, 293 - lentiform 70, 72 - of toes 287, 290, 29 1 , 323, 327. 328
- to quadratus femoris 293 -red 71 Pharynx 41. 40. 47. 50-52, 53, 74
-radtal 117, 118. 120, 125, 129, 130. 133, 140 Pia mater 68
-rami 83 Pineal body 66, 07, 69
- rectal, inferior 256, 257 Obex 69 Pinna 58
Ocapital bone 1 1, 13, 14, 17, 19, 32 Pisiform bone 103, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138,
- roots and rootlets 83
Oesophagus 50-52, 172-174, 186-188, 194, 201, 139, 145, 146
-sacral243, 251,252, 292
220, 236, 240, 258
- saphenous 296, 297, 299, 305, 312, 320 Plane, transpylonc 203
Olecranon 100, 101, 121, 123 Plate, cribriform of ethmoid bone 17. 31, 57
- saatic 293, 295
01ive65. 67, 68, 71 - horizontal of palatine bone 31
- scrotal, postenor 256
Omentum, greater 212-214, 216, 217, 219, 220 - pterygoid, lateral 13. 15. 30. 44, 49
-spinal 85. 196, 197 - lesser 215, 216, 219, 220, 227
- splanchnic 84, 186. 191, 194, 196, 240 --medial 13, 15, 18. 30
Opening, m adductor magnus 295, 297, 299 - orbital of ethmoid bone 18, 31
- - pdvic 242. 252
-aortic 192, 193. 203 - perpendicular of ethmoid bone 31, 47
- to stapedius 60
- oesophageal 192. 193. 203. 240. 241 - - of palatine bone 18, 27, 31
- to subclavius 37, 38, 109
- saphenous 246. 247
- subcostal 236, 241 - tarsal 57
Optic chiasma 46, 54, 57, 64-66 Pleura 149, 151, 152, 158-160, 172, 173, 186, 190.
- subscapular, lower 117. 118
- upper 18 1
- supraclavicular 35, 40, 108

