International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-6

Spatio-Temporal Urban Sprawl Analysis And

Evaluation Using Gis For Lucknow City
M.B. Sridhar, R. Sathyanathan, Shalu Ann Shaji

Abstract: The urban population of India has increased amount of land that has been urbanized. Moreover, the social
excessively during the past decades. This population increase is and economic conditions change with the increase in density
due to the migration of people from rural areas to cities. of population[2]. The term sprawl is described as a
Utilization of land is determined to change according to the
low-density growth or an unplanned growth which spreads
development of cities over the years. Urban sprawl leads to loss of
agricultural lands, open spaces, and loss of surface water. Due to
outside the urban development in the fringes and suburbs of
the rapid unplanned change in the environment, it is necessary to the city. The basic idea of urban sprawl is the gradual
understand the changes in land use so as to identify the utilization development of a low-density area to a high-density area or a
of land for every city. With Geographic Information System (GIS), dispersed development over time undergoing alterations in
analysis of land use and land cover can be investigated. In this the land consumptions in various manners. In some cases, the
paper, efforts has been made to analyze the land utilization from land becomes more compact, hence developed. Sometimes
1999-2017 for a two decade period for the city of Lucknow. Urban sprawl in small clusters or patches occurs outside the existing
sprawl has been quantified with landscape metrics using GIS. The
urban area which can be called as fragmentation. With the
analysis proved an increased dispersion of cities and conversion of
vacant lands to developed lands with the growth of population. rapid growth of the cities, acquiring accurate data for the
Therefore it is essential to understand the urban growth pattern study of these sprawls becomes a substantial factor in order to
for proper urban planning. clearly identify the changes occurring on the land. Traffic
congestions, population growth, low price of lands, increased
Index Terms: Urban sprawl, Remote sensing, Urbanization, infrastructure, and reduction of environment quality are some
Spatial metrics of the consequences for sprawl[3]. Sprawl can be minimized
by introducing various policies such as controlling travels,
I. INTRODUCTION participation in providing infrastructures costs, creating urban
Cities are developed economically, socially and most boundaries, urban consolidation, controlling growth,
importantly it is driven by population growth. In search of protecting lands and considering the redevelopment of inner
improved lifestyle and better job opportunities, there are high regions[3]Satellite images provide maps covering large
rates of rural-urban migration occurring in and around cities. geographical area giving accurate patterns of land use ranging
With the development of cities, there is a need to quantify or from various time periods. Numerous studies have been done
measure the amount of growth taking place in these areas. The for various cities in India and other countries to measure the
population of India has doubled during the last five decades, transformations taking place over time. [4]utilized Thematic
concurrently the urban population has increased by five times. Mapper(TM) images for three different decades to analyze
Rapid urbanization has been taking place during the past the land use. The results showed an increased expansion of
thirty years in India[1]. Various researches were conducted in the city towards traffic infrastructure and industrial estates
different manners to quantify urban sprawl. Over the years, which also led to the loss of a huge amount of arable lands.
remote sensing has played an important role in identifying [5]examined urban growth for 28 years and observed that
land use and land cover changes. When population increases, agriculture land and vacant land has been converted to
population density per sq.km also increases, thereby more residential lands. While agriculture lands and vacant lands
reduce it has also been proved that the existing built-up land
has increased and rapid urbanization has developed in the
fringes of the city[6]. [7]developed seven urban classes for
the analysis of Kolkata urban agglomeration in which
municipalities and the Kolkata Municipal Coperation located
Revised Manuscript Received on April 07, 2019.
Shalu Ann Shaji, Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil around the Hooghly River have evolved to fast urban growth,
Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, leading to 17% increase over ten year period. [8]attempts to
Chennai, India. find the change detection in Mansoura and Talkha cities of
M.B. Sridhar, Assistant professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur,
Egypt and the results showed that there has been a difference
Chennai, of more than 30% of urban land from 1985 to 2010 which
R. Sathyanathan, Associate professor, Department of Civil subsequently decreased agricultural land by 33%. The rapid
Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur,
expansion of cities and sprawling of cities leads to loss of
Chennai, India.
utility services, recreational services and these lands once
converted cannot be recovered.
[9]explains 592 hectares of
land being lost and
unrecoverable with the

