Asbjm Moen and Richard Bkuis (editors)

UNIVERSITETET I TRONDHEIM, VITENSKAPSMUSEET

RAPPORT BOTANISK SERlE 1994 1

REGIONAL VARIATION AND CONSERVATION OF MIRE ECOSYSTEMS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Asbjprrn Moen and Richard Binns (eds.)

The report is printed in 300 copies

University of Trondheim,
Museum of Natural History and Archaeology,
Department of Botany
N-7004 TRONDHEIM

Trondheim June 1994

Abstract

Moen, A. & Binns, R. (eds.) 1994. Regional variation and conservation of mire ecosystems.
Summary of papers. Univ. Trondheirn Vitensk. miis. Rapp. Bot. Ser. 1994 1: 1- 6 1 .

This volume consists of the summaries of the 53 papers (lectures and posters) submitted for
presentation at the 6th field symposium of the International Mire Conservation Group, in
Norway, in July 1994.

Asbjlrn Moen, University of Trondheim,

Museum of Natural History and Archaeology,
N- 7004 TRONDHEIM

Richard Binns, Strindvn. 64,

N-7015 TRONDHEIM
 Contents

Abstract
Preface

1. IMCG: Profile and aims ......................................................................................................

9
2. Summaries in alphabetical order

Angell-Pettersen, Ingerid
Conservation and management of mires in Norway .....~........................~....................11
Antipin, Vladimir
Mires of Karelia and their conservation ...................................................................... 12
Backkus, Ingvar
Mires in Lesotho: their vegetation and need for conservation ..................................... 13
Bambalov, Nikolay
Problems of biospherically compatible bog resource utilization ...................................14
Botch, Marina
- Modern trends in mire conservation: world picture ................................................. 15
Bragg, Olivia, & Gert Michael Steiner
Applying groundwater mound theory to bog management on Puergschachenmoos
in Austria ................................................................................................................... 16
Damman, Antoni W. H.
Major mire vegetation units in relation to the concepts of ombrotrophy
and minerotrophy: a world-wide perspective .....................;........................................ 17
Drobelis, Eugenijus
Mires of Lithuania and their conservation ................................................................... 17
Eurola, Seppo & Pentii Hanhela
The botanical value of protected mire sites in the southern aapa mire area ..................18
Flatberg, Kjell Ivar
The Sphagnum flora of Norway ................................................................................. 19
Forslund, Susanne Rundlijf
Wetland inventory in Vhterbotten .............................................................................20
Foss, Peter
23 internationally important raised bogs threatened .................................................... 21
Grosvernier, Ph., Y. Matthey & A. Buttler
Microclimate and physical properties of peat: new clues to the understanding of bog
restoration processes .................................................................................................. 22
Griinig, Andreas
Results of the 1992 International Mire Conservation Group symposium in
Switzerland ................................................................................................................ 23
Haab, Roland
Monitoring the bogs and transitional mires of Switzerland (protection, management
and vegetation development) ......................................................................................24
HAberovA, Izabela
Mires of Slovakia..................................... 26
Heikkila, Raimo
A complementary mire conservation programme for Finland ......................................27
Ilomets, Mati
State of Estonian mires - past, present and future alternatives ..................................... 28
Iwakuma, Toshio & Ryuhei Ueno
Ecology of benthic invertebrates in mire waters .......................................................... 29
Jasnowska, Janina & Leslaw Wolejko
Inventory - a key to the sound protection of mires in western Pomerania, Poland .......30
Jeschke, Lebrecht & Christina Paulson
Karst mires in the Jasmund (Isle of Riigen) National Park ........................................3 1
Joosten, Hans
The Golden Flow: recent developments and future perspectives in international peat
trade ..................................~..............................................w.w.................. 32
Jurkovskaja, Tatjana
Approaches to the typology of mire systems ............,.....,,,....w.-.~.......--................. 33
Kloss, Marek & Jadwiga Sienkiewics
Hydrological types of mire in the Polish lowlands and related vegetation .................... 34
Krisai, Robert
Mires of Tierra del Fuego and the need for conservation ..........,...........,................... 34
Lidholm, Tapio & Hanna Heikkilti
Restoration of drained boreal mires in Finland ............................................................ 35
Lindsay, Richard
Living close to the edge - peatland conservation and classification.............................. 36
Lishtvan, Ivan I.
Problems of restoration an rational utilization of commercially-worked peat deposits. 37
Lofroth, Michael
Status of European mires - distribution, threats and protection ...................................38
Moen, Asbjgrn
Classification systems for mires in Norway .................................................................39
Moen, Asbjgrn, Trond Arnesen, Egil I. Aune & Dag-Inge 0ien
Vegetational changes in rich fen vegetation induced by hay-cutting at Sglendet Nature
Reserve......................................................................................................................
40
Moen, Asbjgrn, Stein Singsaas & Sigurd Mjgen SAstad
Regional variation and conservation of mires in Norway ............................................41
Molnir, Attila
Restoration and management programme for peat bogs on the NE Hungarian
lowlands ...................................................................................................................42
Movchan, Yaroslav
Mires of Ukraine: current situation and conservation perspectives ..............................42
Pakalne, Mira
Latvian mires and their conservation ..........................................................................43
Raeymaekers, Geert
Mire conservation in the European Union as a result of the Habitat Directive, the Bird
Directive and the financial instruments, ACE and LIFE .............................................. 44
Randla, Tiit
The Golden Eagle on Estonian mires ..........................................................................45
Rubec, Clayton
Status of wetland conservation programmes and policies in Canada ...........................45
RybniEek, Kamil
Bogs and fens on the vegetation map of Europe .........................................................46
Sienkiewicz, Jadwiga - & Marek Kloss
Distribution and conservation of mires in Poland ........................................................46
 Skoberne, Peter
Peat bogs and their conservation in Slovenia ............................................................ 47
Solem, Thyra
Vegetational history, history and development of blanket mires in central Norway ......48
Steinnes, Eiliv
Temporal and spatial trends of heavy metal deposition studied by analysing peat cores
from ombrotrophic bogs ........................................................................................... 48
Stoneman, Rob
The Scottish Raised Bog Conservation Project .......................................................... 49
Succow, Michael
Mire regeneration in northeast Germany.................................................................... 50
Succow, Michael
Classification system for mire vegetation of central Europe ........................................ 50
Sgstad, Sigurd Mjgen & Asbjprrn Moen
Vegetational-region classification of mire localities in central Norway, compared with
species indicator-value classifications and climatic data ............................................. 5 1
Tsujii, Tatsuichi
Invitation to mires in Japan ...................................................................................... 52
Urban, FrantiSek
Protection of mires in the Czech Republic .................................................................. 53
Vakarenko, Luidmila
Green book of the Ukraine as a mirror of Ukrainian mires (representation aspects) .... 53
van der Schaaf, Sake
Relations between acrotelm depth, phreatic levels and their seasonal fluctuations,
surface slope and drainage effects in a raised bog in the Irish Midlands .......................54
Zaiko, Stepan
Evolution and transformation of drained mires: ecological and economic aftermath .... 55
Zoltai, Stephen C.
The use of peatland dynamics to indicate climatic change ...........................................56

3. Preliminary programme, 15th June 1994............................................................................57

Preface
This volume contains the summaries of lectures and posters submitted to the 6th field
symposium of the International Mire Conservation Group being held in Norway in July 1994.
Most of the contributions will be presented at the conference at the Museum of Natural
History and Archaeology in Trondheim on 4-6th July (see section 3).

The contributions cover a wide range of subjects, their diversity reflecting the multiplicity of
questions related to mire ecology and conservation. In the conference programme (section 3),
we have tried to group the papers into logical categories, but in section 2 they are arranged
alphabetically by the first author.

We have not tried to impose strict editorial uniformity on these summaries, but have altered
(we hope improved) the English of most, and made a few minor deletions. As we wanted this
volume to be ready before the symposium, time did not allow us to consult the authors about
changes. Tight schedules also meant that not all participants were able to send extended
summaries.

An edited proceedings of papers (lectures, posters) held at the symposium will be published as
early as possible in 1995, probably in Gunneria, a series published by the University of
Trondheim. All the authors contributing lectures and posters at the symposium have been
invited to submit a paper based on their contribution for consideration for inclusion in the
proceedings.

Inger Marie Growen and Arild Krovoll have re-typed the summaries.

Financial support for the symposium has been given by the Directorate for Nature
Management, the University of Trondheim, the Ministry of the Environment and the Royal
Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters' Foundation.

The committee responsible for arranging the symposium has consisted of:

Mire ecologists: Asbjgrn Moen, Kjell Ivar Flatberg and Stein Singsaas, Museum of Natural
History and Archaeology, Department of Botany, University of Trondheim.

Nature management administration: Ingerid Angell-Petersen, Directorate for Nature

Management.

Secretariat: Eirik Lind and Sglvi Hansen, Centre for Environment and Development,
University of Trondheim, N-7055 DRAGVOLL, Norway.
Tel. +47 73 59 89 40, Fax +47 73 59 89 43.
 1. IMCG: Profile and aims

The International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) is an international organisation of mire

(peatland) specialists who have a particular interest in the conservation of mire (peatland)
habitats.

Peatland soils cover some 5 to 8% of the world's land surface, but because peat formation is
generally closely linked to climate, much of the world's resources lie in the northern climatic
zones (temperate and boreal vegetational zones). This concentration of peat in some of the
most industrialised countries of the world has meant that, since the 16th century, vast tracts of
mire landscape have vanished throughout Europe. In many cases, these changes undoubtedly
helped to transform the economies of certain regions and even, occasionally, whole nations.
However, the environmental cost of this progress now means that some industrialised nations
can point to a date in the near future when, without direct conservation effort, the very last
natural mires will have vanished forever. For others, it is already too late - all natural mires in
the Netherlands have been lost. In countries like Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland and most
parts of Germany, nearly all the mires are damaged. The raised bogs of Ireland (apart from a
- few protected areas) may all be gone by 1997. Perhaps the most confusing situation is to be
found in some eastern European countries, where mires with existing protection are threatened
by the eastward expansion of western peat mining companies and by land-ownership reforms.

Mires suffer from limited scientific understanding and, perhaps more importantly, poor public
perception of their true natural heritage and functional value. These factors compound and help
to explain the scale of the losses. Against this backdrop, the need for an organisation such as
the International Mire Conservation Group was agreed upon by a number of international mire
specialists at a conference held in Finland in 1983.

The IMCG was formally established in 1984 at its first field symposium in Austria.
Subsequently, field symposia have been arranged in Scotland, Sweden, Ireland and in 1992 in
Switzerland. The 6th field symposium is being held in Norway on 4th - 15th July 1994,
commencing and ending in Trondheim.

The IMCG aims to:

highlight the problems facing mires on a world-wide basis and promote and support mire
conservation efforts
help policy makers at local, national and international levels to recognise that, where mires
may be affected by their decisions, it is important to include mire conservation principles
within the decision-making process at all levels and at the earliest opportunity
stimulate the international exchange of ideas, information and experience among people
working in the area of mire conservation and research
act as an expert group available to individuals or organisations requiring information or
assistance on the topic of mire conservation
collate and maintain a regularly updated global audit of the mire environment and associated
conservation programmes, as far as the data are available.
From 1992 to 1994 the IMCG has en elected board of three persons:
Chairman: Mr. Richard Lindsay, UK
Treasurer: Dr. Gerry Doyle, Ireland
Secretary: Dr. Gert Michael Steiner
University of Vienna
Department of Plant Ecology and Conservation Biology
A- 1091 Vienna
Box 285
Austria
Ingerid Angell-Petersen

Conservation and management of mires in Norway

The Directorate for Nature Management, Tungasletta 2. N-7005 Trondheim Nonvay

The first Nature Conservation Act in Norway came into force in 1910, followed by new ones
in 1954 and 1970. Four categories of protected area are covered by the Nature Conservation
Act: national park, landscape protection area, nature reserve and natural monument.

The Nature Conservation Act was first used in 1911 when 52 plant species were protected in
the Dovre mountains. By 1970,36 areas in Norway had been protected, and ten years later the
number was 250.

From the mid-19709s,county conservation plans began to be prepared for wetlands, mires,
broad-leaved deciduous forests and seabird colonies. Such plans have now been produced for
most counties, and conservation plans for coniferous forests will be completed in 1996. These
plans are based on comprehensive surveys and each one is thoroughly reviewed by all the
parties involved. 1422 conservation areas have so far been established, including 18 national
parks. They cover a total of 200,000 ha (6.4% of the land area of Norway).

More than 25% of the original mire area of Norway below the forest limit has been drained.
All the larger mires in extensive lowland districts have been affected by drainage reclamation.
Peat cutting has in the past affected large areas of mire, particularly along the treeless coast of
Norway. In contrast to most parts of Europe, mires in Norway were still being reclaimed for
agriculture in recent decades. In the 1970's, about 10,000 ha were drained annually for
agricultural and forestry purposes. In recent years, drainage of mires has been much reduced,
but forestry still represents the greatest threat to Norwegian mires. Lowland mires have
generally been most threatened and the Norwegian lowlands, i.e. the boreonemoral and
southern boreal regions, have a low percentage of mires.

So far, 216 mire reserves have been established; in a few years, about 290 will be added to the
mire plan. In addition to these reserves, mires are protected in national parks and other types
of nature reserve. The total area of mires in Norway has been estimated to be about 3,000,000
ha (nearly 10% of the land surface), 2,100,000 ha of which are situated below the forest limit.
At present, 1% of the mire area of Norway is protected as mire reserves, about another 2%
being protected in national parks, wetland reserves, etc.

Restoration work (e.g. blocking of ditches) has been carried out in a few reserves. At Sglendet
Nature Reserve in eastern central Norway, 100 ha have been restored as a former haymaking
fen; the area has been regularly mown during the last decade. The great majority of mire
reserves, however, have no management plan. In the fen areas of the reserves, the succession
resulting from overgrowth began as soon as scything finished (often 4 or 5 decades ago) and
grazing was much reduced.
Vladimir Antipin

Mires of Karelia and their conservation

Biological Institute, Karelian Research Centre, Pushkinskajastr. 1 1 , 185610 Petrozavodsk Karelia, Russia

In Karelia, mires and paludified forests occupy more than 30% of the area - 5.4 mill. ha.

Fifteen types of mire complexes are distinguished on the basis of their structural characteristics,
floristic composition, plant cover dynamics and water-mineral nutrition regime. Raised
Sphagnum oligotrophic and liverwort-lichen-Sphagnumdystropich mire complexes are most
common - about 33% of the total mire area. The structure of the plant cover of mire sites and
mire complexes is discussed.

The first protected mire ecosystems were established in 1974. The Republican Mire Protection
Programme was launched in 1992. Its aim is to select and preserve mire ecosystems that are
typical (reference) and unique in the structure of their plant cover and genesis and that have
regional, national and international importance, and also cranberry- and cloudberry-rich mires
and mires with a great abundance of medicinal plants. The programme requires that all the
projects connected with mire utilisation must undergo an ecological investigation. The total
protected mire area is currently about 200,000 ha.

We would like to organise an international museum with a permanent exhibition devoted to

mires of the Earth, based on thevodlozersky National Park. There are many virgin mires of
different types in this park.

Literature:
Antipin, V. & Tokarev, P. 1990. Bogs - monuments of nature of Karelia. Botanichesky
Zhurnal. 55 5: 738-741
Antipin, V. 1991. Classifikatsia i struktura oligotrofnih bolotnih fatsii. In. Metodi issledovanija
bolotnih ekosistem tajozhnoi zoni. Leningrad. pp. 41-59.
Mires in Lesotho: their vegetation and need for conservation
Department of Ecological Botany, Villav. 14. S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden

Most of the land area of Lesotho is occupied by the Maloti (Drakensberg) with the foothills at
about 2000 m a.s.1. and the highest point at 3482 m a.s.1. Mires are frequently found on gentle
slopes in valley bottoms in these mountains. They form an ecosystem morphologically
somewhat related to boreal mires (cf. van Zinderen Bakker 1965).