Orbit 9. 18,49,56,57,73.74
Onfice, aoruc 163
191. 197
Plexus, choroid 65-67, 70, 71
- atrioventricular1 64
- of nerves
- supra-orbital 34, 56, 57
- rmtral 163
- suprascapular 37. 109, 114, 189 --aortic 236, 241, 242
- supratrochlear 34, 56. 57 --brachial 33, 37, 109. 116-118, 188-190
-sural 306,313.317, 319. 321. 322
-ureteral 248,250,251,254 - cardiac 187
- temporal 34. 36
- urethral, external 246, 254, 257 - cervical 36, 38
- - deep 38, 54
- - internal 248. 250, 25 1 254
,
- coeliac 236, 240
- thoraac 83, 87. 111. 112. 157, 190
- vaginal 257
Ongin, common extensor 98, 128
- hypogastric, infenot 242, 252
superior 242
--long 38. 109. 117
-thoracodorsal 116-118
- common flexor 98, 121, 125, 126 - lumbar 243
-to thyrohyoid 40. 41,44
Os. external 254
- internal 254
- mesenteric, infenor 242
- 326
tibial 293, 306. 307, 315, 317, 320, --oesophageal 186, 194
Ossicles, auditory 58, 59 - - pelvic 246
- tngenunal 45, 50. 54, 55, 64, 65, 67, 68
- trochlear 45, 50, 55-57. 65, 67-69, 71
Ossification, of lower limb bones 290, 291 - sacral 293
- tympamc 49, 58
- of upper limb bones 106
Ovary 254, 255
- testicular 246
-ulnar 116-119, 121, 125, 131, 133, 134, 136
- vagus 33, 36. 39, 41, 44, 55, 65, 67-69, 160, — basilar 61
172, 173, 186-191, 194 Pad, infrapatellar fat 312 — pampimform 240
- vestibulocochlear 50, 54, 55, 59, 64, 65, 67-69 Palate, hard 18, 46, 47, 49, 74 — pterygoid 42, 43
- zygomatic ^faaal^ -soft 40.47.49-51 — - uienne 255
Nipple, female 152
34, 36
Palatine bone 13. 15. 18, 27. 31 — vertebral 43
-male 107, 154 Pancreas 203, 216, 217, 219-223, 225, 232, 233 Plica semilunaris 56
Node, atnoventricular 162 Papilla, duodenal 225 Pole, of cerebral hem isphe.
- sinuatrial 162 - fungiform 52 Pons 45, 46, 49, 63-68,71
Nodule 67, 68 - of Itidney 238 Pouch, of Douglas 55
Nose 18,45-49,51,55,73 - lacrimal 56 — hepatorenal 219
Notch, acetabular 263, 269 - of tongue 52, 56 - Mo i219
- angular 258 - vallate 52, 53 - pharyngeal.
- clavicular 150 Paranasal air sinuses, ethmoidal 18, 73
- ethmoidal 25 - frontal 17, 18, 21, 25, 46-49, 73, 74 - reaovesical 248
- fibular 283 - maxillary 18, 21. 26. 48. 49, 73 - vesico-uterme 254, 255
- fronul 9, 18, 25 -sphenoidal 18, 30, 46-49, 55, 74 Process, processus
- Panclalbone 11, 13, 14, 17,29 - alveolar of maxilla 26
intertragic 58
-lugular 32, 33, 150, 152,203 Pars tnangulans 63 - caudate 215, 226, 228
- mandibular 23 Patella 278, 290. 299, 304, 305, 310, 31 - clinoid. anterior 17, 30, 56
-mastoid 13, 15. 28 Pathway, auditory 65 - postenor 17. 30. 56
- nasal 26 - visual 65 - cochleanform 59
- parietal 28 Pectcn, of pubis 267-269 -coracoid 91-93, 109
- pre-occipital 63 Peduncle, cerebellar 67-69 - coronoid of mandible 1 1
, 22, 23
- pterygoid 30 - cerebral 64, 65, 68 --of ulna 100, 101, 122, 123, 129
- radial 100 Pelvis 242, 248, 251-253, 263, 267 - ethmoidal of infenor concha 31
- sciatic, greater 253, 263, 265, 301 - of kidney 223. 237, 238. 262 - falaform 253, 266, 301
- Ugamcnts 253 - frontal of maxilla 9. 11, 18,26,31
- - lesser 253, 263, 265, 269, 300, 301
- sphenopalatine 27 - section 248, 252-254 - of zygomatic bone 29
