RELATION Anf Function Class 12 (1) - 230613 - 235541
RELATION Anf Function Class 12 (1) - 230613 - 235541
RELATION Anf Function Class 12 (1) - 230613 - 235541
M A T H E M A T I C S
Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then the cartesian product denoted by A × B is the ordered
pair of elements. A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
A B
Examples
a
Find A × B for the following sets: 1
b
A = {a, b, c} 2
B = {1, 2} c
Solution
A × B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
Relations
Examples
If A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2} then find the number of relations from A to B.
Solution
Note
If x ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4} and y ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}, then find the ordered pair in the following conditions:
(a) R = {(x, y)| x = y} (b) R = {(x, y)| y = x + 1}
Solution
(a) R = {(x, y)| x = y} = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
(b) R = {(x, y)| y = x + 1} = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
If A = {-4, 1, 2, 4, 9}, B = {-2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5}, and R : A → B such that R = {(a, b): a = b2, a ∈ A,
b ∈ B}, then write relation R and also its domain and range.
Solution
Types of Relations
Void relation
A relation R on set A is known as a void or empty relation if no element of set A is related to any
element of set A.
⇒R=φ
Example
Universal relation
Example
Identity relation
The relation on set A is an identity relation if each and every element of A is related to itself only.
Example A A
Reflexive relation
A relation R on set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself, i.e., relation R is
reflexive if (a, a) ∈ R ∀ a ∈ A
Note
Note
In an identity relation, every element of a set is related to itself only. However, in a reflexive
relation, every element is related to itself and to other elements as well.
Example
Solution
Symmetric relation
Example:
Consider a set, A = {1, 2, 3}. Identify the symmetric relations among the following:
(1) R1 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
(2) R2 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3)}
(3) R3 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
Solution
(1) Here, we have, (1, 2) and (2, 1);(1, 3) and (3, 1). For (1, 1), we know that on interchanging the
position of the first and the second element in the ordered pair (1, 1), we will get (1, 1). Thus, R1
is a symmetric relation.
(2) R 2 is not a symmetric relation because it does not have the corresponding ordered pair (3, 1)
for (1, 3).
3) F or (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), we know that on interchanging the position of the first and the second
element in the ordered pair (1, 1), we will get (1, 1). Similarly we can do it for (2, 2), (3, 3). Thus,
R3 is a symmetric relation.
Solution
Transitive relation
Example
Consider a set, A={1, 2, 3}. Identify the transitive relations among the following:
1. R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
2. R2= {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 2)}
Solution
(1) Consider (1, 2) ≡ (a, b) and (2, 3) ≡ (b, c)
⇒ (1, 3) ≡ (a, c) ∈ R1
Similarly, we can check for different combinations of a, b, and c.
Therefore, R1 is a transitive relation.
(2) Consider (1, 3) ≡ (a, b) and (3, 2) ≡ (b, c)
However, (1, 2) ≡ (a, c) ∉ R2
Therefore, R2 is not a transitive relation.
Solution
Equivalence Relation
Anti-Equivalence Relation
Example:
1. x ≥ y
x ≥ y and y ≥ x
When x = y, both are possible simultaneously.
Therefore, it is an anti-equivalence relation.
2. x is divisible by y
When x = y, x is divisible by y and y is divisible by x.
Therefore, it is an anti-equivalence relation.
Show that the relation R = {(a, b): b lies within 1 km from a} is not an equivalence relation.
Solution
Concept Check
1. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B={1, 4, 9, 16, 25}, and R : A → B such that R = {(a, b): b = a2, a ∈ A, b ∈ B}, then
write relation R and also its domain and range.
2. Let A and B contain 2 and 4 elements respectively. Find the number of subsets of A × B having 3
or more elements.
3. Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1: A = {(x, y) ℝ × ℝ: y - x is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2: B = {(x, y) ℝ × ℝ: x = αy for some rational number α} is an equivalence relation.
(a) S tatement 1 is true, statement 2 is true, and statement 2 is the correct explanation of
statement 1.
(b) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true, and statement 1 is not the correct explanation of
statement 2.
(c) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
JEE MAIN 2011
(d) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true.
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
Mind Map
Relation
Self-Assessment
Let R = {(x, y) : 2x + y = 41, x, y ∈ ℕ} be a relation defined on the set of natural numbers. Find the
domain and range of R.
Answers
Concept Check 1
Concept Check 2
n ( A ) = 2 and n ( B ) = 4
⇒ n ( A × B) = 2 × 4 = 8
Total number of subsets having three or more elements = 8C3 + 8C4 + . . . + 8C8
= 28 - 8C0 + 8C1 + 8C2
= 256 - 1- 8 - 28 = 219
Concept Check 3
Step 1:
Consider the following:
(x, x) ∈ A
⇒y-x=x-x=0
The expression y - x is an integer.
Thus, A is reflexive.
Step 2:
(x, y) ∈ A ⇒ The expression y - x is an integer.
(y, x) ∈ A ⇒ The expression x - y is also an integer.
Thus, A is symmetric.
Step 3:
(x, y) ∈ A ⇒ The expression y - x is an integer.
(y, z) ∈ A ⇒ The expression z - y is an integer.
(x, z) ∈ A ⇒ The expression z - x is also an integer.
Thus, A is transitive.
Hence, A is an equivalence relation.
Step 4:
Consider the following:
(x, x) ∈ B
⇒ x = αx
⇒α=1
Since α is a rational number, B is reflexive.
(x, y) ∈ B ⇒ x = αy (For some rational α)
(y, x) ∈ B ⇏ y = αx (For some rational α)
(Example: x = 0, y = 1 : x = α × y ⇒ 0 = α × 1= 0;
y = αx ⇒ 1 = α × 0 No rational α exists)
Thus, B is not symmetric.
Hence, B is not an equivalence relation.
Thus, option (c) is the correct answer.
Self-Assessment
We know that x, y ∈ ℕ
For x = 1, y = 39
For x = 2, y = 37
. .
. .
. .
For x = 20, y = 1 Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, ....., 20}
For x = 21, y = -1 ∉ ℕ Range of R = {1, 3, 5, ...., 39}
Show that relation R defined on the set of real numbers such that R = {(a, b) : a > b} is
transitive.
Solution
Let T be the set of all the triangles in a plane with R as a relation given by R = {(T1, T2):
T1 is congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution
Functions
If A and B are two non-empty sets such that each element of A is associated with a unique
element of B under the rule f: A → B (where A is the domain and B is the codomain of the
function), then f: A → B; y = f(x) is known as the function.
Here, y is a dependent variable and x is an independent variable.
: Note
Example:
A f(x) = x + 4 B A f(x) = x + 4 B
1 5 1 5 Range
6 6
2 2
7 7
3 3
8 8
4 9 4 9 Co-domain
Domain
Function Identification
Using mapping
By rules
By rules
Mapping method
f f f f
A B A B A B A B
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Diagram 4
If X = {a, b, c, d, e} and Y = {p, q, r, s, t}, then which of the following subset(s) of X × Y is/
are function(s) from X to Y.
(a) {(a, r) (b, r) (b, s) (d, t) (e, q) (c, q)} (b) {(a, p) (b, t) (c, r) (d, s) (e, q)}
(c) {(a, r) (b, p) (c, t) (d, q)} (d) {(a, r) (b, r) (c, r) (d, r) ( e, r)}
Solution
(a) (b)
a r a p
b t
b s
c r
d s
e q
(c) (d)
a r a r
b p b
c t c
d q d
e e
A graph is known to be a function if the vertical line drawn parallel to the Y-axis does not intersect
the graph at more than one point in the domain.
Examples
The vertical line intersects the graph of y = x2 The vertical line intersects the graph of
at one point only. x2 + y2 = 9 at two points.
Hence, y = x2 is a function. Hence, x2 + y2 = 9 is not a function.
Y
Y
y = x2
x2 + y2 = 9
X
X
The vertical line intersects the graph of y2 = x The vertical line intersects the graph of y = x3
at two points. at one point only.
Hence, y2 = x is not a function. Hence, y = x3 is a function.
Y Y x3 = y
y2 = x
X X
Graphical method
Using transformation
Using calculus
Y Y
- + - +
X
1 2 3
+ - +
X
2 3
- + +
X
0 1
+ - +
X
0 1
Draw the graph of y = (x - 2)2(x - 4)4 Draw the graph of y = x2, x4, x8
Y Y x8 x4
x2
+ + + + +
X X
2 4 -1 1
- +
X
- + - +
X
-1 1
Y
Draw the graph of y = 9 - x 2
y = -(x + 3)(x - 3)
- + -
X
-3 3
Note
y = xeven y = x(2n+1) ;n ∈ ℕ
Y Y
Note
Polynomial function ℝ ℝ
Identity function ℝ ℝ
Reciprocal function ℝ0 ℝ0
ax + b; a, b ∈ ℝ ℝ ℝ
ax3 + b; a, b ∈ ℝ ℝ ℝ
x3 ℝ ℝ
[x] ℝ ℤ
x - [x] ℝ [0, 1)
x
ℝ0 {-1, 1}
x
x [0, ∞) [0, ∞)
sin x ℝ [-1, 1]
cos x ℝ [-1, 1]
π
tan x ℝ - ( 2n + 1) ; n ∈ ℤ ℝ
2
cot x ℝ - {nπ}; n ∈ ℤ ℝ
π
sec x ℝ - ( 2n + 1) ; n ∈ ℤ (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞)
2
π π
sin-1 x [-1, 1] − 2 , 2
π π
tan-1 x ℝ − 2 , 2
cot-1 x ℝ (0, π)
π
sec-1 x (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) [0, π] -
2
π π
cosec-1 x (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) − 2 , 2 - {0}
Concept Check
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
• A
function is a relation defined from set A to set B when it has the following properties:
(i) Each element of A is associated to some element in B.
(ii) The association is unique.
• A graph is known to be a function if the vertical line drawn parallel to the Y-axis does not
intersect the graph at more than one point in the domain.
• Domain: It is the value of set A for which a function is defined.
• Range: It consists of all the values that the function gives.
• Co-domain: It consists of the set of all the elements in set B. (Range ⊆ Co-domain)
Mind Map
By rules
Definition
Self-Assessment
q
Answers
Concept Check
Given, f(x) = x4 + x2 + 4
Since f(x) is a polynomial function, its domain is ℝ.
Let y = x4 + x2 + 4
1 1
⇒ y = x4 + x2 + 4 + - ( To make it perfect square )
4 4
2
2 1 15
⇒ y = x + +
2 4
1 15
⇒y≥ +
4 4
⇒y≥4
∴ Range: [4, ∞)
Self Assessment
Classification of Functions
ILATE
Algebraic Non-Algebraic / Transcendental
Inverse
Polynomial Rational Irrational Piecewise Logarithmic
function function function function
Trigonometric
Exponential
Modulus Greatest Fractional Signum Defined
function integer part function function
function function
(G.I.F) (F.P.F)
Polynomial function
Function of the form f(x) = a0xn + a1xn - 1 + . . . + an, where n is a positive integer, a0, a1, . . . , an are
constants, and n ∈ 𝕎 is known as a polynomial function.
Note
• If xn is the highest degree term in the polynomial, then that function is known as a
polynomial function of degree n.
• The coefficient of xn is known as a leading coefficient. Also, a0 ≠ 0
Y Y
Example: y = x3 y = x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6
y=x Y
X X
X
1 2 3
The values of x for which the polynomial becomes zero are called zeroes, and below
are few cases in which we justify that the total number of zeroes is the degree of
polynomial incase of distinct real roots (maximum possible).
Y Y
y = ax + b y = ax2 + bx + c; a > 0
X X
1st degree polynomial with 1 root 2nd degree polynomial with 2 roots
Y Y
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e; a < 0
X X
3rd degree polynomial with 3 roots 4th degree polynomial with 4 roots
Note
a>0 a>0
a<0 a<0
It is applicable to all the even degree It is applicable to all the odd degree
polynomial functions. polynomial functions.
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn - 1 + .......+ an = a (x - α1) (x - α2) .... (x - αn), where α1, α2, ...., αn are the zeros of the
given polynomial.
Note
Repeated roots
f(x) = a(x - 4)2; a > 0 f(x) = a(x - 2)2(x - 4); a < 0 f(x) = a(x - 6)4; a > 0
Both roots coincide at x = 4 Two roots coincide at x = 2 Four roots coincide at x = 6
4 6
2 4
Quadratic function
Note
If n is even, P(x) is called even degree If n is odd, P(x) is called odd degree
polynomial whose range is always subset of ℝ polynomial whose range is ℝ
y = x2 y = x3 Y
Y
X
X
Solution
(i) Here, f(x) is defined for all the values of x. (ii) Here, f(x) is defined for all the values of x.
∴ The domain of f(x) is x ∈ ℝ ∴ The domain of f(x) is x ∈ ℝ
sin2x + cos2x = 1 f(x) = x2 + 3x + 1
9 9 To make
9 Toit a it a
a
itmake
∴ The range of the function is f(x) ∈ {1} ⇒ f ( x ) =
⇒ xf2 + 3x +2 9 + 1 − 99 To make
2
⇒ f ( x ) = x (+ )3x + 4 + 1 − 4 perfect square
x = x + 3x + + 1 −
4 44 perfect square square
4 perfect
2
3
3 − 5
2
5 3≥ − 5
2
55 5
= x +
= x + = x
− + ≥ − − ≥ −
2
2 4 4 2 4 44 4
⇒ ff (( xx )) is x55 , ∞) 5
⇒ The
The range
⇒ Theof
range of the
the function
range of the function
function is f−
(
− 4), is∞) − 4 , ∞ )
4
Identity function Y
y=x
• y = x is an identity function.
Domain: ℝ
Range: ℝ X
• It is represented by I or IA.
Constant function
Y
In a polynomial function
(0, c )
f(x) = anxn + an - 1xn - 1 + . . . + a0, if n = 0, we get, y=c
f (x) = c → a constant
So, in this case, X
Range: {c }
π π 5
) sin2 x + sin2 x + + cos x·cos x + and g = 1, then find gof ( x ) .
If f ( x =
3 3 4
Solution
2
π π
f (x) = sin x + sin x + + cos x·cos x +
2
3 3
2
1 3 1 3
=sin x + sin x · + cos x ·
2
+ cos x · cos x · − sin x ·
2 2 2 2
sin2 x sin x 3 cos x 3cos2 x cos2 x 3
=sin2 x + + 2· · + + − · sin x· cos x
4 2 2 4 2 2
5 5
= sin2 x + cos2 x
4 4
5
∴f ( x )
4
is a constant = (
function. sin2 x + cos2 x 1 )
5 5
Now,= g g= ( f ( x ) ) 1 = f ( x )
4
4
∴ gof ( x ) = 1
Note
π π 5
(i ) sin2 x + sin2 x + + cos x· cos x + =
3 3 4
π π 3
( ii ) cos2 x + cos2 x + − cos x · cos x + =
3 3 4
Exponential function
y = ax , a > 0, and a ≠ 1 i.e., The function in the form of constant variable is known as an exponential
function.
Y a>1 Y 0<a<1
X X
Domain: x ∈ ℝ, Range: x ∈ ℝ+
Solution
Y
f(x) = e2x
Y
f(x) = ex + 1
Note
In general when any function raised to a variable exponent is given, then it means that the
function will take only positive values of the domain.
Example
( i ) ( sin x )
x
X
-2π -π 0 π 2π 3π 4π
Y y = 12x
y = 4x
( ii ) 12x and 4x
for x < 0, 4x graph will be above 12x . y = 4x
Solution
For y f ( x ) to exist, f ( x ) ≥ 0
∴2x − 5x ≥ 0
⇒ 2x ≥ 5x
This is possible only when x ≤ 0
∴ Domain : x ∈ ( −∞ , 0]
Solution
(i) log10 (1 + x )
3
(
(ii) log10 log10 1 + x3 ( ))
For this function to exist,
Step 1 :
(
log10 1 + x3 > 0 )
⇒ 1 + x > 100 =
1 3
⇒ x3 > 0 100 =
1 ( )
⇒x>0
Step 2 :
1 + x3 > 0
⇒ x > −1
∴ Domain : x ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
Concept Check
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
Polynomial function ℝ ℝ
Identity function ℝ ℝ
Mind Map
Polynomial function
Identity function
Classification of
Functions
functions
Constant function
Exponential function
Self-Assessment
Answers
Concept Check
1.
Here, f(x) is defined for all the values of x.
∴ Domain: x ∈ ℝ
Range: f(x) ∈ ℝ
2.
