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EC8651 TRANSMISSION
LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
Department : ECE
Batch/Year : 2018-2022/III YEAR
Created by : Mrs. P. SANTHOSHINI
Mr. S. KARUPPAIAH
Date :18.03.2021
1.TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 Table of Contents 5

2 Course Objectives 6

3 Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code) 7

4 Syllabus 8

5 Course outcomes 9

6 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 10

7 Lecture Plan 12

8 Activity based learning 13

9 Lecture Notes 14-38

10 Assignments 39

11 Part A Q & A 40-44

12 Part B Qs 45

13 Supportive online Certification courses 46

14 Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry 47

15 Contents beyond the Syllabus 48

16 Assessment Schedule 49

17 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 50

18 Mini Project suggestions 51

2.COURSE OBJECTIVES

To introduce the various types of transmission lines and its

characteristics
To give thorough understanding about high frequency line,
power and impedance measurements
To impart technical knowledge in impedance matching using
smith chart
To Discuss basic principles associated with waveguides
To introduce basic knowledge of active RF Components
To get acquaintance with RF system transceiver design
3. PRE REQUISITES
EC 8251 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

EC 8451 ELECTROMAGNETICFIELDS
4. SYLLABUS

EC8651 TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS

LTPC
3003
OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the various types of transmission lines and its characteristics
 To give thorough understanding about high frequency line, power and impedance
measurements
 To impart technical knowledge in impedance matching using smith chart
 To introduce passive filters and basic knowledge of active RF components
 To get acquaintance with RF system transceiver design
UNIT I TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY 9
General theory of Transmission lines - the transmission line - general
solution - The infinite line - Wavelength, velocity of propagation - Waveform
distortion - the distortion-less line - Loading and different methods of loading -
Line not terminated in Z0 - Reflection coefficient - calculation of current, voltage,
power delivered and efficiency of transmission - Input and transfer impedance -
Open and short circuited lines - reflection factor and reflection loss.
UNIT II HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES 9
Transmission line equations at radio frequencies - Line of Zero dissipation -
Voltage and current on the dissipation-less line, Standing Waves, Nodes, Standing
Wave Ratio - Input impedance of the dissipation-less line - Open and short
circuited lines - Power and impedance measurement on lines - Reflection losses -
Measurement of VSWR and wavelength.
UNIT III IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES 9
Impedance matching: Quarter wave transformer - Impedance matching by
stubs - Single stub and double stub matching - Smith chart - Solutions of
problems using Smith chart - Single and double stub matching using Smith chart.
UNIT IV WAVEGUIDES 9
General Wave behavior along uniform guiding structures – Transverse
Electromagnetic Waves, Transverse Magnetic Waves, Transverse Electric Waves –
TM and TE Waves between parallel plates. Field Equations in rectangular
waveguides, TM and TE waves in rectangular waveguides, Bessel Functions, TM
and TE waves in Circular waveguides.
UNIT V RF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS 9
Active RF components: Semiconductor basics in RF, bipolar junction
transistors, RF field effect transistors, High electron mobility transistors Basic
concepts of RF design, Mixers, Low noise amplifiers, voltage control oscillators,
Power amplifiers, transducer power gain and stability considerations.
5.COURSE OUTCOME

Course Knowledge
Course Outcomes
Outcome Level

To introduce the various types of transmission

CO1 lines and its characteristics K2

To give thorough understanding about high

CO2 frequency line, power and impedance K2
measurements.
To impart technical knowledge in impedance
CO3 matching using smith chart K4

To Discuss basic principles associated with

CO4 waveguides K2

To introduce basic knowledge of active RF

CO5 Components K2

To get acquaintance with RF system transceiver

CO6 design K2

9
6.CO- PO/PSO MAPPING

Program Outcomes (POs)

Course
Outcomes PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 3 3

CO2 3 3 2 2

CO3 3 3

CO4 3 3 1

CO5 3 3

CO6 3 3 2 2

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Course Outcomes
PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3
CO1 2
CO2 2
CO3 2 1
CO4 2
CO5 3
CO6 2 2

10
UNIT II HIGH
FREQUENCY
TRANSMISSION
LINES
 7. LECTURE PLAN
S.No Topic No. Propo Actual CO Taxon Mode of
of sed Date omy Delivery
Perio Date Level
ds
08.03.21
1 1 CO2 K2 PPT
Transmission line
equations at radio
frequencies
Line of Zero dissipation 10.03.21
2 1 CO 2 K2 PPT

