1 s2.0 S1750583621000645 Main

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 108 (2021) 103312
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijggc
Potentials of the public engagement strategy for public acceptance and

social license to operate: Case study of Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and
Storage Gundih Pilot Project in Indonesia
F. Mulyasari a, c, *, A.K. Harahap a, c, A.O. Rio a, R. Sule b, c, W.G.A. Kadir b, c
a
Universitas Pertamina, Indonesia
b
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia
c
National Center of Excellence of CCS/CCUS at Instutut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: This paper presents the public engagement strategy for the Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS)
Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage Gundih Pilot Project that is being prepared in Blora District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Interviews and
Gundih Pilot Project discussions with local key stakeholders indicated that public opinion about the project is influenced by the value
Public engagement strategy
the project is perceived to bring to the local population. They recognise the positive impacts of the project, such
Public acceptance
Social license to operate
as the reduction of CO2 emissions through CCUS technology as a mitigation strategy for reducing global
warming, CCUS capacity building, and economic benefits for the project site. Thus, positive framing that un
derlines benefits for the local population should be the basic principle for future communication concerning the
pilot project. Ensuring that local stakeholders’ concerns are addressed through CCUS engagement activities is
crucial. Stakeholders showed their interest in and support for the project and indicated that they would like to be
involved in further stakeholder engagement, value support, and guidance to facilitate a dialogue between the
pilot project team and the community, monitor CCUS activities in the area by accompanying the project team on
site, and serving as CCUS educators for the local population. The local government expressed its support for the
project and agreed to initiate communication with the public, since there is a high level of trust in the gov
ernment at the local level. Successful public engagement highlights sustainable communication with all project
stakeholders by means of local media, local leaders, and the promotion of the project through local events that
may clear the path for obtaining public acceptance and eventually the social license to operate CCUS activities in
Blora.
1. Introduction Project, located at Gundih Gas Field in Central Java Province, Indonesia,
is a promising upcoming CO2 Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) pilot
Approximately 33.2 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2 is released in 2019 due to project. The field has been in production since the end of 2013. The CO2
increased demand for coal, mostly used in high populated countries in content in the feed gas is 23%. In order to meet domestic requirements, it
Asia (IEA, 2020). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an evolving is reduced to 5% using the Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU) at the Central
technology that aims to prevent the release of anthropogenic CO2 into Processing Plant (CPP). The EGR Project plans to use highly corrosion-
the atmosphere. The long-term storage of anthropogenic CO2 is resistant pipelines to transport separated CO2 at a volume of 800
considered a promising technology for slowing down, and potentially tonnes/day that consists of about 97% of CO2 and impurities (including
reversing, the build-up of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the at about 2.5% of H2S) to be injected into Kujung Formation within the
mosphere. CO2 storage can take place in a variety of environments, Kedungtuban Structure at a depth of 2,778.5 - 3,285.1 m; 4 km to the east
including terrestrial habitats (biomasses, soils, and trees), oceans, and from the CPP with the injection period of ten years (see Fig. 1). This
deep geological structures (DOE/NETL, 2009). could contribute to reducing carbon emissions by almost 3 million
The Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Gundih Pilot tonnes (National Center of Excellence of CCS/CCUS, 2019).
* Corresponding author at: Universitas Pertamina, Indonesia.

E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Mulyasari).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103312
Received 3 November 2020; Received in revised form 15 March 2021; Accepted 19 March 2021
Available online 5 April 2021
1750-5836/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
F. Mulyasari et al. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 108 (2021) 103312
Fig. 1. Location map of CCUS Gundih Pilot Project, Blora Regency, Central Java Province.
At the onset of the pilot project, the concept of CO2 utilisation and will remain a primary driver of potential GHG emissions, emerging as
storage was broadly unfamiliar in Indonesia, including among policy the dominant part of the GHG source mix (ADB, 2013). In keeping with
makers, community leaders, non-governmental organisations, educa the Paris Agreement of 2015 (COP 21-Paris) and the follow up from the
tors, and the general public. At the early stage of the public engagement Bali Roadmap in 2007; the Government of Indonesia has committed to
study, there was found to be little public knowledge and even less decreasing its carbon emissions by 29 percent by 2030 with the baseline
comprehension of the significance of the term “CO2 utilisation and year of 2010 in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) scenario
storage.” This limited public awareness, coupled with the urgency of (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2017). One of the efforts that is
issues related to global warming and fuel preferences, indicated that expected to result in a large reduction of CO2 is the deployment of the
ongoing communication and education would be crucial to the public’s CCUS technique.
understanding of CO2 utilisation and storage and to their informed input The second rationale for public engagement is to engage local
into project implementation strategies. These issues include the extent to stakeholders in managing perceived risk. Risk analysis and risk
which individuals believe that climate change is occurring and will communication has been a guiding factor that has shaped CCS (now
affect their personal lives; the viability of other carbon-reduction op CCUS) research since its conception (Ashworth et al., 2013), based on
tions; the perception of CO2 utilisation and storage as an evolving the previous studies of researchers working in the field of risk commu
technology with potential risks; and environmental concerns regarding nication and perception such as Slovic (1987); Fischoff (1995), and Renn
the increased use of coal, petroleum products, or other fuels. Thus, in (2009). Various stakeholder groups have also expressed concern about
consideration of the significance and complexity of issues relevant to the effect of CCS on the climate, humans (physical and psychological)
CCUS, the pilot project aims to establish a public engagement strategy at (Howell et al., 2012), and the economy, as well as the ways in which
the project site with the following rationale regarding the importance of these risks are assessed and addressed (Bradbury et al., 2011). In order
informing and involving the public in CCUS activities. to better address stakeholder’s risks concerns, the establishment of
First, stakeholders should be engaged in climate change mitigation as public engagement strategy may allow the local public’s perception to
an effort to transition to a greener and more resilient society. Alongside guide how risks are communicated (Tokushige et al., 2007) at the
the increase in fossil fuel consumption, Indonesia’s CO2 emissions have project site.
risen dramatically. The GHG levels rose by 5.3 percent annually between Third, the public engagement strategy that is in accordance with and
2000 and 2005 to 1760 Mt of CO2 per annum. While almost 60 percent part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) must be complied with.
of these emissions are the product of land-use change and agriculture, Environmental assessment through EIA refers to the examination,
with energy usage accounting for one-fifth of total emissions, the largest analysis, and assessment of planned activities. Similarly, the CCUS ac
growth in emissions is expected to come from energy use. Energy-use tivities embedded in the public engagement strategy are conducted with
GHG emissions are expected to nearly triple, accounting for 35 the goal of ensuring that the environmental, social, and economic
percent of total emissions by 2020. Continued growth in fossil fuel usage soundness of the long-term, sustainable development is highlighted at
2
Table 1 Whitmarsh, 2018; and Leiss and Larkin, 2019).