The vegetation of the mires in the Maloti was described by van Zinderen Bakker & Werger
(1974) and Backbus (1988). At middle altitudes (2400-2600 m a.s.l.), much of the mire
vegetation is dominated by large tussocks of Merxmuellera macowanii. Where this grass
grows, only a low cover of other species may be found, partly at the bases of the grass
tussocks. These species include Oxalis cf. obliquifolia, Ranunculus meyeri and Bryum
alpinum. The leaves of M. macowanii are very unpalatable, and also rigid and sharp, making it
unpleasant for man and animals to walk where it grows. In somewhat wetter situations,
Isolepisfliiitans forms dense mats. This sedge is eagerly grazed, but can stand a high grazing
pressure. In the I.fliiitans mats, minute specimens of, among others, Haplocarpha nervosa,
Limosella major, Trifolizim bzirchellianiim and Lobeliagalpinii can be found. In wet fen
soaks, Isolepis costata, Carex cognata and Senecio polyodon occur frequently. Merxmiiellera
macowanii does not occur at high altitudes (2900-3200 m a.s.1). The sites studied were
dominated by closely grazed swards of Athrixia fontana, Limosella longiflora or Koeleria
capensis. Flarks are found at a few places at this altitude (Backbus 1989).

Both the peat and the mire vegetation are very resistant to erosion. Nevertheless, the mires of
the Maloti are severely threatened by erosion caused by increasing grazing pressure. The
destruction is mainly caused by grazing and trampling on the slopes upstream from the mires,
not on the mires themselves. Gullies are easily formed in the mineral soil, thus causing a
concentrated and rapid flow of water into the mires. Frequently, this causes narrow, but deep,
channels to be formed through the peat, thus permanently draining the mire.

The mires of the Maloti are unique ecosystems with a specialized flora and fauna (especially
insects). They are in strong need of protection.

Literature:
Backeus, I. 1988. Mires in the Thaba-Putsoa Range of the Maloti, Lesotho. Stud. Plant Ecol.
17: 1-88.
Backbus, I. 1989. Flarks in the Maloti, Lesotho. Geogr. Ann. 71A: 105-111.
Zinderen Bakker Sr, E.M. van 1965. ~ b e Moorvegetation
r und den Aufbau der Moore in Siid-
und Ostafrika. Bot. Jb. 84: 2 15-231.
Zinderen Bakker Sr, E.M. van &.Werger, M.J.A. 1974: Environment, vegetation and
phytogeography of the high-altitude bogs of Lesotho. Vegetatio 29: 37-49.
Nikolay Bambalov

Problems of biospherically compatible bog resource utilization

Institute for Problem of Natural Resources, Usage &Ecology, Academy of Sciences. 10 Staroborisovskiytract, 2201 14 Minsk, Belarus

Four forms of biospherically-compatible bog resource utilization have been developed in

Belarus.

Ecological bog management provides for preservation in the natural state or restoration of
anthropogenically-damaged bog ecosystems, aimed at ecological balance in semi-natural
landscape complexes.

Cultural-recreational bog management - preservation in the natural state and restoration of

anthropogenically-damaged bogs - with the intention of using them for educational and training
purposes, as field laboratories, natural monuments, historical and archaeological reserves, and
in tourism and hunting, etc.

Agro-bog management - management of the development of true bogs or the restoration of

anthropogenically-damaged bogs with the intention of increasing the yield of wild, semi-
cultural and cultural species of berry-bearing, melliferous and medicinal plants.

Energy-technological bog management aims at intensifying the photosynthesis of bog

phytocenosis for the annual reproduction of energy and organic raw material in the form of the
biomass of bog plants that may be processed into solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, compost,
cardboard, paper, packaging materials, etc.
 Marina Botch

Modern trends in mire conservation: world picture

Komarov Institute of Botany, Russian Academy o f Science, Popova str, 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia

Mire conservation programmes started at the end of the 1960's in Europe and ten years later
in the USA. The methods and strategies used differ depending on mire areas, national
traditions, scientific ((Schools)),etc. The paper is concerned with some principles of mire
protection inwest (WE) and East (EE) Europe and in the USA. Americans have a peatland
evaluation system based on (1) qualitative, (2) economic and (3) energy characteristics. The
first includes ((red flag features)) (Larson 1976, 1982, 1990) and is based on mire functions
and value. Adamus et al. (1991) introduced wetland h c t i o n s . Odum (1978) proposed energy
analysis. Economic methods were used by Gupta & Foster (1975) and Larson (1982).
Whigham & Brinson (1990) proposed that suitable assessment methods should continue to be
developed. In Europe, qualitative characteristics are used for mire protection (Sjors 1971).
Every country uses ((red flag features)).In WE, virgin mires cover rather small areas (except
- in the Scandinavian countries and Ireland) and they are well studied. The main tactics for
mire protection in most European countries is to save the main mire areas (e.g. Switzerland).
To this end, campaigns are organised during which TV, radio, newspapers, lectures, etc. are
used to support the idea of mire protection. Mire restoration methods are widely used, too
(e.g. Netherlands).

Literature:
Adamus, P.R., Stockwell, L.T., Clairain, E.J., Jr., Morrow, M.E., Rozas, L. P. & Smith, R. D.
1991. Wetland Evaluation Technique (VET); Vol. I: Literature Review and
Evaluation Rationale, Technical Report Wfl-DE-2. US Army
Engineerswaterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Botch, M. & Masing, V. (509, M., Ma3tr~rB.) 1986. O C H O B H3ana9H ~ I ~ II3yYeHIIfl H
o x p a ~ b6~0 ~ 1 Ha
0 ~COBpeMHHOM 3 ~ a n eIn: , Methods of mire studying and
protection ( M ~ T O A I I ~~YIY ~ H E I 6
R 0 ~ 1 II
0 IIX
~ oxpaaa). Vilnius. Pp. 5-10.
Olivia Bragg* & Gert Michael steinern

Applying groundwater mound theory to bog management on

Puergschachenmoos in Austria
*72 Main St., Invergowrie, Dundee., DD2 5AA. UK;
%pt. of Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology. University of Vienna. Box 285, A-1091 Vienna. Austria

Puergschachenmoos is the largest remaining valley-bottom bog in the Alps. It is situated in the
Enns valley in the county of Styria in southeastern Austria. Because of its outstanding value, it
was declared a Ramsar site in 1993. Strangely enough, the site is still not a nature reserve; only
the central part of the mire has been rented by the WWF to prevent peat extraction. In the
marginal parts, especially in the lagg zones, drainage and afforestation still continue.

Since the bog is now a Ramsar site, the Styrian government has started negotiating with the
landowners to buy or rent the bog and the surrounding pastureland. Our team, consisting of a
vegetation ecologist, a hydrologist, a GIS specialist and experts on agriculture and tourism,
was asked by the WWF to prepare a scientific background report and the application for land
and money as a basis for these negotiations and the possible future management of the area.
The cost of this work is being reimbursed by the Styrian government and the Ministry for
Environment, Youth and Family Affairs.

An initial vegetation survey, compared with historical data from 1947, revealed two zones
where obvious changes had taken place. The hollows in the centre of the bog had become
much smaller since 1947 and the mountain pines on the mire margin had grown higher and
denser. When the groundwater mound beneath the site was modelled, an explanation was
found for these changes. The melioration of the former much larger site and a drainage system
around Puergschachenmoos had reduced the size, and lowered the hydrological base, of the
groundwater body in such a way that the bog vegetation, especially in the hollows and the
marginal zone, is already affected in the ways described above.

To stabilize at least the present situation, groundwater management of the drainage system is
required. To improve the situation, management of the surrounding pastureland on peaty soils
will also be needed.. Theoretically-based models have been prepared for these two approaches
in order to calculate their costs, but without further investigations on the movement of the
groundwater table over a longer period and the hydraulic conductivity of the peat it is
impossible to give detailed answers. A project to work out the data required for a management
and monitoring concept was suggested and is in preparation at the moment.
Antoni W.H. Damman
Major mire vegetation units in relation to the concepts of ombrotrophy and
minerotrophy: a world-wide perspective
University of Connecticut. Storrs. CT 06269-3042, USA

Scandinavian ecologists have greatly increased our knowledge of mire vegetation and our
understanding of peatland processes. They also have had a major impact on peatland
terminology. For instance, terms such as bog and fen are now generally equated with
ombrotrophic and minerotrophic vegetation, respectively. Locally these distinctions have
proven very useful. However, when applied on a continental or world-wide scale, they can
lead to misunderstanding. This is sometimes due to differences in definition, but mostly to
regional differences in the nutrient status of ombrotrophic bogs. It is further complicated by
the fact that the major phytosociological boundaries in mire vegetation do not correspond to
the mineral soil water limit.
The purpose of this paper is:
1) to explain the causes of the differences in ombrotrophy,
2) discuss its effect on mire vegetation and classification, and
3) suggest ways to improve our classification of mires.

Eugenijus Drobelis

Mires of Lithuania and their conservation

Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Lithuania, Juozapaviciaus9,2600 Vilnius, Lithuania

Wetlands cover about 6.5 % of Lithuania, and there are about 40,000 wetlands. Over 30 of
these measure more than l000 ha. 3,373,043 ha of farmland have excess moisture, and
2,673,293.3 ha, or 79,2 %, of these have been drained as a result of unregulated land
reclamation. Today, the attitude is completely different. Prior to 1988,44.2 thousand ha, or
10 % of all wetlands, had become protected areas. In 1992, new nature reserves were
established in 20 wetland areas. There are about 90,000 ha of natural wetlands in Lithuania.

The most valuable wetlands have been declared strict nature reserves. Within one such strict
nature reserve, Cepkeliu, which measures 10,590 ha, the largest wetland is preserved,
covering an area of 6824 ha. The abundant fauna is represented by the following numbers of
species: 36 mammals, 176 birds, 6 reptiles, 9 amphibians and over 1500 insects. The Zuvintas
Nature Reserve (5442 ha), the Viesvile Nature Reserve (3216 ha), and the Kamanu Nature
Reserve (4300 ha) are all strict reserves established to protect the largest wetlands in
Lithuania. All of them fully meet the demands for protected areas set by the Ramsar
Convention with the aim of protecting waterfowl and their habitats.

Literature:
Janukonis, A. & gala, K. 1988. Pelkes. Vilnius. 38 p.
gala, K. & Janukonis, A. 1989. pemkspodukra. Vilnius. 85 p.
Seppo Eurola & Pentti Hanhela

The botanical value of protected mire sites in the southern aapa mire area
Department of Botany, University of Oulu. Linnanmaa, FIN-90570Oulu, Finland

Introduction
Finland has a basic plan for mire conservation. It includes about 600 mire conservation areas
covering 4900 km2, of which over 200, covering 1660 km2,are situated in the study area.
Some small areas have been added later. This study is based on the original plan (1981) and on
peatlands situated in nature and national parks.

Methods
The inventory was made on 152 randomly chosen plots measuring 0.5 X 0.5 km (381 km line)
in conservation areas. A line transect method was used, the distance between transects being
50 m. The mire vegetation was allocated to 66 types of mire site. This kind of study has also
been carried out in a raised bog area (Suikki & Hanhela 1993).

Results and discussion

I) In mire expanse vegetation, poor fens are protected too much in relation to their total area.
Contrary to this, more spruce mires and swamps should be protected in mire margin
vegetation.
2) The limits of the protected areas are partly non-natural, lacking thinly peat-covered margins
which are heavily ditched.
3) The figures for birch fens, pine bogslmires, pine fens and poor fens give satisfactory
protection for the "usual" types of Finnish mires.
4) Rich fens are well protected. However, their total area is small, but their floristic value is
great. For floristic reasons more protection of spruce mires, swamps and spring vegetation is
needed. The 10 rarest types of mire site make up only 0.3 % of protected areas and include
spruce mires (2), rich fens (l), swamps (3) and spring vegetation (4 sites). Thus, more small
conservation areas are needed.
5) 11.9 % of the protected peatlands are ditched. Fortunately, over half of them are in recently
drained condition and their vegetation has not changed much.

Literature:
Eurola, S., Aapala, K., Kokko, A. & Nironen, M. 1991. Mire type statistics in the bog and
southern aapa mire areas of Finland (60-66' N). Ann. Bot. Fennici 28: 15-36.
Maa- ja metsatalousministerio 1981. Basic plan for peatland preservation in Finland
(in Finnish) 164 pp. Helsinki.
Suikki, A. & Hanhela, P. 1993. The botanical value of protected mire sites in the raised bog
area in Finland (in Finnish). Luollnon Tutkija 97 2: 63-65.
Kjell Ivar Flatberg

The Sphagnum flora of Norway

University of Trondheim Museum of Natural history and Archaeology. Department of Botany, N-7004Trondheim, Norway

The Norwegian peat-moss flora is the most diverse in Europe, 47 species having been
described. In addition, there are three species in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, S.
arcticum Flatb. Frisv., S. olafii Flatb. and S. tundrae Flatb. Only S. lenense H. Lindb. ex Pohle
(Arctic Russia), S. skyense Flatb. (Scotland) and S. pylaesii Brid. (France, Spain), among the
known European species, remain unrecorded from Norway. All 47 Norwegian species are
found in central Norway, which is therefore a unique peat-moss province, also in a world-wide
context. The high diversity of peat mosses in this province is due to a meeting of floristic
elements of southern (e.g. S. viride), western (Atlantic) (e.g. S. strictum), eastern (e.g. S.
wuljianum), montane (e.g. S. annulatum) and northern (e.g. S. aongstroemii) geographical
affinity and the great variation of undisturbed wetland vegetation types. My taxonomic
revisions of northwest European peat mosses during the last two decades have resulted in the
description of four new species and three subspecies based on Norwegian material. S.
troendelagicum is the most exclusive of these, with its known distribution confined to central
Norway. The S. imbricatum Russ. complex consists of two distinct taxa in Europe with
different distribution and habitat preferences, S. austinii Sull. mainly confined to bog
hummocks, and S. aDne Ren. & Card. mainly confined to transitional poor and intermediate
fen lawns. S. imbricatum (S. str.) is confined to eastern Asia. Five species are recognized in the
S. recurvum complex, S. angustifolium (Russ.) C . Jens., S. brevifolium (Braithw.) Roell, S.
fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr., S. flexuosum Dozy & Molk. and S. isoviitae Flatb.

Peat mosses from central Norway are displayed in an exhibition during the conference, and a
field colour guide to Norwegian peat mosses is presented. 40-45 of the Norwegian species are
likely to be found during the excursion.
Susanne Rundlof Forslund

Wetland inventory in Vasterbotten

Lansstyrelsen i VMerbottens Itin. S-901 86 Ume4 Sweden

This inventory of wetlands in the county of Vaterbotten is one of the most extensive natural
inventories carried out in Sweden. The project began in 1983 and required just over the
equivalent of 15 years' full-time employment. It was concluded in 1993. The National
Environmental Protection Agency's methods for surveying and classifying wetlands were used

Wetlands are classed as areas where water lies at, or slightly above or below, the ground
surface for most of the year. The term <<wetland>>also includes water bodies covered with a
floating raft of vegetation. Wetlands can be divided into three categories: mires, shores and
other wetlands.

Below the mountain region, inventories were made of every wetland measuring at least 50 ha.
More than 25 % of the county is estimated to be wetland. The survey took in 14 % of this,
where 4306 wetlands cover 700,000 ha. The mires are well documented, as just over 70 % of
the total mire area was included in this inventory. But only 10 % of wet forests was surveyed.
Interpretation of black and white aerial photographs provided fundamental knowledge about
the wetlands of the county.

Mires dominate the wetlands and increase proportionately in the interior. On the coast, mires
account for just over 70 % of the wetlands, but in the pre-montane region the percentage is 90.
The coastal region is much more influenced by the sea, lakes, streams and rivers.

Sites were visited at 657 wetland locations or approximately 15 % of the total. Several species
were discovered in the county for the first time. Descriptions and species lists were made of
just over 9000 plant communities. 82,000 vascular plants were recorded from 369 species, and
31,000 mosses from 200 species. More than 5000 birds were recorded, mostly from a
supplementary mire bird inventory of 154 sites, covering 62,000 ha. Butterflies and dragonflies
were observed at a large number of sites. Molluscs were recorded on a few selected rich fens.

Categories of conservation value were identified, based on certain conservation criteria,

primarily size, accessibility, unspoiled qualities, variety and selection. Following comparison
between sites within a biogeographical region, the sites were automatically graded. Computer
processing facilitated the grading of a large number of wetlands.

In the county, 403 sites have been placed in Class 1 <<veryhigh conservation value>>,
accounting for slightly less than a quarter of the wetlands surveyed. Class 2 <<highconservation
value>>also accounted for a quarter of the area, with 936 sites. Class 3 <<someconservation
value>>is the largest category with 2395 sites and accounts for 40 % of the area. Class 4 <<no
existing conservation value>>has no known conservation values and is substantially affected by
exploitation. This class has 573 sites and accounts for 10 % of the area surveyed. The number
and area1 distribution of the classes varies from one biogeographical region to another.