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 Spatio-Temporal Urban Sprawl Analysis And Evaluation Using Gis For Lucknow City

increasing demand for agricultural use. To quantify the land due to the rapid growth of population and therefore an
use and land dynamics, Delhi region was divided into 4 zones unplanned increase in residential areas is more noticed than
with 1 km incrementing buffer circles and the results showed planned residential areas. This is due to the availability of
more compact urban placements were in the center and the barren land or unused agricultural land which paves the way
periphery and the buffer areas were more dispersed than the to the increased outgrowth of cities[9]. Therefore it is
urban center[10]. Illegal urban settlements can be discovered important to have more of planned urbanization rather than
through a multi-method process with human and remote encouraging the development of unplanned urbanization.
sensing data and this method can be a better path for the Supervised classification is the most widely used method for
assessment of illegal advancement[11]. Classifying of land extracting information from the raster for the analysis of land
use and land cover and while quantifying the land use, several use and land cover. This research paper focuses on the study
names were given for the kind of sprawl taking place. of the urban sprawl of Lucknow city from 1999- 2017 using
Coalescence phase, diffusion phase, and marginal growth are the combined classification method. It also attempts to find
several patterns of sprawl that have been identified for main out the proportion of area that has been dispersed for three
cities, suburbs and cantonments[12]. There are several ways years by considering Shannon’s entropy.
to measure sprawl and these are called spatial metrics.
Quantitative metrics are used to compute the development II. STUDY AREA
patterns of a landscape [13]. There are different types of Being the largest city of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow stands the
spatial metrics such as landscape metrics, patch density, shape eleventh most populous city and the twelfth most populous
metrics, clumpiness index, Shannon’s entropy, patch area urban agglomeration of India. The district covers an area of
distribution and many others[14]. Enumerating Shannon’s 2,528 square kilometers and the population density was 690
entropy adds to more specific details of sprawl such as region persons per square kilometer. The city consists of six districts
and rate of expansion and depicting probable sprawl and the population is 2,902,601 according to 2011. The
regions[15]. Once the city has been classified and quantified Gomati river flows through the city serving as a bed for the
urban sprawl can be defined in various dimensions such as agriculture and divides the city into two regions namely
continuity, clustered, centrality, nuclearity, proximity, Trans-Gomati and Cis-Gomati. Lucknow has a subtropical
concentrated sprawl, etc. Other indicators such as SCATTER climate and in this research, the data’s of later summer from
(The Sprawling Cities And Transport: from Evaluation to March to June is considered. The forest cover of Lucknow is
Recommendations) and Cost of Sprawl: 2000 TRB 4.66 percent which is less than the state average of 7%. Table
(Transport Research Bureau, US) were also used to measure 1 below provides the population growth of Lucknow city from
sprawl[16]. Seven spatial metrics were analyzed for 77 1981- 2011.
metropolitan cities and comparison was made between
developed, developing and among world regions further III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY
cluster analysis was performed to classify each of the cities
The following data were used in this research:
and finally it has been observed that urban concentrations are
1) Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level -1 which has a resolution
more compact than their counterparts in either Europe or
of 30 meters and consists of nine spectral bands
North America[17]. [18]initiated the development of Land
2) Landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper C1 Level -1 which has a
Use Geospatial Indices which included segregated land use,
resolution of 30 meters and consists of six spectral bands.
development planning consistency, urban density, strip and
These data sets were used for the land cover and land use
leapfrog development and the results stated that segregated
analysis. Landsat 8 was used for the 2007-2017 decade and
land use and leapfrog development were salient indicators for
Landsat 4-5 TM was used for 1999-2006 decade.
strategic planning zone for alpha cities in Kuala Lumpur
Metropolitan and these can be adopted for land use planning
and strategic development. [19]states that urban sprawl is
typically more of a planned sprawl where the urban
development in the city of Shanghai has increased by 125%
more than double the population, from 2000 to 2015 and
proposing the use of Geo-detector, the analysis affirm that the
detailed plan of the city has a pivotal role in the urban sprawl
expansion. Indicators such as density and centrality (by using
Moran’s I coefficient of developed land) reveal that there has
been a decreased land consumption therefore increased urban
sprawl. Besides, Moran’s coefficient showed that the urban
lands intended to form clusters. A reversed U shape pattern
was formed for both land consumption and Moran’s I Fig.1 Lucknow city with assembly constituency
coefficient[20]. Researches have been conducted on a global boundaries
scale comparing cities from different geographical
atmospheres having different economic situations. These
cities were analyzed and categorized into high growth cities,
low growth cities, expansive growth and frantic growth
cities[21]. Cities tend to expand in an unpredictable manner

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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-6