- horizontal of palatine bone 13, 1 5, 27
- spinoglenoid 91 Penis 246, 256
1 5 1 1 5 1 8 1
- jugular of occipital bone 32 Ramus, ischiopubic 252, 256, 263, 265, 269 Scapula 91-95, 110, 112, 153
-lacrimal of inferior concha 3 - of ischium 263 Sclera 56
- lateral of calcaneus 287, 288, 323 - of mandible 9, II, 19,21,23,41 Scronim 246, 248, 256
- mastoid of temporal bone 11, 13, 15, 21, 22, 28, -of nerve 83, 197 Section, of brain 66, 67, 70-72
58, 59, 73, 74 - of pubis, inferior 256, 263 - of foot 323
- maxillary of inferior concha 31 - - superior 247, 249, 263, 265, 297 - of head 46-49, 55
- of palatine bone 27
- medial of calcaneus 287, 288, 323
Raphe, over bulb of penis 256
- pharyngeal 16, 50
- of hip joint 302
- of kidney 238
- orbital of palatine bone 18, 27 - pterygomandibular 24 -of larynx 53
- palatine of maxilla 15, 26, 27, 31 Recess, costodiaphragmatic 192, 193, 233 -of pelvis 248, 252-254
- pterygoid of sphenoid bone 30 - costomediastinal 192, 193 - of temporal bone 58
- pyramidal of palatine bone 13, 15, 27 - duodenal, inferior 219 -of wrist and hand 144
- sphenoidal of palatine bone 27 - epitympanic 58 Segment, bronchopulmonary 175, 176-183
- styloid of fibula 284, 286 - ileocaecai, inferior 234 - of kidney 238
-- of radius 99, 101, 104, 138, 140, 144, 146
- - of temporal bone 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5, 28, 44, 50, 5 1 , 58
- superior 234
- infundibular 66, 72
-ofliv r231
Sella turcica 17, 18, 22, 30, 56, 74
--of ulna 100, 101, 104, 127, 138, 144, 146 - lateral 67-69, 72 Septum, interatrial 162
- temporal of zygomatic bone 29 - pharyngeal 47, 49, 50 - interventricular 163, 165, 170
- uncinate of ethmoid bone 18, 31 - piriform 50, 53, 74 - medial intermuscular of arm 120, 121
- - of pancreas 22 1 222, 225
, - retrocaecal 234 -nasal 9. 21,45-47, 51,55,73
- vaginal of sphenoid bone 30 - sacciform 139, 144 - orbital 57
- vaginalis 246, 247 - spheno-ethmoidal 47-49 - pellucidum 66. 71
-xiphoid 150, 158 - supra-optic 66, 72 Shadow, hilar 197
- zygomatic of frontal bone 25 - suprapineal 66, 72 Sheath, carotid 33
--of maxilla 26 Rectum 214, 242, 248, 250-252, 254, 255, 260 - femoral 296
- of temporal bone 1 , 28 1 Region, gluteal 292, 293 -fibrous (digital) of hand 131-133. 135
Prominence, laryngeal 33, 37, 39, 52, 189 - infratemporal 44 - rectus 203. 204. 207, 209-21 1, 246, 247, 268,
Promontory of middle ear 58, 59 - inguinal 206, 207, 246, 247, 250 270
- of sacrum 244, 245, 248, 252, 253, 267 Retina 57 - synovial at ankle 319
Protuberance, mental 11,23 Retinaculum, extensor, of ankle, inferior 290, 321, - synovial (digital) of hand 133, 135, 142
- occipital, external 11, 13, 15, 22, 32 322 Shin 279
--internal 17, 32,61 superior 321 Shoulder 107-115
Pterion 1 1 , 22 --of wnst 127, 128, 132, 140-142 Sinus, aortic 166, 168
Pubis 249, 263, 265, 267, 290 - flexor, of ankle 3 1
- carotid 36, 44
- ramus, inferior 256, 263 --of wnst 126, 130, 131, 133-136 -ethmoidal 18, 73
- - superior 247, 249, 263, 265, 297 - patellar, medial 299 - frontal 17, 18, 21, 25, 46-49, 73, 74