Public engagement strategy for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project. Lorenzoni et al. (2007) argued that public engagement with climate
Inform Consult change is necessary to achieve the UK Government ’s goal of reducing
carbon dioxide emissions by 60 percent and to effectively mitigate
Public The public will be provided Obtaining public feedback
Participation with balanced and objective on analysis and/or climate change. This perspective was strengthened by Whitmarsh et al.
and Acceptance information on CCUS to decisions (2011), who asserted that the establishment of realistic policy goals for
Goal assist them in understanding carbon reduction relies on societal engagement regarding climate
the problem, alternatives, change and the mitigation of GHG. Therefore, the empirical research
opportunities, and/or
solutions
agenda for sociotechnical studies of CCS (now CCUS) demonstrations
Promise to the The CCUS team will keep the The CCUS team will keep suggested by Russel et al. (2012) required more practical lessons to be
Public public informed the public informed and learned and translated into evidence-based advice. The rapid growth of
listen to and acknowledge emissions should be addressed in the context of each country. Local
their concerns
public engagement will thus expose domestic dynamics that might be
Techniques/Tools Fact Sheets, Web site, Open Public Comment, Focus
houses, Site visit, Education Groups, Surveys, Public underestimated in studies of the country’s policy development, inhib
Fair/Exhibition Meetings iting local knowledge and concern for both mitigation and adaptation
policies (Vignola et al., 2013). However, public engagement in adapta
tions to climate change must identify the appropriate participants,
representatives, and forms of participation. Failing to do this may cause
the project site. It brings the proposed action into a public forum and the engagement processes to suffer from self-selection bias in the iden
provides an opportunity for study, reporting, comment, and foremost, tification of the publics’ issues (Moser, 2014). Public engagement must
allows the public to give feedback regarding the project that will benefit therefore be strategic due to its importance in adaptation to climate
both parties (IEA GHG, 2007). As EIA is a mechanism to ensure sus change, and often emphasises small-scale interactions such as work
tainable development by determining the impacts of significant events shops and focus group discussions (FGDs), which have been found to be
that are likely to have a direct effect on natural and man-made climates effective for increasing knowledge, fostering deeper conversations, and
(Scott and Ngoran, 2003), the CCUS public engagement strategy will transcending political differences (Moser, 2014). Furthermore, an
ensure that environmental concerns are incorporated into CCUS activ interesting view by Buhr and Wibeck (2014) underpins the pros and cons
ities at the project site. of limited versus extensive public engagement, which may often over
The last aim of public engagement is to obtain public acceptance and look the assumptions underlying various communication approaches.
eventually acquire the support of local stakeholders by acquiring the Buhr and Wibeck (2014) illuminate participatory approaches to
social license to operate CCUS activities at the project site. Through the communication and transmission, which are useful for researchers
development of the strategy, trust will be constructed between the interested in the factors influencing communication and for practi
project developer and the local public and the legitimacy of the project tioners seeking reflexive awareness in designing communication plans
will be emphasised through its capacity for human capital development, for CCUS. This is in accordance with Van der Linden et al.’s (2015)
which is fundamental for the function of the social license to operate at research, in which they presented practical examples illustrating how
the project site. In recognizing the importance of the complex social the five key psychological principles can be applied to support societal
factors impacting the future development of CCUS technology, it be engagement and climate change policymaking. Putting this into practice
comes clear that the public must be informed and engaged. Public to operationalise climate risk management, a methodological approach
engagement in this context involves both the transfer of information/ was proposed by Schinko et al. (2017) that builds on multiple lines of
communication and involvement in CCUS activities, as well as a means evidence and methods on how to couple broad stakeholder engagement
to measure the success of such transfers. The public will not only be with the empirical analysis of public budgets and risk-focused economic
informed, but also consulted to ensure their engagement in CCUS ac modelling. Speaking about the risk, Sacuta et al. (2017) addressed key
tivities at the project site (Table 1). aspects of public engagement of communication about the geological
The aforementioned objectives and the proposed level of public storage of CO2 in accordance with the crisis. Their findings, experiencing
engagement by the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project therefore demonstrate with the allegations of leak at Weyburn-Midale oil field in south-eastern
that the development of a public engagement strategy in CCUS is Saskatchewan- Canada, show that Weyburn’s crises communication is a
important to detail how people can best be educated about the safety cross-section of the importance of landowners’ involvement, the value of
and benefits of CCUS, correct misperceptions about CCUS, enhance trust combining technological and outreach programs, mitigating the risk of
and confidence in CCUS, and create broad and local public support for projects, integrating the public’s interest in project experimental design,
CCUS. and voicing public concerns. A recent study of the stakeholder engage
The pilot project must consider that the mere provision of factual ment approach was also emphasised by Yusuf et al. (2018) in supporting
information about CCUS is unlikely to change public perception or ac the local public to broaden their perspectives and address climatic
quire public support. People need to see their needs addressed, feel that events. This approach of engaging stakeholders in discussion within and
their opinion is important and participate in the decision-making pro across different groups could assess a community’s willingness to
cess; this is the reason for the study and development of a CCUS public address those events. It allowed an examination of its effectiveness as a
engagement strategy. mechanism for capturing community-wide perceptions regarding the
events and their associated risks. Although their research is not directly
2. Public engagement for public acceptance and social licence to related to public engagement in CCUS, Illonova et al. (2018) found that
operate public perception is one of the key issues in CCS project implementation.
Various stakeholder groups can exert a strong influence on the project.
Numerous scholars have highlighted the significance of public Through the creation of a stakeholder management systems throughout
engagement in various climate change mitigation activities, including in the CCUS project’s cycle, emerging risks might be anticipated.
CCS, through different lenses (Lorenzoni et al., 2007; Whitmarsh et al., Furthermore, Xenias and Withmarsh (2018) elucidated the rationales
2011; Russell et al., 2012; Vignola et al., 2013; Moser, 2014; Buhr and and CCS expert views of public engagement. Their research findings
Wibeck, 2014; van der Linden et al., 2015; Schinko et al., 2017; Sacuta indicate some differences in perceptions of public engagement with CCS
et al., 2017; Yusuf et al., 2018; Ilinova et al., 2018; Xenias and between those who engage directly with the public and those who do
not. Therefore, Leiss and Larkin (2019) posit that risk communication
3
Table 2 and public engagement are the foundations of public acceptance of CCS
The organisation of Focus Group Discussion. (now CCUS) Projects.
Organisation Details Anderson et al. (2012) found that the suspension/discontinuation of
energy infrastructure programs, such as the construction of renewable
Theme Thoughts about Carbon Capture and Utilization
Storage (in Blora District) – Reduction of CO2 energy plants and, more recently, the development of CCS, could be
Emissions through Environmentally Friendly attributed to community resistance and low public involvement and
Technology acceptance. The term acceptance implies passivity and does not inher
Venue Planning and Development Planning Agency of ently indicate the approval/support of a community (Barben, 2010;
Blora
Invitation of FGD to Planning and Development Planning Agency of
Anderson et al., 2012). Therefore, Anderson et al. (2012) defined vari
participants issued by Blora (signed by the head of the agency as the ables that distinguish between active and passive public acceptance
project’s partner at the project site) through the case of Australian CCS Project in Otway. If it is passive, what
Allocated time 5 to 6 h are the characteristics of a community in which the acceptance of CCS is
Targeted participants Government of Blora District (Secretary of
achieved with relative ease; and what best-practice public participation pro
(Institutions) Region, Public Relations)
o Education, Youth, and Sport Service Agency of cesses are most appropriate for it (Anderson et al., 2012). This paper,
Blora through the case study of CCUS in Indonesia, will shed light on the above
o Environment Agency of Blora questions, incorporating the socio-economic, cultural, institutional,
o Civil Works Service Agency of Blora infrastructural, and geographical characteristics of a community as the
o Energy and Mineral Resources Service Agency
of Blora
influenced acceptance factors, as suggested by Heiskanen et al. (2008).
o Tourism, Communication, and Informatics Public acceptance, when examined from the lens of the project devel
Service Agency of Blora oper and industries, is embedded in the concept of Social License to
o United Nation and Politics Service Agency of Operate (SLO). This concept has expanded in scope across a range of
Blora
industries outside the mining industry, such as energy, in which SLO is