Literature:
Forslund, M., Rundliif Forslund, S. & Liifroth, M. 1993. VAtmarker i Vssterbottens 1Bn.
Ltinsstyrelsen i Vasterbottens lan. Med. 1993 1.
Peter Foss

23 internationally important raised bogs threatened

Irish Peatland Conservation Council, Capel Chambers, 1 19 Capel Street. Dublin 1. Ireland

A recent reappraisal of the status of the 99 Raised Bogs of European Conservation Importance
in Ireland (Natural Heritage Areas) has revealed a level of damage that will almost certainly
lead to the extinction of these sites before 1997, unless steps are taken to bring damage-
causing activities under planning controls. The Irish Peatland Conservation Council has called
for any development on a Natural Heritage Area (NHA) to be subject to planning controls and
environmental impact study. Only in this way can the continued loss of h e raised bogs be
halted (see Note 1).

The 99 Raised Bogs of European Conservation Importance cover an area of 17,970 ha (6 % of

the original raised bog area in Ireland) and represent the best examples of this habitat type in
western Europe. In the last two years, since the IPCC published its Policy Statement and
Action Plan listing sites of conservation interest, damage has been caused to 23 sites affecting
an area of 5,608 ha of peatland. The damage includes traditional turf extraction, but this is
insignificant when compared to the scale of the damage being caused by mechanical turf
extraction schemes, road construction, drainage and fire.

Over the same period, 409 ha of raised bog have been purchased for conservation by the state,
bringing the total area conserved to 2,568 ha, just 26 % of the Government target of 10,000
ha. The damage being caused could jeopardise the Government's plan to conserve 10,000 ha
of raised bog.

Literature:
Note 1: The Irish Peatland Conservation Council is a national charity and is entirely supported
by voluntary contributions. Conservation projects include: purchasing bogland nature reserves,
providing resources and training for teachers and education groups, repairing damaged bogs,
fostering a positive attitude towards bogs and encouraging lifestyles in harmony with the
environment.
Ph. Grosvernier, Y. Matthey & A. Buttler

Microclimate and physical properties of peat: new clues to the

understanding of bog restoration processes
Laboratoire d b l o g i e vegetale et de Phposociologie, Institut de Botanique de I'Universite, Chantemerle 22. CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland

i) Knowledge of initial ecological conditions which allow Sphagnum mosses to recolonize a

disturbed peatland mainly concerns the hydrosere system, as a dynamic form of
terrestrialization, but few studies, if any, have described such recolonization by paludification.

ii) Two paludification successional series leading to the formation of a continuous Sphagnum
carpet encountered in the Swiss Jura Mountains, with, as pioneer species, a) Eriophorum
vaginatum and b) Polytrichum alpestre, are described. They suggest that both the physical
properties of the peat and the microclimate play an important role in triggering the growth of
Sphagnum on dry, and apparently hostile, bare peat surfaces.

iii) Two greenhouse experiments were undertaken to answer the questions a) Which
Sphagnum species is best adapted for recolonizing dry, bare peat surfaces? b) What is the
relative importance of a high water level? c) How can peat properties help to reinitiate
Sphagnum growth? d) How far can a particular microclimate compensate for a low water
table?

iv) Beyond its apparent sensitivity to ecological factors, S. fallax seems to be a very effective
species in recolonizing dry, bare peat, particularly because of its fast growth rate and carpet-
dwelling capacity, and its greater resistance to total desiccation, in terms of recovery ability,
even when growing as isolated plants.

v) When S. fallax is grown as isolated plants on bare peat, like diaspores, the depth of the
water table, the microclimate and the type of peat contribute equally to the variation in growth.
Pore size distribution in the upper haplotelmic peat profile, as a result of an increased
mineralization rate, appeared to be most relevant in influencing the water regime. On the other
hand, communalism with some pioneer species can provide an effective alternative to the lack
of a suitable permanent water table by creating a favourable microclimate.

Literature:
Grosvernier, Ph., Matthey, Y. & Buttler, A. (in press): Microclimate and physical properties of
peat; new clues to the understanding of bog restoration processes. In: Wheeler, B.,
Shaw, S. & S. Fojt (eds.): Restoration of temperate wetlands, John Wiley & Sons.
Andreas Griinig

Results of the 1992 International Mire Conservation Group symposium in

Switzerland
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf. Switzerland

Two years ago, the 5th IMCG field excursion and symposium took place in Switzerland. The
meeting was the largest so far and was attended by 40 mire conservationists representing 18
countries from all over the world, including representatives from Canada, Estonia, Germany
(former GDR), Japan, Poland, Russia and the USA. The event was a two week study tour of
bogs, fens and mire landscapes in almost every part of the country.

The aim was to provide an introduction to the principal types of peatland in Switzerland. The
delegates were immediately struck by the diversity and beauty of the different mires. It became
evident that the country has a particularly important part to play in conserving some of
Europe's outstanding high-altitude mire habitats. IMCG members had an opportunity to see
the basic problems facing the conservation of mire habitats in a small, mountainous, yet densely
populated and federalist, country which has already lost up to 90 9% of its natural peatland
heritage. The participants learned of the difficulties in implementing the Rothenthurm
amendment to the Swiss Constitution. Problems of fenland and mire landscape conservation
were discussed. The group also tried to understand how land-use conflicts had been resolved
by negotiation and agreement, and how positive mire habitat management, stipulated by
agreements, can support the process of rehabilitation of damaged peatlands.

By coincidence, the political debate on the protection of mire habitats and mire landscapes
reached its climax at the time of the IMCG event in Switzerland. Press coverage of the issue
throughout the country reached the extent of 300 to 400 newspaper articles per month. IMCG
members were disappointed to discover that the most common objections to the proposed mire
conservation law and decree were that the sites were too large and that the law was too
restrictive in its interpretation of the constitutional amendment. The lesson to be learned was:
mire conservation will always remain hard work, even when specific laws and decrees exist
which are among the most advanced in the world. Evening lectures and presentations gave
IMCG participants the opportunity to report on conservation issues in their own countries;
specific problems were discussed and resolutions formulated. In the middle of the field
excursion, the traditional IMCG symposium was held in Berne. Keynote lectures were given
on mire conservation, peatland monitoring and the effect of climatic change on the
development of peatlands. Comparisons were made between the situation in Switzerland and
other densely populated countries, such as Austria, the Netherlands and Britain. The details of
the excursion, additional information about Switzerland, the proceedings of the symposium and
parts of the evening lectures were published together with the 1992 IMCG resolutions in
<<Miresand Man>>(Griinig 1994).

During the excursion, the IMCG prepared formal resolutions which were sent to the central
governments of 13 countries and to 58 local governments and non-governmental organisations.
There were replies from 8 countries, but none from Finland, France, Japan, Poland and Russia.
The countries that responded expressed a positive attitude towards the concept of mire
conservation. However, the consequences of these Swiss resolutions were not much more
uplifting than the results of the Irish resolutions passed in Dublin in 1990 on which Foss (1991)
reported: <<Witha few notable exceptions, progress was disappointing>>.

In this paper, a review of the 1992 IMCG resolutions and the replies received will be
examined, beginning with Austria.

Literature:
Foss, P.J. (ed.) 1991. Irish Peatlandr, the Critical Decade. Dublin, Irish Peatland
Conservation Council, 164 pp.
Griinig, A. (ed.) 1994. Mires and Man. Mire Conservation in a Densety Populated Country -
the Swiss Experience. Excursion Guide and Symposium Proceedings of the 5th Field
Symposiiim of the International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) to Switzerland
1992. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape
Research. 414 pp.

Roland Haab

Monitoring the bogs and transitional mires of Switzerland (protection,

management and vegetation development)
Swiss Federal Institute forForest. Snow and Lanacape Research, CH - 8903 Bimensdorf, Switzerland

In Switzerland, the bogs and transitional mires of national importance are now almost
completely under protection as far as national legislation is concerned. In 1991, the Federal
Council passed a law stipulating the conservation of the 514 objects in the Inventory of the
Bogs and Transitional Mires of Switzerland (DF1 1991), covering 1500 ha. Two-thirds of the
bog area in Switzerland have been impaired by human activity and a considerable part needs
regular management.

The cantons are in charge of putting the protection legislation into effect and are thus called
upon to see that the protection measures for the designated areas are recognized by the
landowners and to regulate the respective land use. The Federal Government assists them with
annual subsidies of several million Swiss Francs. Considering this amount of money and the
necessary administrative work on the one hand, and the scarcity of bogs in Switzerland on the
other, the question may well be asked whether these efforts do indeed lead to the results
envisaged by the protectionists and those who made the laws.

For this reason, a comprehensive nation-wide monitoring concept has been developed at the
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. In a one-year preliminary
project in 1993, several methods were evaluated, tested and improved for monitoring
purposes, in particular for observing changes in the vegetation.
The monitoring concept, however, is not confined to following the development of the bog
vegetation. Its scope also takes in all the legal and planning procedures of the administration as
well as the actual management measures carried out on the bogs. Thus, it will be possible to
gain insight into how the most important protection measures and management techniques
affect vegetation development. A solid basis for evaluation and decision making, which is not
available today, can be established for a future bog protection policy in Switzerland.

The monitoring concept combines several stratified samples on different levels of focus. Not
very time-consuming questions of a general nature are studied on a large sample (e.g.
comparison between the total area of the objects according to the Federal Inventory and that of
the objects in the cantonal protection plans), whereas more sophisticated investigations
requiring a lot of work (e.g. relevees on permanent sample plots) are conducted on a smaller
sample.

The development of the vegetation is observed by two methods, each using a different focus.
Vegetation mapping based on aerial photography is used to investigate spatial dynamics and
qualitative changes in the floristic composition of plant communities. Permanent sample plot
studies are conducted to discover changes in the cover values of individual species, and over a
longer period the analysis of the indicator values may reveal changes in site conditions. The
methods elaborated in the preliminary project have been designed to provide results at an early
stage that are exact, ecologically significant and, nevertheless, representative for the entire bog
area and also to minimize the influence of the person conducting the study.

For the vegetation mapping, a set of 48 mapping units has been established to meet the specific
requirements of monitoring. The scientific description of these units includes floristic
sociological groups of species, dominant species. community architecture, as well as ecological
features.

On-site mapping on large-scale infrared photographs ( 1 5 000) is processed

photogrammetrically. The discernibility of the structure lines still accessible by stereoscope lies
at about 0.5 m. Such a high resolution capacity allows, for example, any changes in the size of
individual hummocks, hummock-hollow complexes or erosion complexes to be ascertained at
an early stage, precisely and on a large scale.

A report about this project (Haab et al. 1994) was submitted to the federal authorities early in
1994. In this report, the concept is explained, the results of the evaluation and development of
the methods are presented and three possible scenarios with different sample sizes are
described and commented upon.

Literature:
DFI (Departement fedkral de l'interieur), 1991. Inventaire f2de'ral des hauts-marais et des
rnarais des transition d'importance nationale. Berne. OCFIM. 23 volumes.
Haab, R., Marti, K., Feldmeyer, E., Held, T., Muller, R., Tschander, B., von Gunten, B. &
Wiedemeier, P. 1994. Vorprojekt Moor-Mo~zitoring.141 p, unpublished, deposited:
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf.
Izabela HBberovh

Mires of Slovakia
Slovak Agency for the Environment, Lazonvh 10,97401 Banskh Bystrica, Slovakia

Mires represent an important group of rare and threatened plant communities in Slovakia.
They are a relict kind of vegetation representing an important refuge for Arctic flora which
emigrated to the western Carpathian region during glacial periods.

From the point of view of nature conservation, the mires are important biotopes capable of
fulfilling the task of providing genepool protection for a large group, 92 taxons, of endemic,
rare and threatened taxons of vascular plants in the Slovakian flora. As regards
phytocenology, these mostly belong to the classes, Scheuchzerio-Cariceteafuscae R. Tx.
1937, which comprises 35 associations, and Oxcycocco-Sphagneta Br.-B1. et Tx 1943, which
comprises 6 associations.

The mire ecosystems are protected in 38 state nature reserves, mainly located in national
parks and protected landscape areas. The network of these protected areas will be completed
after the wetland biotope mapping is concluded in 1996.

Partial monitoring using the monitoring system ((Biota)),which covers the main types of
Slovakian ecosystems, is being carried out on permanent plots in the Klin Nature Reserve, a
peat bog located in Hornd Orava Protected Landscape Area.

Literature:
Maglockjl, & Ferdkovi, V. 1993. Red list of ferns and flowering plants, Pteridophyta and
Spermatophyta, of the flora of Slovakia (2nd draft). Bioldgia, Bratislava 4814:
361-385.
Mucina, L. et al. 1985. A list of vegetation units of Slovakia. Dokumentsphytosoc.,
Camerino, 9: 175-220.
Raimo Heikkila

A complementary mire conservation programme for Finland

Research Centre of the Nature Reserve friendship^. T6nMl. FIN-88900 Kuhmo. Enland

A nationwide mire conservation programme for Finland was ratified in 1981. It consisted of
600 mires covering altogether c. 500,000 ha, mainly large mire complexes. During the 1980's,
assessment of threatened plant and animal species and studies of rich fen vegetation showed
that the diversity of mires was not yet adequately protected. Also some 50,000 ha of privately
owned mires in the conservation programme were ditched during the 1980's. The development
of a complementary network of mire reserves was therefore started in 1990 by the Nature
Conservation Research Unit. During the work, parallel with studies of old forests, it was
discovered that also small-scale mosaics of forests and mires were not well enough included in
the mire conservation programme.

As a result of the work, a complementary mire conservation programme is being prepared

consisting of c. 500 mires, covering altogether c. 120,000 ha. Most of the mires it is proposed
to protect are small rich fens and fertile spruce mires which are threatened mire site types in
Finland. Some large mire complexes, formerly intended to be worked for peat, have also been
included because peat extractors have not started working the mires. Some of them are
important habitats for threatened bird fauna, e.g. the peregrine falcon. The protection of
succession series on mires along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia where land uplift has taken
place, and of some large areas of mosaics of mires and forests, up to 6200 ha in size in
Lintusuo, near Oulu, is also of great importance.
Mati llomets

-
State of Estonian mires past, present and future alternatives
Institute of Eoology, Kevade 2, Tallinn, EE 0001, Estonia

In 1922, Vellner published the frst map of Estonian mires, which showed 517 mires covering a
total area of 676,800 ha. Raudsepp (1946), using data mostly collected during World War 11,
detailed the peat resources of 935 mires (326,074 ha) and presented corresponding regional
maps.Truu et al. (1964) gave the results of peat resource investigations of 6990 mires with a
total area of 933,875 ha and published a coloured map of the mires. Between 1931 and 1955,
the vegetation of Estonia was mapped and the distribution and structure of the plant
communities was described by Laasimer (1965); mires covered 1,003 mill. ha, up to 5 % of
which had been drained. Orru et al. (1993) published a map and reported some results of peat
resource studies made over some 17 years from 1971 to 1987 by the Estonian Geological
Survey which indicate the existence of 9836 peatlands on an area of 1,009 mill. ha. In 1993,
the Ministry for the Environment supported a pilot study aimed at obtaining preliminary
information about the state of our mires. The study was mostly based on data from
unpublished reports dating from the last 20 years prepared by various governmental bodies
(Forestry Agency, Amelioration Agency, etc.) and Tartu University. Although Valk (1988)
states that some 30 % of Estonian mires have been drained, our results indicate that up to 70
% of mire areas have been drained or been significantly influenced by amelioration work.
Some 10 % of minerotrophic fen sites and about 65 % of ombrotrophic bog sites are still in a
virgin state. Almost all paludified sites are lost. There is an urgent need to map the state of
Estonian mire sites. The destiny of our mires largely depends on legislation being developed to
provide effective conservation to reduce the potential destruction of sites through land
privatization and the rapidly increasing interest for exploiting peat resources.

