FMHM GTU Study Material E-Notes Unit-10 15042020105003AM
FMHM GTU Study Material E-Notes Unit-10 15042020105003AM
FMHM GTU Study Material E-Notes Unit-10 15042020105003AM
Function:
“The hydraulic press is a device used for lifting
heavy weights by the application of a much smaller
force.”
Principle:
The hydraulic press is based on Pascal's law,
which states that the intensity of pressure in a
static fluid is transmitted equally in all the
directions.
Applications:
Hydraulic presses may be employed in metal presswork, bending and straightening any metal piece, cotton
press, forging press, plate press, packing press, etc.
Function:
“The hydraulic accumulator is a device which stores or
accumulates the energy of the fluid in the form of
pressure energy when it is not needed and supplies the
energy for any sudden or intermittent requirement.”
The hydraulic accumulator works like the flywheel of
an engine or electric storage batteries.
𝑊 =𝑃×𝐴
The energy stored in the accumulator or the maximum work done in lifting the ram or capacity of
accumulator is given by,
= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
=𝑊×𝐿
=𝑃×𝐴×𝐿
Applications:
Generally, the stored energy is used to run hydraulic machines like the hydraulic crane, hydraulic lift, etc.
where a high-pressure liquid is needed to supply the energy for lifting the load in upward directions.
Function:
“It is the device, which is used to increase the intensity of
pressure using the hydraulic energy available from a large
quantity of fluid at low pressure.”
The intensifier is located between the pump and the machine
(press, crane, lift, etc.) that needs high-pressure liquid for its
operation.
Applications:
It is used to run the hydraulic machines such as hydraulic press, lift and crane; which requires fluid at very
high pressure; which cannot be obtained from the main supply directly.
Function:
“Hydraulic crane is a device, used for
raising or transferring heavy loads.”
For lifting the load by the crane, the fluid under high pressure is admitted into the cylinder of the
jigger.
This fluid forces the sliding ram to move vertically up and due to the movement of the ram in the
upwards direction, the movable pulley block attached to the ram also moves upward.
This increases the distance between two pulley blocks and hence the wire passing over the guide
pulley is pulled by the jigger and thus raises the load attached to the hook.
Applications:
• It is used in warehouses, workshops, docks, etc. to lift heavy weights.
For lifting the cage by the lift, the fluid under high pressure is admitted into the cylinder of the jigger.
This fluid forces the sliding ram to move towards left and due to the movement of the ram, the
movable pulley block attached to the ram also moves towards left. This increases the distance
between two pulley blocks and hence the wire passing over the guide pulleys is pulled by the jigger
and thus the cage is to be lifted.
For lowering the cage, water from the fixed cylinder is taken out; thus the sliding ram moves
towards the right and hence movable pulley blocks and the cage is lowered due to increased length
of the rope.
Function:
"The hydraulic ram is a device which is
used to lift a small quantity of water to a
greater height using the energy of a large
quantity of water available at low heads.”
It works on the principle of the water
hammer effect.
Advantages:
• No moving parts
• No power requirement
• Inexpensive & less maintenance cost
• Pumping continuously over a longer period of time.
Function:
“The fluid or hydraulic coupling is a device used for
transmitting power from driving shaft to driven shaft
with the help of fluid; without any mechanical
connection between the two shafts.”
Principle:
It works on the principle of change in the velocity of the
working fluid.
Applications:
• It is used when the driven shaft is required to run at a speed close to that of the driving shaft.
• The large initial loads are involved and smooth free operations are required.
• It is used in automobiles, marine engine and ropeway cable drive units.
Function:
“The hydraulic torque converter is a device used
for transmitting increased or decreased power
from driving shaft to driven shaft with the help of
fluid.”
Principle:
The main difference in the principle of operation
between a fluid coupling and fluid torque
converter is that while the coupling transmits
power with the same torque on driving and a
driven shaft, the converter provides for torque
multiplication with the same power (neglecting
the losses) on driving and driven shaft.
Applications:
It is used in diesel locomotives, earthmoving machinery and automobile power transmitting units.
Function:
“It is used to lift water from a deep well or
sump by using compressed air.”
Principle:
The compressed air is mixed with water and
hence the density of the air-water mixture is
reduced. The density of this air-water
mixture is very much less than that of pure
water. Hence a very small column of pure
water can balance a very long column of the
mixture. This is the principle on which the air
lift pump works.
Fig.10.10 –Air Lift Pump
Construction & Working:
It consists of 1) an air compressor to supply the compressed air, 2) an air pipe fitted with one or
more air nozzles and 3) the delivery pipe as shown in Fig.10.10.
The lower portion of the delivery pipe dips into well and water gets discharged from the upper end
of the delivery pipe.
The compressed air from the compressor is introduced at the bottom end of the delivery pipe
through one or more nozzles.
In the delivery pipe, a mixture of air and water is formed. The density of this air-water mixture
becomes very less compared to the density of pure water. Hence a small column of pure water will
balance a very long column of the air-water mixture.
This air-water mixture will be discharged out of the delivery pipe. The flow will continue as long as
there is a supply of compressed air.
Let,
ℎ = Height of the static water level above the tip of the nozzle
𝐻 = Height to which water is lifted above the tip of the nozzle
The (𝐻 − ℎ) is known as a useful lift. For best results, the useful lift (𝐻 − ℎ) should be less than
the height of static water (ℎ).
Prof. Bhavin J. Vegada, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines (3141906) 10.9
Unit-10 Hydraulic Machines
Advantages:
• It has no moving parts below water level and hence there are no chances of suspended solid
particles damaging the pump.
• It can raise more water through a borehole of given diameter than any other pump.
• Compare to centrifugal pump it is:
✓ Robust, versatile and flexible
✓ Substantially cost-effective (≈50-70% in energy savings)
✓ Lower capital, operation and maintenance costs
✓ Lower operating noise and vibration
Disadvantages:
• It has very low efficiency, only 20 to 40% energy available in the form of useful water horse-power.
• It cannot lift water when the level of water in deep well goes down below the limit.
• Quantity of air to compress is high compared to the liquid flow required.
• Suitable only if the head is relatively low. To obtain a high head, one has to choose a conventional
pumping system.
Applications:
• Mostly used in agriculture.
10.11 References
1) R. K. Bansal, “Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines”, 3 rd Edition, 2007, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.
2) V. L. Patel & Dr. R. N. Patel “Fluid Power Engineering”, 4th Edition, 2010-11, Mahajan Publishing House.
3) S. K. Som & G. Biswas, “Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines”, 2nd Revised Edition, 2008,
McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd.
4) D. S. Kumar, “Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Power Engineering”, S. K. Kataria & Sons.