o Affected Sub-district (7) and Villages (26)
o National Oil and Gas Company in Blora District currently used to characterise in-between interactions and public
(PERTAMINA CEPU/PEPC) acceptance (Hall et al., 2015; Smits et al., 2016). Merely complying with
o Forest Management State-owned Company of formal licensing for industries to operate within local communities is not
Central Java Regional Office (PERHUTANI) sufficient (Moffat and Zhang, 2014). Moffat and Zhang’s (2014)
o Local Media in Blora
research demonstrated that the impact and relational variables, such as
o CCUS Gundih Pilot Project Management
(Project Coordinator) impact on infrastructure, contact quality and quantity, and the essential
Total participants that attended 37 persons role of trust, are significant in securing and sustaining an SLO. There
Facilitators and Moderators for Team of Public Engagement Study fore, this paper seeks to establish, construct, and demonstrate that the
Focus Group Discussion
public engagement strategy, by means of different approaches, is paving
Organisation of Focus Group Three Groups (Sub-district and Village
Discussion authorities, Local Government Units/Service the way for acquiring public acceptance and, ultimately, the SLO for the
Agencies, and Media). Each group was facilitated CCUS pilot project to be operationalised in Indonesia.
by two persons from the Public Engagement team
of CCUS Gundih Pilot Project 3. Methods
Focus Group Discussion Registration of the participants
Program o First Session:
o Opening remarks (Planning and Development Public engagement is progressively being used to gauge public
Planning Agency of Blora and CCUS Gundih opinion and gain support for large-scale planning and development
Pilot Project Management) to all participants initiatives. Despite its thriving growth, little research has been con
o Introduction to CCUS and CCUS plan in Blora
ducted regarding how to plan such engagement (Yu and Leung, 2015),
District to all participants
o Explanation of the Focus Group Discussion and especially for CCUS. Therefore, this paper attempts to construct a public
group division to all participants engagement strategy built upon sequential methods, namely (a) stake
o Second Session: holder analysis, including stakeholder mapping and social site charac
o Focus Group Discussion: The participants were terisation at the project site, (b) the development of factors that shape the
divided into three groups
o Third Session:
opinion of local stakeholders, (c) arguments mapping that describes the
o Closing remark to all participants pros and cons of the upcoming CCUS project in terms of positive and
Method of Discussion Utilizing Metaplan Technique to each group: negative impacts of conducting CCUS activities at the project site, (d) the
development of a message framework for the upcoming CCUS project that
o Conveying the Metaplan discussion rules
compiled the views from local stakeholders, (e) the local media that will
o Using questions to create interaction
o Moderating a question card and focusing on support CCUS activities, and (f) the development of communication plans,
each single question including the incoming and outgoing communication actions for the
Space Arrangement In the first and third sessions, the room was CCUS project developer to design the shape of the public engagement
arranged in a class-room format strategy for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project in Indonesia.
In the second session for FGD, the chairs of the
three groups were arranged in a circular format in
Stakeholders are identified as individuals or groups that may have an
which facilitators of each group stood at the front impact on the achievement of the objectives of the organisation
with board and marker to pin up the metaplan (Freeman and McVea, 2006). Transposing this concept into a project
cards of the participants. context, a project stakeholder is similarly identified as a person, group,
Needed Utensils and Materials Facilitators of each group were equipped with:
or organisation that is influenced by activities related to the project. The
o Set of empty metaplan cards
o Board and marker stakeholder’s attitude concerns the positive, negative, or more neutral
o Set of questions to moderate the discussion feelings they have about the project. Attitudes are formed from obser
o Camera/Video camera/Voice recorder to vations and experiences that can guide the future of the project.
document the discussion Therefore, stakeholders’ attitudes to the project are a measure of the
o Attendee list with names, institutions, and
contact details of the participants
extent to which they will support (back up) or resist (block) project
activities. Murray-Webster and Simon (2006) describe stakeholders’
attitudes as positive (collaborative) or negative (hostile). Since this di
chotomy does not allow a full characterisation of stakeholder positions,
4
Table 3
Stakeholder analysis for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project.
Aspect of Analysis Expressed
Stakeholder Group in
Attitude
Blora District
Knowledge Level Concerns and Issues Level of Support or Resistance
Local Government
Would take the role as the CCUS
information transmitter for local
Merits and risks of the project are the
population, monitor/supervisor of every
concerns and issues of the authority of
The level of the local government’s CCUS activities in the area by
sub-districts and villages, which will
knowledge regarding CCUS in general is accompanying the pilot project
eventually lead to public acceptance if
very low, although most of the authorities management, and the facilitator between
handled carefully. Sub-districts and
know about climate change and its CCUS pilot project management and
village leaders opined that the CCUS
impacts that are keywords linked to CCUS. communities. To carry out their role
Gundih Pilot Project will be advantageous
However, they have failed to link the efficiently, they propose some of
for their environment in terms of the
phenomena of climate change to CCUS important local stakeholders/opinion
reduction of global warming and the
knowledge. leaders within the community that have
project will also serve as an opportunity
to be involved in CCUS information
for the creation of local job opportunities.
(Sub-district and Village dissemination in the community at a
Opportunistic
Authorities) larger scale.
General risks, such as local earthquakes,
can trigger the leakage of stored CO2 and
accidents during CO2 transportation.
Authorities of sub-districts and villages
The issue of climate change and its Authorities of affected sub-districts and
proposed that collaborative CO2 storage
impacts can thus serve as the entry point villages show great complicity with the
monitoring through a night watch and
in explaining the CCUS in addition to project and showed some commitment to
regulating the hours of CO2
developing an environmentally friendly this project and wished to be part of the
transportation can be carried out in
solution to reducing CO2 emissions. project.
cooperation between authorities of the
sub-district - village and the project
management (CCUS Gundih Pilot
Project).
Possibility of any mistake in the
implementation of the CCUS procedure
and the risk of earthquakes resulting in
the leakage of stored CO2. These will
greatly affect the agriculture sector and
the health of the local community in
Blora.
Desire: the planned project will increase
Show a good understanding of climate
the quality of the living environment
change and its linkages to CCUS Show a very high commitment to the
(better air quality), open vacancies to
Service Agencies (Local technology. Aware of climate change, project and wish its success without a
create local jobs as an effort to improve Collaborative
Government Units) which they call global warming, and also specific expectation regarding additional
the local economic sector and will not
understood the CCSU technology and its benefits for them.
damage local wisdom.
process.
The education sector is concerned about
the transfer of CCUS knowledge to
(school) students and the community.
Methods to convey the complicated CCUS
materials ought to be carefully created by
the LGUs and CCUS project management
through formal and informal education
sectors and various mediums.
Community Representative
Close and tight- knit relationships among
community members have a large
Benefits and advantages that the CCUS
influence in determining the course of
Gundih Pilot Project will bring in socio-
village development and construction.
economic aspects (facilities/
Thus, support from CBSOs will ensure
infrastructures, job opportunity of local
Low level of CCUS knowledge, to some public support for the project, under the
CBSOs, Elderly / Head of skills).
extent do not know about climate change precondition that it will bring concrete Opportunistic
communities, NGOs
and its relation to CCUS activities benefits.
They would like to be involved as change
Concern with issues and risks that may
agents, communicating the merits of the
contribute to failures (risk of leakage,
project, promoting the project to the
earthquake, accidents during CO2
community at large, and thereby
transportation and storage activities)
engaging the public in CCUS activities.
Local Media
Understood what CCUS is. Aware that Major drawback concerns are the impacts Local media tend to support the planned
CCUS could reduce CO2 emissions in of the CO2 transportation process to the CCUS project in Blora and did not show
DIVA Blora (Local Indonesia, specifically in their area, Blora injection well, decreasing the any significant resistance; these media
newspaper), District. They understood CO2 emissions environment quality because of the stored show some hesitation and doubts Challenging
Community Radio and how CO2 is transformed from a gas to CO2 in the subsurface, and disaster regarding the project’s ability to properly
liquid state that is injected into an probability due to natural hazards such as serve the territory or its cause. These
injection well. earthquakes or technical failure risks. media are not campaigning against the
(continued on next page)
5
Table 3 (continued )
Aspect of Analysis Expressed
Stakeholder Group in
Attitude
Blora District
Knowledge Level Concerns and Issues Level of Support or Resistance
project for the time being but are ready to