Literature:
Laasimer, L. 1965. Eesti NSV taimkate. Tallinn. 398 pp.
Orm, H., Shirokova, M. & Veldre, M. 1993. Eesti turbavarud. Tallinn. 146 pp.
Raudsepp, A. 1946. Eesti NSV turbasood. Tartu. 240 pp.
Truu, A., Kurm, H. & Veber, K. 1964. Eesti NSV sood ja nende pollumajanduslik kasutamine.
EMTUI tead. toiide kogumik, IV. pp. 3-136.
Valk, U. 1988. Utilization of peatlands in Estonia: a historical review. In Proc. VIII IPC, 1:
pp.78-82.
Toshio Iwakuma & Ryuhei Ueno

Ecology of benthic invertebrates in mire waters

Environmental Biology Division. National Institute for Environmental Studies 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 30S, Japan

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were surveyed in streams and pools in Miyatoko Mire,
a small mire in central Japan. The mire is covered with Sphagniimfiiscum, S. ~nugellanicum,S.
palustre and S. papillosum and pools with Menyanthes trifolia, Symphaea tetragona and
partly with Phragmites australis. The pH value ranged seasonally between 5.6 and 6.7 at
spring sites, and 4.9 and 6.8 in streams and ponds. Macroinvertebrate communities were
dominated by chironomids. A total of 38 species of chironomid adults were collected by
rearing larvae collected from various parts of mire waters and by using a light trap and an
insect net. These species belonged to four subfamilies, i.e. 13 Tanypodinae, 1 Prodiamesinae, 9
Orthocladiinae and 15 Chironominae species. The chironomid composition was similar to that
of bog waters rather than fen waters since there were more species of Tanypodinae than
Orthocladiinae, as reported for Canadian mire waters. Six to 11 chironomid species were
collected from each sampling site.

In a shallow pool receiving stream water originating from a spring, a detritivore

Stictochironomiis akizukii and a carnivore Procladius ciiliciformis dominated the zoobenthos
community. S. akizlikii larvae fed on small algae such as Aulacoseira spp. and detritus whereas
third and fourth instar larvae of P. culiciformis fed on first to third instars of S. akizakii as
well as large diatoms and desmids such as Frustria, Suriella, Closterium and Euastrum. Each
chironomid species had a two-year life cycle with overlapping two-year classes. The annual
secondary production was 1.4 g ~ r nfor- ~S. akizakii and 1.0 g ~ mfor
' ~P. culiciformis. The
primary production was 36 g ~ mfor - ~benthic algae and 6.0 g ~ mfor- ~epiphytic algae on
macrophytes. P. culiciformis production was achieved mainly in early summer and depended
on benthic algae, whereas S. akizukii production was achieved by detritus originating not only
from algae but presumably from Sphagnum or macrophytes.
Janina Jasnowska & Leslaw Wolejko

-
Inventory a key to the sound protection of mires in western Pomerania,
Poland
Botany Department, Agricultural University, ul. Slowackiego 17,71-434 Szcecin, Poland

The poster presents in graphical form a relationship between the mire inventory and the use of
data collected for nature protection purposes. Western Pomerania displays a wide range of
young postglacial landscape features, thus providing good conditions for the development of
different mire types.

A mire inventory, based on thorough stratigraphical and geobotanical research, was carried out
by a team led by Prof. Mieczyslaw Jasnowski during the period 1956 - 1974. Since then, its
results have provided guidelines for further scientific research and enabled a programme to be
formulated for establishing a network of mire reserves. Moreover, the need to protect mires
has been an important determining factor in the creation of several large protected areas, such
as national parks and landscape parks. One of the largest European mire complexes has been
protected through the newly-created Polish-German National Park, the <<LowerOdra Valley>>.

The recent switch from state-controlled land use to market economy-oriented utilisation of
resources creates a new challenge to local nature protection authorities. Mire inventory
provides a tool for solving this problem, by offering a base for evaluation of mires and
selection of objects for various nature management practices.

Literature:
Jasnowski, M. et al. 1976. A layout of the Western Pomerania peatlands - atlas and synthesis.
Proc. 6th Int. Peat Congr. Poznan, pp. 244-267.
Jasnowski, M. 1977. Problems und Methoden der Moorschutzes in Polen. Telma 7, pp. 215-
239.
Succow, M. & Jasnowski, M. 1991. Projektstudie fiir einen Deutsch-Polnischen-Nationalpark
Unteres Odertal, Eberswalde-Szczecin. Stqtum Kulturjforderung. Miinchen. pp. 1-62.
Lebrecht Jeschke & Christina Paulson

Karst mires in the Jasmund (Isle of Riigen) National Park

Nationalparkamt Mecklenburg - Vorpommern, Specker SchloU, D- 17192 Speck, Germany

After nearly every large mire in central Europe has been drained and cultivated, or used for
peat extraction, nature conservation interests are mainly directed to smaller mires. These often
remain almost unchanged, and even if they have been disturbed it is possible to return them to
their natural state.

At present in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a programme for restoring such mires is underway

in large protected areas such as national parks, nature parks and biological reserves. In this
connection, a list has been drawn up of the mires in the Jasmund National Park on the Isle of
Riigen (2250 ha). The beech forest district of Stubnitz, where the subsoil derives from
Cretaceous sediments, has about 90 small mires (1.5-10 ha). Only a quarter of these can be
characterised as intact, where no disturbance in the hydrological balance can be seen.

The mires of the national park can be grouped in the following types:

Kettle-hole mires in deep, dead-ice hollows of Pleistocene age having no distinct outflow of
water (thermokarst)
Karst mires (senso stricto) with water flowing away underground, probably through a
swallow hole (Schluckloch)
Spring mires and percolating mires in valleys with surface drainage

The peat-forming vegetation in kettle-hole mires is formed by Sphagnum - Eriophorum

associations. That of karst mires varies depending on the movement of water. If the mire
surface is fairly horizontal the Carex elata association dominates (= swamp mire,
Versumpfungsmoor), and if it is inclined Carex acutiformis - Carex paniculata associations are
the peat-forming vegetation (spring mire - Quellmoore, percolating mire -
Durchstr6mungsmoor).

In stream valleys with forest-spring mires, the alder forest association Cardamino - Alnetum is
developed.

In young spring hollows near the cliffed coast, the initial stages of chalk-spring mires (the
Cratoneurum commutatum association) occurs.

Spring mires and percolating mires in karst mire holes were mainly drained last century and
changed to meadows and pastures. Their restoration is difficult. Kettle-hole mires, in contrast,
have seldom been drained. To restore these it is only necessary to stop water flowing away.
Hans Joosten

The Golden Flow: recent developments and future perspectives in

international peat trade
Beatrixstraat 24. NL-5761 AT Bakel, Nelherlands

On a global scale, peat extraction harvests only a small quantity of peat in comparison with
global peat resources and annual peat accumulation in mires. Extraction, however, is not
evenly distributed over the mire regions, but focuses on a limited number of localities.

In recent years, various developments have been taking place that affect the quantities of peat
being extracted and the international pathways of peat trade.

These developments include:

- increasing use of peat as a result of growing agricultural interest in horticulture, coupled

with new legislation and new horticultural production techniques

- growing numbers of composts resulting from composting organic waste (household refuse)
- declining domestic peat resources in major peat consuming areas in western Europe
- local effects of the anti-peat campaigns of conservationist groups
- increased promotion of peat consumption by the co-ordinated efforts of the International
Peat Producers Association

- geopolitical changes leading to the origin of new, independent states and associated changes
in socio-economic and (energy) political conditions.

A review is given of recent developments in the quantities of peat extracted in several

countries, both for energy production and horticultural purposes. Recent and future changes in
international peat trade and their consequences for international mire conservation are
discussed.
Tatjana Jurkovskaja

Approaches to the typology of mire systems

Komarov Institute of Botany. Russian Academy of Sciences, Popova str. 2. St Petersburg, Russia

A mire system is a large spatial unit of vegetation cover. It represents a complex mire massif
formed by the fusion of several simple mire massifs during their evolution. The movement of
water throughout the system means that they closely interact with each other, producing
specific structures and appropriate vegetation characteristics only found in mire systems and
absent from simple mire massifs.

T o study the natural differentiation of mire systems, the author has analysed a large amount of
personally collected data and reviewed those available in reference books and maps of peat
resources, in addition to studying aerial and space photographs from a vast area of European
Russia.

I propose to differentiate three types of mire system.

1. Mire systems formed by one type of mire massif. The differences between the massifs which
comprise a system lie within the variation of a particular type of mire massif, being largely due
to the size of the watershed. The massifs have followed a common evolution and their plant
communities have the same spectrum of indicator species, dominants and highly constant
species.

2. Mire systems formed by mire massifs of different types, whose differences are related to
their different ages, but which have close dynamic relationships and whose communities have a
similar spectrum of essential species.

3. Mire systems which have been produced by types of mire massifs belonging to different
classes with different courses of development and greatly differing community compositions.

These principles and ways of representing the vegetation of mire systems have been tested on
small-scale geobotanical maps made at the Department of Geography and Cartography in the
Komarov Institute of Botany.
Marek moss & Jadwiga Sienkiewics

Hydrological types of mire in the Polish lowlands and related vegetation

Department of Plant Ecology. Institute of Ecology. Polish Academy of Sciences, Dziekan6w Leyny. 05 092 Lomianki, Poland

Assignment of mires in the Polish lowlands to distinct hydrological types is a complicated task
Depending upon water supply and mobility, the following basic types of mire were identified:
fluviogenic, soligenic, topogenic and ombrogenic. Fluviogenic mires are typically covered by
the vegetation of inundated plains, including reed beds (Phragmition)and tall sedge
(Magnocaricion)communities. Sedge-moss communities (Caricion lasiocarpae and Caricion
fiiscae) frequently develop on soligenic mires when the substrate is saturated with water.
Eutrophic alder communities develop where there is much lateral seepage or surface run-off.
Topogenic mires are frequently forested with alder or birch woods (Alnion glutinosae) or may
host tall sedge communities, e.g. Caricetum elatae. Ombrogenic mires are characteristically
covered by dense Sphagnum carpets with Sphagnion magellanici communities or by pine
forest communities associated with bogs (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum).

Literature:
Okruszko 1983, SjiSrs 1983, Kloss 1993

Robert Krisai

Mires of Tierra del Fuego and the need for conservation

LinzerstraBe 18, A-5280 Braunau am Inn. Austria

Because no-one is participating from the Southern Hemisphere, I want to draw attention to
southernmost South America and its unique bog landscape.

The central part of Argentinean Tierra del Fuego presents an almost untouched, wide range of
mires, mostly raised bogs, with bog pools, hummocWhollow patterns and quagmire areas on
lake shores. The vegetation seems to be similar to that of the Northern Hemisphere, but
contains a lot of endemic species.

Today, there is a chance of protecting part of it in its natural state, but even in this remote part
of the world, population pressure and economic demand increase day by day; so something
should be done!

Literature:
Roivainen, Schwaar, Moore, etc.
Tapio Lindholm & Hanna Heikkila

Restoration of drained boreal mires in Finland

National Board of Waters and the Environment, NCRU, P.O.Box 250, FIN-00101 Helsinki. Finland

In Finland, a great deal of the natural environment has been destroyed by large-scale drainage
of mires for forestry. About 60 % of the mires in Finland have been drained. Most of the
drainage has been done in southern Finland, where the proportion of drained mires exceeds 90
% in many regions.

Drainage starts a secondary succession which rapidly destroys the vegetation and original
biotopes of the mires. Gradually, tree growth destroys the mosaic landscape pattern of mires
and mineral-soil forests.

A mire conservation programme has been initiated in Finland to preserve some of the natural
mire ecosystems. About 80 % of the mires in the programme have been protected, but about
100,000 ha of privately-owned mires are still awaiting a decision on protection. Almost half of
this area has been drained recently. Some 5000 ha of the protected mires had already been
drained before the decision to protect them. In nature reserves, mires should be in a natural
state, and if they have been drained, they should be restored. There is also a need to restore
unprotected areas, but a decision on this is still awaited. A great deal of forestry drainage has
been unprofitable. There is also a need to restore mires for recreation purposes.

Some representative, drained mires in nature reserves have been selected for restoration
experiments, including post-restoration monitoring and study. A detailed plan for restoring
mire landscapes in the Seitseminen National Park has been prepared, and several others will be
ready in 1994. A guidebook for mire restoration has been written on the basis of experience
gained in the experimental areas.
Richard Lindsay

-
Living close to the edge peatland conservation and classification
Sconish Natural Heritage. 2-5 Anderson Place, Edinburgh, EHG SNP, UK

Today the lMCG is ten years old. The organisation was conceived in Finland during a brief but
enjoyable union between vegetation ecologists and peatland conservationists, and was born the
following year in Austria. The organisation is essentially practical in outlook concerned with
peatland conservation around the world rather than becoming too engrossed in the details of
peatland ecology for its own sake. As such, the biennial field symposia of the IMCG provide
two important functions. Firstly, they permit the members of the Group to see at first hand, as
well as to some extent highlight, the particular problems facing peatland conservation in the
host country. Secondly, the Field Symposia encourage the discussion of common problems and
areas of difficulty in the field, using real-life examples to illustrate points. The practical nature
of the Symposia is also emphasised by the fact that participants can contribute to, and endorse
resolutions concerning peatland conservation issues. These resolutions focus on urgent
peatland conservation issues around the world, and are sent by the Symposium organising
committee to the appropriate authorities. However, this practical conservation work cannot
divorce itself entirely from ecological science because the two are closely inter-linked; without
sound science, nature conservation objectives can neither be determined nor achieved. One
particular issue which needs to be urgently addressed is the question of peatland classification.
The IMCG review of European mires, coordinated by Lofroth, has revealed a terminological
Tower of Babel, particularly in relation to site types. This makes it extremely difficult to collate
inter-nation statistics and thus also weakens international conservation efforts. Harmonising
these various terms is likely to be relatively straightforward for prime, typical examples of the
various classes, but the hard work begins at the edges; if the edges are defined ill one way, a
resource may appear extremely rare, whereas a simple re-definition of the "edge" may result in
a resource-base which is then extremely common. This fact is not lost on developers, who are
increasingly attempting their own re-definitions of peatland systems for their own ends. This is
an issue which we must address.
Ivan I. Lishtvan

Problems of restoration and rational utilization of commercially-worked

peat deposits
Institute for Problem of Natural Resources Usage & Ecology, Academy of Sciences, 10 Staroborisovskiytrakt, 2201 14 Minsk. B e l m ,

The conservation of bogs is part of the national policy of the Republic of Belarus within the
field of environmental protection.

This paper briefly reviews the types of bogs in the Republic of Belarus, and their flora and
fauna. Peat deposits are practically non-restorable when the biological productivity and water-
absorption capacity of the bogs have been destroyed. The properties of peat deposits, such as
the organic substances and minerals they contain, change when drainage takes place; erosion is,
moreover, intensified. Basic trends in the utilisation of peat deposits and the criteria used when
deciding targets are outlined, including a summary of products, processing methods and
problems related to resource-saving technologies. Peat bogs that have been exploited may be
restored in nature parks, nature reserves, etc., and may be protected there if they remain
unexploited. When peat bogs that have been subjected to peat extraction are to be restored,
their geomorphology must first be studied and they must be classified. The composition and
properties of peat remaining in a deposit, the level of the biochemical transformation of peat-
forming plants and the conditions for peat accumulation must be assessed.
Michael Lofroth

-
Status of European mires distribution, threats and protection
Slatens NaturvArdsverk, S-17185 Solna, Sweden

The goal of this IMCG project is to produce an expert report about the distribution, threats
and conservation of mires in Europe. The last attempt to do so was in 1980 by Roger
Goodwillie for the Council of Europe. However, that report was restricted to western Europe
and involved no field work

After the Goodwillie report was published, mire and wetland inventories were prepared by
several European countries (e.g. Britain and Sweden). and other countries (e.g. Austria and
Germany) have carried out detailed research and mapping of mires, particularly on mire
ecology.

To date, the IMCG has compiled information on the distribution of the mire area, the different
mire types, exploitation history, current threats, management practices, conservational status,
etc. from 22 countries:

Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom.

We are also compiling information from other countries. The greatest lack of information at
present relates to the Balkan area, Lithuania and the Ukraine. In recent decades, vast tracts of
mire landscape have vanished throughout Europe. In the Netherlands, mires used to cover
more than half of the land area. Now, all natural mires have been lost, some 375 km2of mire
remnants are protected in more than 300 reserves. Intensive restoration and management are
needed to improve the value of the nature in the protected areas; in fact, the Dutch situation
shows how expensive mire conservation can become when it starts too late!