Pulvinar 65, 68 - peroneal, inferior 32 - of larynx 53, 74
Punctum, lacrimal 56, 57 - superior 315, 321 - maxillary 18, 21, 26, 48, 49, 73
Pupil 56 Rib 39,43,82,89, 109, 115-117, 147-149, 151, -oblique 160
Putamen 70, 71 152, 155-158, 174, 188-190, 194, 196, 197, 202, - pulmonary 165, 168
Pyelogram 262 205, 208, 210, 233, 258, 261, 262 - sphenoidal 18, 30, 46-49, 55, 74
Pyloric antrum 224, 258, 259 -first 39,43,82,89, 109, 115-117, 148, 149, 151, -tarsal 288, 321, 323, 328
- canal 224, 229, 230 174, 188-190,202 160
-part 216, 220, 221,223, 225 Ridge, supracondylar, lateral 97
Pylorus 229, 258, 259 -medial 97, 123 s45, 56,61
Pyramid, of cerebellum 67 Rim, of acetabulum 263, 269, 302, 303 --coronary 161-163, 165, 168-171
- of medulla oblongata 65, 67, 68, 7 - - intercavernous 47
- medullary 238
- of middle ear 60
Rima, of glottis 53,
- of vestibule 53
74
- petrosal, inferior 61
Ring, femoral 249 superior 54, 6
- fibrous 64 1
- sagittal, inferior 55, 61
Radiation, optic 70, 72 - inguinal, deep 206, 211, 246, 249 superior 46, 54, 55, 61
Radiograph, of ankle and foot 328 -- superficial 206, 208, 243, 246, 247, 300 sigmoid 51 58
- of costal margin 202 - tendinous 56 - ,
sphenoparietal 55, 61
-of elbow 123 - tympanic 19 -- straight 46. 54, 55,61,69
- of head and neck 74 Root, of ansa cervicalis 36-38, 40, 44 - - transverse 54, 55, 61
- of hip joint 303 - of auriculotemporal nerve 44, 45 Skull 9-22
- of gall bladder 261 -of lung 172, 173
-of heart 197 - of median nerve 1 1 6- 1 1 -cleared 21, 22
- of kidney and ureter 262 - of mesentery 2 1 8, 2 1 9, 22 1 , 222 - cranial fossae 17
- of knee 31 -ofr :83 -fetal 19
- of large intestine 260 - of penis 256 - muscle attachments 10, 12, 16
-of lung 198-200 Rootlet of nerve 83 Small intestine 213, 214
- of oesophagus 201 Rostrum, of corpus callosum 66 Snuffbox, anatomical 140, 142
- of shoulder 1 1 - of sphenoid bone 30 Space, extradural 54
-of skull 73 - intercostal 153, 154, 194, 203
- of small intestine 259 Sac, lacrimal 26, 56, 57 - quadrilateral 114, 117
- of stomach 258 -lesser 217 - subarachnoid 60, 62, 68, 84, 90
-of vertebrae 89, 90, 202 Saccule, of larynx 53, 60 Sphenoid bone 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18,21,30
-of wnst and hand 145, 146 Sacralization, of fifth lumbar vertebra 81 Sphincter, ampullary (of Oddi) 225
Radius 99, 101, 102, 104 Sacrum 79-81, 84, 262, 263, 267 - anal, external 248, 254, 257
Rami commumcantes 84, 85, 196, 243 Scaphoid bone 103, 104, 138, 144, 146 - urelhrae 248, 266
Spinal cord 83 Taenia coti 234, 235 Tubercle, adductor 272, 276
- medulla 46, 55, 67-69, 83, 84 Tectum 65 - articular of skull 1 3, 1 5, 28
Spine, ethmoidal 30 Teeth 20
19, - auricular 58
- iliac, anterior infenor 253, 263, 265, 267, 269, Tegmen tympani 15, 17, 28, 58 - of calcaneus, anterior 287, 288
273, 290, 300 Tegmentum 65. 66 - conoid 93
- - anterior superior 206, 208, 244, 245, 247, Tela choroidea 71 - cuneate 69
253, 263, 265, 267-269 Temporal bone 1, 15, 17, 28, 45, 51, 58-60, 69, - gracile 69
- postenor mferior 263, 265, 267 73
1
- of humerus, greater 95, 106