Voltage and current on 11.03.21

3 1 CO2 K2 PPT
the dissipation-less line

Standing Waves, Nodes, 12.03.21

4 1 CO2 K2 PPT
Standing Wave Ratio

Input impedance of the 13.03.21

5 1 CO2 K2 PPT
dissipation-less line

Open and short circuited 15.03.21

6 1 CO2 K2 PPT
lines

Power and impedance 17.03.21

7 1 CO2 K2 PPT
measurement on lines

Reflection losses 19.03.21

8 1 CO2 K2 PPT

Measurement of VSWR 20.03.21

9 1 CO2 K2 PPT
and wavelength.

12
8. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

•Poster presentation can be arranged, where students are asked to display

different types of high frequency transmission lines
• Collection of high frequency transmission line samples

• QUIZ

•Reverse Dumb Charades: This is a group activity. Student from one group,
stands on the dais facing the group, away from the board. One student from next
group comes and writes down a technical word on the board. Now the first group
should make their team member tell the word written on the board without using
any technical words. Students find it very useful for refreshing the topics.

•Write & Define: This activity can be planned at the end of a unit. Teams of 5
to 6 members each should be formed. One member from each team, in turns,
should write a term on the board and define them. The words should not get
repeated. By the end of the activity, the board will be filled with various terms
related to the unit. The picture of this board can be used as reference when
students prepare for examination. As the turns go on, the terms get lesser and the
students take it as a challenge to explore every small/big term from the concerned
unit.

13
9.LECTURE NOTES:
UNIT-2
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

1. TRANSMISSION LINES AT RADIO FREQUENCIES

1. Introduction
When a line, either open-wire or coaxial, is used at frequencies of a Mega Hertz or
more, certain approximations may be employed leading to simplified analysis of line
performance
The assumptions are usually made are:
1. At very high frequency, the skin effect is very considerable so that currents
may be assumed as flowing on conductor surfaces, internal inductance then
being zero

2. Due to skin effect, resistance R increases with 𝑓. But the line reactance ωL
increases directly with frequency f. hence 𝜔𝐿 ≫ 𝑅

3. The lines are well enough constructed that G may be considered

Zero

Skin effect:
Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating current(AC) to become
distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the
surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the conductor

2.Parameters of the open wire line and coaxial line at high

frequencies

1. Parameters of the open wire line at high frequencies

Figure 2.1 Cross section of parallel wires

14
Due to skin effect the current is considered as flowing essentially on the surface of
the conductor in a skin of very small depth .Hence the internal inductance and
internal flux are reduced nearly to zero.

The inductance of an open wire line is given by,

𝜇 𝑑
L = 10−7 + 4ln
𝜇𝑉 𝑎
The first term on the right hand side of the above expression represents internal
inductance of the line due to internal flux linkages in the conductors and is zero
for a open wire line.
Hence the inductance of the open wire line is
𝑑
L=4× 10−7 ln
henrys m
𝑎
−7
𝑑
= 9.21 × 10 log10 henrys m
𝑎
a---> radius of conductor
d ----> distance between conductors

The value of capacitance of a line is not affected by skin effect or frequency

and hence the capacitance of a open wire line with air dielectric is given by,

𝜋𝜀𝑣 𝜀𝑟
𝐶= farads/m
𝑑
ln 𝑎
Where,

𝜀𝑟 = 1 for air
27.7
𝐶= 𝜇𝜇 f m
𝑑
ln 𝑎
12.07
𝐶= 𝜇𝜇 𝑓 𝑚
𝑑
log10 𝑎
The effective thickness of the surface layer of current is given by,

1
𝛿= meters
𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎
The effective thickness is then given by,

The resistance of a round conductor of radius ‘a’ meters to direct current is

inversely proportional to the area as,

While that of a round conductor with alternating current flowing in a skin of

thickness δ is,

Therefore the ratio of resistance to alternating current to resistance to direct

current is given by

For copper

From the above equation it is clear that for the large radius conductors,
increase in resistance with increasing frequency is considerably large as
compared to that of the conductor of small radius.
2.2.2 Parameters of the coaxial line at high frequencies

Because of the skin effect,the current flows on the outer surface of the inner
conductor of the outer conductor.

