NOVEMBER 2022:

1. Illustrate with example how the indicator power can be calculated by use of indicator
diagram. (8) write short notes on:
a. Brake horse power
b. Mechanical efficiency
c. Thermal efficiency. (8)
2. Describe with suitable sketches the starting air system of slow speed two stroke engine and
all the components in the system. (16)
3. With a simple sketch show the cylinder cover used on a low speed two stroke marine
propulsion engine. (10)
a. Mention the mountings on the cylinder cover and briefly explain the mountings used
for fuel, air start and relief purposes. (6)
4. Related to diesel engines used on board, briefly explain following terms with sketches.
a. Piston stroke (4)
b. Compression ratio (4)
c. Natural aspiration (4)
d. Supercharging. (4)
5. Explain the difficulty faced in lubrication of crosshead bearings and how this is overcome by
the engine makers of two stroke low speed main propulsion engines type with suitable
sketches. (16)
6. With reference to auxiliary engine fuel pumps:
a. Explain how a fuel pump may be checked for accuracy of injection timing. (6)
b. Describe how a fuel pump timing may be adjusted after overhaul. (5)
c. Explain the circumstances in which it is considered necessary to replace a fuel pump.
(5)
7. With reference to crankshaft and piston crown outline the main stresses to which these
parts are subjected (4)
a. In each case, explain how the stresses are generated and how they vary in
magnitude and direction during one cycle. (6)
b. With respect to the whole engine, describe how stresses may be accommodated by
good design and influenced by poor maintenance. (6)
8. Sketch and describe the operation of a governor suitable for a diesel generator.
9. Sketch and describe a device employed for continuous monitoring of the viscosity of heavy
fuel oil being supplied to a main engine.
a. Explain how the system employing the device described above operates to adjust
the fuel viscosity. (8)
1. Illustrate with example how the indicator power can be calculated by use of indicator
diagram. (8)
Write short notes on:
a. Brake horse power
b. Mechanical efficiency
c. Thermal efficiency. (8)
2. Describe with suitable sketches the starting air system of slow speed two stroke engine and
all the components in the system. (16)
 3. With a simple sketch show the cylinder cover used on a low speed two stroke marine
propulsion engine. (10)
a. Mention the mountings on the cylinder cover and briefly explain the mountings used
for fuel, air start and relief purposes. (6)

The cylinder cover mountings are:

1. Air starting valve

Air starting valve:

The starting valve is fitted on the cylinder cover. It is controlled by control air from the starting air
distributor. It’s kept in closed positon by a spring. When the main starting valve is open, the starting
air pipe up to the starting air valve is pressurised. The control air from the control air distributor acts
on the piston of the starting valve. The starting valve opens and the air flows from the starting air
pipe to the cylinder. After starting, the space above the air piston is vented through the vent pipe of
the air distributor.

Fuel valve:

The fuel valve also known fuel injector is fitted on the cylinder cover by two holding down bolts. The
fuel valve atomize the high pressure fuel supplied by fuel ump and injects into the cylinder. In this
fuel valve, the fuel oil is circulated when engine is standby. When the engine is started, the
circulation of oil will stop and the pressurised oil is supplied to the cylinder. The fuel valves consists
of a valve body, valve head and union nut. The non-return valve, thrust spindle with thrust spring
and spindle guides are assembled inside the valve body. The spindle guide consists of spindle guide,
nozzle, thrust piece and cut off shaft. The spindle guide assembly is assembled with press fit. Cut off
shaft is pressed against the tapered valve seat of spindle guide by the action of the thrust spring. The
spring pressure is transmitted through the slotted thrust foot. The thrust spring determines the
opening pressure of the valve. The non-return valve consists of housing, thrust piece, slide and
spring. The non-return valve is assembled with press fit. The slide of the non-return valve is pressed
by a spring against the tapered valve seat inside the non-return valve. In this position, the head of
the slide uncovers a small bore arranged for circulation purposes in the thrust piece.