- posterior superior 263, 265, 267, 301
- ischial 252, 263, 265, 267, 300, 301, 303
Tendo calcaneus 289, 313, 315, 318-323 --lesser 95, 106, 113
Tendon, coniomt 246, 249, 268, 270 - of Uiac crest 206, 263, 267
- mental 23 -quadriceps 299, 310 - infraglenoid 93
- nasal, anterior of maxilla 26 Tentonum cerebelli 49, 54, 55, 61, 69 ndylar eminence 279, 280, 311
- of frontal bone 25
9, 1 1,
Testis 246, 248, 256 162

- posterior of palatine bone 15, 27 Thalamus 65-68, 70-72 - jugular 32
-of scapula 91, 93 Thigh 294, 295, 298, 299 - mental 23
- of sphenoid bone 1 3, 1 5, 30 Thoraac duct 191 - pharyngeal 15, 32
Spiral organ 60 Thorax 147-202 - postglenoid 28
Spleen 233 -inlet 39, 151, 188, 189, 191 - pubic 206. 244, 256, 263, 265, 267-269, 290,
Splenium 65, 66 - surface markirigs 1 52 303
Stapes 58-60 Tibia 279-283, 286, 290, 291, 305, 309, 312, 314, - quadrate 271, 272
Slemebrae 150 323 - of radius, dorsal 99, 101
Sternum 150-153, 155, 187 Toes 315, 322, 323, 325, 328 -of rib 147, 148, 156. 196
Stomach 212, 213, 215-225, 230, 233, 258 Tomograph, of larynx 74 - scalene 49 1
Stnae, medullary 69 Tongue 40, 43, 46, 47, 52. 53 -of scaphoid bone 103, 139
Subarachnoid space 60, 62, 68, 84, 90 Tonsil, of cerebellum 65, 67 - supraglenoid 93
Substance, perforated, anterior 64, 65, 70 - lingual 47 -oftalus287, 288, 323
- postenor 65, 66 - palatine 46, 47, 50 -of trapezium 103. 135. 139
Substantia nigra 65, 71 - pharyngeal 46, 47, 49, 50 Tuberculum sellae 30
Sulcus, of calcaneus 288 Trabecula, septomarginal 1 62 Tuberosity, of base of fifth metatarsal 287. 288,
- calcarine 66, 67 Trachea 39, 53, 74, 172, 174, 175, 184-190, 200 318, 322, 327, 328
- central 62, 63, 66 Tract, gemculocalcarine 70 - of cuboid bone 287
- chiasmatic 17, 30 - iliotibial 281, 282, 295, 296, 299, 304, 305, 312 - deltoid 95
- collateral 65, 67 - olfactory 54, 55, 64, 65, 68 - frontal 19, 25
- hypothalamic 66 - opuc 54, 71 - gluteal 272, 275
- lateral 63, 70 - unnary 229 - iUac 265
- lunate 63, 70 Tragus 58 - ischial 252, 253, 257, 263, 265, 269, 270, 293,
- median 69 Trapezium 103, 104, 138, 144-146 295, 300, 301
- orbital 65 Trapezoid bone 103. IM, 144, 146 -of maxilla 13, 15,26
- parieto-occipital 62, 63, 66, 67 Triangle, antenor 40 -of navicular bone 287, 288. 318, 320, 323, 326,
- postcentral 62, 63 - femoral 296, 299 327
- precentral 62, 63 - hypoglossal 69 - omental of Uver 227
- of talus 288 - inguinal 249 - parietal 19, 29
- temporal 63 - posterior 33, 35, 40 -of radius 99, 101, 122, 129
- terminalis 52, 53 - suprameatal 28, 58 - serratus antenor 149
Surface markings, abdomen 203, 206 -vagal 69 - of tibia 279, 280, 304,314
-ear 58 Trigone, of bladder 250, 251 -of ulna 100, 101, 122
-elbow 121 - collateral 70, 72 Tumca vaginalis 246
- eye 56 -fibrous, left 164 Tutmel. carpal 135
-foot 318 --right 164
-hand 130, 140 Triquetral bone 103, 104, 144, 146
-knee 304 Trochanter, greater 271, 272, 275, 300, 302, 303
- neck 33 - lesser 271-273, 275, 300, 303 Ulna 100-102
- perineum, male 256 Trochlea of humerus 97, 101, 123, 129 Umbilicus 203, 204. 206, 209, 21
-shoulder 107, 110 - of orbit 56 Uncus 64, 65. 67
-thorax 152-154 - peroneal 288 Upper limb 91-146
- vulva 257 Trunk, brachiocephalic 39, 42, 165, 169, Urachus 209. 255
Sustentaculum tali 287, 288, 323, 327 187-190, 195 Ureter 223, 225, 234, 236-239, 241, 242, 250. 251,
Suture, coronal 1 1, 14, 19, 22 - coeUac 191, 195, 220, 225. 230-232, 236, 237, 254. 255. 262
-frontal 19 239-241 Urethra, female 254. 257
- frontozygomatic 1 - linguofacial 41 - male 248. 256
-lambdoid 11, 13, 14, 19,22 - lumbosacral 243, 252 Uterus 247, 254, 255
-sagittal 13, 14, 19 - pulmonary 160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, - round ligament 207, 247
Symphysis menu 19 184, 185, 187 Utncle 60
- pubic 203, 206, 207, 245, 248, 249, 252-254, - sympathetic 39, 69, 83, 84, 172, 186, 190, 191, Uvula, of cerebellum 67
256, 263, 266, 303 194, 196, 236, 240-243, 252 - of palate 5
Synovial fluid 310 - thyrocervical 188
- vagal 194, 240
Talus 287, 288, 290, 321-323, 327, 328 Tube, auditory 28, 45-51 . 59, 60
Tapctum 70, 72 :255 Vagma 254, 255, 257
Tail, of epididymis 246 65, 66 Vagotomv 240
- of pancreas 233 Vallecula 46. 47. 52. 53
1 5 1
Valve 152 - lumbar 243 -vertebral 190, 195