interfere in case the project does not
Small jobs opportunities for local
comply with its minimal acceptance
residents might increase local economic
conditions. This indicates that the project
growth. The planned CCUS project will
management should engage the local
Have been familiarised with terms related not be their main source of livelihood but
media in Blora at the earliest stage to
to oil and gas, since they have been an additional income for households.
ensure they are a strong medium for
covering news about oil and gas activities Media focuses on the improvement of
communicating the planned CCUS
in the region. infrastructure and other structural
activities to the people of Blora, gaining
facilities as one of the positive impacts,
acceptance from the public, and engaging
should the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project be
them in the activities; hence highlighting
implemented in the region.
the public’s sense of belonging for the
CCUS Pilot Project in Blora.
State-owned Company
Highly support the project, as one of the
endorsers of CCUS Gundih Pilot Project in
Blora. Provision of CO2 in CPP and
injection well are arranged by the
National Oil and Gas State-owned
Company.
They will support the activities of CCUS
Gundih Pilot Project greatly, since
If the planned CCUS project does not go
National Oil and Gas State-owned
well, whether or not it is accepted by the
Company has an interest in making this
community, this is a risk for PEPC.
PERTAMINA CEPU High level of knowledge about CCUS due initiative (CCUS Gundih Pilot Project)
Consequently, these concerns and issues Collaborative
(PEPC) to its main activities in the oil and gas field successful, considering the amount of
will affect the performance of PEPC and
time and resources that have been
eventually PERTAMINA) and thus will
allocated to the project. National Oil and
jeopardise community trust.
Gas State-owned Company support the
project and liaises the project developer
to several related ministries, such as
Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources. Specifically, PEPC is in favour
of supporting CCUS activities for
Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR)
opportunities in the long-term.
PERHUTANI is concerned about the
implementation of CCUS in the area,
Aware about positive impacts that CCUS
particularly if it will take place near the
activities may bring for Indonesia and the
teak forest; whether the stored carbon has
people of Blora and therefore greatly
an impact on the surrounding plants and
support CCUS activities.
trees; if the carbon experiences a leakage,
Forest Management
Aware of climate change and its impacts whether it is poisonous for plants.
State-owned Company
to humans and the environment, but little Other major issues for PERHUTANI are
of Central Java Challenging
knowledge about terms related to oil and whether the composition of stored CO2 Support with preconditions to not disturb
Regional Office
gas activities, and CCUS technology will affect plants and trees negatively. or damage the vegetation (forest tree)
(PERHUTANI)
Although the agriculture sector is not and soil through CCUS activities in the
their authority, PERHUTANI is also region. They will not be campaigning
concerned about the CCUS impact on against the project, but will interfere
crops. Since there are vegetations and should the project not comply with its
crops within a 4 km radius of the injected minimal acceptance conditions
well.
a third category, the neutral attitude, was added, which was later split an approach that repeatedly examines the public perception and con
into the two sub-categories of opportunistic and challenging (James ceptions of the CCS (now CCUS) project, its changes over time, and
et al., 2012). On the one hand, the opportunists have not yet decided fundamental factors that shape public opinion as a parallel task to the
whether to support or oppose the project and that their final decision is technical site characterisation (Wade and Greenberg, 2011). On the pilot
likely to depend on their interests, meaning that the advantages can be project site, the social site characterisation serves as a first-hand
derived from its positioning. On the other hand, the challenging stake observation of the social aspects of the communities. It is utilised as
holders will not change their attitude based on their interests but rather an instrument to plan and eventually evaluate an approach for actively
based on sound and reliable information that they have received. Should engaging local stakeholders in the upcoming CCUS pilot project.
the information shift to the disadvantage side for them, this stakeholder One of the objectives of the public engagement strategy is to define
is ready to impede. Proper public outreach is built upon three essential public information needs regarding CCUS, trusted sources of informa
pillars. First, communication research on the existing attitudes and tion, media for communication, and the public’s involvement, and
knowledge needs of the local population must be consulted. Second, the identify the factors that shape public opinion about CCUS in the Blora
problem of perceptions of risks is attainable in the discussion. Third, District. According to Reiner et al. (2011), different expectations can
trusted and reliable information sources are imperative in public arise from, on the one hand, the project management and related parties
engagement processes (Brunsting et al., 2011). Social characterisation is and, on the other hand, local stakeholders and the local public. For
6
Table 4 Netherlands (Van Egmond and Hekkert, 2012) was adopted to generate
Observation aspect of social site characterisation for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project. an argument map for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project. The arguments map
Aspect for Observation Observation Result should be positioned as a tool to create the messaging framework, the
messages from which will be employed by CCUS at the project site to
Local Economic Conditions Agriculture (rain-fed rice field, seasonal
crops), teak forest (teak wood and roots provide convincing CCUS information. It also provides the spokespeople
production), old oil wells (crude oil materials and subject matter for a dialogue with communities. Coupled
production). with framing appropriate messages about CCUS at the project site, the
Formal organisations: Forest-Village project emphasises the advantage of the storytelling technique (Global
Community Body, Village Cooperative
Unit, Women Welfare Association,
CCS Institute, 2013). CCUS as a solution in Blora might benefit from a
Farmers Group and Women Farmers compelling ‘story’ in which local communities and individuals are taken
Local Empowerment (The existence of
Group. on a positive journey into the future. This is not to state that objective
formal and non-formal CBOs, policy-
making process, and underlying
Non-formal organisations: Religious facts and figures need to be concealed, but that facts and figures need to
Mosque group/Majlis Ta’lim
views/attitudes) be merged into a motivating image of a desirable future.
Overarching views on fossil fuel-based
energy, oil, and gas production. Once the CCUS messages are framed, the media as a communication
Interested in taking part in the discussion channel to the wider public assumes its role in engaging the public with
forums, listening to local authorities. science. CCUS may be considered as science and new technology, of
Damages: Roads (overburdened which its media practices must be explored in Blora. This was high
Environment (Geophysical environment transportation of teak forest and oil gas
and Biotic environment) exploration). Solution: Filling up with
lighted by Retzbach and Maier (2015) in their investigation of the effects
limestone. Reforestation. of media on public engagement with science in communicating scientific
Energy condition (demand and supply Local and regional sources of energy from uncertainty. As the last mile in achieving the strategy of public
of people around the project site) oil and gas engagement in the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project, the project used a sys
Trust (beliefs, tradition, and social Local government officers (head of sub-
tematic approach to identifying and communicating sequentially with
condition of people around the project district, head of village). Key person in
site that may influence CCS activities) community (elderly/wise man) stakeholders and to progressively build the appropriate content
Strong local media presence (DIVA knowledge through a communication actions plan. Since the public
newspaper of Blora). Source of outreach strategy incorporates information, planning, and preparation;
Local Media Landscape information: Local government officers, it also has the function to respond to significant events that are tailored
newspapers, television, and community
to facilitate understanding between internal and external stakeholders
radio
Primary – High schools. No higher of the nature of the risks of potential incidents, including their possible
academic institutions (universities) causes, as well as its potential implications and risk management. The
existed in project site. Opportunities to communication actions plan is built on the basis of the objectives and
Local Education/Local Knowledge collaborate for educational programs.
phases of the CCUS activities (DOE/NETL, 2009) and using the
Local wisdom/events, possibly utilised
for wider communication outreach communication toolkit guide for CCUS projects from the Global CCS
(Annual Earth Thanksgiving) Institute and the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Impacts of project construction and Research Organisation (CSIRO) (Ashworth et al., 2011).
implementation on local traffic All of the above methods were conducted to assemble a public
congestion. Busiest at bus terminal
engagement strategy for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project. These methods
during daytime. Potential for traffic
Local Traffic Conditions congestion either by two-wheeled or carried out qualitatively through field observations, interviews, and
four-wheeled vehicles, coupled with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The interviews were semi-structured
densely populated area. Narrow roads, with key guiding questions around CCUS technology and activities
especially in crowded areas such as Cepu
that were formulated targeting the identified local stakeholders from the
Market in Blora.
Potential for earthquake risks: located
stakeholder analysis. According to Krueger and Casey (2015), a focus
near the fault line. Drilling in the area/ group is an exploratory group discussion on the interpretation of
the CO2 injection may cause EQ. The particular topics in a given context. Emerging from sociology, it has
Local Natural Hazard(s) that may ability of CO2 injection and storage more recently become a social science research tool (Merton and Ken
hamper CCS activities infrastructure to withstand hurricanes.
dall, 1946 cited in Yu and Leung, 2015). Although CCUS technology is
Potential for flood risks: no proper
ditches (streets and river overflowing viewed as scientific subject, this topic involves examining the social
during the rainy season). interests of different stakeholders. Therefore, in the current study, FGDs
were conducted, consisting of diverse groups of participants. The FGDs
with local stakeholders were held twice within two years. Each FGD was
example, the engagement approach focuses on how opinion shaping divided into three groups of stakeholders, with each group representing