(( )) (( ))
2
=
Numerator cos22 x + 1 − cos22 x 2 sin22 x + cos22=
x 1
=
Numerator cos x + 1 − cos x sin x + cos = x 1
= cos2 x + 1 − 2cos2 x + cos4 x
2 2 4
= cos x + 1 − 2cos x + cos x
= 1 − cos22 x + cos44 x
= 1 − cos x + cos x
= sin2 x + cos4 x sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
= sin2 x + cos4 x sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (( ))
= Denominator
= Denominator
sin22 x + cos44 x
∴ f ( x ) sin 4 x=
= + cos2 x 1 is a constant fucntion.
∴ f ( x ) cos4 x=
= + sin x 1 is a constant fucntion.
cos x + sin2 x
∴ f ( 2015) = 1
∴ f ( 2015) = 1
3.
For f ( x=
) x12 − x 9 + x 4 − x + 1 to exist, x12 − x 9 + x 4 − x + 1 ≥ 0.
Case 1: x ∈ [0, 1)
( )
x12 [ + ve] − x 9 + x 4 [ + ve] ( − x + 1 ) [ + ve] ⇒ + ve
Case 2: x ∈ [1, ∞ )
(x 12
) ( )
− x 9 [ + ve] x 4 − x [ + ve] ( +1) [ + ve] ⇒ + ve
Case 3: x ∈ [ −∞ , 0)
( ) ( )
x12 [ + ve] − x 9 [ + ve] + x 4 [ + ve] ( − x ) [ + ve] ( +1) [ + ve] ⇒ + ve
x∈
∴ Domain =
4.
( x ) log1 − x 10 +
For f= x + 2 to exist,
Case 1. 1 − x ≠ 1 ⇒ x ≠ 0
Case 2. 1 − x > 0 ⇒ x < 1
Case 3. x + 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ −2
Considering cases 1, 2 and 3,
Domain : x ∈ ( −2, 0) ∪ ( 0, 1)
Self-Assessment
Domain
To find domain of basic types of Method to find the domain if addition or subtraction of
functions: two or more functions are given,
1 h(x) = f (x) ± g (x)
If y = then f (x) ≠ 0
f (x)
↓ ↓ ↓
If y = f ( x ) then f (x) ≥ 0 D = D1 D2
If y =
1
then f (x) > 0 where D, D1 and D2 are domains of h ( x ) , f ( x ) and g ( x ) .
f (x)
Solution
1
2. f ( x ) =
x -x
1
3. f ( x ) = Y
x- x
x - |x| > 0
⇒ |x| < x y = |x|
From the graph, we can see that the green line does not
exceed the yellow line at any point.
x=Φ X
y=x
4. f ( x ) = sin x + 16 - x2
sin x ≥ 0 is possible if y = sinx, is above Y
the X-axis.
1 y = sin x
16 - x2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 - 16 ≤ 0
⇒ (x - 4)(x + 4) ≤ 0 -2π -4 -π O π 4 2π X
⇒ -4 ≤ x ≤ 4 -1
By taking intersection of above two sets
of x we get domain as
x ∈ [-4, -π] U [0, π]
Note
Solution
f ( x ) = sin ( g ( x ) ) ; g ( x ) = x - 1 + 6 - x f (x) = 4
-g ( x )
;
⇒ Domain of f ( x ) = g(x) = x - 1 + 6 - x
We know, Domain of f ( g ( x ) ) = Domain of g ( x ) Domain of x - 1 + 6 - x ,
Domain of x - 1 + 6 - x , x - 1 ≥ 0⇒ x ≥ 1
x -1 ≥ 0⇒ x ≥ 1 6-x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 6
6-x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 6 By taking intersection of above two sets of x
By taking intersection of above two sets of x we get domain as x ∈ [1, 6]
we get domain as x ∈ [1, 6]
3. f ( x ) = cos ( sinx )
For function to exist, cos ( sinx ) ≥ 0
Y
Step 1 :
f ( x ) = cos θ ; θ = sinx
⇒ cos θ ≥ 0 is that part of cos θ which is above X - axis.
Step 2 :
Also, θ = sin x ∈ [-1, 1] ;
i.e, θ is bounded to [-1, 1] . π -1 0 1 π
- X
2 2
Step 3 :
Part of cos θ in[-1, 1] is already above X - axis.
Hence, x ∈.
Note
1 1 1
1. Domain of ( f ( x ) ) , ( f ( x ) ) , ... , ( f ( x ) )
4 6 Even = Domain of f ( x )
1 1 1
2. Domain of ( f ( x ) ) 3 , ( f ( x ) ) 5 , ... , ( f ( x ) ) Odd = Domain of f ( x )
1
1 - x 12
Find the domain of the following function: f ( x ) =
5 + x
Solution
1
1 - x 12
f (x) =
5 + x
1
Domain of ( f ( x ) ) Even = Domain of f ( x ) -5 1
1-x 1-x
⇒ Domain of ⇒ ≥ 0
5+x 5+x
⇒ x ∈ ( -5, 1]
Logarithmic Functions
Solution
(
1. log3 log 1 x2 + 10x + 5 ) Step 3:
3 For log 1 ( h ( x ) )
Step 1: 3
Step 4:
Step 2 : Now, for x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0,
(
Now, log 1 x 2 + 10x + 5 > 0 ) -10 ± 100 - 20
3 ⇒x =
2
⇒ x 2 + 10x + 5 < 1 ⇒ x2 + 10x + 4 < 0
-10 ± 2 20
For x 2 + 10x + 4 = 0, ⇒x =
2
-10 ± 100 - 16 ⇒ x = -5 ± 20
⇒x =
2 So, for x2 + 10x + 5 > 0
-10 ± 2 21
⇒x =
2
⇒ x = -5 ± 21 (
x ∈ - -5 - 20, -5 + 20 )
For x 2 + 10x + 4 < 0,
(
x ∈ -5 - 21, -5 + 21 ) Step 5:
( ) (
x ∈ -5 - 21, -5 - 20 ∪ -5 + 20, -5 + 21 )
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
05
2log10 x + 1
2. f ( x ) = log100x
-x
For function to exist,
1
a. Base = 100x > 0; x > 0, Also 100x ≠ 1; x ≠
100
2log10 x + 1 2log10 x + 1
b. >0⇒ <0
-x x
⇒ 2log10 x + 1 < 0 ⇒ 2log10 x < -1
1
1 - 1
⇒ log10 x < - ⇒ x < 10 2 ⇒ x <
2 10
c. In 2log10 x + 1, x > 0
Considering ( a) , (b ) and ( c ) ,
1 1 1
x ∈ 0, ,
100 100 10
Solution
1. log10 1 + x3 (
3. log10 1 - log10 x2 - 5x + 16 )
For function to exist, For function to exist,
a. Base = 10 ≠ 0, also 10 > 1 a. Base = 10 ≠ 0, also, 10 > 1
b. 1 + x3 ≠ 0
(
b. 1 - log10 x2 - 5x + 16 > 0 )
⇒ x ≠ -1 ⇒ x ≠ -1
3
⇒ x ∈ - {-1}
⇒ log10 (x 2
- 5x + 16 ) < 1 ⇒ x 2
- 5x + 16 < 10
⇒ x2 - 5x + 6 < 0 ⇒ ( x - 2)( x - 3) < 0 ⇒ 2 < x < 3
2. f ( x ) = log10 4x - 1 c. x 2 - 5x + 16 > 0
For function to exist, ⇒ D = 25 - 4 × 16 = -ve ⇒ x ∈
a. Base = 10 ≠ 0, also 10 > 1 ⇒ x ∈ ( 2, 3)
1
b. 4x - 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠
4
1
⇒x ∈ -
4
If f(x) is a polynomial with degree 5 with leading coefficient 2 and f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(3) =
3, f(4) = 4, and f(5) = 5, then find f(6) .
Solution
Step 1: Step 2:
From the step 1 calculations, we can conclude that,
Let g ( x ) = f ( x ) - x
1. g ( x ) is a polynomial having roots 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
So, g (1) = f (1) - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0
2. g ( x ) is also a 5 degree polynomial.
g ( 2) = f ( 2) - 2 = 2 - 2= 0
g ( 3) = f ( 3) - 3 = 3 - 3 = 0
g ( 4) = f ( 4) - 4 = 4 - 4 = 0
g ( 5) = f ( 5) - 5 = 5 - 5 = 0
Step 3:
Now, g ( x ) = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4 )( x - 5)
f ( x ) - x = 2( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4 )( x - 5) ( the leading coefficient is 2. )
⇒ f ( x ) = 2( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4 )( x - 5) + x
⇒ f ( 6 ) = 2( 6 - 1)( 6 - 2)( 6 - 3)( 6 - 4 )( 6 - 5) + 6 = 246
Concept Check
Summary Sheet
Key takeaways
Mind Map
Logarithmic functions
Functions Domain
Polynomial functions
Self-Assessment
3x + 4
x -1
Find the domain of the function: f ( x ) =
x -2
Answers
Concept Check
1. 2.
1 x 2 - 4x > 0
f (x) = x + 4 ×
ln ( 8 - x ) ⇒ x ( x - 4) > 0
= x + 4 × log 8-x ( e ) ⇒x < 0 x > 4
We know the base of the logarithmic ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞ ,0) ( 4, ∞ )
function cannot be negative or 1. ⇒ x ∈ - [0, 4]
x+4≥0 8-x ≠1 8- x>0
⇒ x ≥ -4 ⇒x ≠7 ⇒ x<8
By taking intersection of above three
sets of x we get domain as x ∈ [-4, 8 ) - {7}
3.
cos 2x ≥ 0
Is possible if y = cos2x, is above the X-axis. Y
4 - x2 ≥ 0
1 y = cos 2x
⇒ x2 - 4 ≤ 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x + 2) ≤ 0
⇒ -2 ≤ x ≤ 2 π
- 3π -π O 3π X
By taking intersection of above two sets of 4 4 4 4
-1
x we get domain as
π π
x ∈ - ,
4 4
4.
1 - 5x
≥ 0
7-x - 7
Multiplying numerator and denominator by 7x
(5 x
)
- 1 7x
≥ 0
+ - +
7x+1 - 1 -1 0
Now finding the critical points,
5x - 1 = 0
⇒ 5x = 50
⇒x=0
7x + 1 - 1 ≠ 0
⇒ 7x + 1 ≠ 70
⇒ x ≠ -1
⇒ x ≥ 0 and x < -1
On taking intersection of above, we get domain as
x ∈ ( -∞, - 1) [0, ∞ )
5. 6.
f ( x ) = log3 cos ( sinx ) ; Now, for the function to exist,
1
1-x 11
f (x) =
5 + x a. Base = 3 > 0, also 3 ≠ 1
b. log3 cos ( sinx ) ≥ 0
1
⇒ Domain of ( f ( x ) ) Odd = Domain of f ( x )
1-x ⇒ cos ( sinx ) ≥ 1 i,e cos θ ≥ 1
⇒ Domain of ⇒ 5+x≠ 0
5+x But cos θ = 1 is the only possible solution.
⇒ x ≠ -5 ⇒ cos ( sinx ) = 1
⇒ x ∈ - {-5} ⇒ sinx = 0
⇒ x = nπ, n ∈
7.
f ( x ) = log10 log e x
For the function to exist,
a. Base = 10 ≠ 0, also , 10 > 1
b. log e x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 1. Also, x > 0
c. Base = e ≠ 0, also e > 1
⇒ x ∈( 0, ∞ ) - {1}
8.
Step 1:
Let g ( x ) = f ( x ) - x2 + 1 ( )
So, g (1) = f (1) - (1 + 1) = 2 - 2 = 0
g ( 2) = f ( 2) - ( 4 + 1 ) = 5 - 5 = 0
g (3) = f (3) - ( 9 + 1) = 10 - 10 = 0
g (5) = f (5) - ( 25 + 1) = 26 - 26 = 0
Step 2:
From the calculations, we can conclude that,
1. g ( x ) is a polynomial having roots 1, 2, 3, 5.
2. g ( x ) is also a 4 degree polynomial.
Step 3:
Now, g ( x ) = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 5)
( )
f ( x ) - x2 + 1 = 3( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 5) ( The leading coefficient is 3. )
⇒ f ( x ) = 3( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 5) + x2 + 1 ( )
⇒ f ( 4 ) = 3( 4 - 1)( 4 - 2)( 4 - 3)( 4 - 5) + 17 = 17 - 18 = -1
Self-Assessment
3x + 4
x -1
As is in the form of h(x) ( ) .
g x
x -2
Here,
g ( x ) = 3x + 4 is defined for ….. ( 1)
x -1
h(x) = >0
x -2
⇒
(x - 1)( x - 2)
>0
( x - 2)
2
⇒ ( x - 1)( x - 2) > 0
By using the wavy curve method, we get the following :
x ∈ ( - ∞ , 1) ( 2, ∞ ) ........ ( 2)
On taking the intersection of ( 1) and ( 2) , we get,
x ∈ ( - ∞ , 1) ( 2, ∞ )
Remainder theorem
• If a polynomial function f(x) is divided by x – a, then it leaves a remainder of f(a).
• If the remainder is 0, then f(a) is 0.
Example:
If a polynomial function f(x) when divided by x –1 leaves a remainder of 3, then find f(1).
By using the remainder theorem, we get,
f(1) = Remainder = 3
Solution
Step 1: Step 2:
By using the remainder theorem, we get, By solving equations (i) and (ii), we get,
f(1) = 3 and f(–1) = 5 a = –1
Now, f(x) = Divisor × Q(x) + R(x) b=4
Where, Q(x) = Quotient, R(x) = Remainder ⇒ g(x) = –x + 4
In this case, f(x) = (x2 – 1) × Q(x) + g(x) ∴ g(2) = –2 + 4 = 2
Also when f(x) is divided by x2 – 1 the
remainder will either be linear or constant.
⇒ f(x) = (x2 – 1) × Q(x) + ax + b
For x=1,
f(1) = (12 – 1) × Q(x) + a(1) + b
⇒ 3 = a + b ... (i)
For x= –1,
f(–1) = ((–1)2 – 1) × Q(x) + a(–1) + b
⇒ 5 = –a + b ... (ii)
1 1
If f(x) is a polynomial satisfying f ( x ) · f + 8 = 3f ( x ) + 3f and f(3)= 30, then find
f(2). x x
1 1
Given , f ( x ) · f + 8 = 3f ( x ) + 3f
x x
Solution Step 1 :
By arranging the given equation, we get,
1 1
Given , f ( x ) · f + 8 = 3f ( x ) + 3f 1 1
x x f ( x ) · f − 3f ( x ) − 3f + 9 = 1
x x
Step 1 :
1 1
By arranging the given equation, we get, ⇒ f ( x ) f − 3 − 3 f − 3 = 1
x x
1 1
f ( x ) · f − 3f ( x ) − 3f + 9 = 1 1
x x ⇒ ( f ( x ) − 3) f − 3 = 1
1 1 x
⇒ f ( x ) f − 3 − 3 f − 3 = 1
x
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
x
03
Step 2 : Step 3 :
1 1 Now, the function ± x n satisfies
Now, let ( f ( x ) − 3) = g ( x ) and f − 3 = g
x x this condition.