Figure:2.2 Cross section of coaxial cable

For a coaxial line the inductance is given by

Second term and third term represents flux linkages inside the inner
and outer conductor

The skin effect eliminates flux linkages and hence the inductance of
coaxial line is given by
The capacitance of the coaxial line is not affected by the frequency

Due to skin effect resistance increases and the resistance of coaxial

copper line is

Where a and b are the outer radius of the inner conductor and the
inner radius of the outer conductor in meters respectively.

The ac resistance of the coaxial is derived as follows,

The ac resistance per unit length of a copper conductor is

given by,
Resistance increases with an increase of frequency

The dc resistance of a coaxial line is given by,

C->outer radius outer conductor

2.3 Line constants for zero dissipation

In general the line constants for a transmission line are:

Characteristic impedance

Propagation constant

R is the resistance per unit length of the transmission line(Ω/m)

L is the inductance per unit length of the transmission line(H/m)
C is the inductance per unit length of the transmission line(F/m)
G is the inductance per unit length of the transmission line(Ʊ/m)

For transmission of energy at high frequencies,

Using the inductance and capacitance a open wire line at high frequency, the value of
characteristic impedance pf the open wire line can be found as,

The characteristic impedance of the coaxial line can be computed as,

The propagation constant is given by,

From which

The velocity of propagation can be calculated as

Using the values of L and C for a open wire line,

V=3x 10^8 m/s ---- > velocity of open wire line is same as the velocity of
light is space
For a coaxial cable, using the values of L and C,

--- >velocity may be reduced due to the presence of a

dielectric other tha air between the conductors.
2.4 Voltages and current on the Dissipation less line

The voltage at any point distant s units from the receiving end of a transmission
line is,

For the line of zero dissipation , the attenuation constant α is zero and Zo =Ro

Similarly for the current on the line

The current at any point on a dissipationless line is given by

From velocity of propagation equation,

Let us consider different conditions at the receiving end

(i) When the line is open circuited,the . Then the expression for

voltage and current at a point distance ‘s’ from the receiving end is given by,

Figure 2.3 open circuited line

(ii) If the line is short circuited at the receiving end then

Figure 2.4 short circuited line

(iii) When the line is terminated in an impedance

The reflection coefficient and reflected wave becomes zero

Figure 2.5 Line terminated in impedance

The voltage and current distributions are represent by horizontal lines when
(iv) When , there is a finite value of voltage (or) current at all
points on the line

Figure 2.6 Line terminated in impedance,

2.5 Standing Waves : Nodes

The actual voltage at any point on a transmission line is the sum of the
incident and the reflected voltages at that point. It can be seen that the
resultant total voltage appears to standstill on the line ,oscillating in
magnitude with time but having fixed positions of maxima and minima.
Such wave is known as a standing wave.

If a line is terminated in a load other than Ro, the distribution of voltage at

a point along the line consists of maximum and minimum values of voltage
as shown in figure 2.7

Figure 2.7 Standing waves on a dissipation less line terminated

in a load not equal to Ro

Figure 2.7 Standing waves on a line having open or

short circuited terminations
If the line is either short circuited or open circuited at the receiving end,we get nodes
and antinodes in the voltage distribution as shown in figure 2.7.

Nodes are the points of zero voltage or current (E=I=0) in the standing wave systems.

Antinodes or loops are points of maximum voltage or current.

A line terminated in Ro has no standing wave and thus no nodes or loops and is called a
smooth line.

For open circuit, the voltage nodes occur at distances 𝜆/4 ,3 𝜆/4, 5 𝜆/4 and so on from
the open end of the line.Under the same conditions , the current nodes occur at a
distance 0, 𝜆/2 ,𝜆 , 3𝜆/2 and so on for open termination.

Figure 2.8 : open end of line

For short circuit,these nodal points shift by a distance of 𝜆/4

Voltage nodes occur at 0, 𝜆/2 ,𝜆 , 3𝜆/2 and so on

Current nodes occur at 𝜆/4 ,3 𝜆/4, 5 𝜆/4 and so on

2.5.1 Standing Wave Ratio

The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of current or voltage on a line

having standing waves is called the standing wave ratio S
2.5.2 Relationship between Standing Wave Ratio and Reflection Coefficient

The voltage at any point s from the receiving end for zero dissipation transmission line is
given by,

In equation the first term represents the voltage in the incident wave while the
second term represent the voltage in the reflected wave.