factors play a role, how a project influences local identity, how homogenous organisations to prevent dominant voices (Smithson, 2000
socio-demographics shape risk opinions, and how local contingencies cited in Yu and Leung, 2015). The FGDs were led by the facilitator, who
can shape risk opinions. In general, shaping opinion factors considers is a member of the CCUS project team and is familiar with CCUS topics.
how to make use of this expertise in designing a communication and The facilitator set the benchmark and theme of the focus group, indi
participation strategy that meets the information needs of different cated the scope and topics of the discussion, and ensured that the same
segments of the project. Consequently, interaction with the target issues were addressed. The facilitator allowed participants to exchange
stakeholders is required so that the CCUS Gundih project management, views and promoted debate in a non-directive manner in order to reduce
through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD), can learn from the local the bias of the moderator (Myers, 1998). Table 2 illustrates the orga
target groups about their particular concerns as well as knowledge needs nisation of the FGD.
and whether there are opportunities or solutions to resolve these
concerns.
4. Results
Furthermore, in achieving effective, open, and honest public
engagement strategy; the public needs to understand the various argu
4.1. Stakeholder analysis for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
ments for and against the technology and the ‘social arrangement’ that
accompanies it, such as financing structures, legal frameworks, and
In the context of the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project in Blora District, the
employment. An exemplary model from the CCS research in the
stakeholders were identified, observed, and interviewed during FGDs;
7
Table 5
Arguments for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project.
Argument Issues Explanation
This argument is climate- and environment-related and was advocated by all the
stakeholders in Blora. If CCUS will be implemented, at least to some extent, people in
Blora District will have the privilege of having a cleaner air, with fewer CO2 emissions
than in the previous condition. Furthermore, although the scale of CCS Gundih is a pilot
project; planned CCUS activities may reduce the amount of CO2 (800 ton/day for the
CCUS is good for the environment (reducing global warming) and
duration of 10 years) from the largest CPP of oil and gas in Java, Indonesia. This will be
thereby will make the air cleaner because of the reduction of CO2
an exemplary model and motivation for other regions in Indonesia, which have CPPs
emission.
that produce large or larger amount of CO2 emissions than CPP in Blora to apply such
technology. However, this should be carefully considered, remembering that Indonesia
has a large amount of coal and is still utilizing coal for fuel combustion; CCUS will be the
answer to reduce such carbon emissions, but the promotion and campaigning for
renewable and clean energy has to be strongly endorsed.
The CCUS Gundih Pilot Project will execute the activities of CCUS chain from the
capture, transportation, to storage process. A large amount of manpower will be
required to organise such complete chains. Manpower from the project may not be
Positive Impact
sufficient to cover those works; therefore, local manpower from the region will address
of CCUS
the shortage of such labour. This will be a win-win solution both for the project as well as
for the people in Blora. The CCUS Gundih Pilot Project does not necessarily have to bring
CCUS will create local job opportunities, increase local economic skilled labour from outside the site and could thus save on its budget; further, people
growth, and improve the economy in the area who live near and around the site of CPP and CO2 injection wells could support the
project and earn additional income. For example, small positions that require a certain
amount of local manpower are security, foreman and overseer, caterer, lodger, and
driver. These are not only needed at the pilot scale, but could be continued in the long
run, if the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project is successful and considered a routine national
program. Therefore, it will not only trigger local economic growth, but boost the
economy sector of Blora as well, at least in the time span of a pilot project.
By researching and implementing the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project in Blora, social contact
between researchers and the public, especially children of school age and students, will
CCUS contributes to the accumulation of additional high-tech
occur. A strong possibility and opportunity exist that the presence of researchers in the
knowledge for local education
area will provide a positive influence and ignite and inspire the younger generation to
study and conduct research in this field.
As a starter for this argument, the CO2 of CCUS Gundih Pilot Project will be transported
through corrosive-resistant pipelines from the CPP in a super critical state. The most
Impact of CO2 transportation activities
prominent risk is the leakage of CO2 from the pipelines. Stakeholders raised fears and
worries that the leakage will have impacts on vegetation and crops nearby.
This argument is a safety-related counterargument for CCUS. Stakeholders become
opponents if there is any error in the implementation of carbon storage, such as leakages.
This has two-fold effects: first, if a leakage occurs due to CO2 escaping at low-pressure
during the transportation and storage process, it can cause suffocation when there is
little wind. Consequently, CO2 can cause suffocation at a high concentration and
Negative
subsequently, the impact depends on the duration and concentration of the exposure.
Impact of
Second, carbon leakages during transportation may seep into the soil and cause soil
CCUS
degradation, considering that most areas in Blora District are agriculture fields and teak
CO2 leakage at storage sites and collateral damage
woods (rain-fed rice agriculture and crops vegetation). To address these issues,
stakeholders proposed a collaborative monitoring system through night watch around
the storage site for early warning purposes. Furthermore, an earthquake could trigger
CO2 leakages at the storage site Java Island has a complex geological structure composed
of faults and subduction zones. Although prior project implementation with intensive
sub-surface, reservoir analysis, and geological settings are studied, earthquake risks will
still silently threaten the area. Therefore, proper study and explanation to the public in
Blora District is extremely important in addressing this argument.
they are (i) the Government of Blora District, (ii) Representatives of 4.2. Opinion shaping factors for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
Blora District Community, (iii) Local Media, and (iv) National Oil and
Gas Company in Blora District (PERTAMINA CEPU/PEPC), and Forest The FGDs revealed stakeholders’ specific concerns and information
Management State-owned Company of Central Java Regional Office needs, which encompassed three major issues that shape the factors of
(PERHUTANI). The stakeholder analysis of CCUS Gundih enlisted the public opinion of CCUS in Blora, such as (i) level of knowledge/under
characteristics of attitude (level of knowledge, concerns and issues, and standing of CCUS (understanding of climate change, CCUS, and part of
level of support/commitment or resistance) to the project and how they CCUS technology that stakeholders do not understand and whom to ask
cope with it. Table 3 characterises and summarises the stakeholder if stakeholders would like to know more about CCUS/source informa
analysis of the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project. tion), (ii) argument and motivation of local public about CCUS (stake
In terms of social site characterisation as part of stakeholder analysis, holders’ hopes about the plan of CCUS and most important impact that
several aspects were identified and are illustrated in Table 4 for the stakeholders would like to focus on), and (iii) local public engagement/
purpose of the development of the public engagement strategy for the involvement in CCUS (stakeholders’ role in CCUS, communication plans
CCUS Gundih Pilot Project. that could involve stakeholders in CCUS, opinion leaders that must be
Based on field observations, FGDs, and interviews, the views and involved in CCUS information dissemination in the community at a
interests and the stakeholder analysis coupled with the social charac larger scale, and media in informing about CCUS). It was also revealed
terisation of the local stakeholder groups in Blora underlines the type that communities that will be affected by CCUS activities, represented
and importance of their involvement in the project and provides a path by sub-districts and villages in FGD, conveyed strong trust in the local
for ensuring their acceptance. government. This indicates that the project initiative, first contacting the
government at the project site, is headed in the right direction.
8
F. Mulyasari et al.
Table 6
Message Framework for CCUS Gundih Pilot.
Ultimate Goal CCUS Gundih Pilot Project in Blora District is a pilot project as a learning study for combating Greenhouse Gas as an impact of Climate Change
Umbrella Message Introducing a new clean and safe energy technology to reduce the abundant CO2 emissions for the general and local public and positive impacts of CCUS for the public in Blora District
Message Criteria The types of institutions that The languages in How CCUS will be Whether, or to what The extent to which The ways CCUS The forms of media How CCUS is taught Where further efforts
are behind CCUS which CCUS will be communicated? extent, CCUS is CCUS communication is that are used in educational might be needed and
communication communicated portrayed from a communication fragmented or linked (reports, video, settings how CCUS
supportive, neutral, efforts are evidence- across institutions animation, etc.) communication
or critical based and sites could be developed
perspective
CCUS
communication can
Aside from utilizing
be integrated in the
printed materials
CCUS Gundih Pilot working programs of
such as newspapers,
Project management, the Local
reports, posters,
with public Government working
flyers, and booklets, Formal education:
engagement study Units / Service
First, the project media for CCUS booklets and posters This might be
and Government of Agencies and in the
management team of public communication distributed addressed for the
Emphasise the local Blora organisation: development
engagement study to local Through the should go beyond throughout schools, improvements of
Bahasa Indonesia benefits / positive program of sub-
ambassadors such as: Local activities of printed and discussion sessions how, when and to
(National Language impacts of CCUS districts and villages
Government working Unit Community-Based animated materials with experts at what extent the
of Indonesia) for implementation that in Blora.
(Planning and Development Society (video, clips, etc.), schools, public are conveyed
printed materials. may arise for the Site Visit and Open
Agency), Sub-district and Organisations. but should consider demonstration of and engaged in CCUS
public in Blora. Day to support CCUS
village authorities, and developing a 3D mini CCS technology by communication and
communication and
9
CBSOs. mobile CCUS model 3D mini mobile activities.