1 ⇒ f ( x ) = 3 ± xn
∴ g(x) · g = 1
x Also, given that f (3) = 30 > 0
Let the polynomial be
f (3) = 3 + 3n ⇒ 30 = 3 + 3n ⇒ n = 3
1 A
g ( x ) = Ax n ⇒ g ( x ) · g = Ax n · n = A 2 ∴ f ( x ) = 3 + x3
x x
⇒ 1 = A ⇒ A = ±1
2 ⇒ f ( 2) = 3 + 23 = 11
∴ g ( x ) = ± xn
Value of a Function
Example:
x
If f(x) = ln x, then find f .
y
x x
f = ln = ln x − ln y
y y
x
∴ f = f (x) − f (y)
y
a
f
x b
If f ( x ) = , then find .
x+1 b
f
a
Solution
a b
a a b b
f = b = and f = a =
b a + 1 a + b a b
+1 a+b
b a
a
f
b a
∴ =
b b
f
a
1 1
If f x + = x 2 + 2 , then find f ( x - 1 ) .
x x Rearranging given expression we get,
1 1
f x + = x2 + 2 + 2 − 2
Solution x x
2
1 1
Rearranging given expression we get, ⇒ fx + = x + − 2
x x
1 1
f x + = x2 + 2 + 2 − 2 ⇒ f ( x ) = x2 − 2
x x
⇒ f ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) − 2
2
2
1 1
⇒ fx + = x + − 2
x x
⇒ f ( x ) = x2 − 2
⇒ f ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) − 2
2
Let x − y = p and x + y = q
If f ( x - y, x + y ) = x·y , then find arithmetic mean of f ( x, y )pand
+ qf ( y, x ) . q − p
∴x = and y =
2 2
p + q q − p q2 − p2
Solution ∴ f ( p, q ) = · =
2 2 4
y −x
2 2
Let x − y = p and x + y = q Similarly, f ( x, y ) = . . . (i)
4
p+q q− p
∴x = and y = Now A.M of f ( x, y ) and f ( y, x )
2 2
p + q q − p q2 − p2 y 2 − x2 x2 − y 2
∴ f ( p, q ) = · = f ( x, y ) + f ( y, x ) +
2 2 4 = = 4 4 =0
2 2
y 2 − x2
Similarly, f ( x, y ) = . . . ( i)
4
Now A.M of f ( x,yn)−and 3, xf≥( 100
y, x )
If f ( x ) = , then find the digit at the unit's place of f ( 84 ) .
f ( f ( ny+
2 5 ) )2, x <21002
−x x −y
f ( x, y ) + f ( y, x ) +
= = 4 4 =0
2 2
Solution
f ( 84 ) = f ( f ( 89) ) ( n <100) ( )
= f f ( f (102) ) ( n <100)
( )
= f f ( f ( 94 ) ) ( n <100) = f ( f ( 99) )
((
= f f f ( f ( 99) ) ) ) ( n <100) (
= f f ( f (104 ) ) )
= f ( f ( f ( f ( f (104 ) ) ) ) ) = f ( f (101) )
= f ( 98 )
= f ( f ( f ( f (101) ) ) )
= f ( f (103) )
(
= f f ( f ( 98 ) ) ) = f (100)
((
= f f f ( f (103) ) )) = 97
So,the unit's place of f ( 84 ) is 7.
(
= f f ( f (100) ) )
= f ( f ( 97 ) )
Solution
x + 59
If 3f ( x ) + 2f = 10x + 30, then find f (7 ) .
x−1
Solution
66
For x = 7, 3f (7 ) + 2f = 10 (7 ) + 30 ⇒ 3f (7 ) + 2f (11) = 100 ... ( i )
6
70
For x = 11, 3f (11) + 2f = 10 (11) + 30 ⇒ 3f (11) + 2f (7 ) = 140 ... ( ii)
10
By solving ( i ) and ( ii) , we get,
f (7 ) = 4
If f(1) = 2005, f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + ... + f(n) = n2f(n), then find f(2004).
Solution
f (x)
If for positive x, y and f ( 30 ) = 20, f ( x·y ) = , then find f ( 40 ) .
y
Solution
f (10)
Let f (30) = f (10·3) =
3
f (10)
⇒ 20 = ⇒ f (10) = 60
3
f (10) 60
Now, f ( 40) = f (10·4 ) = = = 15
4 4
• Functional equations are the equations where the unknowns are functions rather than
traditional variables. However, the methods used to solve functional equations can be quite
different from the methods used to isolate a traditional variable.
• Each functional equation provides some information about a function or about multiple
functions.
Example:
f(x) – f(y) = x – y is a functional equation. Here, f is a function. We are given that the difference
between any two output values is equal to the difference between the input values.
f(x) = x satisfies the given functional equation and so does f(x) = x + c for all constants c.
Solution
Solution
100
If 2f ( x·y ) = ( f ( x ) ) + ( f ( y ) ) ; f (1 ) = 2, then find ∑ f ( r ) .
y x
r =1
Solution
Let y = 1
⇒ 2f ( x·1) = ( f ( x ) ) + ( f (1) ) ⇒ 2f ( x ) = f ( x ) + ( 2) ⇒ f ( x ) = 2x
1 x x
∴ f ( r ) = 2r
100 100
(
2 2100 − 1 ) =2 2
Now , ∑ f (r) ∑2 r 1 2 99
= 2 + 2 + ... + 2 + 2 100
=
2−1
( 100
−1 )
r=1 r=1
Solution
Concept Check
2. If a polynomial f(x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1 is divided by x3 – x leaves a remainder of g(x), then
find g(3).
1 1
3. If f(x) is a polynomial satisfying f ( x ) ·f = f ( x ) + f and f(3)= –8, then find f(4).
x x
1 1
4. If f(x) is a polynomial satisfying f ( x ) ·f − 2f ( x ) − 2f = 5 and f(2)= 14, then find f(3).
x x
b( x − a ) a ( x − b)
5. If f ( x ) = + , then find f ( a ) , f ( b ) and f ( a + b ) .
b− a a− b
x
f ( x·y ) + f
x y
6. If f(x) = cos (log x), then find f ( x·y ) , f and
y f (x) · f (y )
1 x
,x≥4 3
7. If f ( x ) = 2 , then find f 3 + log 2 .
f x + 1 , x < 4 2
( )
2002
8. If f ( x ) + 2f = 3x, then find f ( 2) .
x
1− x
9. If f ( x − 1) + 4f = 3x, then find f ( x ) .
x
10. If f(x + y) = f(xy + 2), f(1) = 5, then find f(x).
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
1 1
• For a polynomial function f(x), If f ( x ) ·f = f ( x ) + f , then f ( x ) = 1 ± x n
x x
• Functional equations are the equations where the unknowns are functions rather than traditional
variables. However, the methods used to solve functional equations can be quite different from
the methods to isolate a traditional variable.
Mind Map
Functions
Self-Assessment
Answers
Concept Check
1. By
using the remainder theorem, we get, f(1) = 0 × Q(x) + a(1) + b(1) + c
f(0) = 2, f(1) = 4, and f(-1) = 5 ⇒4=a+b+2
Now, f(x) = Divisor × Q(x) + R(x) ⇒ 2 = a + b . . . (i)
Where, Q(x) = Quotient , R(x) = Remainder For x = –1,
In this case, f(x) = (x3 – x) × Q(x) + R(x) f(–1) = 0 × Q(x) + a(1) + b(–1) + c
Also, when f(x) is divided by x3 – x, the ⇒5=a–b+2
remainder will either be quadratic, linear, or ⇒ 3 = a – b . . . (ii)
constant. By solving equations (i) and (ii), we get,
⇒ f(x) = (x3– x) × Q(x) + ax2 + bx + c 5 −1
a = and b =
For x = 0, 2 2
f(0) = 0 × Q(x) + c
5x2 x
⇒2= c g(x) = − +2
For x = 1, 2 2
1 1
4. Given : f ( x ) ·f − 2f ( x ) − 2f = 5
x x
Step 1 :
By arranging the given equation, we get,
1 1
f ( x ) · f − 2f ( x ) − 2f + 4 = 9
x reserved
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights
x
10
1 1
Given : f ( x ) ·f − 2f ( x ) − 2f = 5
x x
Step 1 : Step 2 :
By arranging the given equation, we get, Now, let ( f ( x ) − 2) = g ( x ) and
1 1 1 1
f ( x ) · f − 2f ( x ) − 2f + 4 = 9
x x f −2 = g
x x
1 1 1
⇒ f ( x ) f − 2 − 2 f − 2 = 9 ∴ g ( x ) ·g = 9
x x x
1
⇒ ( f ( x ) − 2) f − 2 = 9
x
Step 3 :
Now, the function ±3x n satisfies this condition.
So , g ( x ) = ±3x n
⇒ f ( x ) − 2 = ±3x n
⇒ f ( x ) = 2 ± 3x n . Also, given that f ( 2) = 14 > 0
f ( 2) = 2 + 3 × 2n ⇒ 14 = 2 + 3 × 2n ⇒ 12 = 3 × 2n ⇒ 4 = 2n ⇒ n = 2
∴ f ( x ) = 2 + 3x2
⇒ f (3) = 2 + 3·32 = 29
5. By rearranging f ( x ) , we get,
b( x − a ) a ( x − b) bx − ab − ax + ab
f (x) = − ⇒ f (x) =
b− a b− a b− a
⇒ f (x) =
(b− a) x ⇒ f x = x
( )
b− a
∴ f ( a ) = a, f ( b ) = b, and f ( a + b ) = a + b
f=( )
( log2 4 + log2 3 ) f ( log2 12 )
log 2 22 + log 2 3 f =
Step 2 :
Now, log 2 8 < log 2 12 < log 2 16 i.e 3 < log 2 12 < 4
So, f ( log 2 12 ) = f ( log 2 12 + 1)
= f ( log 2 12 + log 2 2 )
= f ( log 2 24 )
Step 3 :
Now, log 2 16 < log 2 24 < log 2 32 i.e 4 < log 2 24 < 5
log2 24
1 1
( )
log2 24
∴ f ( log 2 24 ) =
-1
= 2-1 = 2-log2 24 = = 2log2 24 =
2 24
2002
8. For x = 2, f ( 2) + 2f = 3( 2) ⇒ f ( 2) + 2f (1001) = 6 ... ( i)
2
2002
For x = 1001, f (1001) + 2f = 3(1001) ⇒ f (1001) + 2f ( 2) = 3003 ... ( ii)
1001
By solving ( i) and ( ii) , we get,
f ( 2) = 2000
9. Step 1 : Step 2 :
1 Let x − 1 = t i.e., t + 1 = x
Given, f ( x − 1) + 4f − 1 = 3x ... ( i )
x 12
15 f ( t ) = − 3( t + 1)
1 t+1
By replacing x by , we get,
x By replacing t by x , we get
1 3
f − 1 + 4f ( x − 1) = ... ( ii ) f (x) =
4
−
( x + 1)
x x 5( x + 1) 5
Multiplying ( ii) by 4 and solving ( i) and ( ii) ,
12
15 f ( x − 1) = − 3x
x
( f ( x ))
2
Self-Assessment Given, f ( f ( x ) ) =
1− f (x)
( f ( x )) ( −5) = 25
2 2
( −5) = 25
2
So, f ( −5) =
1 − ( −5) 6
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S
4x 2001
r
If f ( x ) = x
then, find ∑ f .
4 +2 r =1 2002
Solution
Step 1:
4x 41− x
f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = x + 1− x
4 +2 4 +2
4
4x x 4x 4 4x + 2
= x + 4 = x + = =1
4 +2 4
+2 4 + 2 2 2 + 4 x
(
4 x
+ 2 )
4x
Step 2:
2001
r 1 2 1001 2000 2001
∑ f =f +f + ... + f + ... + f +f
r =1 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002
1 2 1001 2 1
=f +f + ...+ f + ...+ f 1 − + f 1 −
2002 2002 2002 2002 2002
1001
= 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + f
2002
1
= 1000 + f
2
Step 3:
1
1 42 2
1000 + f = 1000 + 1
= 1000 + = 1000.5
2 2+2
4 +2
2
Note
ax 2001
r 2001
In case of f ( x ) = , ∑ f is half of the upper limit, i.e.,
a + a r=1 2002
x
2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 X
Examples: –1
[2.3]= 2 (The greatest integer less than or
equal to 2.3 is 2) –2
[7.99]=7 (The greatest integer less than or
equal to 7.99 is 7) –3
[–3.7]= –4 (The greatest integer less than
or equal to –3.7 is –4)
Properties
y=x y=x–1
Y
• x – 1 < [x] ≤ x
Example: 2
Let x = 2.3
2.3 –1 < [2.3] ≤ 2.3 1
Example:
[7] + [–7] = 7 – 7 = 0
[7.1] + [–7.1] = 7 – 8 = –1
• [x] = m, ⇒ x ∈ [m, m + 1)
Example:
[x] = –1
⇒ x ∈ [–1, 0)
1 2 n− 1
• [ x ] + x + n + x + n + ... + x + n
= [ nx ]
x x + 1
• + = [x]
2 2
• If [x] ≤ n, then x ∈ (–∞, n + 1)
Example:
1. If [x] ≤ 2, then find x.
x is an integer, which is less than or equal to 2.
[x] ≤ 2 ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞, 3) –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2. If –2 ≤ [x] ≤ 6, find x.
x is an integer lying between –2 and 6.
–2 ≤ [x] ≤ 6 ⇒ x ∈ [–2, 7) –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
Find value of the following : + + + + + ... + +
4 4 100 4 100 4 100
Solution
1 2 n -1
By comparing with [ x ] + x + + x + + ... + x + = [ nx ] , we get
n n n
1
x = and n = 100
4
1 1 1 1 2 1 99 1
4 + 4 + 100 + 4 + 100 + ... + 4 + 100 = 100 × 4 = [25] = 25
5 1 5 2 5 199
Find value of the following : + + + + ... + +
3 200 3 200 3 200
Solution
5
By adding and subtracting , we get
3
5 5 1 5 2 5 199 5
3 + 3 + 200 + 3 + 200 + ... + 3 + 200 − 3
5 5 1 2 n − 1
= × 200 − [ x ] + x + + x + + ... + x + = [ nx ]
3 3 n n n
1000 5
= − = [333.33] − [1.66] = 333 − 1 = 332
3 3
x + 8 x +7 x +6 x +5 x + 4 x +3 x +2 x +1
If + + + + + + + = 24 , find x.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution
Step 1 :
x x + 1
We know that + = [x]
2 2
( x +7 ) +1 x +7 ( x +5) +1 x +5 ( x +3) +1 x +3
⇒ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x +1 ) +1 x +1
+ +
2 2
= [ x +7] + [ x +5] + [ x +3] + [ x +1]
Step 2 :
[ x +7] + [ x +5] + [ x +3] + [ x +1] = 24
⇒ [ x ] +7+ [ x ] +5+ [ x ] +3+ [ x ] +1 = 24
⇒ 4[ x ] = 8 ⇒ [ x ] = 2 ⇒ x = [2, 3)
4 [ x + 2] 1
= ; then find [ x ].
[ x +[ x + [ x ]]] − 12 3
Solution
4[ x + 2] 4[ x ] + 8 4[ x ] + 8 4[ x ] + 8
= = =
[ x + [ x + [ x ]]] − 12 x +[ x ] + [ x ] − 12 [ x ] +[ x ] + [ x ] − 12 3[ x ] − 12
4[ x ] + 8 1
⇒ =
3[ x ] − 12 3
⇒ 12[ x ] + 24 = 3[ x ] − 12 ⇒ 9[ x ] = −36 ⇒ [ x ] = − 4 ⇒ x ∈ [ − 4, −3)
x x x 4x
If 0 < x < 300 and + + = . The sum of possible values of x is m,
2 5 10 5
m
then find .
1000
Solution
Step 1 :
We know that [I] = I
x x x 5x + 2x + x 4x
2 + 5 + 10 = = , (L.C.M ( 2, 5, 10) = 10) is only possible,
10 5
x x x
when all , and are integers.
2 5 10
Now, they will be integers for all multiples of 10.
∴ x = 10, 20, 30, ..., 290 ( 0 < x < 300)
Step 2 :
10×29
∑ x =10 + 20 + ... + 290 = 10(1 + 2+... + 29) = 2
(1+ 29) = 4350
m 4350
Now = = [ 4.35] = 4
1000 1000
π
Find the range of y = [sin x + [ cos x + [ tan x + [ sec x ]] ; x ∈ 0,
4
Solution
Example:
Draw a graph of Y Y
the following:
y = 1 + [x]
1. Make a graph of
y = [x] –1 01 X 01 X
–1
2. Shift it by 1 unit.
y = [x] y = 1 + [x]
Example:
Draw a graph of Y
the following: 4
x ∈ [0, 1) y=x+0 3
y = x + [x]
2
x ∈ [1, 2) y=x+1
1
x ∈ [2, 3) y=x+2 0 1 2 3 X
–1
–1
x ∈ [–1, 0) y=x–1 –2
y = x + [x]
Example: Y
Draw a graph of
the following: 4
y = x[x] x ∈ [0, 1) y = x0 = 1 3
2
x ∈ [1, 2) y = x1 = x 1
x ∈ [2, 3) y = x2 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 X
–1
–2
x ∈ [–1, 0) y = x–1
–3
y = x[x]
Solution
Y
x ∈ [0, 1)
y = x1 = 0
√x ∈ [0, 1)
2
x ∈ [1, 4)
y = [√x ] = 1 1
√x ∈ [0, 2)
x=4 01 2 3 4 X
y = [√x ]= 2
√x = 2
Domain: [0, 4]
Range:{0, 1, 2}
y = [√x ]
Solution
Any real number x, can be written as x = [x] + {x}, where [.] represents the greatest integer function,
and {.} represents the fractional part function.