The voltage E at any point is the vector sum of the voltages in the incident and
reflected wave.

The maxima of voltage along the line occur at points at which the incident and the
reflected waves are in pphase and add directly.When both the waves are in phase
and add directly.When both the waves are in phase ,their phase angles will be the
same.

The voltage minima occur at points at which the reflected and incident wave are
out of phase then the difference of angle of two waves is 𝛑.
2.6 The Input Impedance of the Dissipation less line

The Input Impedance of the Dissipation less line is given by,

The input impedance is complex in general and is periodic with variation of 𝛽s,
the period being 𝛑 or s= 𝜆/2.

Another convenient form of input impedance can be obtained as

Where 𝜑 is the angle of reflection coefficient K

Dividing both numerator and denominator by 1 𝗅 𝛽s

(i) The input impedance will be maximum at a distance of

Where S represents voltage standing wave ratio

(ii) Input impedance will be minimum if with phasors again

coincident

Where S = standing wave ratio

2.7 Input Impedance of Open and Short Circuited Lines

The input impedance of a dissipationless line is given by

(i) Input impedance of a short circuited line:

(ii) For a short circuited line Z R =0

The variation of with a length of line s is plotted as:

Figure 2.9 Short circuited Line

(ii) Input Impedance of a open circuited line:

The input impedance of a dissipationless line is given by

For a open circuited line Z R = ∞

Variation of as a function of length of line s for a open circuited

line is plotted as

Figure 2.10 Open Circuited Line

2.8 Power and Impedance on lines

The voltage and current on the dissipationless line is given by,

For a voltage maximum,the incident and the reflected waves are in phase
is proportional to the incident wave voltage and is proprotional to the
reflected voltage,

Similar reasoning shows that a current maximum the incident and reflected
waves must be in phase ,so that

Figure 2.11 Diagram illustrating the equations

Since a change to the values at voltage and current minima requires only the
reverse of phase of the reflected waves or a minus sign in front of |K|, the ratio of
Emin/Imin is given by,

The resistive impedance seen at a voltage loop(Antinode)is

Since the voltage and current are again in phase at a current loop,the resistive
impedance may be identified as Rmin

Multiplying the above two equations for power

Substituting the values of Rmax,Rmin

2.9 Measurement of unknown load impedance

The unknown value of a load impedance ZR connected to a transmission line may be

determined by standing wave measurements on the open wire or slotted line.Bridge
circuit is used for the measurement of unknown impedance.

At the point of voltage minimum at a distance ‘s’ from the load it can be shown that

At any point on the line ,the input impedance is given by

Solving for ZR gives,

 Gives the value of connected load
impedance

2.10 Reflection losses on the unmatched line

The maximum voltage is attained when incident and reflected waves are in
phase.

The minimun voltage is attained when incident and reflectd waves are in out
of phase

Standing wave ratio is

Power delivered to the load

If Pi is transmitted power in the incident wave and Pr is the reflected power in the
reflected wave,power delivered to the load.

The ratio of power delivered to the load to the power transmitted by incident
wave is given by

2.11 Measurement of VSWR and Wavelength

VSWR and the magnitude of voltage reflection coefficient are very important
parameters which determine the degree of impedance matching.

VSWR and are also used for measurement of load impedance by the slotted
line method.

Figure 2.12 Block Diagram

When a load ZL= Zo is connected to the transmission line, the standing waves are
produced.

VSWR can be measured by detecting Vmax and Vmin in the VSWR mater.

The above block diagram shown in figure 2.12 illustrates the VSWR measuring
with the slotted line as its basic instrument. The probe line is adjusted and the
output is detected with sample voltage and it is measured on meter.

The signal source must generate a signal matching the impedance, else reflection
will occur which initiates shift proportion in peaks and nodes. To match with the
generator , an attenuator is attached between the signal source and equipment.

The attenuator attenuates the input signals as it is resistive and reflection

absorbent. If the level of the signal is low to admit attenuation, the resistive pad
will not be effective as minimum voltage readings will be hired by instrument
noise.