its messages and
The coordinator will for better public CCUS model.
having direct contact
be the Planning and understanding to
with the public to
To support the Development Agency demonstrate what
allow them to see the
Message CCUS technology
overview of CCUS
Framework really is.
technology on the
ground.
CCUS is good for the
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 108 (2021) 103312

environment
Local events that (reducing global
may gather large warming) and Informal education:
groups from Blora at thereby air becomes Local ambassadors school children and Boundaries might be
Radio talk show from
once: cleaner because of may help and locals can visit an set to communicate
Working Plan can be the Communication
Second stage the reduction of CO2 support the project Exhibition Day CCUS activities and
To some extent, the attached in their and Information
communicationLocal emissions. management and organised by the risks for the public.
local language might official site, where it Service Agency of
ambassadors to the wider CCUS will trigger Government of the Government of Blora To what extent the
be applied in speech. is accessible to the Blora for direct
public in Blora. local job Blora District as District where CCUS local public needs to
public in Blora. interactions with the
opportunities, Liaison Officers in Gundih Pilot Project know and be
larger public.
Traditional and local increased local both events. sets up a booth that engaged in CCUS.
wisdom events. economic growth, can be visited.
and improve the
economy sector in
the area.
Table 7
Media landscape for communicating CCUS Gundih Pilot Project.
Type Media Characteristic
Local Television Station Aside from Indonesian commercial television stations that can be accessed in Blora, there was a national television network focusing on the news
of the specific region. This network is called TVRI JAWA TENGAH (Television of Republic Indonesia of Central Java Province) and disseminates
the news for people living in Central Java Province, including Blora District. As a local station, TVRI JAWA TENGAH relays 92% national events
and programs with the remaining percentage allocated for the local coverage. TVRI JAWA TENGAH airs its programs from 3 to 7 pm and makes
use of the strong local culture and language that is understandable for the local public. Therefore, the allocated remaining local program could be
harnessed for communicating the CCUS project to people living around the site.
Local Newspaper 1 DIVA Blora is a weekly newspaper that publishes news on Mondays. Around 4300 copies per week are circulated to readers such as village
leaders, schoolteachers, and residents of Blora. DIVA Blora covers news about people, politics, and development in Blora District. Introducing
the nominees for the leader/head of Blora is one of the newspaper’s most important roles, since people directly elect their leaders rather than
appointed them through representatives in the council. Thus, DIVA Blora provides locals with necessary information regarding updates in Blora.
It is a paper-based newspaper and does not have a digital format; thus, residents of the villages who do not have Internet at home or access to the
Internet can still stay up to date with news in Blora District, Central Java, presenting opportunities for project developers to communicate the
planned CCS activities.
2 JATENG POS (CENTRAl JAVA POS) is a Central Java Daily Post, one of 137 owned by the daily JAWA POS Group (JAVA POST Group) in
Indonesia. JATENG POS publishes news around Central Java Province with a circulation of 63,000 copies per day. One of its focus areas is the
Northern Coast of Central Java region (PANTURA) covered by the PATI EKSPRES, which includes news coverage of Blora District. PATI
EKSPRES of JATENG POS is a paper-based and digital format newspaper, thus, it has a larger impact through dissemination to both locals and
outsiders to Blora. Therefore, the project developer might employ the local newspaper to convey the CCS to communities.
Community Radio RADIO GAGAK RIMANG holds an important role in the dissemination of local public information in Blora. Previously, this radio was a Local
Government Radio Broadcast and evolved into a streaming Local Public Broadcasting under the auspices of the Information and Communication
Agency of Blora (Infoblora, 2013). Currently, people outside Blora can listen to news and updates around Blora through a streaming site that the
Government of Blora publishes on its official website. Therefore, this local radio station has extremely important implications for the CCS Gundih
Pilot Project due to its wider public outreach and impacts.
Local Government Internet The Government of Blora District launches news and updates through a prominent Internet site that is called Info Blora (infoblora.com) aside from
Platform their official site (blorakab.go.id). Info Blora is an electronic-based media that seeks to distribute information about “what’s happening in Blora”
for the general public, especially to residents of Blora. Info Blora does not only obtain information from their news administration, but the
residents of Blora contribute news as well, either from social networks, various online media groups, posters, or announcements that are seen by
the administrators. This type of “getting the news mechanism,” characterised by citizen journalism is based upon public citizens "playing an active
role in the process of collecting, reporting, analysing, and disseminating news and information” (Bowman and Willis, 2003). Initially, Info Blora
was founded by volunteers from Blora and is currently under the auspices of the Information and Communication Agency of Blora District, Central
Java Province. The local official internet site thus provides a space for communicating the CCS activities to wider public in the site.
Social Media People in Blora access the internet through their mobile phones to seek information and engage with others Therefore, the use of social media is
quickly increasing in the region. This could benefit the CCS project developer through presenting positive information about the CCS activities in
the region. For example, social media that are often visited by the people in Blora are news websites with comment columns, Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, and YouTube. These provide a strategic trade-off for the project, since they provide wide distribution of project information at little
cost, should they be handled carefully.
Community Activities Community-Based Society Organisations (CBSOs) activities, such as monthly Women Welfare Association meetings, monthly Integrated
Community Health Centre activities (Posyandu), informal community gatherings, and formal village meetings (Sambung Rasa and Rembug Desa),
Local Thanksgiving event (Sedekah Bumi), and other local traditional events were identified. These communities’ activities provide platforms by
gathering many people at once, which could be used by the project in conveying CCS messages in order to reach a wider and more direct audience.
4.3. Arguments map for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project measure for mitigating global warming aside from explaining other
measures; explaining both the strengths and weaknesses of CCUS and
The arguments around the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project were con other measures. This will provide a basis for decisions concerning the
structed during FGD and fieldwork and should be updated during the implementation of CCUS to obtain public support. Simultaneous with
lifetime of the project. The stakeholders in FGD raised their arguments the storytelling process, a CCUS message framework was developed
from different points of view and preferred to name the arguments as based on the information extracted from the FGD. Although CCUS ac
positive and negative impacts of CCUS to people and environment in tivities in Blora are currently at the pilot scale, focusing on research
Blora. Table 5 summarises these arguments for CCUS. within CO2 storage and monitoring, not deployed nor for demonstration
and commercialisation, preparation and road mapping beyond the pilot
project’s lifetime is being conducted. The focus of the message frame
4.4. Message framework for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
work is therefore to trigger and raise the public awareness of CCUS in
Blora. Table 6 illustrates this message framework.
The CCUS activities in Blora have been framed around their signifi
cant reduction of CO2 emissions from large sources like power plants and
factories to reduce global warming and combat climate change. During 4.5. Local media landscape for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
fieldwork, easily understandable jargon related to CCUS was introduced
so that it could be accepted easily by the local public, firstly in 2014. Based on field observations, interviews, and FGD, media at the site
CCUS was translated into TSPK (Tangkap Simpan dan Penggunaan Kar were identified for promoting communication for CCUS and were
bon), which is a one-to-one translation of CCUS in Bahasa Indonesia, divided into six types of communication channels ranging from mass
avoiding attaching additional words as is typical of most translations. media such as television to community activities. These different
Thus, it is believed that the combination of quick and ear-catching jar channels and their characteristics as well as advantages for communi