{x} = x ― [x]
1
Domain: x ∈ ℝ
x
x–
x+
=
=
y
Range: y ∈ [0, 1)
y
y
―2 ―1 0 1 2 3 X
Example:
{3.92} = 0.92
{5} = 0
{―6} = 0
{―16.21} = ― 16.21 + 17 = 0.79 ∵ ({x} = x ― [x])
Properties
100
∑{x + r}
If y = [ x ] + r=1
then, find ∫ y dx.
100
Solution
Step 1 :
y = [x] +
{x + 1} + {x + 2} + ... + {x + 100}
100
⇒ y = [x] +
{x} + {x} + ... + {x} = [x] +
100{x}
= [ x ] + {x} = x
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
100 100
09
Step 1 :
y = [x] +
{x + 1} + {x + 2} + ... + {x + 100}
100
⇒ y = [x] +
{x} + {x} + ... + {x} = [x] +
100{x}
= [ x ] + {x} = x
Step 2 :
100 100 x2
∫ y·dx = ∫ x·dx = 2
+c
Solution
Step 1 :
Step 1 :
2[ x ] − 2
2([ x ] + {x} ) + 3{x} = 4[ x ] − 2 ⇒ {x} = 2[ x ] − 2
2([ x ] + {x} ) + 3{x} = 4[ x ] − 2 ⇒ {x} = 5
Step 2 : 5
Step 2 :
2[ x ] − 2 7
0 ≤ 2[ x ] − 2 < 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ 2[ x ] − 2 < 5 ⇒ 1 ≤ [ x ] < 7
0≤ 5 < 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ 2[ x ] − 2 < 5 ⇒ 1 ≤ [ x ] < 2
5 2
Step 3 :
7
For 1 ≤ [ x ] < , the possible cases are as follows,
2
2×1 − 2
[ x ] = 1, {x} = 5 = 0 ⇒ x = [ x ] + {x} = 1 + 0 = 1
2×2 − 2 2 2 12
[ x ] = 2, {x} = 5 = 5 ⇒ x = [ x ] + {x} = 2 + 5 = 5
2×3 − 2 4 4 19
[ x ] = 3, {x} = 5 = 5 ⇒ x = [ x ] + {x} = 3 + 5 = 5
12 19
x ∈ 1, ,
5 5
Solution Y
y = x – [x] + 2 ⇒ y = {x} + 2
{x} ∈ [0, 1) ⇒ y = {x} + 2 ∈ [2, 3) y=3
y=2
X
−1, x < 0
If g ( x ) = 1 + x − [ x ] and f ( x ) = 0, x = 0 , then find f ( g ( x ) ) .
1, x > 0
Solution
g ( x ) = 1 + {x} ⇒ g ( x ) ∈ 1 + [0, 1)
g ( x ) ∈ [1, 2)
∴ f ( g ( x ) ) = 1 as g ( x ) ∈ [1, 2) > 0
Concept Check
I
2f ( x )
1. If x = log 4 , then find f ( 2010) + f ( −2009) .
1 − f ( x )
2. If [ x ] + x + 1 2 99
+ x + + ... + x + = 7 , then find x.
100 100 100
3. If x + 6 + x + 7 + 2[ x ] = 18, then find [ x ] .
2 2
4. If [x] + x = a has a solution, where a ∈ ℕ , a ≤ 20 and x > 0, then find the possible values of a.
2
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
• y = [x] is the greatest integer function, which is less than or equal to x. This is also referred to
as a step function.
Domain: ℝ
Range: y ∈ ℤ
• Any real number x, can be written as x = [x] + {x}, where [.] represents the greatest integer
function, and {.} represents the fractional part function.
{x} = x – [x]
Domain: x ∈ ℝ
Range: y ∈ [0, 1)
Mind Map
Greatest integer
function (G.I.F)
Fractional part
function (F.P.F)
Self-Assessment
Answers
Concept Check
2f ( x ) 4x
1. Given, 4x = ⇒ f (x) = x
1 − f (x) 4 +2
We know that for such functions , f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = 1
By substituting x = 2010 , we get ,
f ( 2010) + f (1 − 2010) = f ( 2010) + f ( − 2009) = 1
1 2 n −1
2. By comparing with [ x ] + x + + x + + ... + x + = [ nx ] , we get,
n n n
7 8
[nx ] = [100x ] = 7 ⇒ 100x = [7, 8 ) ⇒ x = 100 , 100
x + 6 x + 7
3. Given, + + 2[ x ] = 18
2 2
x x + 1
We know that + = [x]
2 2
x + 6 (x + 6)+ 1
⇒ + + 2[ x ] = 18
2 2
⇒ [ x + 6] + 2 [ x ] = 18 ⇒ [ x ] + 6 + 2[ x ] =18 ⇒ 3[ x ] = 12 ⇒ [ x ] = 4
∴ x ∈ [ 4, 5)
4. Step 1 : Step 2 :
[x]
2
+ x = a, Now , a = x2 + x = x ( x + 1)
∴ [ x ] = x and [ x ] = x2
2 For x = 3, a = 3(3 + 1) = 12
For x = 4, a = 4 ( 4 + 1) = 20
∴ Possible values of a = {2, 6, 12, 20} ( 1 ≤ a ≤ 20 )
5. y = x + 5 – [x] + 3
⇒ y = {x} + 8
{x} ∈ [0, 1) ⇒ {x} + 8 ∈ [8, 9)
Self-Assessment
• Transformation of graphs
π
Find the domain of f(x), where f(x) = [sinx] . cos and [.] denotes the G.I.F of x.
[ x + 1]
Solution
Step 1:
The domain of [sin x] is x ∈ ℝ
π
For cos , [x + 1] ≠ 0
[ x + 1]
⇒ [x] + 1 ≠ 0 (∵ [x + n] = [x] + n , n ∈ ℤ)
⇒ [x] ≠ -1
⇒ x ∉ [-1, 0)
The domain of f(x) is x ∈ ℝ - [-1, 0)
x−2
Find the domain of f(x), where f ( x ) = 22x + 64 3
− 2−1 ( 72 + 22x )
Solution
Step 1:
x−2
f ( x ) = 2 + 642x 3
(
− 2−1 72 + 22x )
x−2 4x
= 4 +4x
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved − 36 −
2
02
x−2
f ( x ) = 22x + 64 3
(
− 2−1 72 + 22x )
4x
= 4x + 4x − 2 − 36 −
2
4x 4x
Now, 4x + − 36 − ≥0
16 2
Step 2:
Let 4x = y
y y
⇒y+ − 36 − ≥ 0
16 2
⇒ y ≥ 64, 4 ≥ 64
x
⇒ x ≥3
The domain of f(x) is x ∈ [3, ∞)
Solution
Step 1:
We know that for nCr to be defined n > 0, r ≥ 0, n ≥ r, n and r ∈ ℤ
7 - x > 0 ⇒ x < 7 ... (i)
x - 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 3 ... (ii)
7 - x ≥ x - 3 ⇒ x ≤ 5 ... (iii)
Step 2:
After taking the intersection of (i), (ii), (iii), we get x ∈ [3, 5]
However, x should be an integer. So, x ∈ {3, 4, 5}
Domain of y : x ∈ {3, 4, 5}
Step 3:
When x = 3, 7 − xCx − 3 = 4C0 = 1
When x = 4, 7 − xCx − 3 = 3C1 =3
When x = 5, 7 − xCx − 3 = 2C2 = 1
Range of y : {1, 3}
Solution
Step 1:
2y= 2 − 2x
Taking log 2 on both sides, we get,
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
y x
03
2y= 2 − 2x
Taking log 2 on both sides, we get,
log=
2 2
y
( )
log 2 2 − 2x ( )
y log 2 2 − 2x
⇒= ( )
Step 2:
For the logarithm function to be defined, 2 - 2x > 0
2x < 2 ⇒ x <1
Domain: x ∈ (-∞, 1)
Solution
Step 1:
= (
y log px3 + ( p + q ) x 2 + ( q + r ) x + r )
=y log ( px ( x + 1 ) + qx ( x + 1 ) + r ( x + 1 ) )
2
=
y log ( x + 1 ) ( px + qx + r )
2
Step 2:
It is given that q2 − 4pr = 0 and p > 0
⇒ px2 + qx + r is a perfect square, which is greater than or equal to zero.
-q
Also, q2 - 4pr = 0 ⇒ Roots of px2 + qx + r are equal and sum of roots is .
2
p
q
⇒ px 2 + qx + r= p x +
2p
2
q
⇒ p ( x + 1) x + >0
2p
Using wavy curve method, we get,
q
x ∈ ( −1, ∞ ) −
2p
If f(x) is defined for (0, 1), then find the domain of f(ex) + f(ln |x|).
Solution Y
4
Step 1:
2
0 < ex < 1 (0, 1)
⇒ x ∈ (-∞, 0) ... (i)
X
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
Step 2:
0 < ln|x| < 1
⇒ 1 < |x| < e
⇒ x ∈ (-e, -1) ⋃ (1, e) ... (ii)
Taking the intersection of (i) and (ii), we get,
x ∈ (-e, -1)
If the domain of f(x) is (-∞, 0], then find the domain of f(6{x}2 - 5{x} + 1).
Solution
( x2 + x + 1)
−
Find the domain of f ( x ) , where f ( x )= 2
Solution
1
The given expression is, f ( x ) =
( )
3
x2 + x + 1
We can see that x2 + x + 1 is always greater than zero as the discriminant is negative and
coefficient of x2 is greater than 0. So, x ∈ ℝ.
x−2 1−x
Find the domain of
= f (x) + .
x+2 1+x
Solution
Step 1:
x−2
0
x+2
x ∈ (-∞, -2) ⋃ [2, ∞) ... (i)
Step 2:
1−x
0
1+x
x −1
⇒ ≤0
x +1
x ∈ (-1, 1] ... (ii)
After taking intersection of (i) and (ii), we get,
x∈Φ
Transformation of Graphs
Basic graphs
Y Y
4 4
y=x y = -x
2 2
X X
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
-2 -2
Y Y
4
4
y = x3
y = x2 2
2
X
X -2 0 2 4
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-2
1
y=
x
Y 1
Y
y = x3 4
4 y= x
2 y = |x|
2
X
X -4 -2 0 2 4
-2 0 2 4 6
-2
-2
1 Y Y
y= 4
x
1 4 1
y=x 3 y=
2
x
y= x 2
1
y=x 3
-2 y= x
X X
-4 -2 0 2 4 2 4 6
0
-2
-2
1. Vertical stretch
Y
y = x2
y = 2x2
x2
y=
2
Example: x
y=
Let us plot the graph of y = x2, 2x2 and x on
2
3
the same coordinate plane. 2
3π π 3π
− −
2 2 2
1
=
y (Xx − 2)3
5π 9π 3π
−
4 4 4
Solution Y y = 3ex
Step 1:
Plot the graph of the function y = ex
3 y = ex
Step 2:
2
Multiply the points on the Y-axis of the
graph by 3 units to get the graph of y = 3ex 1
X
Solution Y y = 3 sin x
3
y = sin x
1
_
4π _
3π _
2π _
π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π
X
-1
-3
Step 1:
Plot the graph of the function y = sin x
Step 2:
Multiply the points on the Y-axis of the graph by 3 units to get the graph of y = 3 sin x
|x|
Plot the graph of the function y = 3 |x| and .
3
Solution
Y
Step 1: y = 3|x|
y = |x|
Plot the graph of the function y = |x|
x2
y=
Step 2: 2
(a) Multiply the points on the Y-axis of x
y=
the graph by 3 units to get the graph 3
of y = 3|x|. 3π X π 3π
0 − −
(b) Divide the points on the Y-axis of the 2 2 2
graph by 3 units to get the graph of 1
|x| =
y ( x − 2) 3
y= .
3 5π 9π 3π
−
4 4 4
2. Vertical shift
Y y = 2x + 5
Let us consider a function y = f(x) y = 2x
When the given graph of f(x) is shifted
upwards by a units, it gives the graph of the (0, 5) y = 2x - 3
function y = f(x) + a; a > 0
When the given graph of f(x) is shifted
downwards by a units, it gives the graph of X
the function y = f(x) - a; a > 0 (0, 0)
Example:
Let us plot the graph of y = 2x, 2x - 3, and (0, -3)
2x + 5 on the same coordinate plane.
Solution Y y = |x| + 3
Step 1: y = |x|
Plot the graph of the function y = |x|
Step 2: (0, 3) y = |x| - 2
Solution Y
Step 1: (0, 1)
Draw the graph of y = -|x|
X
Step 2:
Shift the graph of y = -|x| by 1 unit y = 1 - |x|
upwards to plot the graph of y = -|x| + 1
y = -|x|
Plot the graph of the function y = {x} + 3, where { } denotes the fractional part function.
Solution Y
y = {x} + 3
Step 1: 4
Draw the graph of y = {x}
y=3
Step 2: y = {x}
Shift the graph of y = {x} by 3 units X
upwards to plot the graph of y = {x} + 3
Solution Y
y = √x + 5
Step 1: y = √x
Draw the graph of y = √x
(0, 5)
Step 2:
X
Shift the graph of y = √x by 5 units
upwards to plot the graph of y = √x + 5
3. y = f(x) → y = -f(x)
The graph of y = -f(x) is obtained by taking the mirror image of y = f(x) about the X-axis.
Y
y = ex
Example:
1
The graph of y = -ex is obtained by taking X
the mirror image of y = ex about the X-axis. 0
-1
y = -ex
Solution Y
x2 x 2
x2 x2
y= y= y =y = cos x y=
Step 1: 2 2 1 2 2
x x x x
Draw the graph of y = cos x y= y= y= y=
3 3 3 3
X
Step 2:
3π π3π 3ππ
−
π
− 3π π 3π π 3π 3ππ π
−
3π
−
π
2 2 2 −2 − − −2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The graph of y = -cos x is obtained by taking 1
-1 1
=
y ( x − 2) 3 1 1 =
y ( x − 2) 3
the mirror image of y = cos x about the X-axis. =
y ( x − 2) 3 y y(=
= x− 2) x
3
-cos
5π 9π 3π 5π 9π 3π
π −9π 5π 9π 3π −
5
4 4 4 − 3π − 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
Plot the graph of the function y = -{x}, where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
Solution Y
Step 1: 1
y = {x}
Draw the graph of y = {x}
Step 2: X
4. y = f(x) → y = f(-x)
The graph of y = f(-x) is obtained by taking the mirror image of y = f(x) about the Y-axis.
1
y = {-x} y = {x}
Example:
The graph of y = {-x} is obtained by taking
the mirror image of y = {x} about the Y-axis, X
where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
Solution
y = e−x Y y = ex
Step 1:
Draw the graph of y = ex
1
Step 2:
X
The graph of y = e-x is obtained by taking 0
the mirror image of y = ex on the Y-axis.
Solution Y
y = ln(-x) y = ln(x)
Step 1:
Draw the graph of y = ln x, x > 0
Step 2:
The graph of y = ln(-x) is obtained by taking
X
the mirror image of y = ln x about the Y-axis. -1 1
Solution Y
Step 1: y = √-x y = √x
Draw the graph of y = √x
Step 2:
The graph of y = √-x is obtained by taking X
the mirror image of y = √x on the Y-axis.