-aonic 163, 164 - - ascending 240, 243 Velum, medullary 67-69
- of coronary sinus 162 - median 1 24 Ventricle, of brain, fourth 46, 65-69, 71, 72
- ileocaecal 234 - meningeal, middle 61 - - lateral 66, 67, 70-72
- of inferior vena cava 162 - mesenteric, inferior 223, 225, 232 - - third 66, 67, 70, 72
-mitral 152, 163, 164 - - superior 221-223, 225, 229-232 -of heart, left 160, 161, 163-166, 169-171, 173,
- pulmonary 152, 163-165 - oblique of left atrivim 169, 171 187, 197
-tricuspid 152, 162-164, 171 - occipital 43 right 160-162, 164-166, 170, 171, 187
Vem, see also Plexus, venous, and Sinus, venous - ophthalmic 42 Veri S67
auricular, posterior 43 - ovarian 254 Vertebra 75-81
-axillary 109, 116, 117 - of penis, deep dorsal 250, 256 - cervical 50, 74-76, 82, 190
-azygos 165, 169, 171, 172, 174, 186, 191, 194, - perforating of leg and ankle 320 -coccygeal 79, 81, 303
195,240 - petrosquamous 61 - lumbar 78, 84, 85, 191, 202, 203, 206, 240,
--lumbar 195,240 - popliteal 295, 306, 307 241, 243, 258, 260-262, 301, 303
-basilic 119, 124 - portal (hepatic) 215, 220, 225, 226, 228-232 - prominens 76
- brachiocephalic 33, 39, 42, 43, 174, 188-191, - posterior arch 320 -sacral 79-81,84
194, 195 - posterior of left ventricle 169-171 - thoracic 76, 77, 83, 84, 147, 151, 153, 156,
- cardiac, anterior 165, 170 - pudendal, superficial external 247 190-194, 202
--great 161, 163, 165, 166, 168-171 -pulmonary 160, 161, 166, 168-170, 172-174, Vertebral column, cervical 82, 83
--middle 161, 165, 168-171 184, 187, 194 - lumbar 84-86
--small 165, 166, 168, 170, 171 - rectal, inferior 256 - sacral 86
-cephalic 107-109, 113, 1161 117, 119, 124 - renal 220, 223, 229, 236, 237, 239-241 - thoracic 82, 83, 194
- cerebral 6 - retromandibular 36, 38, 43 Vesicle, seminal 250-252
- cervical, superficial 35 - saphenous, accessory 247 Vestibule, of internal ear 60
- colic232 - - great 207, 246, 247, 250, 296, 305, 312, 318, - of larynx 53
- cystic 228 320 - of nasal cavity 47
- epigastric, inferior 207, 249 --small 306, 313, 318-322 - of vagina 254, 257
- - superficial 207, 247 - scrotal, posterior 256 Vincula 139
- facial 34-36, 38, 40, 42, 43 - splenic 223, 225, 229-233 Viscera, abdominal 212, 214, 216, 217
- femoral 206, 207, 242, 247, 249, 250, 296, 297 -subclavian 33,43, 109, 116, 117, 149, 174. 188, Vomer 13, 15, 30,47,51
- hemiazygos 195, 240 257
- accessory 1 95 -
190, 191, 195
subcostal 195, 240
VulVi
- hepatic 186, 228, 240 - supra-orbital 42

