12 Biology Eng 2023 24

Annual Syllabus
Session: 2023-24
Subject –Biology (044)
Class-XII
Orientation and Recapitulation: Discussion on importance of Biology, scope of Biology and other
topics of interest.
Unit-VI Reproduction: Marks 16
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and
examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events -
development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-
apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -
spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst
formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary
idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control -
need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis;
infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general
awareness).
Practicals (Practicals should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.)
 Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
 Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
 Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds)
 Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging.
 Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through
permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
 T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution: Marks 20

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance,
co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of
polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex
determination - in human being, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked
inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans -thalassemia;
chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression
and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter-7: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontology,
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and
natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy -
Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution
 Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
 Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood
groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.
 Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant (monohybrid and
dihybrid ratio verification)
 Flash cards or models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.
Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare, Marks: 12

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis,
typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of
immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.
Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and
microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
 Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus
causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images. Comment on
symptoms of diseases that they cause
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications, Marks: 12

Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,
stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic
animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.
 Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
 Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.
Note: Completion of mid-term syllabus by 15th September 2023.
Mid –Term Examination 2023

Unit-X Ecology and Environment, Marks: 10
Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations
Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes -
growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment,
Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)
Chapter-14: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of
number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles)
Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity - Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves,
national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
Practical(Practicals should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.)
 Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
 Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
 Models specimen showing symbiotic association in root modules of leguminous plants,
Cuscuta on host, lichens.
 Annual syllabus is to be completed by 15th December 2023.
 Investigatory project and its submission.
 REVISION of whole syllabus and related practicals .
 Common Pre- Board Examination

 REVISION AND BOARD'S PRACTICAL EXAMINATION.
 BOARD'S EXAMINATION 2023-24

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Annual Syllabus

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution: Marks 20

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare, Marks: 12

Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications, Marks: 12

Note: Completion of mid-term syllabus by 15th September 2023.

Mid –Term Examination 2023

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

 Common Pre- Board Examination

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