Nearly all the mires are damaged in countries like Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland and most of
Germany. The raised bogs of Ireland (outside a few protected areas) may all be gone by 1997.
Perhaps the most confusing situation is to find that in some eastern European countries,
protected mires are threatened by the eastward expansion of western peat mining companies.
Asbjflrn Moen

Classification systems for mires in Norway

University of Trondheim, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Department of Botany. N-7004 Tmndheirn, Norway

The different mire types (hydromorphological units of mire synsites) used in connection with
the Norwegian national plan for mire nature reserves are described. The 17 types defined are
grouped into 6 main ones: A. Typical raised bogs (domed, with marginal forest and lagg); B.
Atlantic raised bogs, (domed, without marginal forest and lagg); C. Plane bogs (not distinctly
domed); D. Blanket bogs (defined sensu strict0 as an ombrotrophic type); E. Mixed mires
(include both ombrotrophic and minerotrophic features); F. Minerotrophic mires (fens).
Two different systems of classification of mire vegetation in Norway are presented.

1. The main system used in the Norwegian national plan for mire preservation has been based
on the three main directions of local variation of mire vegetation (after Sjgrs 1948). The mire
vegetation is classified into 20 separate units, defined by species groups. In addition, there are
5 units of spring and Magnocaricetum vegetation.

2. A hierarchical system is proposed for Norway (down to alliance level), based on the above-
mentioned system, the Nordhagen (1943) - Dahl(1956) system, and the central European
systems. This mire and spring classification system includes 3 classes, 5 orders and 14 alliances
(Moen 1990).

Some other classification systems are briefly discussed. Following the Tiixen tradition,
Dierssen (1982) classified the mire vegetation of northwestern Europe into broad associations
and alliances, often based on a few vascular plants. It is argued that the entire species
composition (the bryophytes are often the best indicator species on mires) should be used, and
the units should clearly reflect the ecological conditions. The Holmsen-Lgddesgl classification
system (Lplddesgl& Lid 1943) was previously very much used for practical mire inventory
surveys in Norway. It is essentially a physiognomic system and does not separate units along
the main vegetational gradients. It is considered unusable for phytosociological, ecological and
regional studies.

Literature:
Dahl, E. 1957. Rondane. Mountain vegetation in South Norway and its relation to the
environment. Skr. Norske Vidensk. Akad. Mat. -Naturv. KZ. 1956 3: 1-374.
Dierssen, K. 1982. Die wichtigsten Pflanzengesellschaften der Moore NW-Europas. Geneva.
414 pp., 27 plates.
Lgddesgl, A. & Lid, J. 1943. Botaniske holdepunkter ved praktisk myrbedgmmelse. Medd.
Norske Myrselsk. 41.7 1 pp.
Moen, A. 1990. The plant cover of the boreal uplands of Central Norway. I. Vegetation
ecology of Sglendet nature reserve; haymaking fens and birch woodlands. Gunneria
63: 1-63, 1 map.
Nordhagen, R. 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter; en plantesosiologisk monografi.
Bergens Mm. Skr. 22: 1-607.
Sjijrs, H. 1948. Myrvegetation i Bergslagen. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 21: 1-299,2 maps, 32
plates.
Asbjgrn Moen, Trond Arnesen, Egil I. Aune & Dag-Inge Oien

Vegetational changes in rich fen vegetation induced by hay-cutting at Sprlendet

Nature Reserve
University of Trondheim. Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, bpartment of Botany, N-7004 Trondheim. Norway.

Outlying lands in Norway were, for centuries, used as a source of hay and pasturage for
domestic stock. In some parts of Norway (e.g. Sdlendet Nature Reserve in central Norway),
fens and grasslands were still being mown for hay in the traditional way up to and even after
the 2nd World War. Experimental mowing by scythe was commenced 18 years ago on some
areas at Sdlendet and the vegetation has been returned to a state of ecological equilibrium with
scything as a prime ecological factor. Altogether 160 ha of former haymaking lands have been
restored, and the areas are managed (mown by a scythe or a motor mower) regularly.
The dry matter yields of the field layer decreased during the first few years after scything
recommenced. In the quadrats scythed annually, the field layer yield after a few years had
decreased to about 113 of the first harvesting; and to about 213 in quadrats which were scythed
every other year (i.e. the practice of traditional haymaking of outlying areas). The below-
ground biomass (roots and rhizomes) exceeds that of the above-ground shoots, and the ratio
between the above- and below-ground biomass is lowest for the unscythed community.
Regular scything leads to an overall reduction in shrubs (e.g. Betula nana, B. pubescens, Salix
spp.), dwarf shrubs and the litter layer; the proportion of herbs is generally reduced, whereas
that of the graminoides is increased. Pleurocarpous, prostrate bryophytes (e.g. Campyliurn
stellatum) are favoured, whereas acrocarpous andlor "hummock-building" bryophytes (e.g.
Sphagnum spp.) are reduced by scything and trampling. The common occurrence in the fen
lawn communities at Sglendet of several weakly-competitive, alpine species (e.g. Carex
atrofusca, Juncus alpino-articulatus, J. castaneus, J. triglumis and Saxifraga aizoides) is
thought to result from the regular scything of these areas in past decades. Both the numbers of
shoots and the fertility of the above species, as of Carex dioica, C. capillaris, C. jlava, C.
nigra, Eriophorum angustifolium and E. latifolium, increase as a consequence of scything.
Molinia caerulea, however, was found to be drastically reduced by intensive scything. Orchid
species (e.g. Dactylorhiza cruenta, D. pseudocordigera, Gymnadenia conopsea) and
Pedicularis oederi do not tolerate intensive scything, but are favoured in the lawn communities
by extensive scything, which reduces competition from shrubs, Molinia caerulea, etc.
Intensive scything of the fen areas produces considerable quantitative changes in the plant
communities. However, in general, the qualitative changes in the plant communities induced by
scything have so far been limited. A possible reason is that, with regular scything as a prime
ecological factor, these communities reached a state of equilibrium over past centuries and the
time elapsing since its cessation has been too short for any major changes to occur.

Literature:
Aune, E. I., KubiEek, F. & Moen, A. 1993. Studies of plant biomass in permanent plots at
Sglendet Nature Reserve, Central Norway. Univ. Trondheirn Vitensk.mus. Rapp.
Bot. Ser. 1993 2: 7-20.
Moen, A. 1990. The plant cover of the boreal uplands of Central Norway. I. Vegetation
ecology of Sglendet nature reserve; haymaking fens and birch woodlands. Gunneria
63: 1-451, 1 map.
Asbjprrn Moen, Stein Singsaas & Sigurd MjZen SAstad
Regional variation and conservation of mires in Norway
University of Trondheim, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Department of Botany, N-7004 Tmndheim, Norway

Surveys in connection with the Norwegian national plan for mire nature reserves began in
1969. Since then, about 1000 localities, generally including more than one discrete mire, have
been investigated. The methods used and the information gathered are described in more than
40 regional reports already published (references to the most important ones can be found in
Moen (1990)).

The main criteria for mire preservation in Norway have been:

1. preservation of representative mire ecosystems within the phytogeological regions
2. preservation of interesting ecosystems of more unusual or extreme types.

When classification systems were chosen, special effort was made to include criteria which are
relevant for mire preservation purposes. The main emphasis was put on:
1. mire types (hydromorphology)
2. vegetation
3. flora.

Typical raised bogs mainly occur in the boreonemoral and southern boreal zones of the slightly
oceanic and transitional (oceanic/continental)sections. Atlantic bogs occur in the same zones,
but in the highly oceanic section. Transitional types of raised bogs are found in the distinctly
oceanic section. Blanket bogs are found in the southern and middle boreal zones of the highly
oceanic section and at the transition between the middle boreal and northern boreal zones in
the distinctly oceanic section. Palsa mires mainly occur in the northern boreal zone of the
slightly continental section. Sloping fens are found from the middle boreal to the alpine zones.
Strongly sloping fens (inclinations of 15-20g)occur in the most oceanic areas. Sloping fens are
generally absent from the slightly continental section, but gently sloping ones occur in the
northern boreal zone. String mixed mires and flark fens are common in the middle and northern
boreal zones of the most continental sections, but are rare elsewhere and lacking in the highly
oceanic section.

Literature:
Moen, A. 1990. The plant cover of the boreal uplands of Central Norway. I. Vegetation
ecology of Selendet nature reserve; haymaking fens and birch woodlands. Gunneria
63: 1-451, 1 map.
Attila MolnAr

Restoration and management programme for peat bogs on the NE

Hungarian lowlands
Debrecen, Filredi U.67lB.8/32.. H-4032. Hungary

The mires of the NE Hungarian lowlands are the southernmost raised Sphagnum-bogs in
Europe occurring in a lowland setting. They were only recognised in the early-1950's, because
they are small, isolated islands surrounded by oak-gallery forests, pastures and arable land.
They occur in ancient channels of the River Tisza which were formed in postglacial times. The
bogs formed here as a result of an unusual successional process from earlier oxbow lakes.

Under natural conditions, the water supply was provided by flooding of the Tisza and
groundwater moving from the Carpathians. River regulation, deforestation, enlargement of
agricultural areas and drainage, which started in the last century, severely affected the mires
resulting in partial drainage of the bogs and infiltration by fertilisers into parts of their banks.
Based on the results of botanical and hydrobiological research started in 1952 and 1983,
experts have proposed to replenish missing water by pumps and by blocking neighbouring
drainage channels, and to create a buffer zone with forest plantations where agricultural areas
have recently encroached. The Hortobagy National Park Directorate has started this work and
the poster briefly describes our results and plans.

Literature:
Simon, T. 1960. Die Vegetation der Moore in den Naturschutz- gebieten des nlirdlichen
AlfOld. Acta But. Acd. Sci. Hun. 6:107- 137.
Simon, T. 1992.Vegetation change and the protection of the Csaroda relic mires, Hungary.
Acta Soc. But. Poloniae. 61 1:63-74.

Yaroslav Movchan

Mires of Ukraine: current situation and conservation perspectives

252179 Kyiv-179, P.O.Box 190, Ukraine

Marshland protection is a problem of great importance at present. The largest mire areas have
been preserved in Ukrainian Polissya. The national strategy for preserving biodiversity has now
been worked out and includes various measures for conserving and restoring marshlands.
Miira Pakalne

Latvian mires and their conservation

Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Latvia , Kronvalda Boulevard 4. LV-1842 Riga, Latvia

Mire vegetation covers 9.9 % of the total land area of Latvia. 70 % of all the mires are in a
virgin state. The remainder have been drained for agricultural and forestry purposes, or used
for peat extraction.

Vegetation has been studied in most detail on the coastal lowlands of Latvia, the region
stretching along the coast of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga. This region is one of the
richest in mires in Latvia. Ombrotrophic and minerotrophic mire vegetation is found there.

Most effort has been put into research concerning the extremely rich fen vegetation. Rare and
characteristic mire communities have been distinguished. Rare associations include Schoenetum
ferruginei and Cladietum rnarisci. Together with Schoenusferrugineus and Cladium
mariscus, extremely rich fen vegetation is the habitat of species that are rare in Latvia, such as
Myrica gale, Dactylorhiza incarnata, D. cruenta, Liparis loeselii, Gymnadenia conopsea and
Ophrys insectifera. Also the rare mosses Moerckia hybernica and Riccardia multijida are
found there.
The association, Caricetum lasiocarpae, typical for the coastal lowland of Latvia, has to be
protected also.

Mire vegetation has been investigated in protected areas, e.g. the Slitere and Grini Strict
Nature Reserves, the Engure Protected Nature Area, as well as beyond their borders.

In Latvia, 12.2 % of all the mire covered area is being preserved in different types of protected
nature areas - strict nature reserves, as well as nature areas for mires, cranberries, and botanical
and zoological qualities.
Geert Raeymaekers

Mire conservation in the European Union as a result of the Habitat

Directive, the Bird Directive and the financial instruments, ACE and LIFE
Ecosystem Ltd.. Beckersstraat 11, 8-1050, Brussels, Belgium

Two directives, the Bird Directive (791409) and the Habitat Directive (92143), are the legal
instruments for the implementation of the European Union's nature conservation policy. Since
1984, the financial instrument ACE, and more recently the LIFE regulation, have been
approved to assist the Member States in the implementation of these directives.

An assessment will be given of the contribution of these directives to the conservation of mires
in Europe, in particular the Bird Directive where some Special Protection Areas cover
important mire vegetation, and the recently approved Habitat Directive for which Member
States are preparing the list of sites containing Annex I Habitat types, such as several mire
vegetation types.

The financial regulations, ACE and LIFE, have contributed to the conservation of mires in the
EU. The papertposter reviews the mire sites affected by these financial instruments and
describes a few financed conservation activities in detail.
 Tiit Randla

The Golden Eagle on Estonian mires

24 Toompuiestee SW.. Tallin, EEO 100 Estonia

At present, 21% of the territory of Estonia is covered with peatlands. There are 155 mires for
every 1000 sq.krn. Nesting sites of the Golden Eagle in Estonia are mainly on afforested islets
and at the edges of fm, mineral ground on forest bogs. The present population numbers about
35 breeding pairs. Their nests are in old pines. The total number of pairs in the Baltic Sea area
amounts to 700 pairs, most of them breeding in Sweden (400 pairs) and Finland (up to 220).
The Golden Eagle has been protected since 1935, and its breeding success has been observed
carefully since 1964. Before 1972, the number of young birds per productive nest was 1.5 (39
records), in 1975-87 it was 1.1 (89 records), in 1988-91, 1.3 (66 records) and in 1992-93, 1.0
(25 records). It seems to be quite sufficient. The population is at present larger than in the
middle of the century or even than in the 1970's and the breeding success in Estonia is very
similar to corresponding data from Sweden, Finland and Scotland. The stable population of the
?
Golden Eagle on Estonian mires deserves international attention and every possible precaution
to preserve their natural habitats.

Literature:
Randla, T.& Rammur, E. in prep. The Golden Eagle population and breeding productivity in
Estonia. Presentation at the IV World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls. Berlin,
1992.
Randla, T. 1976. White-tailed Eagle and Golden Eagle in Estonia. Ornis Fenn. 53: 125-127.

Clayton Rubec

Status of wetland conservation programmes and policies in Canada

Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Suite 200, 1750 Courtwad Cresc., Ottawa KIAOH3, Canada

Canada has developed one of the world's first wetland policies at the federal level and 4
Canadian provinces as well as major industrial groups are implementing the policies. The
comprehensive approach taken by Canada is focusing on a non-regulatory programme to
promote sustainability of wetland resources. Particulars on the status of implementing the
federal policy on wetland conservation will be provided.
Kamil RybniEek

Bogs and fens on the vegetation map of Europe

Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences o f the Czech Republic, Bglidla str. 4a, CZ 603 00 Bmo, Czech Republic

Preparation and editing of a map of the natural vegetation of Europe on a scale of 1:2,500 000
have reached their final stages. Information on the bogs and fens shown on this map is
presented. A legend consisting of 24 units, divided into three major groups (ombrotrophic
bogs, mixed ombro-minerotrophic mires and minerotrophic fens) is demonstrated. The origin,
development, conception and classification of mapping units are discussed.

Jadwiga Sienkiewicz & Marek Kloss

Distribution and conservation of mires in Poland

Environmental Protection Institute. ul. Krucza 5/11,00 548 Warsaw, Poland

Poland lies within the zone of rheotrophic (low) mires which make up 92% of the entire
wetland area, ombrotrophic mires (raised bogs) accounting for a mere 6.5% of the
approximately 1.5 million ha of mire surface in the country. Some of the mires, along with their
original vegetation, are preserved in a more or less intact shape and retain much scientific
value. The distribution of mires is highly non-uniform, more than 80% of the mire resources
being situated in northern Poland within a young glacial landscape of lakelands. Those mires
are especially prone to decisions leading to exploitation that causes overdrying, shrinkage and
accelerated mineralisation of organic matter. The average annual rate of decrease in peat
deposits is about 1 cm for low peats and 3 cm for peat in raised bogs. Over 50 plant
communities have been identified among the mire vegetation types, testifying to the
considerable biodiversity of Polish mires even though over half the peat bogs in the northern
part of the country have been anthropogenically changed into wet meadow and pasture
vegetation. 40 plant associations related to mires are already subject to strict protection in
nature reserves (70) and more reserves are planned. However, the protection of peatlands is
becoming increasingly difficult due to the overall transformation process affecting the
country's economy, and requires both legislative changes and increased education of decision
makers.