WGS 1984 and subjected to coordinate system UTM Zone

44N. All the cloud-free satellite images were chosen around
Table 1 Lucknow population count for 1981- 2011 the same seasonal period of the year. These images are
clipped in ArcGIS with the help of Lucknow’s shape file
Area Year Population which consists of the administrative boundaries of the district.
(sq.km) Fig 1 shows the shape file of Lucknow with the administrative
1981 1,007,604 boundary and assembly constituencies. In certain cases, the
Lucknow
1991 1,669,204 satellite image would not envelope the complete shape file of
2,528
2001 2,245,509 the city, in such cases, the images have to be mosaicked with
2011 2,902,601 the appropriate path and row to obtain the whole
administrative area. This process has been carried out for the
years 1999 and 2004 with the help of ArcGIS, whereas for the
Literature review year 2015, the entire administrative area was covered in the
imagery. Once the images are mosaicked, image enhancement
methods were performed on the raster images and were then
Obtaining Landsat 4-5 TM/ converted to thematic images to categorize the pixels. This
Shapefile of Landsat 8 generates clearer and precise pixels to perform an accurate
Lucknow OLI/TIRS analysis. Land use and land cover was performed to analyze
review the various land changes in the study area during the study
period and was executed with ERDAS using the combined
Georeferenced and Mosaicked classification method. For Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1,
the bands 5(Near Infrared), 4(Red), 3(Green) were adopted
and for Landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper C1 Level -1, the bands
Clipping with city 4(Near Infrared), 3(Red), 2(Green) were adopted. Combined
administrative boundary classification method, being the most accurate method, uses
the ISODATA algorithm to perform the classification. This
algorithm adopts 100 arbitrary clusters of data in greyscale on
Image enhancement
dary the image by using the minimum spectral distance formula.
The means of the clusters are shifted according to the number
of iterations assigned for the analysis. Hence the clusters are
Creating 100 classes
shifted until the maximum number of iterations is reached.
Each pixel was assigned by a color to the respective class by
Classification of each pixel comparing with the land cover with Google Earth. With the
using Google Earth Pro help of these remote sensing band colors, various
heterogeneous patches were located which assisted in
Image enhancement identifying the various classes. The classes adopted were
Obtaining Recoding Accuracy
built-up area, waterbodies, fallow land, vegetation, and barren
assembly Assessment
land. These training data were finalized with the recoding
constituency
Georeferenced and Mosaicked utility, in which all the equal classes are assigned to a single
shapefile Pro class. Accuracy assessment is test which randomizes equal
number of points on the classified image in ERDAS to check
the certainty of the results obtained and 84%, 93.3% and 90%
Splitting of 9 Extracting urban accuracy were obtained with kappa coefficients as 0.8, 0.91
constituencies attributes for each and 0.9 respectively. Finally using the urban count of the
constituency
classified image, the proportion of built-up area was
determined for calculating the extent of sprawl by Shannon’s
Entropy using the formula
Shannon’s Entropy
Hn = -⅀Pi loge (Pi)
Where Pi is the proportion of built-up land in the ith
Fig. 2 Methodology
Obtainingfor urban sprawl analysis
assembly constituency and n represents the total number of
constituency shapefile constituencies.
Urban dynamics were analyzed using temporal remote The results of entropy values were obtained to know the rate
sensing data for the period of 1999 – 2017. These satellite of dispersion in the city over the years.
images were downloaded from
Obtaining the United States Geological
assembly The proportion of built-up area for each assembly
Survey (USGS) constituency shapefile
public domain in GeoTIFF format which constituency of Lucknow is determined by using the formula
constituency
provides topographic shapefile maps of the required
and geographic
annon’Georeferenced
region. The methodology flowchart is presented in Fig 2.
and belonging
Satellite images of 1999 Mosaickedto two different paths were Where PBuiltup represents the
projected to Universals Transverse
Entropy Mercator having datum proportion of built-up land for

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 Spatio-Temporal Urban Sprawl Analysis And Evaluation Using Gis For Lucknow City