5. y = f(x) → y = f(x ± a)
Let us consider a function y = f(x)
a) When the given graph of f(x) is shifted by a units toward the left, it gives the graph of the
function y = f(x + a), (a > 0)
b) When the given graph of f(x) is shifted by a units toward the right, it gives the graph of the
function y = f(x - a), (a > 0)
Solution Y
y = x2 y = (x - 3)2
Step 1:
Draw the graph of y = x2
Step 2:
Shift the graph of y = x2 in the direction
of the positive X-axis by 3 units to get the X
0 3
graph of y = (x - 3)2
Solution
Step 1:
Plot the graph of the function y = ln x
Y
x = -e y = ln(x + e)
Step 2:
y = ln x
Shift the graph of y = ln x in the direction
of the negative X-axis by e units to get the
graph of y = ln(x + e)
X
0 (1, 0)
(1 - e, 0)
Solution Y
y= x+4
Step 1:
Plot the graph of the function y = √x y = √x
Step 2:
Shift the graph of y = √x in the direction
X
of the positive X-axis by 4 units to get the -4 0
graph of y = x + 4
Solution
Step 1: Y
Plot the graph of the function y = |x| y = |x - 3| + 2
Step 2:
Shift the graph of y = |x| in the direction y = |x|
of the positive X-axis by 3 units to get the
graph of y = |x - 3|
(3, 2)
Step 3:
Shift the graph of y = |x - 3| in the upward X
0
direction by 2 units to get the graph of
y = |x - 3| + 2
Solution
Step 1:
y = x2 + x + 1 can be written as
2
1 3 Y
y = x + +
2 4 y = x2 + x + 1
Step 2:
Plot the graph of the function y = x2 y = x2
Step 3:
Shift the graph of y = x2 in2the direction of
1 3 1 3
y = xby+ units
the negative X-axis + to get the − 2, 4
2 2 4
1 3 X
graph of y = x + + 0 3
2 4
Step 4: 2
1 3
Shift the graph of y = x + in + the upward
2 2 4
1 3
y= x + 2 by
direction + units to get the graph
4
2
1 3
of y = x + +
2 4
1
=
Plot the graph of the function y +3
x+4
Solution
Y
Step 1: 1
1 y=
Plot the graph of the function y = x
x 1
Step 2: 1 y=
y= x+4
1 x+4
Shift the graph of y = in the direction
1 x
y= X
of the negative X-axis
x by14 units to get 0
y= -4
1 x+4 1
the graph of y = 1 y=
x+4 y= x
x 1
1 1 y=
=
Let’s plot y + 3 from y = . x+4
x+4 x+4
1
=y +3
x+4
1 1
= y
To yplot
= + 3 , shift the graph
x x+4 3
1
of y = in the upward direction by
x+4 X
0
3 units. -4
1
y=
x
1
y=
x+4
6. y = f(x) → y = f(|x|)
Let us consider a function y = f(x)
We can obtain the graph of f(|x|) by the following ways:
1. Retaining the graph corresponding to only the non-negative values of x
2. Taking the mirror image of the retained graph about the Y-axis
Solution
Y
y = ex, x ≥ 0
Step 1:
Plot the graph of y = ex, x ≥ 0
X
y = e|x| Y
Step 2:
Take the mirror image of the obtained graph
about the Y-axis to get the required graph.
Solution Y
y = sin x, x ≥ 0
Step 1:
Plot the graph of y = sin x, x ≥ 0 X
Y
Step 2:
y = sin |x|
Take the mirror image of the obtained
graph about the Y-axis to get the required
graph. X
Solution Y
y = ln x, x > 0
Step 1:
Plot the graph of y = ln x, x > 0
X
1
Y
y = ln |x|
Step 2:
Take the mirror image of the obtained
graph about the Y-axis to get the required
graph.
X
-1 1
Solution
Y
y = √x
Step 1:
Plot the graph of y = √x, x ≥ 0 X
y = |x|
Step 2:
Take the mirror image of the obtained
graph about the Y-axis to get the required
graph. X
Solution Y
x>0
y = x - 5x + 6
2
Step 1:
Plot the graph of y = x2 - 5x + 6, x ≥ 0
2 3
Y
y = |x|2 - 5|x| + 6
Step 2: x>0
7. y = f(x) → y = |f(x)|
Let us consider a function y = f(x)
We can obtain the graph of |f(x)| by the following ways:
1) Retaining the graph that is above the X-axis
2) Flipping the graph corresponding to the negative values of y about the X-axis
Solution
Y
Step 1:
X
Plot the graph of y = log x 0 1
Step 2:
Retain the graph that is above the X-axis . y = log x
Step 3:
y = |log x|
Flip the graph corresponding to the
negative values of y about the X-axis X
to get the required graph. 1
1
y
Plot the graph of the function= ( x − 2) 3 .
1
Solution Y
=
y ( x − 2) 3
1
1
=
y ( x − 2) 3 y = x3
Step 1:
1
X
Plot the graph of y = x 3 0
Y 1
Step 3: =
y ( x − 2) 3
1
Plot the graph of by =
y ( x − 2) 3 retaining 1
1 y = x3
X
the graph of =y ( x − 2) that
1 is above the
3
y = x 3
X-axis and flipping the graph corresponding 0 2
to the negative values of y about the X-axis.
Solution Y
y=x
Step 1: X
Plot the graph of y = x
Y
|y| = x
Step 2:
Retain the region that is present on and
X
above the X-axis, and draw the mirror image
of the retained graph about the X-axis.
Solution Y
Step 1:
X
Plot the graph of y = ln x 0 1
y = ln x
Step 2: |y| = ln x
Retain the region that is present on and
above the X-axis, and draw the mirror image X
of the retained graph about the X-axis. 0 1
Solution Y
Step 1:
X
Plot the graph of y = 1 - |x| 0
y = 1 - |x|
Step 2:
Retain the region that is present on and
above the X-axis, and draw the mirror image X
of the retained graph about the X-axis. 0
|y| = 1 - |x|
Solution Y
e
Step 1: 1
Plot the graph of y = ex.
X
0 1
Y
Step 2:
e
We know the following:
{x} ∈ [0, 1) ⇒ e{x} ∈ [1, e)
1
As {x} is a periodic function with period
1, e{x} is also a periodic function with the X
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
same period.
Concept Check
1. If f(x) is defined in [0, 1], then find the domain of f(tan x).
1 1
2. Find the domain of f(x), where f ( x ) =
[x]
( )
+ log (2{x} − 5) x2 − 3x + 10 +
1− x
x
3. Plot the graph of the function y = 4 x and
2
π
4. Plot the graph of the function y = sin(x - )
4
5. Plot the graph of the function y = |log |x||
6. Plot the graph of the function y = ln{x}
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
Mind Map
f(x) → |f(|x|)|
Transformation
Functions Graphs
of graphs
f(x) → (f{x})
Self-Assessment
Answers
Concept Check
1.
f(tan x) will be defined when 0 ≤ tan x ≤ 1
π
⇒ tan −1 ( 0) ≤ x ≤ tan −1
4
π
⇒ x ∈ nπ , nπ + , n ∈
4
2.
1 1
f (x) =
[x]
( )
+ log (2{x} − 5) x2 − 3x + 10 +
1− x
( )
log (2{x} − 5) x2 − 3x + 10 to be defined,
2{x} − 5 > 0
⇒ {x} > 2.5
However, {x} ∈ [0, 1), which means that there is no value of x for which the given logarithm is
defined.
So, x ∈ ∅
3.
Step 1:
Y y = 4√x
Plot the graph of the function y = √x
Step 2:
a) Multiply the points on the Y-axis of the
graph by 4 units to get the graph of
y = √x
y = 4√x
x
y=
b) Divide the points on the Y-axis of the 2
graph by 2 units to get the graph of X
O
y = √x
2
5. Y
Step 1: y = log x
Plot the graph of the function y = log x X
O 1
Step 2:
y = log |x|
Plot the graph of y = log |x| by retaining the
graph of y = log x corresponding to only the X
non-negative values of x and taking the -1 0 1
mirror image of the retained graph about
the Y-axis.
Step 3:
y = |log|x||
Plot the graph of y = |log|x|| by retaining the
graph of y = log |x| which is above the X-axis
X
and flipping the graph corresponding to the -1 0 1
negative values of y about the X-axis.
6. Y
Step 1: X
0 1
Plot the graph y = ln x
Y
y = ln {x}
Step 2:
We know the following: X
0 1 2 3
{x} ∈ [0, 1) ⇒ ln x ∈ (-∞, 0)
Self-Assessment Y
Solution Y
Find the number of solutions of 3cos x = |sin x| in the interval [-2π, 2π].
Y
Solution 3 f(x) = 3cosx
x 3cos x 1
π Step 3:
3
0 or 2π 3 Both the graphs intersect at 8 points in the given
3π interval as shown in the figure.
π 1
1 2 ∴ Number of solutions = 8
2
Range-Based Questions
Solution
(1) (2)
By plotting the graph of ||x| - 3|, we get, |ln |-x|| = |ln |x||
Range of ||x| - 3| is [0, ∞). By plotting the graph of |ln |x||, we get,
Range of |ln |-x|| is [0, ∞).
Y
Y
(0, 3) y = |ln |x||
y = ||x| - 3|
X
(-3, 0) (3, 0) -1 1 X
(3) (4)
By plotting the graph of [|x|], we get, By plotting the graph of |{x}|, we get,
Range of [|x|] is Whole numbers. Range of |{x}| is [0, 1).
Y Y y = |{x}|
2 1
1 y = [|x|]
0 X
X -2 -1 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
(5) Y
3π y = x + sin x
By plotting the graph of y = sin x on y = x,
we get, 2π
Range of x + sin x is ℝ.
π
-2π -π
X
π 2π 3π
-π
-2π
(6) (7)
By plotting the graph of y = sgn(ex) = 1 as ex > 0, always.
1 By plotting the graph of sgn(ex), we get,
x + , we get, Range of sgn(ex) is 1.
x
1
Range of x + is (-∞, -2] ∪ [2, ∞).
x
Observation Y
1 1
x + ≥ 2 for x > 0, and x + ≤ 2 for x < 0.
x x y=1
Y y = sgn(ex)
1 X
y=x+
x
2
X
-2
x, − 2 ≤ x ≤ −1
2
x + 2x, − 1 < x ≤ 0
If f ( x ) = , then find the number of integers in the range of f(x).
2
2x − x , 0 < x ≤ 1
2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
Solution
Y
f(x) = x; -2 ≤ x ≤ -1 y = 2x - x2
−2, x = −2
f (x) =
−1, x = −1 1
y=2-x
f(x) = x + 2x ; -1 < x ≤ 0
2
X
-2 -1 0 1 2
( x ) 0,=x 0
f=
y = x2 + 2
y=x
f(x) = 2x - x ; 0 < x ≤ 1
2
( x ) 1,=
f= x 1 (-2, -2)
f(x) = 2 - x; 1 < x ≤ 2
Range of f(x) is [-2, 1]
( x ) 0,=
f= x 2
∴ Number of integers in the range of
f(x) = 4, i.e., {-2, -1, 0, 1}
Recap
Solution
(1) (2)
We know that -1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 We know that -1 ≤ sinx ≤ 1
⇒ -2 ≤ 2cos x ≤ 2 ⇒ -7 ≤ 7sin x ≤ 7
⇒ -2 - 3 ≤ 2cos x - 3 ≤ 2 - 3 ⇒ 7 ≥ -7sin x ≥ -7
⇒ -5 ≤ 2cos x - 3 ≤ -1 ⇒ 7 + 9 ≥ 9 -7sin x ≥ -7 + 9
Range of 2cos x - 3 = [-5, -1] ⇒ 16 ≥ 9 -7sin x ≥ 2
1 1 1
≤ ≤
Alternative solution: 16 9 − 7 sin x 2
Substitute the range of cos x in 2cos x - 3. 1 1 1
Range of 2cos x - 3 = [2(-1) - 3, 2(1) - 3] Range of = ,
9 − 7 sin x 16 2
Range of 2cos x - 3 is [-5, -1].
Alternative solution:
1
Substitute the range of sinx in .
9 − 7 sin x
1 1 1
Range of = ,
9 − 7 sin x 9 − 7 ( −1) 9 − 7 (1)
1 1 1
⇒ Range of = ,
9 − 7 sin x 16 2
Note
This alternative method is applicable only when 0 is not a part of the range/denominator.
(3) (4)
f(x) = sin2 x + (1 - sin2 x)2 By using the completing square method,
⇒ f(x) = sin4 x - sin2 x + 1 f(x) = (cos x + 1)2 - 4
By using the completing square method, We know that -1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
2
2
1 1
2 ⇒ 0 ≤ cos x + 1 ≤ 2
f(x) = sin x − − + 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ (cos x + 1)2 ≤ 4
2 2
2 ⇒ -4 ≤ (cos x + 1)2 - 4 ≤ 0
1 3 Range of cos2 x + 2cos x - 3 is [-4, 0].
⇒ f(x) = sin2 x − +
2 4
Now, for the minimum value, we know that,
2
2 1
sin x − ≥ 0,
2
2
2 1 3 3
sin x − 2 + 4 ≥ 4 ,
Also,
2
2 1 3
sin x − 2 + 4 = 1 ,for sin x = 0
2
2
2 1 3
sin x − 2 + 4 = 1 ,for sin x = 1
2
2 2
2 1 2 31 3
Range of sin x−sin x+− is+[ , 1]
2 42 4
Recap
Solution
Type y = ax2 + bx + c
−D
• For y = ax2 + bx + c, Range = , ∞ when a > 0
4a
−D
• For y = ax2 + bx + c, Range = −∞ , when a < 0
4a
Solution
Here, for x2 + x + 1, a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
D = 12 - 4(1)(1) = -3 and a > 0
−D −D 3
Range is − ∞ , , ∞
= , ∞
4a 4a 4
1
(3) y = loge(3x2 + 4x + 5) (4) y = 2
3x + 4x + 5
2
(5) y = sin x + x + 1 (6) y = log5 { 2 ( sin x − cos x ) + 3 }
Solution
Y
(1)
−D 11
Range of f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 = , ∞= , ∞
4a 3 y= f (x)
Now, y = f ( x ) is an increasing function as shown
in the graph.
11
∴ Range of 3x 2 + 4x + 5 is , ∞ . X
3
(2) Y
−D 11
Range of f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 = , ∞= , ∞
4a 3 y = e-x
Now, y = e is a decreasing function as shown in
-f(x)
the graph.
−∞ − 113 −
11
∴ Range of e -(3x2 + 4x + 5)
is e , e i.e 0, e 3 X
(3) Y
−D 11
Range of f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 = , ∞= , ∞ y = logex
4a 3
Now, y = logef(x) is an increasing function as
shown in the graph.
X
11
∴ Range of loge(3x2 + 4x + 5) is log e , log e ∞ i.e
3
11
log
e 3 , ∞
(4) Y
−D 11 1
Range of f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 = , ∞= 3 , ∞ y=
4a f (x)
1
Now, y = is a decreasing function as shown in
f (x)
the graph.
X
1 1 1 3
∴ Range of 2 is , i.e 0,
3x + 4x + 5 ∞ 11 11
3
(5)
−D −D 3
Range of f(x) = x2 + x + 1 = − ∞ , , ∞
= , ∞
4a 4a 4 Y
3 y = sin (f(x))
Range of x 2 + x + 1 = , ∞ 1
2
y = sin(f(x)) is neither an increasing nor a decreasing
function as shown in the graph. X
-1
Considering the height of the highlighted graph,
Range of sin x 2 + x + 1 is [-1, 1].
(6)
We know that for sin x - cos x, Y
Range = − 12 + 12 , 12 + 12 = − 2, 2
- 2 ≤ sin x - cos x ≤ 2 y = log5f(x)
-2 ≤ 2 (sin x - cos x) ≤ 2
1 ≤ 2 (sin x - cos x) + 3 ≤ 5
Range of 2 (sin x - cos x) + 3 = [1, 5] X
Now, y = log5f(x) is an increasing function as shown in
the graph.
∴ Range of log5{ 2 (sin x - cos x) + 3} is [log51, log55]
i.e [0, 1]
Concept Check
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
−D
• For y = ax2 + bx + c, Range = , ∞ when a > 0
4a
−D
• For y = ax2 + bx + c, Range = −∞ , when a < 0
4a
• For the range of a composite function.
Let y = g(f(x)),
1. If g(x) is an increasing function, then substitute the range of f(x) into g(x) as it is.
2. If g(x) is a decreasing function, then substitute the range of f(x) into g(x) in the reverse order.
3. If g(x) is neither an increasing nor a decreasing function,
(i) Draw the graph of g(x).
(ii) Highlight the range of f(x) in that graph.
(iii) Consider the height of the highlighted portion.
Mind Map
Self-Assessment
Answers
Concept Check
1.
π
y = 3sin x −
3
π
By plotting the graph of y = 3sin x − , we get,
3
Y
3
π X
2π 5π π 4π 11π 7π
3
3 6 3 6 3
-3
π
Range of y = 3sin x − is [-3, 3].
3
2. 3.
y = (sin x)0
x8
y= = x7, x ≠ 0 The function (sin x)0 exists only when
x
sin x ≠ 0, i.e., x ≠ nπ
By plotting the graph of y = x7, we get,
Now, by plotting the graph of (sin x)0, we get,
Period of (sin x)0 = π
Y
Domain of (sin x)0 = ℝ - {nπ}
Range of (sin x)0 is 1.
Y
-1
1 X 1
X
-π 0 π 2π
x8
Range of is (-∞,∞) - {0}.
x
(4)
(1 − cos x )
y= (1 − cos x ) .........∞
1 1 1
⇒ y = (1 − cos x ) 2 × (1 − cos x ) 4 × (1 − cos x ) 8 .....