Literature:
Jasnowski 1980, Denisiuk 1990, Kloss 1993.
Peter Skoberne

Peat bogs and their conservation in Slovenia

Plednikov trg. 2, p.p. 176, SI-61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

The raised bogs (peat bogs) in Slovenia are situated on the southeastern border of their
European distribution. The flora, vegetation and ecology of the peat bogs are well known and
show some special characteristics. For instance, Lycopediella innundata occurs as an
obligatory ombrotrophic species. The floristic picture is specific, too.

The largest peat bog in Slovenia was on Ljubljansko barje, south of the city of Ljubljana.
The area has been in process of being drained since the 18th century and intensive peat
cutting has taken place during the last century. Hence, only very scarce remnants with
independent water regimes survive.

Other peat bogs are situated in the mountain areas and are much better preserved. The most
important are Pokljdka barja, three Sphagntrm complexes situated on an upland plateau in the
Julian Alps and protected within the Triglav National Park, and a similar one, the Za Blatom
peat bog on the Jelovica plateau.

Another large Sphagnum complex is on crystalline rocks on a mountain named Pohorje. Its
floristic structure is poorer so this peat bog is evidently younger.

Fortunately, peat bogs in the mountains are not directly endangered at the moment. The
potential threats are, in some cases, uncontrolled visitors, possible changes in water regime,
overexploitation of forest in the surroundings and, in one case, cattle grazing.

Literature:
Martincic, A. & Piskernik, M. 1985. Die Hochmoore Sloweniens. Biol. vestnik. Vol. extraord,
1:1-239, Ljubljana.
Wraber, T. & Skoberne, P. 1989. RdeCi seznam ogroienih praprotaic in cvetnic SR Slovenije.
Varstvo narave, 14-15: 1-429, Ljubljana.
Thyra Solem

Vegetational history, history and development of blanket mires in central

Norway
University of Trondheim,Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Department of Botany, N-7004 Trondheim. Nonvay

Pollen analysis, 14C dating and peat stratigraphy from blanket mires covering drumlins
northwest of Trondheimsfjord show that the peat blanket started to form about 7,800 years ago
on the drumlin plateaux which then had a vegetation of scattered birch trees. From the
plateaux, the peat formation spread slowly down the slopes. The mire surface later bore a
cover of pines which disappeared about 4,900 years ago at the same time as peat formation
commenced at the foot of the drumlins where dense birch vegetation was buried and peat
growth spread upslope. The overall blanket of peat on the drumlins was completed well before
the onset of the Subatlantic chronozone.

Blanket mires on the upland plateau on Haramsfly in western Norway have a different history,
having formed simultaneously over large areas where grazing and regular burning of the
vegetation, in addition to deteriorating climatic conditions, resulted in peat formation about
3,000 years ago.

Eiliv Steinnes

Temporal and spatial trends of heavy metal deposition studied by analysing

peat cores from ombrotrophic bogs
University of Trondheirn, Department of Clemistry, College of Arts and Science, N-7055 Dragvoll. Nonvay

Atmospheric deposition is an important pathway for the supply of many chemical elements to
terrestrial systems, both from natural and anthropogenic processes. Cores from ombrotrophic
peat bogs are a useful tool for studying changes in deposition trends over the last few hundred
years, as well as geographical differences in the airborne supply of the elements concerned. The
talk will summarize work done on this topic in Norway over the last 15 years. The main
emphasis is put on elements such as Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb and Se, which are supplied to southern
Norway in appreciable amounts by long-range atmospheric transport from sources outside
Norway. Useful information is also obtained about elements supplied from the marine
environment, such as Mg, Sr, Br, I, B and Se. In the case of Se, the analysis of peat cores from
different parts of Norway shows quite convincingly the atmospheric supply both from natural
and anthropogenic processes.

Literature:
Hvatum, 0. @., Bfllviken, B. & Steinnes, E. 1983. Heavy metals in Norwegian ombrotrophic
bogs. Ecol. Bull. Stockholnz 35: 35 1-56.
a.,
Hvatum, 0. Bdviken, B. & Steinnes, E. 1985. Regional differences and temporal trends in
heavy metal deposition from the atmosphere studied by analyses of ombrotrophic peat.
Proc. int. con$ Heavy Metals in the Environment, New Orleans 1: 201-203.
Rob Stoneman

The Scottish Raised Bog Conservation Project

Scottish Wildlife Trust. Cramond House,Kirk Cramond. Edinburgh EH4 6N.!j.UK

The loss of raised bog in Scotland is staggering. The British National Peatlands Resource
Inventory estimated that only 2000 ha of raised bog remain in a fairly natural condition out of
an original resource of 25,000 h a Despite raised bog as an ecosystem now being close to
extinction in Scotland, sites are still threatened through road schemes (e.g. Gartshore Moss to
the M80), opencast coalmining (e.g. Blantyre Muir), peat extraction (e.g. Flanders Moss,
Fannyside Muir) and other developments. Perhaps more worrying is the neglect of our
remaining raised bogs. Scottish raised bogs have been subject to a long history of peripheral
peat cutting and drainage gradually altering their hydrology to the detriment of Sphagnum and
the benefit of birch.

On a more positive note, there is a greater commitment to conservation through increased

knowledge, increased legislation and increased awareness.

In Scotland, this commitment is reflected in the securing of EU LIFE funding to support the
Scottish Raised Bog Conservation Project which is being co-ordinated by Scottish Wildlife
Trust. The primary aim of this project is to conserve all of the remaining Scottish raised bog
resource, with secondary aims to set in train an expansion of the resource and to provide a
model for other EU countries.

To achieve these aims, the project will produce a working planlstrategy for the conservation of
the resource. A practical strategy which will genuinely be significant requires:

1. More information concerning the value of raised bog, the state of the present resource, the
technicalities of managing bogs and the threats to the resource.
2. The support, involvement and advice of other organisations.
3. Practical demonstration projects to use and evaluate both innovative and traditional bog
management techniques.
4. Demonstration projects to restore badly damaged sites.
5. Dissemination of information collected.
Michael Succow

Mire regeneration in northeast Germany

UniversiGt Greifswald, Bolanisches Inslitut. Grimmer Str. 88, 17489 Greifswald, Germany

In northeast Germany, about 500,000 ha of fens (about 7% of the land) have been drained du-
ring the last 200 years. During the last decades, these have mainly been used as sown
grasslands. At present, an Agropyron repens vegetation with low yield is growing on the
degraded fens. Cultivation has been abandoned over large areas. A research project has started
dealing with the conversion of these "problematic sites" into semi-aquatic ecosystems. The
acute shortage of water in the mires can be overcome by provision of pretreated waste water.
The establishment of peat-forming fen vegetation is planned: Phragmites australis, Carex sp.,
Alnus glutinosa, etc. In this way, areas accumulating organic material arise as well as filter
areas for the discharge of nutrients and pollutants, places for endangered plant and animal
species, areas where the ground water budget and the climate are stabilized on a landscape
scale and areas for the production of harvestable phytomass.

Michael Succow

Classification system for mire vegetation of central Europe

The high natural mire vegetation in central Europe can be subdivided into five ecological -
phytocoenological mire types:

mire type pH of the peat N, in relation to vegetation

C(Nc)
oligotrophic - acid <4.8 <3% Oxycocco -
Sphagnetea
mesotrophic - acid <4.8 3 - 4,9% Sphagno - Caricetalia

mesotrophic - 4.8 - 6.4 3 - 4,9% Caricetalia diandrae

subneutral
mesotrophic - >6.4 3 - 4.9% Tofieldietalia
calcareous
eutrophic 3.5 - 8 > 4.9% Magnocarici -
Phragmitetalia

Literature:
Succow, M. 1988. Landschafsokologische Moorkunde, VEB G. Fischer Verlag Jena.
Teilauflage Borntraeger-Verlag Stuttgart, 340 pp.
Succow, M. 1971. Vorschlag einer soziologischen Neuliederung der mineralbodenwasser
beeinflussten wachsenden Moorvegetation Mitteleuropas. Fedders Repertorium 85:
57-113.
Sigurd Mjplen Sistad & Asbjgrn Moen

Vegetational-region classification of mire localities in central Norway,

compared with species indicator-value classifications and climatic data
University o f Trondheim. Museum o f Natural History and Archamlology, Department of Botany, N-7004 Trondheirn, Norway

347 mire localities from central Norway were assigned to different vegetational regions (5
zones/belts and 4 sections) by their location on regional maps (Moen 1987, Moen & Odland
1993). The same localities were assigned to two regional indicator values for climate
(Ellenberg site scores). These were scored as mean temperature and continentality values for
the species present at each locality, using the regional indicator values Temperaturzahl' and
'KontinentaliBtszahl' in the list of Ellenberg et al. (1991). Finally, a set of climatic data was
obtained by spatial interpolation of meteorological observations to the latitude and longitude of
the localities (Leemans & Cramer 1991). The aim of this study was to compare the
vegetational-region classification with different climatic parameters. By comparing the same
climatic data set with regional indicator values for climate, we have tried to test whether such a
classification system, developed with a focus on central Europe, can be transferred to
Norwegian mire vegetation.

Locality-centred comparison
The Ellenberg site scores and the interpolated climatic data were compared with the
vegetational-region classification by discriminant analysis. The proportion of localities
classified to the correct zone or section, using each climatic variable and the Ellenberg site
score, was used to estimate the corroboration. In general, the interpolated climatic data
accounted for more of the zonal variation than the Ellenberg site scores. The mean temperature
of the coldest month and the Ellenberg index of continentality were the parameters that best
predicted the sectional affinities of the localities.

Species-centred comparison
The species indicator values T and K in Ellenberg et al. (1991) were compared with two
calculated sets of species indicator values: 1) The weighted average for the presence of each
species in the regions was used to calculate zonal and sectional indicator values, and 2) the
mean of a given climatic parameter at all sites where a species was present was used as an
indicator value for that climatic parameter (climatic species scores). Correlation analysis
between climatic species scores and the scores based on the two classification approaches
revealed the same trends as for the sites. However, a much higher correlation with climatic
species scores was found in zonal and sectional indicator values than in Ellenberg scores. This
indicates that transferring a species indicator value system like that of Ellenberg is of limited
value unless modifications are made to meet the varying conditions in the regions where the
system is applied. In this context, the derivation of local species indicator values based on, for
example, the weighted averages of the species present in vegetational regions seems more
appropriate, at least for scores aiming at describing the regional preferences of the species.

Literature:
Ellenberg, H., Weber, H.E., Diill, R., Wirth, V., Werner, W. & Paulissen, D. 1991. Zeigwerte
von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Scripta Geobotanica XVIII, 1-248.
Leemans, R. & Cramer, W. 1991. IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature
precipitation and clozidiness on a global terrestrial grid. RR-9 1 - 18 International
Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
Moen, A. 1987. The regional vegetation of Norway; that of Central Norway in particular.
Norsk Geograjisk Tidsskrif. 41: 179-226, 1 map.
Moen, A. & Odland, A. 1993. Vegetasjonsseksjoner i Norge. In: Krovoll, A. & Moen, A.
(red.). Fagmote i vegetasjons@kologip2 Kongsvoll 1993. Univ. Trondheim Rapp.
But. Ser. 1993 2: 37-53.

Tatsuichi Tsujii

Invitation to mires in Japan

Institute of Agreforestrial Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9.W-9Sapporo 060,Japan

The Japanese archipelago consists of more than 390 islands and extends about 3000 km from
north to south parallel to the eastern rim of the Eurasian continent. Compared to the size of
the islands, their mountains rise to high altitudes, and have deep gorges and varied landforms.
Under these circumstances, the climate of Japan clearly varies seasonally as well as regionally,
especially from north to south in the archipelago, and from the Sea of Japan to the Pacific
Ocean.

Three-quarters of the land area of the Japanese archipelago is mountainous. This area is
dissected by numerous small rivers and streams, and eroded slopes are generally steep. Most of
the plains and basins are covered in sands and gravels, and are dispersed throughout the
mountainous areas.

Flat areas, including plateaus, terraces and plains, have been used for agricultural activities
from ancient times. Especially in Honshu (Main Island), Shikoku and Kyushu, the plains which
are dominated by wetlands were originally mainly utilized as paddy fields.

On Hokkaido (the northernmost island), 80% of the wetland in Japan remains in its natural
state. The large mires originated from the damming up of embayments through sand-bar
growth when the sea level was rising in postglacial times. They are shallow and generally
eutrophic.

Some small, beautiful mires are scattered in mountain ranges or on the terrace along the
eastern Pacific coast and are mainly fed by rain and fog.
FrantiSek Urban

Protection of mires in the Czech Republic

Min. of the Environment, VrSovic4 65, 100 10 Praha 10, Czech Republic

A map shows the distribution of mires, protected mires and other main types of protected
areas in the Czech Republic. It is accompanied by a brief description and photographs of the
most interesting and important types of mire.

Luidmila Vakarenko

Green book of the Ukraine as a mirror of Ukrainian mires (representation

aspects)
252179 Kyiv 179. P.O.Box 190, Ecocentre, Ukraine

A green book of the Ukraine contains descriptions of 127 rare, disappearing and typical plant
communities; 12 of the communities are represented by bog vegetation.

Descriptions of rare bog communities requiring preservation include information about the
reasons for the desired protection and their ranking, ecological peculiarities of syntaxons,
phytocenotical and species diversity and the extent to which they are represented in the
protected areas of Ukraine.

The distribution of bog plant communities requiring preservation is shown on a map of the
Ukraine.

Literature:
Shelyag-Sosonko, Yu. R. (ed.). 1987. Green book of the UkrSSR: rare, vanishing and typical
plant communities reqiiiring preservation. 216 pp. Kiev (in Russian).
Sake van der Schaaf

Relations between acrotelm depth, phreatic levels and their seasonal

fluctuations, surface slope and drainage effects in a raised bog in the Irish
Midlands
Department of Water Resources, Agricultural University, NL6709PA Wageningen, ?he Netherlands

During 1990-1992, hydrological field research was carried out on Raheenmore Bog in County
Offaly. The bog comprises 162 ha and is typically dome shaped in cross section. The central
part is still in a fairly good condition; other parts have been affected by drainage and turf
cutting. Both have caused surface subsidence, resulting in increased surface slopes of a bog
surface that formerly was relatively flat.

The ground-water regime obviously has been influenced by the changed morphological
character of the bog. Ground-water levels not only are lower in the affected than in the
relatively unaffected parts, but their seasonal fluctuation is also considerably larger.
Generally, there is a good correlation between ground-water depth and the rate of fluctuation
expressed as standard deviation around the mean level. The correlation with slope is
somewhat less good (at least in part caused by the technique of determining the slope), but
still of an acceptable significance.

The water level fluctuations in the flat and relatively unaffected part remained within 0.20 m
below the surface during a two-year observation period from January 1990 through January
1992, whereas levels of about 1 m below the surface occurred locally in the more sloping
parts and near the disturbed margins.

The acrotelm was surveyed during the same period. The thickness of the top layer of
humification degree 4 or less on the scale of Von Post & Granlund was the parameter
surveyed. It was found that where the slope was about 0.5% or steeper, measured over a
distance of 100 m or more, the top 5-10 cm of the peat usually had a degree of humification
of 5-7, often overlying a layer with a lower degree of humification. This sequence could be
an indication of a relatively recent change in hydrological conditions, related to human
activities. This zone generally coincided with the zone of lowered ground-water levels and
increased level fluctuations.
Stepan Zaiko

Evolution and transformation of drained mires: ecological and economic

aftermath
Kirova 11- 19, Minsk, Belarus

Continuous monitoring of drained areas has been carried out. It was found that with increasing
length of agricultural use there was deterioration in the quality of water, the moisture capacity
of the soil, the amount of moisture available to plants, the absorption ability of the soil and the
structural state of the arable soil horizon, while the content of available phosphorus and
potassium increases. The loss of organic matter and changes in the properties of the peaty soil
lead to its transformation into mineral soil with 50 % less fertility. Research based on this
monitoring has led to models being developed for the evolution of peaty soils under different
conditions. If the level of drainage is optimal and a positive balance of organic matter is
maintained through the use of organic fertilizers, peaty soils will not be threatened with
destruction. If soils are ameliorated, the structure of the soil cover also changes. Some
methods for predicting changes in drained peaty soil have been worked out. More than
200,000 ha of ameleriorated peaty soils have so far been transformed into mineral soil in
Belarus, and it is forecast that this will increase by 110,000 ha by 2010.

