Physics-Innvestigatory-Project
Physics-Innvestigatory-Project
Physics-Innvestigatory-Project
OF
EXCELLENCE
________________ _______________
Signature of Signature of
External Examiner Internal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Session:- 2023-24
PHYSICS PROJECT
TOPIC: To investigate the dependence, of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hollow prism
filled, one by one, with different transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow
prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc),
drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale, thump pins,
graph papers and a protractor.
THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism –
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a
vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is the
base of the prism and AB and AC are its two
refracting surfaces.
A + Dm
sin 2
We have n= sin
A
2
PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the
drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the
paper.
3. Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about
6cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were
drawn making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55 ⁰
respectively with the normals.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the
observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle of
AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on
the line R1Q1 and the distance between the
pins were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked
through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was
opened and was brought in line with the two
images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye
sees pins P4 and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in
one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their
pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with
points Q2,Q3 and Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3
and S4T4.
16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward
in the boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points
F1,F2,F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of
deviation D1, D2,D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary
of the prism. This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n =
1.44
PRECAUTIONS:
The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.
The pins should be fixed vertical.
The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:
Pin pricks may be thick.
Measurement of angles may be wrong.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
▪ Introduction
▪ Experimental setup
▪ Bibliography