1 1 1
⇒ y = (1 − cos x ) 2
+ + + .....
22 23
1
2
1
1−
⇒ y = (1 − cos x ) = (1 − cos x )
2
(5)
3 cos x 3 3 sin x
y = 5 cos x + − +3
2 2
13 cos x 3 3 sin x
= − +3
2 2
13 cos x 3 3 sin x
Range of
2
−
2
[ −7, 7]
=
π
Range of 5 cos x + 3 cos x + + 3 is [-7+3,7+3] i.e [-4, 10]
3
(6)
Here, for 3x2 + 4x + 5, a = 3, b = 4, c = 5
D = 42 - 4(3)(5) = -44 and a > 0
−D 44 11
Range = , ∞= , ∞ ⇒ , ∞
4a 12 3
Self-Assessment
(1)
We know that 0 ≤ {x} < 1
Now, for {x} = 0, log{x} is not defined.
So, {x} cannot accept integers.
∴ For 0 < {x} < 1,
Range of log{x} is (-∞, 0)
(2)
We know that logesin x is defined only if sin x ∈ (0, 1]
∴ Range of logesin x is (-∞, 0]
Even Function
If f(–x) = f(x) Ɐ x in the domain of f, then f is said to be an even function. Some examples of
even functions are f(x) = cos x, g(x) = |x|, and h(x)= x2 + 3. The graph of every even function is
symmetric about the Y-axis.
Example:
y = f(x) = cos x y = f(x) = x2
Y Y
X X
–3π π π 3π (0,0)
� , 0��– , 0� � , 0� � , 0�
2 2 2 2
Odd Function
If f(–x) = –f(x) Ɐ x in the domain of f, then f is said to be an odd function. Some examples of odd
functions are f(x) = x5, g(x) = sin x, and h(x) = tan x. The graph of an odd function is symmetric
about the origin.
Y Y
y=x y=x 3
X
X
Note
Solution
ax – a–x ax – 1
c. Given, f(x) = x d. Given, f(x) =
a +x a–x ax + 1
a –a
–x
a –1
–x
⇒ f(–x) = –x ⇒ f(–x) = –x
a + ax a +1
ax – a–x ax – 1
⇒ f(–x) = – � x � ⇒ f(–x) = – x
a + a–x a +1
⇒ f(–x) = –f(x) ⇒ Odd function ⇒ f(–x) = –f(x) ⇒ Odd function
ax – 1 n
f(x) = . x is odd then find the value of n.
ax + 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
3 3 3
Solution
ax – 1 n
Given, f(x)= .x
ax + 1
a–x – 1
⇒ f(–x) = –x (–x)n
a +1
ax – 1
⇒ f(–x) = – � x �(–1)n xn
a +1
ax – 1
⇒ f(–x) =(–1)n+1 � x � xn
a +1
Case 1: when n = odd power then n + 1 = even power
ax – 1
⇒ f(–x) = � x � xn = f(x)= Even function
a +1
Case 2: when n = even power then n + 1 = odd power
ax – 1
⇒ f(–x) = – � x � xn = –f(x)= Odd function
a +1
Hence n can be an even power only
2 4
Therefore, option (b) n = 3 and (c) n = 3 are correct.
x x x ≤ −1
Identify whether the function f ( x ) = [ x +1] + [1 − x ] −1 < x < 1 is an even or an odd
−x x x ≥1
function, where [] represents G.I.F
Solution
x x x ≤ −1
Given function, f ( x ) = [ x +1] + [1 − x ] −1 < x <1
−x x x≥1
( −x ) −x −x ≤ −1
⇒ f ( −x ) = [ −x +1] + [1+ x ] −1 < −x <1
− ( −x ) −x −x ≥ 1
−x x x ≥1
⇒ f ( −x ) = [ x +1] + [1 − x ] −1 < − x <1
x x x ≤ −1
x x x ≤ −1
⇒ f ( −x ) = [ x +1] + [1 − x ] −1 < x <1
−x x x ≥1
⇒ f(x) = f(–x) ⇒ even function.
Step 1 :
x ( sin x + tan x )
f (x) =
x (sin
x +xπ+ 1 x)
tan
Identify whether the function f ( x ) = π − 2 , x ≠ n π & n ∈ is even or odd
x + π 1
−
x( sin
π x+ tan
2 x)
⇒ f (x) =
where [.] represents the Greatest Integer Function.
x 1
π +1 − 2
Note
1
Find whether the function f ( x ) = [ x ] + , x ∉ is odd/even.
2
Solution
1
Given, f ( x ) = [ x ] +
2
1
⇒ f ( −x ) = [ −x ] +
2
As, [ x ] + [ −x ] = −1 for x ≠
⇒ f ( x ) + f ( −x ) = [ x ] + [ −x ] +1
⇒ f ( x ) + f ( −x ) = −1+1
⇒ f ( x ) + f ( −x ) = 0
⇒ f ( − x ) = −f ( x )
Hence f ( x ) is odd.
x x
Identify whether the function f(x) = + + 1 is even or not.
ex – 1 2
Solution
Step 1: Step 2:
x x x x
Given, f(x) = x + +1 ⇒ f(–x)= +x– +1
e –1 2 ex – 1 2
–x –x x x
⇒ f(–x) = –x +� �+ 1 ⇒ f(–x)= x + + 1 = f(x)
e –1 2 e –1 2
–x x Hence, function f(x) is an even function.
⇒ f(–x) = – +1
1 – ex 2
ex
–xex x
⇒ f(–x) = – +1
1 – ex 2
–xex + x – x x
⇒ f(–x) = – +1
1 – ex 2
x(e – 1) + x x
x
⇒ f(–x) = – +1
ex – 1 2
(
f ( x ) = ln x + 1+ x 2 )
( −x + 1+ x2 )( x + )
1+ x2
(
⇒ f ( −x ) = ln −x + 1+ x 2
) = ln
(x + 1+ x 2 )
= ln
(1 + x ) − x
2 2
(x + 1 + x2 )
1
= ln
(x + )
1 + x2
= −ln ( x + 1+ x ) 2
⇒ f ( −x ) = − f ( x )
Hence, f ( x ) is an odd function.
f ; g≠0
f g f±g f×g g
f ; g≠0
f g f±g f×g g
f ; g≠0
f g f±g f×g g
Note
f ; g≠0
f g f±g f×g g
f g f(g(x))
3 1 − x
sin x + x + tan ln
Find whether the function f ( x ) = 1 + x is odd or even.
x cos x
Solution
Step 1 : Step 2 :
As we know, 3 1− x
sin x → odd function sin x + x + tan ln
Now, f ( x ) = 1+ x
x3 → odd function x cos x
tan x → odd function
x → even function O+O+O ( O )
⇒ f (x) =
cos x ⇒ even function E.E
1−x where O = odd function, E = even function
Let , g ( x ) = ln
1+ x O+O ( O )
⇒ f (x) =
1+ x E
⇒ g ( − x ) = ln
1−x O+O
-1 ⇒ f (x) =
1−x E
⇒ g ( − x ) = ln
1+ x O
⇒ f (x) =
1−x E
⇒ g ( − x ) = −ln
1+ x ⇒ f ( x ) is an Odd function
⇒ g ( − x ) = −g ( x ) ⇒ odd function
1−x
ln → odd function
1+ x
• The only function that is defined on the entire number line and is even as well as
odd is f(x) = 0
Y
For function f(x) = 0,
f(–x) = f(x) = 0 ⇒ Even function X
f(–x) = –f(x) = 0 ⇒ Odd function 0
y=0
Proof:
Let’s consider
f(x) + f(–x) f(x) – f(–x)
h(x) = and g(x) =
2 2
f(x) + f(–x) f(-x) – f(x)
Now, h(–x) = and g(-x) =
2 2
⇒ h(– x) = h(x) and g(–x) = –g(x)
Hence, function h(x) is even and g(x) is odd.
sin x
Find whether the function f(x) =� � is even or odd, where [] represents G.I.F
2
Solution
⇒ f(x) = 0
Hence, f(x)is both even and odd.
⇒ f ( −x ) =
(
)
−x.f ( −x )
2
2+ ( tan ( −x ) ) .f ( ( −x ) )
2 2
x . f (x ) 2
⇒ f ( −x ) = −
( (x) ) f (x) =
It is given that f ( x ) is an even function and satisfy thex.frelation
2
2+ tan x . f ( x )
2 2
⇒ f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) ⇒ odd function
Given, f ( x ) is an even function
Solution
⇒ f ( x ) is even as well as odd
f (x) =
( )
x.f x 2 Therefore, f ( x ) = 0
2+ tan x.f ( x )
2 2
Hence, f (10) = 0
⇒ f ( −x ) =
) (
−x.f ( −x )
2
2+ ( tan ( −x ) ) .f ( ( −x ) )
2 2
x.f ( ( x ) )
2
⇒ f ( −x ) = −
2+ tan2 ( x ) .f x2 ( )
⇒ f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) ⇒ odd function
Given, f ( x ) is an even function
⇒ f ( x ) is even as well as odd
Therefore, f ( x ) = 0
Hence, f (10) = 0
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
10
Solution
Given, f(x) = x + ex
As we know that,
f(x) + f(–x) f(x) – f(–x)
f (x) = +
2 2
Even Odd
(x + ex) + (–x + e–x) (x + ex) – (–x + e–x)
f (x) = +
2 2
(ex + e–x) (2x + ex – e–x)
⇒f (x) = +
2 2
Concept Check
16
ex – e–|x|
2. Let f be a real valued function defined for f(x) = x , then find its range.
1 e + e|x|
a) ℝ b) [0,1] c) [0,1) d) [0, )
2
3. Find the range of y = √x – 4 + √6 – x .
4. Find the range of y = 4x + 2x + 1.
Summary Sheet
Key Takeaways
Mind Map
Even function
Odd function
Self-Assessment
Answers
Concept Check
1.
(i) Step 1 : Step 2 :
x +e 2
e −1
Given, y = ln 2 ⇒ ln 1 < ln 1+ 2 ≤ ln e
x +1 x +1
(
x 2 +1 + ( e − 1 ) )
⇒ 0 < ln 1+ 2
e −1
≤1
⇒ y = ln x +1
x 2 +1
⇒ 0< y ≤1
e −1 Hence, Range is ( 0,1].
⇒ y = ln 1+ 2
x +1
Now, 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ ∞
⇒ 1 ≤ x 2 +1 ≤ ∞
1
⇒0< 2 ≤1
x +1
e −1
⇒0< 2 ≤ e −1
x +1
e −1
⇒ 1 < 1+ 2 ≤e
x +1
(iv) Step 1:
Step 2: �0, π�
π 2
4
Given, y = − x2
16
Squaring both sides,
π2 (0,0)
2
y = − x2
16
π2
⇒ x2 + y 2 =
16 It is clear from the graph that the range is
This represents the portion of �0, π�.
a circle above X - axis. 4
(v) (vi) x2
π2 π Given, y = 2
Since, − x 2 ∈ 0, x +1
16 4
⇒ yx + y = x2
2
π2 2 π
⇒ sin
16
- x ∈ sin 0, sin
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 = −y
4
y
π2 1 ⇒ x2 =
⇒ sin − x2 ∈ 0,
(1 − y )
16 2
Since, x2 ≥ 0
π2 3 y
⇒ 3 sin − x 2 ∈ 0, Hence, ≥0
16
2 (1 − y )
3 y
⇒ y ∈ 0, ⇒ ≤0
2
( y − 1)
⇒0≤ y <1
Therefore, Range is [0,1) .
2. Step 2 :
Step 1 : 1
⇒ = e2x ≥ 1 as x ≥ 0
( )
-x
ex − e 1 − 2y
Given, y = x
ex + e 1
⇒ ≥1
e − e
x -x
x ≥0
(1 − 2y )
⇒ y = 2ex 1
0 ⇒ −1 ≥ 0
x <0 (1 − 2y )
ex − e-x 1 − 1+2y
⇒ For x ≥ 0 , y = ⇒ ≥0
2ex (1 − 2y )
e2x − 1 2y
⇒y= ⇒ ≥0
2e2x
(1 − 2y )
⇒ 2y.e2x = e2x − 1
2y
⇒ e2x ( 2y − 1) = −1 ⇒ ≤0
(2y − 1)
1
⇒0≤ y <
2
1
Hence, Range is 0, .
2
So, option (d) is the correct answer.
3.
Step 1 : Step 2 :
Given, y = x − 4 + 6 − x Now,
⇒ x − 4 ≥ 0 and 6 − x ≥ 0 f ( 4) = 4 − 4 + 6 − 4 = 2
⇒ 4 ≤ x ≤ 6 ( domain ) f ( 5) = 5 − 4 + 6 − 5 = 2
dy 1 1
= − f (6) = 6 − 4 + 6 − 6 = 2
dx 2 x − 4 2 6 − x
dy Hence, the minimum value is 2 and
Now for obtaining critical points, =0 maximum value is 2.
dx
⇒
1
−
1
=0 Therefore, Range is 2,2 .
2 x−4 2 6−x
1 1
⇒ =
2 x−4 2 6−x
⇒ x − 4=6 − x Given, y = 4x +2x +1
⇒ x =5 Let 2x = t where t > 0
⇒ y = t 2 + t +1
2
4. 1 3
Given, y = 4x +2x +1 ⇒ y =t + +
2 4
Let 2x = t where t > 0 1 3
2
⇒ y min = 0 + + as t > 0
⇒ y = t 2 + t +1 2 4
Hence, Range is (1, ∞ ) .
2
1 3
⇒ y =t + +
2 4
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
2
1 3
14
Self-Assessment
Periodic Functions
𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 ln 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
Explanation :
Let’s try to understand how 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 satisfies 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦
We have, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦
Also, 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
So, whenever a function satisfies 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 , then the
function can be considered of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑦 is true for ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , then is
𝑓(𝑥) an even or an odd function ?
Solution : 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑦 ⋯ 𝑖 is given.
Now, we replace 𝑥 by 𝑦 and 𝑦 by 𝑥.
𝑓 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑓 𝑦 . 𝑓 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
We can see that R.H.S of 𝑖 and (𝑖𝑖) are same
So, L.H.S of 𝑖 = L.H.S of (𝑖𝑖)
⇒𝑓 𝑥+𝑦 +𝑓 𝑥−𝑦 =𝑓 𝑦+𝑥 +𝑓 𝑦−𝑥
Now, put 𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑥
Hence, 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 + sin 𝑥 is odd function, then find value of 𝑎.
0 1 2 3
Solution :
Case I : 𝑎 is any non-zero number
Let say 𝑎 = 2 ,
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + sin 𝑥
↓ ↓
even + odd = NENO
Since, 𝑓 𝑥 is sum of even and odd functions so 𝑓 𝑥 is neither even nor odd
But, 𝑓 𝑥 is odd so 𝑎 can not be non zero number
Case II : 𝑎 = 0
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 which is odd function ⟹ So, option A is correct answer 𝑎 = 0
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
𝑥2
Illustration : If 𝑓: −10,10 → ℝ ; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + is odd function, then
𝑎
find range of 𝑎.
Solution :
𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 +
𝑎
Here, 𝑥 and sin 𝑥 are odd functions and 𝑓 𝑥 is odd function is given.
𝑥2
So, for 𝑓 𝑥 to be an odd function = 0.
𝑎
𝑥2
⇒0≤ <1
𝑎
Since, 𝑥 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑎>0
𝑥2
Also, < 1 ⇒ 𝑎 > 𝑥2
𝑎
Solution :
𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥
𝐷𝑓 ∶ Domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is ℝ
So, 𝐷𝑓 ≠ 𝐷𝑔
So, 𝐷𝑓 ≠ 𝐷𝑔
−1 𝑥 < 0
2
𝑔 𝑥 = Sgn 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = Sgn 𝑥 − 2 2 + 1 (∵ 𝑥 − 2 + 1 > 1)
=1
𝑅𝑔 = range of 𝑔 𝑥 = {1}
So, 𝑅𝑓 ≠ 𝑅𝑔 ∴ 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 are not identical.
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find whether the following functions are Identical or not ?