-gastric, left 228-231 - suprarenal 237, 239-241 Wall, abdominal, anterior 203-21
- - right 228, 229 - testicular 223, 225, 234, 236, 241, 242, 249 fetal 209
- ileocolic 232 - thoracic, internal 188-190, 194 - - posterior 219, 223, 234, 236, 241, 242, 252
- iliac, common 242, 249
- deep circumflex 249
-
-
thoraco-acromial 108, 116, 117
thyroid, inferior 37, 42
- pelvic, posterior 254
Wave, peristaltic 258
- - external 234, 242, 249, 251, 254 - middle 41
- superficial circumflex 250
-
- superior 38, 41, 43

Window,
- round 58
oval 58
- intercostal, posterior 172, 186, 194, 195, 240 tibial. 314 Wings of sphenoid bone 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 21, 30
--supenor 172, 173, 190, 195 -posterior 307, 315
- supreme 190
- jugular, anterior 35, 37, 42, 43
-umbilical 209
Winslow, foramen 2
Wrist 130, 132, 138
1
vena cava, mferior 160-163, 169, 171, 172, 186,

- - external 35, 36, 40, 42, 43 192-194, 203, 206, 215, 219, 220, 225-228,
posterior 43 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242 Zona orbicularis 300, 302
-- internal 33, 36-38, 41-44, 49, 69, 109, 188, -superior 160-162, 164-166, 169, 171, 172, Zygomatic bone 9, 1, 18, 29 1
191 174, 186, 188, 189, 194, 195, 197, 198 -arch 11, 13, 15,21,22,29,41
ARTERIES
Arteries ,
Some major arteries, from the front
1 Supcrhciiil temporal a,
2 Facial a.
3 Internal carotid a.
4 External carotid a.
5 Common carotid a.
6 Brachiocephalic a.
7 Internal thoracic a.
8 N'criebrala.
t Siilxlaviana.
10 Axillarva.
11 Brachial a.
12 Radial a.
13 Ulnar a.
14 Deep palmar arch
15 Superficial palmar arch
16 Heart
17 Coronary a.
18 Aorta
19 Pulmonary trunk
20 Pulmonary a.
21 Coeliac trunk
22 Left gastric a.
23 Splenic a.
24 Common hepatic a.
25 Superior mesenteric a.
26 Renal a.
27 Inferior mesenteric a.
28 Common iliac a.
29 Internal iliac a.
30 External iliac a.
31 Femoral a.
32 Profunda fcmoris a.
33 Popliteal a.
34 Anterior tibial a.
35 Posterior tibial a.
36 Dorsalis pedis a.
37 Plantar arch
Some major veins, from the front
(The pulmonary veins enter the left alrni

back of the heart anil are not shown)
1 Internal jugular V. 15 Splenic V.

2 External jugular v. 16 Inferior mesenteric v.
3 Subclavian v. 17 Superior mesenteric v
4 Axillary v, 18 Renal V.
5 Brachial V. 19 Inferior vena cava
6 Basilic V. 20 Common iliac v.
7 (Vphalicv. 21 Internal iliac v.
X Median forearm v. 22 External iliac v.
9 Brachiocephalic v. 23 Femoral V.
10 Superior vena cava 24 Profunda femoris V.
11 Azygosv. 25 Great saphenous V.
12 liver 26 Popliteal V
13 Hepatic v 27 Small saphenous v.
14 Portal v
Nerves The racial nerve and some major branches of the
brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses
A From the front