gon and storytelling will open the mind of the public about CCUS and cating CCUS at the site are illustrated and underlined in Table 7.
accelerate the acceptance process to allow the implementation of such
technology in their region. The storytelling method for the CCUS Gundih 4.6. Communication actions plan for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
Pilot Project was arranged based on a sequential formation: illustrating
the impacts of global warming on everyday life; explaining the need for The interview and FGDs showed that the communication action plan
mitigating global warming; simultaneously presenting CCUS as a for CCUS in Blora included two contexts: internal and external
10
Table 8
Internal Communication Actions Plan CCUS Gundih Pilot Project.
Channel What are we looking for? How do we find it? Response strategy
Study CO2 utilisation and storage activities Review the literature about past research
Desktop study, Formal meetings and
in Indonesia of CCS and CCUS in Indonesia
discussions with specific stakeholders
Development of CCS and CCUS regulatory
related to CCUS activities at the Regulatory framework for CCUS
framework to be applied for CCUS Gundih
national level (Ministry of Energy and activities in Indonesia Study the legal aspects for CCUS activities
Pilot Project: Study of existing regulations
Mineral Resources, National Oil and in Indonesia
and policies related to energy
Gas State-owned Company)
conservation, environment　
Contact and hold discussions with national
and local stakeholders (Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources, National Oil and
Gas State-owned Company, Government
Desktop study, Courtesy call, Formal of Blora District, and Funding
Presentation and discussion at the national
meeting, Presentation and Round table Introduction of CCUS Gundih Pilot Organisations)
and local levels about the plan of CCUS
discussion with project’s stakeholders, Project Plan in Blora Examine approvals and feasibility studies
Gundih Pilot Project in Blora
Media releases, Websites that are required
Examine the way/method through which
the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project can present
information to the public about findings
and results related to carbon storage site
Conduction of serial studies: Surface
Technical data gathering (field work, data facilities, Sub-surface (geology and
processing, analysis, interpretation) geophysics, including seismic study),
baseline studies, public engagement
Examine pre-existing infrastructure on
In-depth research/assessment of Technical studies of the CO2 Utilisation
site: road condition, CPP Gundih, injection
potential Gundih project CO2 utilisation and Storage Well and social site
well
and storage site characterisation in Blora District
Social data gathering (Site observation, Risk assessments
Interviews, Focus Group Discussion) Identify important issues, impacts, and
merits to community and examine the
fundamental views of the community
(trust, local empowerment)
Examine parties, group of people,
Implement stakeholder mapping to
Identification of stakeholders at the institutions, organisation, individuals that
Face-to-face meeting, Interviews examine their level of influence and
project site are influential for the development in
interest in the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
Blora District
Establish an independent steering group
Implement steering groups and with varied representatives
representatives in Blora District: with Selection of local coordinators (Liaison Employ liaison officers/CCUS local
Workshop, Focus Group Discussion, Face-
Blora Planning and Development officers/local ambassadors) for CCUS ambassadors to maintain an effective
to-face meeting
Agency, village leaders, and CBSOs as Gundih Pilot Project relationship between CCUS Gundih Pilot
potential candidates Project management and community in
Blora
Development of public engagement and
Communication/engagement plan for communication actions/activities through
External Communication Actions Plan External Communication Actions Plan
public outreach of CCUS Gundih Pilot consultation with stakeholders, including
CCUS Gundih Pilot Project CCUS Gundih Pilot Project
Project the community of CCUS Gundih Pilot
Project
Revisit the communication /engagement
plan and alter/adjust it according to
feedback
Continue to hold formal/informal
meetings and Focus Group Discussion with
community in Blora District
Continue to work with key stakeholders Update the progress of the projects, events,
and local community in Blora District and and activities regularly
Face-to-face meeting, Round
other stakeholders of the CCUS Gundih Host open days and site visits to CCUS
Table Discussion, Focus Group Monitoring and evaluation of
Pilot Project (Government of Indonesia, Gundih Pilot Project headquarters and at
Discussion, site visit, project briefing, communication actions and whole
Funding Organisations, Legislative, the project site in Blora to provide access
update progress on website, on site project
Media) as well as continuing to work with and transparency to the on-going
observation, public survey
internal stakeholders (CCUS Gundih Pilot monitoring process
Project’s members) Hold internal meetings within the CCUS
Gundih Pilot Project regularly, providing
specific templates of achievements,
milestones, and timeframe
Open all communication channels
internally to all members of the CCUS
Gundih Pilot Project
11
Table 9
External Communication Actions Plan in the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project.
Engagement Stakeholder group Channel Engagement activity Resource When Success factor
objective requirement
Announce the
Draft release for
selection of the
project
project site
Press release (national management to be
Provide information
and local mass media), reviewed and
about CCUS Information
CBOs’ activities, 3 approved prior to
activities, dissemination, including
Public (Broader and Dimension (3D) stakeholders’
including studies presentations, holding Approx. 1 month
local public, including interactive mini mobile meeting Public in the project
prior to injection formal and informal after the project
local authorities and CCUS model, traditional site accept and
Present information conversations with local management
the local community in community events, local understand CCUS
about risk officials and key contacts key
Blora District, Central exhibition, videos, Gundih Pilot Project
management, community leaders, CCUS Gundih Pilot officials
Java) student open day, focus
communicate education and awareness Project
group discussion, printed
socio-economic- campaign management and
materials (brochures,
environmental public engagement
posters, etc.)
impact team
Build public
awareness
Provide information Building CCUS awareness
about the nature of and focusing on positive Project briefing
Government of
the project impacts
Indonesia
Initiate courtesy calls Formal meetings,
(stakeholders at the Before and after Government support
Present information including presentations
national level any CCUS and endorsement of
about risk at symposiums, seminars,
including: State-owned Updating project activity begins CCUS Gundih Pilot
management, workshops, site visits, Project
Oil and Gas Company progress, status, and on site Project
communicate information packs management
and Ministry of Energy results
socio-economic-
and Mineral Resources
environmental
impact
Provide information Building CCUS awareness
about the nature of and positive impacts Project briefing
the project focusing on
Present information
Formal meetings,
about risk Before and after Regulatory framework
Regulators (Legislative including presentations, Reviewing existing
management, any CCUS for CCUS Gundih Pilot
at the national and public hearings, regulations related to oil, Project
communicate activity begins Project is developed
local levels) workshops, round table gas, and environmental management and
socio-economic- on site and approved
discussions activities regulatory
environmental
framework team
impact
Initiate working Developing CCUS
relationship regulatory framework
Announce the
selection of the Project briefing
project site
Provide information Interviews, presentation
Media supports CCUS
about the nature of briefings, site visits, Before and after
Media (national and Information and Gundih Pilot Project
the project media events/activities any CCUS
local in Blora District, dissemination, including Project (media events,
Provide information (press releases, press activity begins
Central Java) developing project facts management and positive coverage and
about CCUS conferences), on site
public relations feedback)
activities, information packs
team
including the
studies prior to and
after the injection
Provide information
about the nature of Project briefing
the project
Provide information
Formal meetings,
and updates about
including presentations Funding
CCUS activities,
in international organisations, such as
including the Before and after
conferences, international donors,
studies prior to and Update project progress, any CCUS
Funding Organisations symposiums, network support CCUS Gundih
after the injection status, and results activity begins
seminars, workshops, Project Pilot Project (in terms
Present information on site
round table discussions management of monetary and non-
about risk
with project monetary support)
management,
management, site visits
communicate
socio-economic-
environmental
impact