𝑓 𝑥 = cot 2 𝑥 ∙ cos2 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = cot 2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥
cos 2𝑥
Solution : 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 2 𝑥 ∙ cos 2 𝑥 = ∙ cos 2𝑥
sin2 𝑥
𝐷𝑓 ∶ Domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is ℝ − {𝑛𝜋} (∵ sin2 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋)
cos 2 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = − cot 2 𝑥
= 2
cos 2 𝑥
− cos 2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝐷𝑔 ∶ Domain of 𝑔(𝑥) is ℝ − {𝑛𝜋} (∵ sin2 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋)
So, 𝐷𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔
cos 2 𝑥 2 2
1 cos 2 𝑥 2𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 1 = ∙ cos
sin2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
Hence, 𝑅𝑓 (Range of 𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑅𝑔 (Range of 𝑔(𝑥)). So, 𝑓 and 𝑔 Identical
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Periodic Functions:
Example : If 𝑓 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑋
−8𝜋 −7𝜋 −6𝜋 −5𝜋 −4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋 8𝜋
−1
Mathematical approach
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⇒ sin 𝑥 + 𝑇 = sin 𝑥
𝑇 2𝑥+𝑇 𝑇
⇒ sin 𝑥 + 𝑇 − sin 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2 sin cos = 0 ⇒ sin =0
2 2 2
𝑇
⇒ = 𝑛𝜋 ⇒ 𝑇 = 2𝑛𝜋
2
Thus, fundamental period of sin 𝑥 = 2𝜋
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 is periodic and 𝑓 𝑥 + 3 + 𝑓 𝑥 = 0, then find its period.
Solution :
𝑓 𝑥+3 +𝑓 𝑥 =0
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 + 3 ⋯ (𝑖)
Now, replace 𝑥 by 𝑥 + 3
𝑓 𝑥 + 3 = −𝑓 𝑥 + 6
⇒ −𝑓 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 6 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
Solution :
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 + 4 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑓(𝑥 + 6) ⋯ (𝑖)
Now, replace 𝑥 by 𝑥 + 2
𝑓 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑓 𝑥 + 6 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 4 + 𝑓 𝑥 + 8 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
From equation 𝑖 and (𝑖𝑖)
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 𝑥+4 =𝑓 𝑥+4 +𝑓 𝑥+8
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥+8
Hence, Period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑇 = 8
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If a function 𝑓(𝑥) is odd and periodic with period 2, then find 𝑓(4)
Solution :
𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function
⇒ 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑓(𝑥) periodic with period 2
⇒ ⋯ = 𝑓 −2 = 𝑓 0 = 𝑓 2 = 𝑓 4 = 𝑓 6 = ⋯
⇒ 𝑓 0 = 𝑓(4)
Now, substitute 𝑥 = 0 in 𝑖 , We get,
𝑓 0 = −𝑓 0
⇒ 2𝑓 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 0 = 0
∴𝑓 4 =0
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Periodic Functions:
Note
Fundamental period
Functions Nature of 𝑛
𝑇
| sin𝑛 𝑥 |, | cos 𝑛 𝑥 |,
cosec 𝑛 𝑥 , sec 𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑛 = even/odd 𝜋
|tan𝑛 𝑥 |, | cot 𝑛 𝑥 |
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find the fundamental period of following functions
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin3 𝑥
Degree of sin 𝑥 is odd so period is 𝑇 = 2𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥
Degree of sin 𝑥 is even so period is 𝑇 = 𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 31 𝑥
Degree of cos 𝑥 is odd so period is 𝑇 = 2𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = tan2 𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 3 𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = | sin3 𝑥 |
𝑥 − 𝑥 = {𝑥} 1
➢ sin4 𝑥 + cos 4 𝑥
𝜋
sin𝐸 𝑥 + cos 𝐸 𝑥 (𝐸 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) then period is
2
➢ sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Degree of sin 𝑥 is odd so period is 𝑇 = 2𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
Degree of sec 𝑥 is odd so period is 𝑇 = 2𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 4 𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥
Degree of sin 𝑥 is even so period is 𝑇 = 𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 3 𝑥
Period of | sin 𝑥 | 𝑇 = 𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = tan3 𝑥
Degree of tan 𝑥 is odd and so period is 𝑇 = 𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = | sin3 𝑥 |
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin82 𝑥
Degree of sin 𝑥 is even so period is 𝑇 = 𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 34 𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = | cot 51 𝑥 |
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + | cos 𝑥 |
𝜋
Period of sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 is 𝑇 =
2
𝑌
𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ({. } denotes fractional part function) 𝑌=1
𝑋
Period of x is 𝑇 = 1 −2 −1 0 1 2
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = tan4 𝑥 + cot 4 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Period of |tann 𝑥| + |cot 𝑛 𝑥| (𝑛 = even) is so period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑇 =
2 2
Solution :
1 + 2 cos 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥 (2 + sec 𝑥)
1 + 2 cos 𝑥
=
2 cos 𝑥 + 1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
=
sin 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
2𝑔(𝑥+5) 2 sin(𝑥+5)
−13 −13
If 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 then 𝑒 3 =𝑒 3
2 2
=
𝜋𝑔(𝑥+5) 𝜋 sin 𝑥+5
−13 −13
If 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 then 𝑒 3 𝑒 3
𝑇
If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇, then 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 has the period .
𝑘
Example :
34
➢ tan 𝑥
𝜋
Here, coefficient of 𝑥 is 1 so period is 𝑇 = =𝜋
1
34
➢ tan 3𝑥
𝜋
Here, coefficient of 𝑥 is 3 so period is 𝑇 =
3
𝑥
➢ tan34
9
1 𝜋
Here, coefficient of 𝑥 is so period is 𝑇 = 1 = 9𝜋
9
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved 9
sin 𝑥+sin 2𝑥+sin 4𝑥+sin 5𝑥
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 = then find period of 𝑓(𝑥)
cos 𝑥+cos 2𝑥+cos 4𝑥+cos 5𝑥
Now,
sin 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 = 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 = 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 = 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥
cos 𝑥 + cos 5𝑥 = 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥
2 sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 𝑥
∴𝑓 𝑥 =
2 cos 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥
2 sin 3𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥) 𝜋
∴𝑓 𝑥 = = tan 3𝑥 ∴ Period 𝑇 =
2 cos 3𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥) 3
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
𝑇
Illustration : If period of 𝑒 3(𝑥− 𝑥 ) is 𝑇1 and period of 𝑒 3𝑥−[3𝑥] is 𝑇2 then find 1.
𝑇2
Solution :
𝑓(𝑥)= 𝑒 3(𝑥− 𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥− 3𝑥 )
= 𝑒 3{𝑥} (∵ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 {3𝑥} (∵ 3𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 )
1
So, period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑇1 = 1 So, period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑇2 =
3
𝑇1 1
∴ = 1 =3
𝑇2
3
⇒ 𝑛 =3
⇒ 𝑛 =9
⇒ 𝑛 ∈ 9,10
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Summary Sheet
Fundamental period
Functions Nature of 𝑛
𝑇
| sin𝑛 𝑥 |, | cos 𝑛 𝑥 |,
cosec 𝑛 𝑥 , sec 𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑛 = even/odd 𝜋
|tan𝑛 𝑥 |, | cot 𝑛 𝑥 |
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Functions 𝑇
𝑥 − 𝑥 = {𝑥} 1
Types of Functions
Fundamental period
Functions Nature of 𝑛
𝑇
| sin𝑛 𝑥 |, | cos 𝑛 𝑥 |,
cosec 𝑛 𝑥 , sec 𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑛 = even/odd 𝜋
|tan𝑛 𝑥 |, | cot 𝑛 𝑥 |
𝑥 − 𝑥 = {𝑥} 1
𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑘 Example : If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 𝑥±𝑘
𝑓 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 2𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑘𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥+2) sin(𝑥+2)
𝑘𝑓 𝑥 =
3 3 2𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 Period remains 𝑇
1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) In all these examples period remain 2𝜋
𝑘
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find the period of following functions.
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 3 𝑥
Degree of 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 is odd so period is 𝑇 = 2𝜋
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 3 3𝑥
2𝜋
Degree of 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 is odd and coefficient of 𝑥 is 3 so period is 𝑇 =
3
𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 3
4 1 2𝜋
Degree of 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 is odd and coefficient of 𝑥 is so period is 𝑇 = 1 = 8𝜋
4
4
𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = tan
𝑛!
1 𝜋
Degree of tangent is odd and coefficient of 𝑥 is so period is 𝑇 = 1 = 𝑛! 𝜋
𝑛!
𝑛!
cos2 (𝜋𝑥−3)
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 =
5
𝜋
Degree of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 is even and coefficient of 𝑥 is 𝜋 so period is 𝑇 = =1
𝜋
𝑥
➢ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin −1
2
Note
L.C.M is only possible when 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 are of same type
Solution:
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = sin + cos 2
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin + cos
2 4
𝑥 2𝜋
Period of sin is 𝑇1 = 1 = 4𝜋
2
2
𝑥 2𝜋
Period of cos is 𝑇2 = 1 = 8𝜋
4
4
2𝜋
Period of sin 𝜋𝑥 → 𝑇1 = =2
𝜋
𝜋𝑥 𝜋
Period of cos 2 → 𝑇2 = 𝜋 =4
4
4
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 are two periodic functions having period 7 and 11
𝑥 𝑥
respectively, then find the period of ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 −𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 .
5 5
𝑥 𝑥
Solution: ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 −𝑔 𝑥 𝑓
5 5
Period of ℎ 𝑥 is given by
30𝜋
𝑇= ⟹ 𝑇 = 30𝜋
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
1
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 3𝑥 + cos2 4𝑥 then find period of 𝑓(𝑥).
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 3𝑥 + cos2 4𝑥
𝜋
Period of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 is 𝑇1 =
3
𝜋
Period of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 is 𝑇2 = 4
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 is given by
𝜋 𝜋 L.C.M. 𝜋, 𝜋 𝑎 𝑐 L.C.M. 𝑎,𝑐
𝑇 = L.C.M. , = ∵ L.C.M. , =
3 4 H.C.F. (3, 4) 𝑏 𝑑 H.C.F. (𝑏,𝑑)
𝜋
=
1
⇒𝑇=𝜋
Solution:
ℎ 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + {𝑥}
Period of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 is 2𝜋
Period of 𝑥 is 1
Period of ℎ 𝑥 is given by
𝑇 = L.C.M. 2𝜋, 1
2𝜋 is irrational number and 1 is rational number. So, the L.C.M does
not exist.
Solution:
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
1−cos 𝑥
1
= 𝑥
2 sin2
2
1
Here degree of sin 𝑥 is even and coefficient of 𝑥 is
2
𝑥 𝜋
So Period of sin2 is = 1 = 2𝜋
2
2
𝜋
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 = 2𝜋
2
sin 12𝑥
=3 1
+ cos 12𝑥
2 2
2𝜋 𝜋
Period of sin 12𝑥 = =
12 6
2𝜋 𝜋
Period of cos 12𝑥 = =
12 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 = L.C.M. , So, period =
6 6 6
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 + cosec 3 𝑥
1 1
= +
cos2 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
(sin3 𝑥+cos3 𝑥)
=1 −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 1 − 1 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
= sin 2𝑥
2
Degree of sin 2𝑥 is odd and coefficient of 𝑥 is 2 so Period of 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝜋
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 + tan 5𝑥
2𝜋
Period of sin 2𝑥 = =𝜋
2
2𝜋
Period of cos 3𝑥 =
3
𝜋
Period of tan 5𝑥 =
5
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 is given by
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 L.C.M. 2𝜋, 2𝜋, 𝜋
𝑇 = L.C.M. , , = 𝑇 = 2𝜋
2 3 5 H.C.F. (2, 3, 5)
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find period of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝜋𝑥 + {𝑥}.
Solution :
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝜋𝑥 + {𝑥}
2𝜋
Period of sin 𝜋𝑥 = =2
𝜋
Period of {𝑥} = 1
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 is given by
𝑇 = L.C.M. 2, 1
𝑇 =2
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find period of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 .
Solution :
2𝜋
Period of sin 3𝑥 =
3
Period of {𝑥} = 1
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 is given by
2𝜋
𝑇 = L.C.M. ,1
3
Also, L.C.M of an irrational number and a rational number is not defined.
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 is not periodic
Solution :
1
Here degree of sine is even and coefficient of 𝑥 is
4
𝑥 𝜋
So, Period of sin2 = 1 = 4𝜋
4
4
1
Here degree of cosine is even and coefficient of 𝑥 is
3
𝑥 𝜋
So, Period of cos 2 = 1 = 3𝜋
3
3
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 is given by
Solution:
Domain of 𝑥 is 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝕀. (∵ 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 = 𝕀)
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝕀.
So, period of 𝑓 𝑥 is 1.
0 𝑋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋
Here Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝑛𝜋 .
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝑛𝜋 .
So, period of 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝜋.
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 12 + 𝑥 − 12 + 2 −𝑥
1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − 2 + 2 −𝑥 − −𝑥
(∴ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 )
1 1
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + − 𝑥− − 2𝑥 − 2 −𝑥
2 2
1 1
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 2 −𝑥
𝑇1 = 1 𝑇2 = 1 1
𝑇3 = =1
−1
⇒ 𝑇 = L.C.M. 1, 1, 1 = 1
1 2
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3 + 𝑥 + 3 = 3𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 10
= 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 10
= − 3𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 10
1
𝑇1 = 3 𝑇2 = 1
1
⇒ 𝑇 = L.C.M. ,1 =1
3
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
When period of the trigonometric functions can not be determined directly
➢ If step I and step II does not satisfy then period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑇 = 2𝜋.
Solution:
Now, By using verification method,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 + 𝑥 = cos cos +𝑥 + cos sin +𝑥
2 2 2
=𝑓 𝑥
𝜋
So, period is .
2
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
sin 𝑥 +| cos 𝑥|
Illustration : Find period of 𝑓 𝑥 = | sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥|
Solution:
Now, By using verification method,
𝜋 cos 𝑥 + |−sin 𝑥| cos 𝑥 + | sin 𝑥 |
𝑓 +𝑥 = = ≠𝑓 𝑥
2 | cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥| | cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 |
− sin 𝑥 + |−cos 𝑥|
𝑓 𝜋+𝑥 =
| −sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥|
=𝑓 𝑥
So, period of 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝜋.
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
sin 𝑛𝑥
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is periodic and period is 4𝜋, then find 𝑛.
sin 𝑛
sin 𝑛𝑥
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
sin 𝑛
2𝜋
Period of sin 𝑛𝑥 is .
𝑛
𝑥 2𝜋
Period of sin is 1 = 2𝑛𝜋 .
𝑛
𝑛
2𝜋
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 = L.C.M. , 2𝑛𝜋
𝑛
2𝜋 L.C.M. 2𝜋, 2𝑛𝜋
𝑇 = L.C.M. , 2𝑛𝜋 =
𝑛 H.C.F. (𝑛,1)
= 2𝑛𝜋
⇒ 2𝑛𝜋 = 4𝜋 ⇒ 𝑛 = ±2
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Period of a composite function
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
Both 𝑓 and 𝑔 are 𝑓 is periodic and 𝑓 is non periodic Both 𝑓 and 𝑔 are
non periodic 𝑔 are non periodic and 𝑔 is periodic periodic
N.P(N.P) P(N.P) N.P(P) P(P)
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period of 𝑓 𝑥 = L.C.M. ,
3 6
L.C.M. 2𝜋, 2𝜋 2𝜋
= ⟹ Period of 𝑓 𝑥 =
H.C.F. (3,6) 3
Solution :
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 = P(N.P)
Solution :
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 2 = P(N.P)
Solution :
𝑓 𝑥 = log cos 3𝑥
N.P(P) gives P
For log cos 3𝑥 :
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 is non periodic function
ℎ 𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 is periodic function
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = log cos 3𝑥 = N.P(P)
So, period of 𝑓 𝑥 = period of ℎ(𝑥)
2𝜋
𝑇=
3
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find period of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Solution : 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
P(P) gives P
For sin 𝑥 :
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is periodic function
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 is periodic function
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 = P(P)
Here 𝑥 is not trigonometric function
So, Period of 𝑓 𝑥 = period of 𝑥
𝑇=1
Many-One
4 kinds of
Functions
Onto
(Surjective)
Into
1 𝑎 𝑎
1
𝑏
2 𝑏 2 𝑐
𝑑
3 𝑐 3
𝑒
Here you can see that different elements of set 𝐴 have different images in 𝐵
1 𝑎 𝑎
1
𝑏
2 2 𝑐
𝑏
𝑑
3 3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
1 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑏
2 𝑐 3 𝑐
3 𝑑 4 𝑑
∞ ∞
𝑁 𝑁
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Identify the nature of the function 𝑓: 𝑍 → 𝑍 such that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥.