The standing wave ratio measured at the input will be the component under
test.If the component absorbs all the power, the matched load will terminate
it.The output generated will be a mismatch due to reflection detected at slotted
probe line .If the tested component is an absorbing device, then matched load is
not a requirement at the output.

Each and every frequency produces a different VSWR,maximum and minimum

position for a frequency modulated or spurious signals which leads to improper
reading.Square wave modulations are used by source for exact measurements.

The probe slotted line entry leads to discontinuity which is minimized by keeping
the depth of penetration as small as possible. At high values of standing wave
ratio, the probe must be kept deeper so minimum values can be read in noise
level. When the probe moves deeper errors are introduced lower than the values
that exists in the VSWR meter. Problem of measurement are reduced in low
standing wave ratio.

The values of the distance x1 and x2 are measured as follows:

When the values of SNR is high ,the probe is placed where the minimum value is
measured easily and again shifted to a place where the power is twice minimum,
This distance is measured as x1 and the power point on the side which is twice
the minimum is measured as x2.
 Figure 2.13 Double minima method

Guide Wavelength:

By moving the probe between two successive minima, a

distance equal to 𝜆g/2 is found to determine the guide wavelength 𝜆g.

For TE10 mode,

Cut off wavelength

Free space wavelength

High VSWR can be calculated using the empirical relation as,

10.ASSIGNMENTS

UNIT-2

An open wire line consists of two copper conductors each of radius 2mm and is
separated by a distance of 250mm in air. Iif the frequency of the signal is 40 KHz,
Calculate the following per unit length of the line Inductance, Capacitance, DC
resistance given that conductivity of copper is 5.75×107mho/m and ac resistance
A coaxial cable is made of copper having conductivity of 5.75x107 mho/m. The
inner conductor has a radius of 2mm, the outer conductor has inner radius of
8mm and has a thickness of 1mm. The space between conductors is filled with
the dielectric material of relative permittivity of 4. Calculate per km the following.
(i) L (ii)C(iii) Rdc (iv) Rac at frequency of 150KHz.
A line with zero dissipation has R=0.006ohms/m, L=205 μH/m, C=4.45pF/m.If
the line is operated at 10 MHz find (i)Ro (ii)attenuation constant (iii)phase
Constant (iv) Velocity of propagation and (v) wavelength.
A radio frequency line with Z0 = 70 Ohms is terminated by ZL = 115-j80 Ohms at
λ = 2.5m. Find the VSWR and the maximum and the minimum line impedance.

39
40
 UNIT II
11. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level

1. List parameters of the open wire line at high K2 CO2

frequencies.

2. A line having characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is K2 CO2

terminated in load impedance (75 +j75) Ω. Determine
the reflection coefficient

3. Give the equations for the characteristic impedance K2 CO2

and propagation constant of a dissipation less line.
Characteristic impedance Z0 = √L/C (i)
Propagation constant (γ)= α+jβ= √ZY = (0+j) w √LC
(ii)
From equ (ii) Attenuation constant α =0 Phase constant β =
w √LC
For dissipation less line R= 0, and G should be negligibly
small Where Z = R+jwL = jwLY = G+jwC = jwC

4. Write the conditions to be satisfied by a dissipation K2 CO2

less line

R =G = 0
R/L =G/C and Attenuation constant α = 0
Phase constant β = ω√LC

41
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level
5. A lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance K2 CO2
of 100pF/m and a series inductance of 4 µ H/m.
Determine the characteristics impedance.
Capacitance C = 100pF/m Inductance L = 4 µ H/m

Characteristics impedance Z0 = √L/C = 200

6. Write the expression for VSWR in terms of K2 CO2
the reflection coefficient. b) VSWR in terms of ZL
and Z0. (or) Write the relationship between SWR
and reflection coefficient.