B From the back
1 Facial n.
2 Brachial plexus
3 Musculocutaneous n.
4 Median n.
5 Ulnar n.
6 Lumbar plexus
7 Obturator n.
8 Femoral n.
9 Saphenous n.
10 Common peroneal n.
11 Superficial peroneal n.
12 Deep peroneal n.
13 Axillary n.
14 Radial n.
15 Sacral plexus
16 Superior gluteal n.
17 Inferior gluteal n,
18 Pudendal n.
19 Posterior femoral cutaneous n.
20 Sciatic n.
21 Tibial n.
22 Sural n.
Since its publication in 1977, McMinn & Hutchings Color Atlas
of Human Anatomy has been used by over one-half million
students world-wide for the study of human anatomy.
Year Book Medical PubHshers now makes available this handy

softcover edition of McMinn & Hutchings classic photographic
atlas.
The contents of this special edition are identical to McMinn &

Hutchings hardbound bestseller. To accommodate this softcover
edition, the text and photographs —
all quality four-color have —
been reduced but otherwise unchanged.
For students everywhere, this very special edition of the classic

Color Atlas of Human Anatomy is an unequalled value as an
educational and reference tool.
Other color atlas classics in anatomy from Year Book:

McMinn & Hutchings/Color Atlas of Human Anatomy (Hardbound)
ISBN 0-8151-5823-8
McMinn & Hutchings/Color Atlas of Head & Neck Anatomy
(Hardbound) ISBN 0-8151-5826-2
McMinn & Hutchings/Color Atlas of Applied Anatomy (Hardbound)
ISBN 0-8151-5827-1
England/Color Atlas of Life Before Birth (Hardbound)
ISBN 0-8151-3119-4
ISBN 0-8151-5834-3
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R.M.H.

Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

(In A and C the forearm is in ihe position of

A From the front 1;

This IS the first printing of a special smaller-size version

identical, except in size, with the life-size version.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

AicMinn, R.M.H. ^Robert Matthew Hay)

II. (DNLM: 1. Anatomv Atlases. QS 17 M4785ca)

Printed by Royal Smeets Offset b.v., Weert, Netherlands

263 Lower Limb

as models; and to Mrs Gina Howes for typing the

The object of this atlas is to assist students in the understanding of

rigidly to thisscheme. Sometimes it has been considered helpful in

treated. It will always be impossible to please everyone all the time;

From the Preface to the Life-size Edition.

The skull, from the front

inapproximately the same vertical plane,

The skull. Right infratemporal

-:> -t 4'?V 15 Lateral

• The lirachnoid granulacions (through which

48 Posterior nasal spine

43 Hiatus and groove for lesser petn

• The anterior cranial fossa is limiicd posteriorly on

7 Ramus of mandible 18 Sagittal suture

dotted line indicates the limit of

6 Depressor anguli oris

third molar has not yet erupied).

G Articulation of the right maxilla and

13 Suprameatal triangle above)

14 Furrows for parietal branch of middle meningeal

Right zygomatic bone, C lateral surface, D from

Right inferior concha, E from the lateral

H Articulation of right laxilla, palatine 1

bone and inferior conch: from the medial ,

27 Great auric ular nerve

• The risorius muscle has no bony atiachmenr Ii

normally passes from the parotid fascia to the sltin

the angle of the mouth, but is at a

nerve on the face fan out from the anterior

and lymph nodes.

B Left parotid and upper cervical

6 Deep part of parotid gland

22 Nerve to subclavius and phrenic nerve

15 Thyrohyoid and nerve by the interrupted line

25 Geniohyoid the hngual artery distal tc

and nerve ., r 56 Sternocleidomastoid

B Cast of vessels of the head and neck, from the

C Cast of the head a

Right side of the neck. Deep 27 Internal laryngeal nerve

8 Internal carotid artery 37 Recurrent laryngeal nerve

medially) 41 Vagus nerve

14 Motor root of trigeminal nerve

present in this specimen,

C The palatine tonsils. Medial surface (operation

The sphenoidal sinus opens into ihc spheno-eihmoidal recess

continuation of the semilunar hiatus

B Left nasal cavity and pterygopalatine ganglion,

21 Arlihcial opening into maxillary sinus ar

cells and bulla