each constituency. Fig.4 Combined classification for 2004

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lucknow has 9 assembly constituencies namely Bakshi Ka
Talab, Lucknow Central, Lucknow Cantonment, Lucknow
Land use and Land cover: The total administrative area of
East, Lucknow North, Lucknow West, Malihabad,
Lucknow district is 2537.09 km2. Within the administrative
Mohanlalganj and Sarojini Nagar as shown in Fig 1. Each
boundary the land use has changed over the period of time.
constituency has been considered as a separate spatial unit
Contemplating on individual classes, the area has increased
and the area of each constituency was found out from its
from 227.90 to 277.17 km2 in the year 1999 to 2004. In the
respective shape file. By extracting the urban count of each
year 2015, 3.8 % of increase in the built-up area is witnessed.
spatial unit for the three years 1999, 2004 and 2015, the urban
Vacant lands is occupied as sprawl increases and this
area was calculated with the pixel size which provided the
becomes a matter of concern for a sustainable
built-up area for each constituency for all the years. The
environment[22]. From the classification, it is evident that
following formula was considered for the calculation of the
barren land decreased from 960.91 km2 to 92.37 km2 over two
proportion of built-up area and the results are given in Table
decades. The results of classified images are shown in figures
4.
3, 4 and 5. The areas of each class were taken for the years
1999, 2004 and 2015 and their percentages are represented in
Table 2 and 3 respectively.
Where PBuiltup represents the proportion of built-up land for
each constituency.

Fig.3 Combined classification for 1999

Fig.5 Combined classification for 2015

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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-6

Hn = -⅀ Pi loge (Pi)
Table 2 Areas of 5 classes in kms for 1999, 2004 and Where Pi is the proportion of built-up land in the ith
2015 constituency and n represents the total number of
constituencies.
CLASSES 1999 2004 2015 In this analysis, for measuring the extent of sprawl,
Urban 227.90 277.17 373.62 Shannon’s entropy was determined for the 9 constituencies of
Waterbody 7.398 31.94 13.36 Lucknow city by calculating the proportion of the built-up
Fallow 869.46 743.16 907.51 area of each constituency with the total built-up area of all the
Vegetation 471.42 1074.07 1150.21 9 constituencies. Shannon’s entropy values range from 0 to
Barren 960.91 410.75 92.37 log n, where n represents the total number of constituencies.
TOTAL The values closer to 0 indicate that there is less sprawl and
2537.09 2537.09 2537.09 land use is considered to be more accumulated in the central
AREA
business district. The values closer to log n is considered to be
more of a disseminated development. The following Table 5
Table 3 Areas of 5 classes in percentages for 1999, 2004 shows the entropy values for the years 1999, 2004 and 2015.
and 2015
Table 5 Shannon’s Entropy for 1999, 2004 and 2015
CLASSES 1999 2004 2015
Urban 8.98 % 10.92 % 14.72 % Entropy 1999 2004 2015 log n =
Waterbody 0.29 % 1.25 % 0.52 % value 0.8692 0.8979 0.9116 0.954
Fallow 34.26 % 29.29 % 35.76 %
Vegetation 18.58 % 42.33 % 45.33 % In this analysis the sprawl rate was computed for the
constituencies and the results indicated that sparse
Barren 37.87 % 16.18 % 3.64 %
development has occurred in 2015 compared to 1999. The
TOTAL
2537.09 2537.09 2537.09 values obtained were 0.8692 in 1999 and 0.9116 in 2015
AREA
which indicates that the values are closer to log n, i.e., 0.954,
which shows high degree of dispersion in the region.
From Table 4, the proportion of built up area in terms of the
total area of each constituency, has increased over the years.
V. CONCLUSION
Mohanlalganj has experienced a small decrease of about 8%
for 2004. From this analysis, it is observed that, throughout This research has demonstrated that remote sensing has a
the years, as the population increases, there is an increase in major role to measure the urban sprawl which helps in urban
the usage of land and decrease in the barren lands. planning. With the knowledge of geographic information
Shannon’s entropy: The rate of dispersion of a spatial system, utilization of land can be properly observed and
concern can be calculated using Shannon’s Entropy method monitored. The land use land cover was determined for two
and for each zone or ward, the rate of urban concentration can decades from 1999-2017 and the rate of sprawl was
be found out[23]. measured. The built up area tends to increase with the
increase in population. Vacant lands have been converted
Table 4 Proportion of built up areas for Lucknow with the development of cities. Entropy values proved high
Assembly Constituencies scale dispersion for the region. The reasons of sprawl maybe
due to over populated areas which leads to high traffic
Assembly congestion, high industrialization, economic growth of the
1999 2004 2015
constituencies city, living and property costs. Urban sprawl also has an
Bakshi Ka impact on the natural resources. Sprawls lead to less
0.0638 0.0854 0.1345
Talab availability of amenities and utilities outside the city area thus
Lucknow improper enforcement of land use may lead to high sprawls.
0.2891 0.2889 0.6254
Cantonment Therefore it is important for urban planners to understand the
Lucknow growth pattern of the sprawl and have an effective utilization
0.4531 0.5041 0.7455 of resources and allocation of infrastructure.
Central
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AUTHORS PROFILE

M.B. Sridhar Assistant professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, SRM
Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur, Chennai, India. Completed

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