𝑓 0 =0 𝑓 1 =0 𝑓 2 =2
Solution: 𝐴 𝐵
−∞
For 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 1
−∞
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⋮ ⋮
1± 1+4
−2 −2 ⇒ 𝑥2 =
2
−1 −1
1± 5
0 0 ⇒𝑥= ∉𝑧
2
1 1
2 2 So, element 1 in set 𝐵 has no pre-image in set 𝐴
range of 𝑓 ≠ Co – domain of 𝑓 ⇒ 𝑓 is Into
⋮ ⋮
Elements 0 & 1 of set A have same image in set B
∞ ∞ So, function is many-one
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
Number of Functions
𝑌 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑌 𝑦 = 𝑥3
0
𝑋 0 𝑋
ONE - ONE ONE - ONE
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑋
− 0 𝜋 𝑋
2 2
From the graph, a straight line parallel
From the graph, a straight line parallel to to the X −axis, cuts the graph at two
the X −axis, cuts the graph at one point points ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is many-one.
only ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one.
Range : 0,1 Co-domain : −1,1
Range : −1,1 Co-domain : −1,1
Range ≠ Co-domain⇒Into function
Range = Co-domain ⇒ Onto function
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Find the nature of function 𝑓 : 0, ∞ → (0, ∞), such that
𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥
Solution:
𝑌 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑌 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑎 > 0
1
0
𝑋 0
𝑋
From the graph, a straight line parallel From the graph, a straight line parallel to
to the X −axis, cuts the graph at one the X −axis, cuts the graph at one point
point only ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one. only ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one.
Range : (0, ∞) Co-domain : 0, ∞ Range : (1, ∞) Co-domain : 0, ∞
Range = Co-domain ⇒ Onto function Range ≠ Co-domain ⇒ Into function
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or NOT:
By derivative method
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If > 0 or < 0 for its entire domain, then 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one Monotonous
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If > 0 or < 0 under few conditions, then 𝑓 𝑥 is many-one for
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
its entire domain . Non-Monotonous
𝑋
0 𝑥1 𝑥2 0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑋 0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑋
Monotonous (Increasing) Monotonous (Decreasing) Non-Monotonous
Note:
If Co-domain of function is not given, assume it as ℝ.
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Find the nature of following functions
𝑖)𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 , 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 , 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 1 ≥ 1 ( Always) 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ −1
Range = Co-domain = ℝ
⇒ 𝑓 is an onto function
⇒ 𝑥1 + 𝑥1 𝑥22 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥12 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 = ∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is many-one function
𝑥2
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
𝑥
For range : Let 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0
1+𝑥 2
For real value of 𝑥, discriminant of the above quadratic equation should be
greater than or equal to 0
i.e., 𝐷 ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4𝑦 2 ≥ 0
⇒ 4𝑦 2 − 1 ≤ 0
⇒ 2𝑦 − 1 2𝑦 + 1 ≤ 0
1 1
⇒− ≤𝑦≤
2 2
1 1
Range of 𝑓(𝑥): − , Co-domain of 𝑓(𝑥) : 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is Into function
2 2
Solution:
Let 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
1 1
⇒ 1−𝑒 𝑥1
−1
= 1−𝑒 𝑥2−1
Miscellaneous
Note: Range of even function can never be ℝ because its graph must take a turn
to replicate graph of R.H.S in L.H.S.
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Identify the nature of the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ such that
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
7𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
Solution: Given function, 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
7𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10
Numerator of the g 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
Discriminant of the numerator = 1 − 4 × 2 × 5 < 0 ⇒ 𝑔 𝑥 = +ve
Denominator of the h 𝑥 = 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10
Discriminant of Denominator = 4 − 4 × 7 × 10 < 0 ⇒ ℎ 𝑥 = +ve
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = +ve
⇒ Range ≠ ℝ (only positive)
⇒ Range ≠ Co-domain
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is an Into function
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
In such problems, always substitute 𝑥 = 0 and proceed as follows.
5 1
𝑓 0 = =
10 2
1
Now substitute 𝑓 𝑥 =
2
1 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
⇒ = 2
2 7𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10
⇒ 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10
4
⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, −
3
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is a Many − One function
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 3 cos 𝑥 + 1
∵ 𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∈ 𝐶 − 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 , 𝐶 + 𝐴2 + 𝐵2
2 2
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 1 − 22 + 2 3 ,1 + 22 + 2 3
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ −3, 5
Thus 𝐵 ∈ −3, 5
𝑏−𝑎 = 5+3=8
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
𝑥2
If the function 𝑓: ℝ − −1 , 1 → 𝐴 , defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = is surjective ,
1−𝑥 2
then 𝐴 is equal to :
ℝ − −1 , 0 ℝ − (−1 , 0)
Solution:
∴ 𝐴 = ℝ − −1 , 0
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 Range of 𝑓 𝑥 = Co-domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴
⇒ 𝑥2 = ∵ 𝑥2 > 0
1+𝑦
⇒
𝑦
≥0 Hence, option (𝑎) is the correct answer.
1+𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 ∈ −∞ , −1 ∪ 0 , ∞
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Permutation Based Number of Functions
One-One
(Injective) + Many-One
Total
Functions
Onto + Into
(Surjective)
Case 1 ∶ When both the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 contain equal number of elements.
𝐴 𝐵
Let a function be 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵, such that
1 𝑎
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}
2 𝑏
Here, 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐵 = 4 3 𝑐
4
Each element of 𝐴 can choose one element out of 4 𝑑
element of 𝐵
In general if 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑚.
= 45 −0
= 45
Solution:
Number of many – one function
= (Total number of function) − (number of one – one function)
Total function : 44
One-one functions: 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
Number of many – one function = 256 − 24
= 232
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Summary Sheet
• Horizontal line test: If we draw a straight line parallel to the 𝑋 - axis and
cuts the graph of the function at exactly one point, then the function is a
one to one function.
• If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets having 𝑚 and 𝑛 elements respectively such that
1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚, then number of onto functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is
𝑛
n−r
−1 𝑛𝐶𝑟 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑚
𝑟=1
Inverse functions
Composite function
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Composite Functions :
Definition : Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be two functions
then, 𝑔𝑜𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐶 is defined by 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) Here, we give 𝑥 as input to
function 𝑓 then output is 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 Now, 𝑓(𝑥) is input for function 𝑔
and then its output is 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
Condition for existence of 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 :
𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑔𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑔𝑜ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥
➢ 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
➢ 𝑔
𝑥=
𝑔 𝑥
, 𝑔 𝑥 ≠0
Solution:
1 − sin 𝜃
𝑓 sin 𝜃 =
1 + sin 𝜃
1 − 𝑓 (sin 𝜃)
𝑓 𝑓 sin 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑓 sin 𝜃
1 − sin 𝜃
1 −
= 1 + sin 𝜃
1 − sin 𝜃
1 +
1 + sin 𝜃
1 + sin 𝜃 − (1 − sin 𝜃)
=
1 + sin 𝜃 + (1 − sin 𝜃)
2 sin 𝜃
= ⇒ 𝑓 𝑓 sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
2
1
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 , then find 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥
1
Solution: 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑓(𝑥)
1 1−𝑥 𝑥−1
= = =
1 1−𝑥−1 𝑥
1 −1 − 𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑓(𝑓 𝑥 )
1 𝑥
= = = 𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
1 −
𝑥
⇒ 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 then find 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Solution:
3
𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
= sin3 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑓 𝑥
= sin 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
Solution:
𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
1
𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎− 𝑓 𝑥
1
𝑛 𝑛
1
𝑛
= 𝑎− 𝑎− 𝑥 𝑛
1 1
= 𝑎−𝑎+ 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛
=𝑥
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
1
1 7
Illustration : If 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 cos 4 𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 − cos 4𝑥 − 𝑥7 , then the
2
value of 𝑔 𝑔 100 is equal to.
−1 0 1 100
Solution:
1
1
Let, 𝑔 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 7
where ℎ 𝑥 = 4 cos 4 𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 − 2 cos 4𝑥 − 𝑥 7
Now, we know that cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos2 𝑥 − 1 , cos 4𝑥 = 2 cos 2 2𝑥 − 1
1
⟹ ℎ 𝑥 = 4 cos 4 𝑥 − 2(2 cos2 𝑥 − 1) − 2 (2 cos 2 2𝑥 − 1) − 𝑥 7
1
⟹ ℎ 𝑥 = 4 cos 4 𝑥 − 4 cos 2 𝑥 + 2 − cos2 2𝑥 + − 𝑥 7
2
Now , cos 2𝑥 2 = 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1 2 = 4 cos 4 𝑥 − 4 cos 2 𝑥 + 1
3
= − 𝑥7
2
1
3 3 7
∴ ℎ 𝑥 = − 𝑥7 ∴ 𝑔 𝑥 = − 𝑥7
2 2
1
1 1
3 7 3 3 7
⇒𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 = − 𝑔 𝑥
7
= − − 𝑥7 = 𝑥7 7 =𝑥
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑔 𝑔 100 = 𝑥 = 100
Hence, option (𝑑)is the correct answer
1 − 𝑔(𝑥)
Then 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑒
1 + 𝑔(𝑥)
2𝑥 2
1− 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥
= log 𝑒 1 + 𝑥2 = log 𝑒 = log 𝑒
2𝑥 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥
1+
1 + 𝑥2
1−𝑥
∴ 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 1+𝑥
= 2𝑓 𝑥 Hence, option (𝑎) is the correct answer
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : If 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 4 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 4. then find 𝑓 𝑥
Solution:
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 4
𝑡 −4
𝑓 5𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 + 4 Let 5𝑥 + 4 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = 5
𝑡−4
⇒𝑓 𝑡 =3 +4
5
3𝑡 12
⇒𝑓 𝑡 = − +4
5 5
3𝑡 8 3𝑥 + 8
⇒𝑓 𝑡 = + ⇒𝑓 𝑥 =
5 5 5
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Remark
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑔: 𝐶 → 𝐷
𝑔𝑜𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐶 exists 𝑓𝑜𝑔: 𝐶 → 𝐵 will exist
𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵
⇒ 𝑔 𝑥 2 = 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 1
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration :
If 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 & 𝑔: 0, ∞ → ℝ, 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 then find 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥
Solution:
In the first look, 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is not possible as codomain of 𝑓 doesn’t match
the domain of 𝑔
Let’s check its existence
Let’s check another condition i.e.,Range of 𝑔 ⊆ Domain of 𝑓
Let’s find the range of 𝑔 𝑥
Domain of 𝑔 𝑥 = 0, ∞ and 𝑔 𝑥 is strictly increasing function
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 which is minimum value
For 𝑥 → ∞,
𝑓 𝑥 → ∞ which is maximum value
Hence range of 𝑔 𝑥 = 1, ∞
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
𝑅𝑔 = Range of 2𝑥 + 1 = [1,∞) ⊂ domain of 𝑓 (𝑅)
⇒ 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 2𝑥 + 1 2
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
Range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 Range of 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥
𝑥 ≥ 0, so range is 0, ∞ 2 − 𝑥 ≥ 0, so range is 0, ∞
⇒ 𝑔𝑜𝑓: 0 , 4 → 0, ∞ ⇒ 𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 0 , 4
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 , find the domain of 𝑓𝑜𝑓
Solution:
3 For 𝑓𝑜𝑓 to exist
𝑓 ∶ 0, ∞ → 0, ∞
⇒ Perfectly matched
𝑓 ∶ 0, ∞ → 0, ∞
Solution:
4 For 𝑔𝑜𝑔 to exist
𝑔 ∶ −∞, 2 → 0, ∞
𝑔 ∶ −∞, 2 → 0, ∞ ⇒ Only 0, 2 is common portion
➢ 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑓 −1 ∶ 𝐵 → 𝐴
𝑓 −1 ∶ 𝐵 → 𝐴
𝑓𝑜𝑓 −1 ∶ 𝐵 → 𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵
𝑓∶𝐴→𝐵
𝑓∶𝐴→𝐵
𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴
𝑓 −1 ∶ 𝐵 → 𝐴
𝑦=𝑥
In general, we can say that
𝑥 co-ordinate replace with 𝑦 co-ordinate (𝑥 → 𝑦)
Here 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑦 co-ordinate replace with 𝑥 co-ordinate (𝑦 → 𝑥)
do not Intersect
Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) may or may not
have point of intersection
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑌
𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑥−1
(0,1)
(0,1)
(1,0) 𝑋
𝑋
(1,0)
𝑦=𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = − ln 𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
𝑦=𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =1−𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
Function and its Inverse function have same graph
Illustration :
𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 , then find 𝑓 −1
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 −𝑥
ln 𝑦 = −𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = − ln 𝑦 ∴ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = − ln 𝑥
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration :
𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1, then find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) for 𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞)
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 =± 𝑦−1
𝑌 Now, Image of function is in
1st quadrant so we consider
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 = + 𝑦 − 1 (∵ 𝑥 ≥ 0)
𝑋 𝑥 → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑦→𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : Find the inverse of the following functions
𝐴. ) 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ, 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 5
𝑦+5 −1
𝑥+5
Solution: Let 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒𝑓 𝑥 =
3 3
𝑥
𝐵. )𝑓: 4,6 → 6,8 , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + , where [.] denotes G.I.F
2
Solution:
𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 ∵ 𝑥 ∈ 4,6 ⇒ ∈ 2,3 ⇒ =2
2 2
1
5 7
𝐶. ) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 − 4
1
Solution: Let 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 − 4 5 7 ⇒ 𝑦7 = 1 − 𝑥 − 4 5
1 1
5 𝑦7
⇒ 𝑥−4 =1− ⇒𝑥 =4+ 1− 7
𝑦 5 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =4+ 1− 7
𝑥 5
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
10𝑥 +10−𝑥
𝐷. )𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1) 𝐸. ) 𝑓 𝑥 =
10𝑥 −10−𝑥
+2
Solution: Solution:
Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1) 102𝑥 +1
Let 𝑦 = +2
102𝑥 −1
⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1 ⇒
102𝑥 +1
𝑦 − 2 = 2𝑥
10 −1
⇒ 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1 ⇒ 102𝑥 𝑦 − 102𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 2 = 102𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 102𝑥 𝑦 − 3 = 𝑦 − 1
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 ⇒ 102𝑥 =
𝑦 −1
𝑦 −3
𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 −1
⇒𝑥= ⇒𝑥= ⇒ 2𝑥 = log10
2𝑒 𝑦 2 𝑦 −3
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥 −1
−1
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥) = ∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log10
2 2 𝑥 −3
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Remark
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
⇒ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥
Also, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔−1 𝑥
𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
⇒ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔−1 𝑥
⇒𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
⇒ 𝑔 𝑓 501 = 501
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
Illustration : 𝑓: −∞, 1 → −∞, 1 & 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , then find 𝑓 −1 𝑥
Solution: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
2 ± 4 − 4𝑦
⇒𝑥=
2
⇒𝑥 =1± 1−𝑦 ≤1
⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 1 − 1 − 𝑥
1
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑦 ± 𝑦2 − 4
⇒𝑥=
2
𝑥 ∈ 1, ∞ , 𝑦 ∈ 2, ∞
So, only + sign is accepted
𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 4
∴ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
2
Solution: 1 1
For 𝑥 ≤ − : For 𝑥 > − :
2 2
2𝑥 + 1 < 0 2𝑥 + 1 > 0
2𝑥 + 1 = −(2𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 − (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 + (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−2 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
5 5
For 𝑥 ≤ − : For 𝑥 > − :
2 2
2𝑥 + 5 < 0 2𝑥 + 5 > 0
2𝑥 + 5 = −(2𝑥 + 5) 2𝑥 + 5 = (2𝑥 + 5)
1 1
𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5 + (2𝑥 + 5) 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5 − (2𝑥 + 5)
5 5
𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+2 𝑔 𝑥 =
5
1 1
For 𝑥 ≤ − : For 𝑥 > − : :
2 2
𝑦
𝑦 =𝑥−2⟹𝑥 =𝑦+2 𝑦 = 5𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 =
5
𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
5
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
1 Now let’s check options
𝑥−2, 𝑥 ≤−
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 1
5𝑥, 𝑥> −
2 𝐴. ) 𝑓 = 𝑔−1 ⇒ 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓
5 𝑔= 𝑓 −1 ⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥+2, 𝑥 ≤−
2
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 −1
5
, 𝑥> −
2
𝐵. ) 𝑓𝑜𝑓 = 𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑓 −1 = 𝑔𝑜𝑔
(∴ 𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 )
𝐶. ) 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
We can observe that 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓𝑜𝑔 5 = 5
𝑓 𝑔 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑓 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
• If 𝑓 & 𝑔 are two Bijective function and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 exists, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 will be Bijective
function and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 −1 = 𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑔−1
∴𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