The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of

current or voltage on a line having standing wave is called
the standing wave ratio S(or) SWR(or)VSWR. That is
S = ½Emax / Emin½ = ½Imax / Imin½

(a) SWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ]

(b)Where K = [ZR-ZO] / [ZR+Z0]

1+ ([ZR-ZO] / [ZR+Z0])
SWR=
QQ.N
1- ([ZR-ZO] / [ZR+Z0])
.Noo.
.
= ZR/Z0

7. For the line of zero dissipation, what will be the K2 CO2

values of attenuation constant and characteristic
impedance?
Attenuation constant α = 0
Characteristics impedance Z0 = R0
= Wholly resistive
8. Define standing wave ratio. K2 CO2
The ratio of maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltage
or current on a line having standing waves is called
standing wave ratio.
S = ½Emax / Emin½ = ½Imax / Imin½

42
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level
9. Express standing wave ratio in terms of a reflection K2 CO2
coefficient.
The ratio of maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltage
or current on a line having standing waves is called
standing wave ratio
SWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ]
Where K= [Vr /Vi]

10. Define skin depth K2 CO2

Skin depth is a measure of how far electrical conduction
takes place in a conductor, and is a function of frequency,
permeability and conductivity. Skin effect is the tendency of
an electric current flow in a conductor; the alternating
magnetic flux induces the e.m.f. This emf causes current
density being largest near surface of conductor, decreasing
at the interior of the wire. This is known as skin effect or
skin depth
11. Compare transmission line and wave guide. K2 CO2
A TRANSMISSION LINE is a device designed to guide
electrical energy from one point to another. It is used, for
example, to transfer the output RF energy of a transmitter
to an antenna. It also act as QQ.N
.Noo. elements like L, C,
circuits
filters, resonant circuits, transformers
. and even insulators at
very high frequencies,
Example: Parallel wire, Co axial type and Wave guide.
A WAVE GUIDE is a Hallow Tube of uniform cross section. It
is used for guiding the energy by continuous reflection from
inner walls of the guide. Microwave ranges of frequencies
are employed. A waveguide restricts the three dimensional
"free space" propagation of the electromagnetic wave to a
single dimension.

12. Write the expressions for the input impedance of K2 CO2

open and short circuited dissipation less line.

Ans: For a short circuited line ZR =0 so that ZSC = jR0

tanβs
For a open circuited line ZR = infinite. so that ZoC = -jR0
cotβs

43
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level
13. A lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 400 K2 CO2
ohms. Determine the standing wave ratio if the
receiving end impedance is 800 +j 0.0 ohms.
Ans: SWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ] Where K = [ZR-
ZO] / [ZR+Z0]
=[800-400]/[800+400]
= [400/1200] =0.33+j0
SWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ]= [ 1+ | 0.33| ] / [ 1- | 0.33|
] =2.015
14. Compute the VSWR of a 75 ohm transmission line K2 CO2
when it is terminated by a load impedance of 50+j30
ohm
Ans: The reflection coefficient K = [ZR-ZO] / [ZR+Z0]

= [(50+j30)-75] /[ 50+j30)+75]
=[-25+j30] / [125+j30]
=39.05 angle of 129.80 / 128.5 angle of 13.495
= 0.303angle of 116.305
| K| =0.303 VSWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ]
= [1+0.303] / [1-0.303] = 1.303/0.697
=1.8694
QQ.N
.Noo.
15. A lowlossline has a characteristic
. impedance of 400 K2 CO2
ohms.Determine the standing wave ratio if the
receiving end impedance is(650-j475) ohms
Ans: SWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ] K = [ZR-ZO] / [ZR+Z0]
=[650-j475-400]/[650-j475+400] =[250-j475] / [
850-j475]=0.551 -33.04
16. If the reflection coefficient of a line is 0.3 angle of - K2 CO2
66 degree ,calculate the standing wave ratio.
Ans: SWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ] =[1+0.3] /
[1-0.3] =1.3/0.7=13/7 =1.8

17. Give the minimum and maximum value of SWR and K2 CO2
reflection coefficient
[Nov-2008]
Ans: Minimum and maximum value of SWR is 1 to ¥
Minimum and maximum value of reflection coefficient is -1
to + 1

44
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level
18. Find the VSWR and Reflection coefficient of a K2 CO2
perfectly matched line with no reflection from load?

VSWR = [ 1+ | K| ] / [ 1- | K| ] and reflection coefficient

K=0 Therefore K= [Vr /Vi]

19. Define standing wave ratio K2 CO2

The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of
current or voltage on a line having standing wave is called
the standing wave ratio S. That is
S = ½Emax / Emin½ = ½Imax / Imin½

20. Why do standing waves exist on transmission lines? K2 CO2

If voltage magnitudes are measured along the length of a
line terminated in a load other than R0,the plotted values
appear as shown in fig. These waves are called standing
waves.