Literature:
Zaiko, S. 1993. Change and forecast of the soil cover of the drainaged territories Soil cover
structure. Moscow.
Zaiko, S. 1990. Soil evolution of meliorated territories in Belarus. Minsk. (In Russian).
Zaiko, S. 1989. Drained peat soils evolution in Belarus - Czechoslovak soil science
conference, May 1989. Praha.
Stephen C. Zoltai

The use of peatland dynamics to indicate climatic change

Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 - 122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5

In the boreal region of Canada, permafrost is restricted to Sphagnum=dominatedpeatlands.

Concentrated in the northern part of the boreal forest, permafrost is present in palsas and peat
plateaus that are usually associated with collapse scars. These collapse scars are round to oval
in outline, have clearly defined edges and often contain dead, partially submerged trees. In the
mid-bored zone, bogs and fens have internal depressions which are roughly circular or ovoid in
outline, but have indistinct borders and are depressed only about 20 to 30 cm below the level
of the mire. A distinct layer of tree remains, needles, or feather mosses occurs in these
depressions, about 50 cm below the level of the fen. These internal depressions do not contain
permafrost at present but did in the recent past. Indications from radiocarbon and
dendrochronological dating are that widespread permafrost thawing commenced about the
middle of the 19th century and is still continuing. In the southern part of the boreal zone, there
are no internal depressions in the bogs, indicating that they did not contain permafrost. Here,
the bog peat is generally thin over the underlying fen peat. Radiocarbon dating indicates that
bog development was initiated about 2000 to 3000 years ago, possibly in response to cooler
and moister climatic conditions. Basal dates of fen peat along the southern margin of the boreal
zone indicate that fen development began only about 6000 years ago, covering marsh or
shallow pond deposits.

The following climatic changes are reflected in the peatlands of the boreal zone in western
Canada:

Before 6000 BP: dry, arid climate, no peatland development. 6000 to 3000 BP: cooler, moister
climate, with fen development. 3000 BP: cooler, moister climate, with bog development.
Permafrost initiated in bogs of northern regions. About 700 BP: colder climate allows
permafrost development in the mid-boreal region. About 150 BP: warmer climate thaws the
permafrost in the mid-boreal region.

Literature:
Vitt, D.H., Halsey, L.A. & Zoltai, S.C. 1994. The bog landforms of continental western
Canada in relation to climate and permafrost patterns. Arctic and Alpine Research 26:
000-000.
Zoltai, S.C. 1990. Holocene climatic change and the distribution of peatlands in western
interior Canada. Quaternary Research 33: 23 1-240.
 3. Preliminary programme, 15th june 1994

Regional Variation and Conservation of Mire Ecosystems

----m----- Time schedule for the Conference----------

M o n d a y 4th july
09.00 - 12.00 Registration, installation of posters and visit to Place: Suhmhuset (see map on back cover)
exhibitions at the Museum + plain lunch
Welcome Karsten Jakobsen (Rector of The University of
Trondheirn) and Peter Johan Schei (Director of
Opening of Conference
the Directorate for Nature Management,
Norway)
SESSION I -
IMCG WORK, PERSPECTIVES AND Chairman: Richard Lindsay
RESOLUTIONS
12.30 -
Living close to the edge peatland Richard Lindsay (Scottish Natural Heritage,
conservation and classification U.K)
12.50 Proceedings of the 1992 International Mire
- Conservation Group Symposium in
Andreas Grilnig (Swiss Federal Inst. for
Forest, Snow and Landscape Research,
Switzerland Switzerland)
13.10 Status of European mires - distribution, threats Michael Lbfroth (The National Environmental
and protection Protection Agency, Sweden)
13.30 Summary ofthe session
13.40 Coffee break
SESSION I1 TERMINOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, Chairman: Cerry Doyle
REGIONALITY
14.00 Introduction Geny Doyle (Faculty of Science, University
College Dublin, Ireland)
14.05 Major mire vegetation units in relation to the Antoni W. H. Damman (Dept. of Ecol. and
concepts of ornbrotrophy: a world-wide Evolutionary Biol., University of Connecticut,
perspective U.S.A)
14.35 Classification systems for mires in Norway Asbjorn Moen (Museum of Nat. Hist. and
Archaeology, University of Trondheim)
14.55 Bogs and fens on the vegetation map of Kamil Rybnicek (Bot. Inst., Academy of
Europe Sciences, Czech Republic)
15.15 Coffee break
15.35 Classification system of mire vegetation of Michael Succow (Bot. Inst., University of
Central Europe Greifswald, Germany)
15.55 The approaches to typology of mire systems Tatjana Jurkovskaja (Komarov Bot. Inst.,
Russian Academy of Science, Russia)
16.15 The Sphagnum flora of Norway Kjell Ivar Flatberg (Museum ofNat. Hist and
Archaeology, University of Trondheim)
16.35 Summary of the session
16.45 Introduction to the excursion to Runnyra
18.00 Departure for Ringve from Ambassadeur
hotel/Suhtnhuset
18.15 Guided tour at the Ringve Botanical Garden
19.30 Dinner at Ringve
 International Mire Conservation Group

Time Schedule for the Conference

Tuesday 5th July
SESSION 111 EXCURSION TO RQRMYRA
08.30 Departure by bus from Ambassadeur hotell
Suhmhuset
09.00 Arrival at R ~ r m y r a
1 1.45 Departure from b r m y r a
12.00 Lunch at Suhmhuset
SESSION IV INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION WORLD - Chairman: Antoni W.H. Damman
WIDE SURVEY, GENERAL TOPICS
13.00 Introduction Antoni W.H. Damman
13-05 The Golden Flow: Recent development and future Hans Joosten (Laboratory of Palaeobotany
perspectives in international peat trade and Palynology, Utrecht, Netherlands)
13-25 Modem position in mire conservation: world Marina Botch (Komarov Bot. Inst., Russian
picture Academy of Science, Russia)
13.55 The use of peatland dynamics to indicate climatic Stephen Zoltai (Northern Forestry Centre,
change Alberta, Canada)
14.35 Coffee break
14.55 Temporal and spatial trend of heavy metal Eiliv Steinnes (Dept. of Chemistry, College
deposition studied by analysis of peat cores from of Arts & Science, University o f -
omrotrophic bogs Trondheim)
15.15 Microclimate and physical properties of peat: new Ph. Grosvemier, Y. Matthey and A. Buttler
clues to the understanding of bog restoration (all at Bot. Inst., University of Neuchgtel,
processes Switzerland)
15.45 Summary of the session
SESSION V MIRE DISTRIBUTION & PROTECTION; Chairman: Kamil Rybnicek
NATIONAL SURVEYS: EASTERN EUROPE
16.05 Introduction Kamil Rybnicek
16.10 Belarus: Nikolai N. Bambalov (Inst. for Problems of
Natural Resource Usage & Ecol., Acadamy
Problems of biospherically compatible bog
of Science, Belarus)
resources
Problems of restoration and rational utilization Ivan Lishtvan (Inst. for Problems of
of cutover peat deposits Natural Resource Usage & Ecol., Academy
of Science, B e l a ~ S )
Evolution and transformation of drained mires: Stepan Zaiko (Belarus)
Ecological and economical aftermath
16.40 Estonia: State of Estonian mires - past, present and Mati Ilomets (Inst. of Ecol., Tallin,
future alternatives Estonia)
16.55 Latvia: Latvian mires and their conservation Mara Pakalne (Dept. of Bot. and Ecol.,
problems University of Latvia, Latvia)
17.10 Coffee break and posters
 Regional Variation and Conservation of Mire Ecosystems

Time Schedule for the Conference

Tuesday 5th July
POSTERS
Czech Rep. Protection of mires in the Czech republic FrantiSek Urban (Ministry of the
Environment, Czech Republic)
Estonia The golden eagle in Estonian mires Randla Tiit (Ministry of the Environment,
Estonia)
Hungary Restoration and management program of peat- Atilla Molnkr (Hortobfigy National Park,
bogs on the NE Hungarian lowland Hungary)
Lithuania Mires of Lithuania and their conservation Eugenijus Drobelis (Environmental
Protection Department, Lithuania)
Poland Hydrological types of mires in Polish lowlands Marek Kloss (Inst. of Plant Ecol., Polish
and related vegetation Academy of Sciences, Poland) and Jadwiga
Sienkiewicz (Environment Protection Inst.,
Poland)
-
Inventory a key to sound protection of mires in Janina Jarnowska and Leslaw Wolejko
Western Pomerania, Poland (both at Bot. Dept., Acricultural University,
Poland)
Ukraina Green book of Ukraine as a mirror of Ukrainian Luidmila Vakarenko (Ecocentre, Kiev,
mires Ukraine)
SESSION V
CONTINUED
17.45 Slovenia: Peat-bogs and their conservation in Peter Skoberne (Slovenia)
Slovenia
18.00 Poland: Distribution and conservation of mires in Jadwiga Sienkiewicz and Marek Kloss
Poland
18.15 Russia: Mires and their conservation Vladimir Antipin (Biol. Inst., Karelian
Research Centre, Russia)
18.30 Slovakia: Mires of Slovakia Izabela Hkberovi (Slovak Agency for the
Environment)
18.45 Ukraine: Mires of Ukraine: current situation and Yaroslav Movchan (Ecocentre, Kiev,
perspectives on conservation Ukraine)
19.00 Summary of the session
20.00 Dinner at Pinocchio restaurant
 International Mire Conservation Group

Time Schedule for the Conference

W e d n e s d a y 6th July
SESSION V1 MIRE DISTRIBUTION & CONSERVATION Chairman: Hans Joosten
NATIONAL SURVEYS: WESTERN EUROPE
08.30 Introduction Hans Joosten
08.35 Austria: Applying ground water mound theory to Olivia Bragg (Dundee University, U.K)
bog management on Piirgschachenmoos in Austria and Gert Michael Steiner (Dept. of
Vegetation Ecol. and Conservation Biol.,
University of Vienna, Austria)
08.55 Finland: The botanical value of protected mire Seppo Eurola and Pentti Hanhela (both at
sites in the southern Aapa mire area Dept. of Bot., University of Oulu, Finland)
09.15 Germany: Mire-regeneration in Northeast Michael Succow
Germany
09.35 Ireland: Relations between acrotelm depth, Sake van der Schaaf (Dept. of Water
phreatic levels and their seasonal fluctuations, Resources, Agricultural University,
surface slope and drainage effects in a raised bog Netherlands)
in the Irish midlands
09.55 Scotland: The Scottish raised bog conservation Rob Stoneman (The Scottish Wildlife
project Trust, Scotland)
10.15 Coffee break
10.35 Sweeden: Wetland-inventory in Vasterbotten Susanne R. Forslund (County
county administration, VSisterbotten county,
Sweden)
10.55 Switzerland: Monitoring the bogs and the Roland Haab (Swiss Federal Inst. for
transitional mires of Switzerland (protection, Forest, Snow and Landscape Research,
management and vegetation development) Switzerland)
11.15 Summary o f f h e session
SESSION V11 MIRE DISTRIBUTION & CONSERVATON Chairman: Stephen Zoltai
NATIONAL SURVEYS OUTSIDE EUROPE
11.30 Introduction Stephen Zoltai
11.35 Canada:Peatland sustainability in Canada Clayton Rubec (Canadian Wildlife Service,
Ottawa, Canada)
1 1.55 Lesotho: Mires in Lesotho: their vegetation and Ingvar BackCus (Dept. of Ecol. and Bot.,
need of conservation Uppsala University, Sweden)
12.15 Lunch and posters

POSTERS (to Sessions V1,VII and VIII)

Finland A complementary mire conservation programme Raimo Heikkila (Research Centre of the
for Finnland Nature Reserve "Friendship", Finland)
Restoration of drained boreal mires in Finland Taipo Lindholm and Hanna Heikkila (both
at National Board of Waters and the
Environment, Finland)
Ireland Internationally important raised bogs threatened Peter Foss (Irish Peatland Conservation
Council, Ireland)
Germany Karst mires in the National-park of Jasmund Lebrecht Jeschke (National park
(Isle of Rugen) administration, Meclenburg-Vorpommern,
Germany) and Christina Paulson
(Germany)
 Regional Variation and Conservation of Mire Ecosystems

Time Schedule for the Conference

Wednesday 6th July
POSTERS (to Sessions VI,VII and VIII)

Japan Ecology of bentic invertebrates in mire waters Toshio Iwakuma and Ryuhei Ueno (both at
Environmental Biol. Division, National
Inst. for Environmental Studies, Japan)

Norway Conservation and management of mires Ingerid Angell-Petersen (Directorate for

in Norway Nature Management, Norway)
Vegetational changes in rich fen vegetation Asbjerrn Moen, Trond Amesen, Egil I.
induced by hay-cutting at Solendet nature reserve. Aune and D. I. 0ien (all at The Museum of
Nat. Hist. and Archaeology, University of
Trondheim)
Regional variation and conservation of mires in Asbjerm Moen, Stein Singsaas and Sigurd
Norway S h a d (all at the Dept. of Bot., The
Museum of Nat. Hist and Archaeology .,
University of Trondheim)
Vegetational history; history of development of Thyra Solem (Dept. of Bot., The Museum
blanket mires in Central Norway of Nat. Hist. and Archaeology, University
of Trondheim)
Vegetation region classification of mire localities S. Sastad and A. Moen (both at Dept. of
in central Norway compared to species indicator- Bot., The Museum of Nat. Hist. and
value classifications and to climatic data. Archaeology, University of Trondheim)
SESSION MIRE DISTRIBUTION, CONSERVATION Chairman: Olav Nord-Varhaug
V111 NATIONAL SURVEY: MIRES IN NORWAY
13.30 Introduction Olav Nord-Varhaug (Directorate for Nature
Management, Norway)
13.35 Vegetational history; history of development of Thyra Solem
blanket mires in Central Norway
13.55 Regional variation and conservation of mires in Asbjerrn Moen, Stein Singsaas and Sigurd
Norway Shad
14.15 Conservation and management of mires lngerid Angell-Petersen
in Norway

14.30-15.00 SUMMARY O F CONFERENCE

CONCLUSIONS
15.00 C o f i e atid posters

Friday 15th July

Final session at tlie museum

10.00 Intoduction
10.10 Gcert Rayemakers: ..
Mire Conservation in the European-Union as a result of the Habitat Directive, Bird
Directive and Financial Instruments ACE and LIFE
10.30 Tatsuichi Tsujii ( ~ a c u l t ~ ~b~f r i c u l t u rHokkaido
e, University, Japan):
Invitation to mires in Japan
10.50 ~esolutions.IMCG in the future. Election of board members
14.00 End of Field Symposium
K. NORSKE VIDENSK. SELSK. MUS. RAPP. BOT. SER. 1974-86
UNN. TRONDHEIM VITENSK. MUS. RAPP. BOT. SER. 1987-

1974 1 Klokk, T. Myrundersplkelser i Trondheimsregionen i forbindelse rned den norske myrreservat-

planen. 30 S. kr 20,-
2 Bretten, S. Botaniske undersakelser i forbindelse rned generalplanarbeidet i Snillfjord kommune,
Sar-Trandelag. 24 S. utgitt
3 Moen, A. & T. Klokk. Botaniske vemeverdier i Tydal kommune, Sar-Trandelag. 15 S. utgitt
4 Baadsvik, K. Registreringer av verneverdig smndengvegetasjon langs Trondheimsfjorden
sommeren 1973. 65 S. kr 40,-
5 Moen, B.F. Undersdkelser av botaniske verneverdier i Rennebu kommune, S@-TrBndelag.
52 S. utgitt
6 Sivemen, S. Botanisk befaring i hbjOravassdraget 1972.20 S. utgitt
7 Baadsvik, K. Verneverdig strandbergvegetasjon langs Trondheimsfjorden- forelapig rapport.
19 S. kr 20,-
8 Flatberg, K. I. & B. Szther. Botanisk verneverdige omrAder i Trondheimsregionen. 51 S. utgitt

1975 1 Flatberg, K. I. Botanisk vemeverdige onu%deri Rissa kommune, S@-Trandelag. 45 S. utgitt

2 Bretten, S. Botaniske undersakelser i forbindelse rned generalplanarbeidet i Afjord kommune,
Sar-Trandelag. 51 S. kr 40,-
3 Moen, A. MyrundersCelser i Rogaland. Rapport i forbindelse rned den norske myrreservat-
planen. 127 S. kr 40,-
4 Hafsten, U. & T. Solem. Naturhistoriske undersakelser i ForradalsornrBdet - et suboceanisk,
haytliggende myromrAde i Nord-Trandelag. 46 S. kr 20,-
5 Moen, A. & B. F. Moen. Vegetasjonskart som hjelpemiddel i arealplanleggingen p%Nerskogen,
Sar-Trandelag. 168 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-

Aune, E. I. Botaniske undersakjingar i sarnband rned generalplanarbeidet i Hemne kommune.