Exhaust valve:

Exhaust valve is fitted in the central bore of the cylinder cover. It is attached to the cylinder cover by
four studs and forms a gas tight seal. The burnt exhaust gases from the cylinder are expelled through
the exhaust valve to the exhaust manifold. The valve seat is fitted to the bottom of the valve
housing. The valve spindle passes through the spindle guide fitted in the bore of the valve housing.
The valve spindle is made from nimonic alloy. A vane wheel is fitted to the valve spindle at the
bottom part which rotates the spindle when the engine is running. The air piston and hydraulic
piston are mounted at the top of the spindle. The air piston is locked to the spindle by a two piece
conical ring. It keeps the valve closed and acts like a spring. The hydraulic piston opens the exhaust
valve when the oil under pressure acts on top of the piston. A high pressure pipe connects the
hydraulic cylinder on top of the exhaust valve and the actuator mounted on the top pf the camshaft.
Oil is supplied to the hydraulic actuator through a non-return valve. The exhaust valve cam mounted
in the camshaft controls the timing of the exhaust valve. The exhaust valve is water cooled. The
cooling water flows from the bottom through the bores in the valve housing and discharged from
the top of the valve housing.

Indicator valve:

Indicator valves are fitted on each cylinder. It is a double seated valve with spring loaded closing
face. The combustion chamber of the cylinder is connected to the valve through a bore. It is used to
take indicator cards. The indicator valves are kept open while turning the engine or blowing through
the engine with air. Any accumulation of oil or water are expelled through the indicator valve when
blown through with air. This will indicate the cylinders which are having problems. The engine
should not be turned with turning gear motor without opening the indicator valves.

Safety valve:

A safety valve is fitted in each cylinder cover, when the pressure in the cylinder increases above the
maximum allowed peak pressure, the safety valve lifts and releases the excess pressure.
4. Related to diesel engines used on board, briefly explain following terms with sketches.
a. Piston stroke (4)
b. Compression ratio (4)
c. Natural aspiration (4)
d. Supercharging. (4)
 5. Explain the difficulty faced in lubrication of crosshead bearings and how this is overcome by
the engine makers of two stroke low speed main propulsion engines type with suitable
sketches. (16)

The crosshead on a slow speed 2 stroke is a difficult bearing to lubricate effectively. The load is
continually downward and because the con rod swings about the pin, changing direction each
stroke, true hydrodynamic lubrication cannot take place. Instead the lubrication starts as boundary,
and as the rubbing speed increases, a hydrodynamic film is built up. As the rubbing speed decreases
the lubrication becomes boundary once again.
MAN B&W TYPE

The lower half of the bearing housing is formed by the top end of the connecting rod. It supports the
crosshead pin over its entire length, the piston rod being bolted to the top half of the crosshead pin
through a cut out in the bearing top half. Oil supply to the crosshead is via a telescopic pipe from the
main LO supply at a pressure of about 2.5 bar.

The lower bearing shell (tin aluminium with overlay) has oil grooves with machined wedges. The oil
enters via the cut out channel in the centre. The grooves extend right to the edges of the bearing to
ensure a flow of oil, thus cooling the bearing.

SULZER RTA TYPE

The early RTA had a forked crosshead with the piston rod passing through a hole in the crosshead
pin and secured underneath with a nut. Oil entered the bearing through holes in the shell via a
groove machined in the lower bearing housing.

The Modern RTA has a continuous lower bearing, the housing formed by the top of the connecting
rod. Only a lower bearing shell is fitted, the top bearing housing being lined with white metal. Oil
boosted in pressure to 10 - 12 bar is supplied via a swinging arm. The swinging arm also carries oil at
system pressure (4 bar) for piston cooling.
6. With reference to auxiliary engine fuel pumps:
a. Explain how a fuel pump may be checked for accuracy of injection timing. (6)
b. Describe how a fuel pump timing may be adjusted after overhaul. (5)
c. Explain the circumstances in which it is considered necessary to replace a fuel pump.
(5)
7. With reference to crankshaft and piston crown outline the main stresses to which these
parts are subjected (4)
a. In each case, explain how the stresses are generated and how they vary in
magnitude and direction during one cycle. (6)
b. With respect to the whole engine, describe how stresses may be accommodated by
good design and influenced by poor maintenance. (6)
8. Sketch and describe the operation of a governor suitable for a diesel generator.
9. Sketch and describe a device employed for continuous monitoring of the viscosity of heavy
fuel oil being supplied to a main engine.
a. Explain how the system employing the device described above operates to adjust
the fuel viscosity. (8)