Q.No

45
 UNIT II
12. PART B Questions
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level

1. Explain the parameters of open wire line and coaxial cable K2 CO2
at RF. Mention the standard assumptions made for radio
frequency line.
2. a)Drive an expression for the input impedance of K2 CO2
dissipation less line. Extend yours results for open and short
circuited lines also.
b)Write a brief note on impedance measurement on
transmission lines.

3. (i)Derive an expression for the input impedance of K2 CO2

dissipationless lines. Deduce the input impedance of open
and short circuited dissipation less line.
(ii) A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of
300 Ω is terminated in unknown impedance. The first
voltage minimum is located at 15 cm from the load. The
standing wave ratio is 3.3 Calculate the wavelength and
terminated impedance.

QQ.N
.Noo.
4. (i)Derive the expression that permit
. easy measurements of K2 CO2
power flow on a line of negligible losses [Nov/Dec 2011,R8]
(ii)Derive the expressions for input impedance of open and
short circuited lines.
5. Discuss the various parameters of open-wire and co-axial K2 CO2
lines at radio Frequency
6. Derive the expression for the input impedance of a lossless K2 CO2
line.
7. (i).Define standing wave ratio and obtain the expression of K2 CO2
VSWR in terms of reflection coefficient. (ii)Derive the
input impedance of a quarter wave line and discuss its
applications.
8. Define and explain the following
K2 CO2
Standing waves iv. Nodes and antinodes
Standing wave ratio v. A method to measure SWR
Relation between SWR and K

46
Q.No. Question with Answer K CO
level

9. (i)Deduce the expression for constant-s circle for the K3 CO2

dissipation less line and Explain
(ii)A transmission line is terminated in ZL. Measurements
indicate that the standing wave minima are 102 cm apart
and that the last minimum is 35cm from the load end of the
line .The value of standing wave ratio is 2.4 and R0=250
ohm. Determine wavelength and load impedance
10. An antenna as a load on a transmission line produces a K2 CO2
standing wave ratio of 2.8 with a voltage minimum 0.12λ
from the antenna terminals. Find the antenna impedance,
reflection factor and reflection loss at the antenna if
R0=300 ohms for the line

47
13.SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION
COURSES

Transmission lines and electromagnetic waves - NPTEL

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/106/108106157/

Microwave engineering and antennas - COURSERA

14. REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY
LIFE AND TO INDUSTRY

• POWER TRANSMISSION LINE

• TELEPHONE LINES

• TRACES ON PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

• TRACES ON MULTI-CHIP MODULES

• TRACES ON INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

PACKAGES
 15.CONTENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

•HIGH-FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES CROSSTALK

REDUCTION
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQx3habvfgM

• IMPACT OF POWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ON

RADIOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-
SM.2212-2011-PDF-E.pdf
16. Assessment Schedule ( PROPOSED DATE &
ACTUAL DATE)

ASSESSMENT PROPOSED DATE ACTUAL DATE

Unit - 1 Assignment
Assessment
Unit Test 1

Unit - 2 Assignment
Assessment

Internal Assessment 1

Retest for IA 1

Unit - 3 Assignment
Assessment

Unit Test 2

Unit - 4 Assignment
Assessment
Internal Assessment 2

Retest for IA2

Unit 5 Assignment
Assessment
Revision Test 1

Revision Test 2

Model Exam

Remodel Exam

University Exam

51
17. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE
BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1.John D Ryder, ―Networks, lines and fields‖, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall India,
2015. (UNIT IIV)
2.Mathew M. Radmanesh, ―Radio Frequency &Microwave Electronics‖,
Pearson Education Asia, Second Edition,2002. (UNIT V)

REFERENCES:
1. Reinhold Ludwig and Powel Bretchko,‖ RF Circuit Design – Theory and
Applications‖, Pearson Education Asia, First Edition,2001.
2.D. K. Misra, ―Radio Frequency and Microwave Communication Circuits-
Analysis and Design‖, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
3.E.C.Jordan and K.G. Balmain, ―Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating
Systems Prentice Hall of India, 2006.
4.G.S.N Raju, "Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines Pearson
Education, First edition 2005.
 18. MINI PROJECT SUGGESTIONS

Design of various printed Transmission lines using

CST and analysing the difference in parameters.
 Thank you

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