S0r-Trandelag. 76 S. kr 40,-
Moen, A. Botaniske undersakelser p i Kvikne i Hedmark, rned vegetasjonskart over Inner-
dalen. 100 s., 1 pl. utgitt
Flatberg, K. I. Klassifisering av flora og vegetasjon i ferskvann og sump. 39 S. kr 20,-
Kjelvik, L. Bomiske undersplkelser i SnBsa kornmune, Nord-Trprndelag. 55 S. kr 40,-
Hagen, M. Botaniske undersakelser i Gr@vuomrideti Sunndal kommune, Mare og Romsdal.
57 S. kr 40,-
Sivertsen, S. & A. Erlandsen. Forelldpig liste over Basidiomycetes i Rana, Nordland. 15 S. kr 20,-
Hagen, M. & J. Holten. Undersakelser av flora og vegetasjon i et subalpint omr%de,Rauma
kommune, Mare og Romsdal. 82 S. kr 40,-
Flatberg, K. I. MyrundersBkelser i Sogn og Fjordane og Hordaland i forbindelse rned den
norske myrreservatplanen. 1 12 S. kr 40,-
Moen, A., L. Kjelvik, S. Bretten, S. Sivertsen & B. Saxher. Vegetasjon og flora i 0vre
Forradalsomddet i Nord-Trandelag, med vegetasjonskart. 135 S., 2 pl. kr 60,-

1977 1 Aune, E. I. & 0 . Kjzrem. Botaniske undersakingar ved Vefnsavassdraget, rned vegetasjonskart.
138 S. 4 pl. kr 60,-
2 Sivertsen, I. Botaniske undersakelser i Tydal kommune, S0r-Trandelag. 49 S. kr 20,-
3 Aune, E. I. & 0.Kjrerem. Vegetasjon i planlagte magasin i Bj@llidalenog Stormdalen, rned
vegetasjonskart i l :l 0 000, Saltfjellet/Svartisen-prosjektet.Botanisk delrapport nr. 1. 65 S.,
2 p]. kr 60,-
4 Badsvik, K. & J. Suul (red.). Biologiske registreringer og verneinteresser i Litlvatnet, Agdenes
kommune i Sar-Trandelag. 55 S. kr 40,-
5 Aune, E. I. & 0.Kjzrem. Vegetasjonen i Saltfjellomr,Sdet,med vegemjonskart Bjdlidal
2028 I1 i 1 5 0 000. Snltfjellet/Svartisen-prosjektet.Bounisk delrapport nr. 2. 75 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
6 Moen, J. & A. Moen. Flora og vegetasjon i Tromsdalen i Verdnl og Levanger, Nord-Trandelag,
med vegetasjonskart. 94 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
7 Frisvoll, A. A. Undersakelser av mosefloraen i Trornsdalen i Verdal og Levanger, Nord-
Trandelag, med hovedvekt p i kalkmosefloraen. 37 S. kr 20,-
8 Aune, E. I., 0.Kjaerem & J. I. Koksvik. Botaniske og ferskvassbiologiske undersakingar ved
og i rnidtre Rismilsvatnet, Raday kommune, Nordland. 17 S. kr 20,-
1978 1 Elven, R. Vegetasjonen ved Flatisen og 0sterdalsisen, Rana, Nordland, rned vegetasjonskart over
Vesterdalen i 1:15 000. SaltfjelleVSvartisen-prosjektet.Botanisk delrapport nr. 3. 83 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
2 Elven, R. Botaniske undersokelser i Rien-Hyllingen-omridet, Roros, Sor-Tr0ndelag. 53 S. kr 40,-

3 Aune, E. I. & 0. Kjaerem. Vegetasjonsundersdkingari samband rned planene for Saltdal-. Beiarn-.
Stor-Glomfjord- og Melfjordutbygginga. SaltfjelletISvartisen-prosjektet. Botanisk delrapport nr. 4.
49 S. kr 20,-
4 Holten, J. I. Verneverdige edellauvskoger i TMndehg. 199 S. kr 40,-
5 Aune, E. I. & 0. Kjaerem. Floraen i SaltfjelletlSvartisen-omfidet.SaltfjelleVSvartisen-prosjektet.
Botanisk delrapport nr. 5. 86 S. kr 40,-
6 Aune, E. I. & 0. Kjaerem. Botaniske registreringar og vurderingar. SaltfjelleVSvartisen-prosjektet.
Botanisk sluttrapport. 78 S., 4 pl. kr 60,-
7 Frisvoll, A. A. Mosefloraen i omrhdet Borrdsen-Bar0ya-Nedre Tynes ved Levanger. 82 S. kr 40,-
8 Aune, E. I. Vegetasjonen i Vassfaret, Buskerud/Oppland rned vegetasjonskart 1:10 000. 67 S.,
6 pl. kr 60,-

1979 1 Moen, B. F. Flora og vegetasjon i omrAdet Borrdsen-Bar0ya-Kattangen. 71 S., 1 pl. kr 40,-

2 Gjaerevoll, 0.Oversikt over flora og vegetasjon i Oppdal kommune, S0r-Trondelag. 44 S. kr 20,-
3 Torbergsen, E. M. Myrunders0kelser i Oppland i forbindelse rned den norske myrreservatplanen.
68 S. kr 40,-
4 Moen, A. & M. Selnes. Botaniske undersgkelser pS Nord-Fosen, rned vegetasjonekart. 96 S.,
1 pl. kr 60,-
5 Kofoed, J. -E. Myrundersokingar i Hordaland i sarnband rned den norske myrrese~atplanen.
Supplerande undersokingar. 5 1 S. kr 40.-
6 Elven, R. Botaniske verneverdier i Roros, S0r-Trondelag. 158 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
7 Holten, J. I. Botaniske undersgkelser i 0vre Sunndalen. Grdalen, Lindalen og nzrliggende
[email protected] undersakelser i 10-ksverna vassdrag. Delrapport 1. 32 S. kr 20,-

1980 1 Aune, E. I., S. Aa. Hatlelid & 0. Kjaerem. Botaniske undersgkingar i Kobbelv- og Hellemo-
omddet, Nordland med vegetasjonskart i 1:10 000. 122 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
2 Gjaerevoll, 0.Oversikt over flora og vegetasjon i Trollheimen. 42 S. kr 20,-
3 Torbergsen, E. M. Myrundersgkelser i Buskerud i forbindelse rned den norske myrreservatplanen.
104 S. kr 40,-
4 Aune, E. I., S. Aa. Hatlelid & 0.Kjarem. Botaniske undersokingar i Eiteddalen, Vefsn og
Krutvatnet, Hattfjelldal. 58 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
5 Baadsvik, K., T. Klokk & 0 . I. Rprnning (red.). Fagmote i vegetasjons0kologi pS Kongsvoll,
16. - 18.3 1980. 279 S. kr 60,-
6 Aune, E. I. & J. I. Holten. Flora og vegetasjon i vesue Grodalen, Sunndal kommune, More og
Romsdal. 40 S., 1 pl. kr 60,-
7 Saether, B., T. Klokk & H. Taagvold. Flora og vegetasjon i Gaulas nedwrfelt, Sor-Trondelag og
Hedmark. Botaniske undersakelser i 10-ksverna vassdrag. Delrapport 2. 154 S., 3 pl. kr 60,-

Moen, A. Oppdragsforskning og vegetasjonskartlegging ved Botanisk avdeling, DKNVS, Museet.

49 S. kr 20,-
Saether, B. Flora og vegetasjon i N e h nedwrfelt, Nord-Tr0ndelag. Botaniske undersokelser i
10-hverna vassdrag. Delrapport 3. 39 S. kr 20,-
Moen, A. & L. Kjelvik. Botaniske undersokelser i GarbergselvaRotla-omrldet i Selbu, S0r-
Tr0ndelag, med vegetasjonskart. 106 S., 2 pi. kr 60.-
Kofoed, J. -E. Forsok med kalibrering av ledningsevnemiilere. 14 S. kr 20,-
Baadsvik, K., T. Klokk & 0. I. Rgnning (red.). Fagmote i vegemsjons0kologi p l Kongsvoll
15.-17.3.1981. 261 S. kr 60,-
Sather, B., S. Bretten, M. Hngen, H. Tnagvold & L. E. Vold. Flora og vegetasjon i Drivas ned-
Wrfelt, Mgre og Romsdal, Oppland og Sbr-Trgindelag. Botaniske unders0kelser i 10-Arsverna
vassdrag. Delrapport 4. 127 S. kr 40,-
Moen, A. & A. Pedersen. Myrundersgkelser i Agder-fylkene og Rogaland i forbindelse rned den
norske myrreservatplanen. 252 S. kr 60,-
Iversen, S. T. Botaniske undersgkelser i forbindelse rned generalplanarbeidet i Frgya kommune,
Sor-Trgndelag. 63 S. kr 40,-
 9 Saether, B., J. -E. Kofoed & T. 0iaas. Flora og vegetasjon i Ognas og Skjaekras nedbprrfelt, Nord-
Trgndelag. Botaniske undersakelser i 10-hsverna vassdrag. Delrapport 5. 67 S. kr 20,-
10 Wold, L. E. Flora og vegetasjon i Tois nedbprrfelt, M0re og Romsdal og S0r-Trgndelag.
Botaniske undersgkelser i 10-hverna vassdrag. Delrapport 6. 58 S. kr 40,-
11 Baadsvik, K. Flora og vegetasjon i Leksvik komrnune, Nord-Tr0ndelag. 89 S. kr 40,-

1982 1 Selnes, M. og B. Srether. Flora og vegetasjon i Splrlivassdraget, Nord-Trandelag. Botaniske

undersldkelser i 10-hsverna vassdrag. Delrapport 7. 95 S. kr 40,-
2 Nettelbladt, M. Flora og vegetasjon i Lomsdalsvassdraget, Helgeland i Nordland. Botaniske
undersakelser i 10-hverna vassdrag. Delrapport 8. 60 S. kr40,-
3 Saether, B. Flora og vegetasjon i Iswas nedbprrfelt, Mare og Romsdal. Botaniske undersakelser
i 10-hverna vassdrag. Delrapport 9. 19 S. kr 20,-
4 Saether, B. Flora og vegetasjon i Snhavatnet, Nord-Trandelag. Botaniske undersakelser i
10-hverna vassdrag. Delrapport 10. 3 1 S. kr 20,-
5 Saether, B. & A. Jakobsen. Flora og vegetasjon i Stj0rdalselvas og Verdalselvas nedbplrfelt,
Nord-Tr0ndelag. Botaniske undersgkelser i 10-ksverna vassdrag. Delrapport 11. 59 S. kr 40,-
6 Kristiansen, J. N. Regisuering av edellauvskoger i Nordland. 130 S. kr 40,-
7 Holten, J. I. Flora og vegetasjon i Lurudalen, Snlsa kommune, Nord-Trondelag. 76 S., 2 pl. kr 60,-
8 Baadsvik, K. & 0 . I. R0nning (red.). Fagmgte i vegetasjons0kologi p%Kongsvoll 14.-16.3.1982.
259 S. kr 60,-

1983 1 Moen, A, og medarbeidere. Myrundersprkelser i Nord-Tr0ndelag i forbindelse med den norske

myrreservatplanen. 160 S. kr 40,-
2 Holten, J. I. Flora- og vegetasjonsunders0kelseri nedbdrfeltene for Sanddola og Luru i Nord-
Trgndelag. 148 S. kr 40,-
3 Kjaerem, 0. Fire edellauvskogslokalitetar i Nordland. 15 S. kr 20,-
4 Moen, A. Myrundersakelser i S0r-Trondelag og Hedmark i forbindelse med den norske myr-
reservatplanen. 138 S. kr 40,-
5 Moen, A. & T. 0.Olsen. Myrundersflkelser i Sogn og Fjordane i forbindelse med den norske
myrreservatplanen. 37 S. kr 20,-
6 Andersen, K. M. Flora og vegetasjon ved Ormsetvamet i Verran, Nord-Tr0ndelag. 37 S., 1 pl.kr 60,-
7 Baadsvik, K. & 0. I. Ranning (red.). Fagmate i vegetasjons0kologi p%Kongsvoll7.-8.3.1983.
131 S. kr 40,-

Krovoll, A. Unders0kelser av rik Igvskog i Nordland, nordlige del. 40 S. kr 20,-

Granmo, A. Rike Uvskoger p%Ofotfjordens nordside. 46 S. kr 20,-
Andersen, K. M. Flora og vegetasjon i indre Visten, Vevelstad, Nordland. 53 S., l pl. kr 60,-
Holten, J. I. Flora- og vegetasjonsundersokelser i Raumavassdraget, rned vegetasjonskart i
M 1:50 000 og 1:150 000. 141 S., 2 pl. kr 60,-
Moen, A. Myrunders0kelser i More og Romsdal i forbindelse med den norske myrreservatplanen.
86 S. kr 40,-
Andersen, K. M. Vegetasjon og flora i @re Stj0rdalsvassdraget,MerAker, Nord-Tr0ndelag.
83 S., 2 pl. kr 60,-
Baadsvik, K. & 0 . I. R0nning (red.). Fagmate i vegetasjons0kologi p l Kongsvoll 18.-20.3.1984.
107 S. kr 40,-

1985 1 Singsaas, S. & A. Moen. Regionale studier og vern av myr i Sogn og Fjordane. 74 S. kr 40,-
2 Bretten, S. & A. Moen (red.). Fagmate i vegetasjonsZkologi p%Kongsvoll 1985. 139 S. kr 40,-

1986 1 Singsaas, S. Flora og vegetasjon i OrrnsetomrAdet i Verran, Nord-Tr0ndelag. Supplerende

undersgkelser. 25 S. kr 20,-
2 Bretten, S. & 0. I. Ronning (red.). Fagmote i vegetasjons0kologi p%Kongsvoll 1986. 132 S. kr 40,-

1987 1 Breuen, S. & 0. I. Rbuning (red.). Fagmgte i vegetasjons@kologip%Kongsvoll 1987. 63 S. kr 40,-

1988 1 Bretten, S. & 0.I. Ronning (red.). Fagmate i vegetasjons@kologip%Kongsvold 1988. 133 S. kr 40,-

1989 1 Wilmann, B. & A. Baudouin. EDB-basert framstilling av botaniske utbredelseskart. 21 S. +

10 kart. kr 20.-
 2 Bretten, S. & 0.I. Rdnning (red.). Fagmgte i vegetasjonsdkologip%Kongsvold 1989. 136 S. kr 40,-

1990 1 Singsaas, S. Botaniske undersdkelser i vassdrag i Trdndelag for Verneplan IV. 101 S. kr 40,-

1991 1 Singsaas, S. Konsesjonspaagte botaniske undersdkelser i reguleringssonen ved

Storglomfjordutbygginga, Meldy, Nordland. 35 S. kr 20,-
2 Bretten, S. & A. Krovoll (red.). Fagmgte i vegetasjonsdkologip%Kongsvold 1990 og 1991.
168 S. kr 40,-

1992 1 Bretten, S. & A. Krovoll (red.). Fagmdte i vegetasjonsdkologip%Kongsvold 1992. 100 S. kr40,-

1993 1 Arnesen, T., A. Moen & D.-I. 0ien. Sdlendet naturreservat. Oversyn over aktiviteteten i 1992
og sammendrag for DN-prosjektet "Sdlendet". 62 S. kr 40,-
2 Krovoll, A. & A. Moen (red.). Fagmdte i vegetasjonsdkologip%Kongsvoll 1993.76 S. kr 40,-

1994 1 Moen, A. & R. Binns (eds.). Regional variation and conservation of mire ecosystems.
Summary of papers. 61 S. kr 40,-
ISBN 82 - 7126 - 854 - 6
ISSN 0802 - 2992
 ISBN 82 - 7126 - 854 - 6
ISSN 0802 - 2992

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