12
Fig. 2. (a) (b) 3D CCUS mini-mobile model for education purposes (Source: CCUS Gundih Pilot Project documentation, 2021).
Table 10
Lessons from CCUS communication and engagement methods used for CCUS Gundih Pilot Project.
Method Observation Lesson
Initially, the planning process focussed on local stakeholders (i.e., those that
When mapping stakeholders, be aware of both local stakeholders as well as
were physically close to the CCUS pilot project). Soon thereafter, it became
more remote stakeholders. Both types of stakeholders deserve a place in the
Stakeholder clear that more remote stakeholders, including government and funding
stakeholder engagement planning process.
mapping bodies abroad would need mapping as well.
The interviews and FGD indicated that the local population greatly relies on Ensure early and continued engagement with governmental bodies in the
the government. district. Actively use the government to communicate with the public.
In the process of planning stakeholder engagement, ensure that there are
Early on-the-ground observations and fact-finding greatly enhanced
Social site enough local resources available to gain an understanding of local
understanding of the social context in which the CCUS pilot project was
characterisation conditions through a combination of observation and fact-finding on the
planned.
ground.
The name ‘Gundih’ refers to the geological formation of an oil field, which is
not very well known by the general public in the area. Gundih is associated Test the assumptions first when considering using terminology or jargon in
with the cement industry. Use of the term therefore may cause confusion wider stakeholder consultation.
amongst local stakeholders.
Opinion shaping
Interviews suggest that opinions about the project would be influenced by
factors Although one may have a priori ideas of the value the project could bring to
the perceived or real value the project can bring to the local population. One
local stakeholders, it is recommended to discuss these ideas early on with
value is purposeful participation in the development of the project, for
representatives of the local population so that one can both test these ideas
instance by sourcing surveillance services in field monitoring from the local
as well as enhance them, for later use in communication actions.
population.
The arguments for CCUS activities at the project site were developed in
collaboration with local stakeholders in Focus Group Discussions and Be attentive to the public’s aspirations and update this understanding
Arguments
emerged as the united agreed arguments used by the project management throughout the life cycle of the project.
and local public.
In a Focus Group Discussions setting with local stakeholders, various
messages were discussed and prioritised. Positive framing of the CCUS pilot Create a messaging framework that addresses the positive aspects of the
project in terms of the benefits it could bring to the local population were project in a consistent, open, and honest manner.
Messaging seen as the basic principles for future communication.
Local leaders indicated that they would like to be involved in further Ensure that the stakeholder engagement plan includes sufficient resources
stakeholder engagement but also indicated that they would value support to support local ambassadors for the project. This includes providing
and guidance in doing so. educational resources.
Various local communication channels exist at the project site, spanning
Local Media Engage these media groups at an early stage as partners in covering CCUS
from mass media to community activities, as the medium for CCUS public
Landscape project activities and its communication actions.
communication and engagement.
Work towards creating easily transportable educational materials that could
Local stakeholders are very interested in understanding CCUS technology
include a physical model of the CCUS pilot installation to provide a better
and would welcome educational materials and tools to make it concrete.
Communication understanding of its dimensions, for example.
Actions Plan Local stakeholders would like to have continuous communication with the Ensures communication continues with local stakeholders through all
project. The interviews showed that stakeholders will have more trust in project phases. A dedicated public engagement team will secure trust in the
communicating with the same project representatives. project.
13
Fig. 3. Pathways of CCUS communication and engagement methods used as public engagement strategy for acquiring public acceptance and SLO at the project site.
communication. Both communication contexts were based on the ob goodwill and acceptance. The second primary lesson is that effective
jectives and stages of CCUS activities, spanning from the project prep public outreach in CCUS involves listening to individuals and groups of
aration, submission, and review of CO2 injection permits, the injection people, sharing information, and addressing concerns through proactive
and monitoring process, to the project’s closure and dissemination of community engagement, including advancing local resources and
research. The internal communication action plan acts as a reporting media, as best practices to communicate to the wider community about
forum for CCUS project management to analyse each process and to current and future CCUS activities in Blora, Indonesia. Table 10 below
outline communication strategies for responding to CCUS activities on illustrates the observations and lessons from the application of CCUS
the site (Table 8). communication and engagement methods in the CCUS Gundih Pilot
The external communication actions plan, on the other hand aims to Project.
convey authorities, stakeholders, and the public that a major incident The use of various media platforms for CCUS communication could
has taken place, provide understanding of risk management, and bring added value to the project, such as the branding of the CCUS
communicate environmental and/or economic impacts (Table 9). To Gundih Pilot Project. Involving and combining several types of mass
strengthen the external CCUS communication, the CCUS Gundih Pilot media in the project’s activities will be of great benefit to the project, the
Project management designed a three-dimensional (3D) CCUS mini- public in Blora, as well as the country at large, in terms of the framing of
mobile model, which was suggested by the FGD participants as a need the promotion of the application of CCUS technology and CCUS public
for community education in Blora (Fig. 2(a) and (b)). awareness and education. Currently, no particular media is engaged
Both plans therefore trigger the actions and strategies needed to with the project. This needs to be considered as further steps are taken;
involve project stakeholders, including the public; as well as an iterative and is extremely important for the project’s success. Engaging the media
working document for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project that can be at an early stage will support the project’s growth. One credential issue
updated over the project’s lifespan. that may help in understanding the involvement of the media for CCUS
in the Gundih Pilot Project is that printed media, such as newspapers,
5. Discussion posters, leaflets, and brochure, will generate public knowledge of CCUS;
while electronic media such as radio will promote CCUS communication
Reflecting on the results of the six above CCUS communication and actions, and television will trigger people’s interest in participating and
engagement methods used as public engagement strategies highlights taking action in CCUS public engagement activities. Establishing a social
incrementally significant lessons for the successful commencement of media platform will help create a network and bridge communication
the CCUS pilot project in Indonesia. Early CCUS projects will be highly between CCUS Gundih Pilot Project’s management and stakeholders (at
visible, and their success will likely influence public receptiveness to the national as well as local levels, and funding organisations) and
future CCUS projects. Therefore, the primary lesson is that public foremost with the public in Blora, both the local government and com
engagement should be a strategic and integral component of project munity. The dissemination of information about the progress, status,
management. Although conducting effective public engagement will not and future plans of activities for the CCUS Gundih Pilot Project through
necessarily ensure the success of the project, it creates important con social media will accelerate the public’s acceptance of CCUS and create a
tributions to schedule adherence, cost controls, and community multiplier effect for the public’s perception towards CCUS.
14
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International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 108 (2021) 103312

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Potentials of the public engagement strategy for public acceptance and

* Corresponding author at: Universitas Pertamina, Indonesia.

Table 1 Whitmarsh, 2018; and Leiss and Larkin, 2019).

project for the time being but are ready to

CBSOs. mobile CCUS model 3D mini mobile activities.

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 108 (2021) 103312

Norway for the insights of this study.

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