Math - 1 Rotation of Axes-Summer 22-23

Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry
Rotation of Axes
P(x, y)
P(X, Y)
Y X
r
x x
O X
Let, 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point under 𝑥𝑦 −coordinate system. 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 makes an angle 𝜙 with positive
𝑥 −axis.
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos𝜙,
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin𝜙.
Suppose that the coordinate system is rotated through an angle  keeping the origin fixed. If P
has coordinates ( X , Y ) referred to the new axes, then
𝑋 = 𝑟cos(𝜙 − 𝜃)
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑟 cos𝜙 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 sin 𝜃
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 … … … . . (1)
And
𝑌 = 𝑟 sin(𝜙 − 𝜃)
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 − r cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝑥 sin 𝜃.
⟹ 𝑌 = −𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃 … … … … … (2)
Converting equation (1) and equation (2) into matrix form we get,
𝑋 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑥
( )=( )( )
𝑌 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑦
𝑥 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝑋
⟹ (𝑦) = ( )( )
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑌
⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑋 cos 𝜃 − 𝑌 sin 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑋 sin 𝜃 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃.
General Equation of Second Degree

The general equation of second degree is
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 --------------- (1)
Where a, h, b, g, f and c are constants.
Angle of rotation to remove xy term from general equation of second degree

The general equation of second degree is
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 --------------- (1)
Under rotation through an angle  , the transformation equations are
Page 1|5
x = X cos − Y sin 
y = X sin  + Y cos
and the general equation of second degree becomes
a( X cos − Y sin  ) 2 + 2h( X cos − Y sin  )( X sin  + Y cos )
b( X sin  + Y cos ) 2 + 2 g ( X cos − Y sin  ) + 2 f ( X cos − Y sin  ) + c = 0
which can be written as

AX 2 + 2HXY + BY 2 + 2GX + 2FY + C = 0
where
A = a cos2  + 2h cos sin  + b sin 2 
B = a sin 2  − 2h cos sin  + b cos2 
H = h(cos2  − sin 2  ) − (a − b) sin  cos
G = g cos + f sin 
F = − g sin  + f cos
C =c
The transformed equation will be independent of the product term XY if H = 0 i.e.

h(cos2  − sin 2  ) − (a − b) sin  cos = 0
1
h cos 2 = (a − b) sin 2
2
2ℎ
tan 2𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏.
The nature of the conics represent by (1)

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
may be predicted by the sign of the discriminant
 = h 2 − ab .
Results are summarized below:
Conditions on Regular Conics

 = h 2 − ab
0 Ellipse
0 Hyperbola
=0 Parabola
To reduce to standard form, we may follow the following steps:

a −b
Rotate the coordinate axes through an angle  such that cot 2 = to get rid of xy term
2h
and then use translation to reduce to standard form.
Example: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from 5x 2 + 4 xy + 2 y 2 = 6 and hence
write the transformed equation. Also reduce them to standard form and sketch them showing
both set of axes.
Page 2|5
Solution: Identifying with a = 5, b = 2 and 2h = 4 and choosing  such that

a −b 5−2 3
cot 2 = = =
2h 4 4
From the triangle we see that
3 1 3
cos 2 =   = arc cos   = 26.50
5 2 5
The values of cos and sin  can then be computed from the half-angle formulas:
1 + cos 2 1 + 53 2
cos = = =
2 2 5
1 − cos 2 1 − 53 1
sin  = = =
2 2 5
The transformation equations become
x = X cos − Y sin  = 1 ( 2 X − Y )
5
and y = X sin  + Y cos = 1 ( X + 2Y )
5
Substitution in the original equation gives
5 4 2
(2 X − Y ) 2 + (2 X − Y )( X + 2Y ) + ( X + 2Y ) 2 = 6
5 5 5
Collecting similar terms
1 1 1
(20 + 8 + 2) X 2 + (−20 + 16 − 4 + 8) XY + (5 − 8 + 8)Y 2 = 6
5 5 5
or 6X + Y = 6 .
2 2
X2 Y2
or 2 + = 1.
1 ( )
6
2
Example: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from

11x 2 + 24 xy + 4 y 2 − 12 x + 16 y = 0 and then write the transformed equation. Also reduce them
to standard form and sketch them showing both set of axes.
Solution: Identifying with a = 11, b = 4 and 2h = 24 and choosing  such that

a − b 11 − 4 7
cot 2 = = =
2h 24 24
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7 1  7 
cos 2 =   = arc cos    37
25 2  25 
The values of cos and sin  can then be computed from the half-angle formulas:
1 + cos 2 1+ 7
cos  = = 25 = 4
2 2 5
1 − cos 2 1− 7
sin  = = 25 = 3
2 2 5
The transformation equations become
7
x = X cos  − Y sin  = 1 (4 X − 3Y )
5
and y = X sin  + Y cos  = 1 (3 X + 4Y )
5
Substitution in the original equation give
11 24 4 12 16
(4 X − 3Y )2 + (4 X − 3Y )(3 X + 4Y ) + (3 X + 4Y ) 2 − (4 X − 3Y ) + (3 X + 4Y ) = 0
25 25 25 5 5
1 1 1
(176 + 288 + 36) X 2 + (99 − 288 + 64)Y 2 + (36 + 64)Y = 0
25 25 5
or 20 X 2 − 5Y 2 + 20Y = 0
(Y − 2)2 X 2
or − =1 .
22 12
Example: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from

x 2 − 2 3 xy + 3 y 2 − 16 3 x − 16 y = 0 and hence write the transformed equation. Also reduce
them to standard form and sketch them showing both set of axes.
Solution: Identifying with a = 1, b = 3 and 2h = −2 3 and choosing  such that

a − b 1− 3 1
cot 2 = = =
2h −2 3 3
1  
cos 2 =  2 =   =
2 3 6
The transform equations are 1
Page 4|5
x = X cos  − Y sin  = 1 ( 3 X − Y )
2
and y = X sin  + Y cos  = 1 ( X + 3Y )
2
Substitution in the original equation gives

1 2 3 3 16 3 16
( 3 X − Y )2 − ( 3 X − Y )( X + 3Y ) + ( X + 3Y ) 2 − ( 3 X − Y ) − ( X + 3Y ) = 0
4 4 4 2 2
1 1 1
(3 − 6 + 3) X 2 + (−2 3 − 6 3 + 2 3 + 6 3) XY + (1 + 6 + 9)Y 2 − 32 X = 0
4 4 4
or 2
4 X = 32 X
or Y 2 = 8X .
Exercise
1. Find the angle of rotation to remove xy-term from the following curves.
(a) 4 x 2 + 8 xy − 4 y 2 − 3x = 5, (b) 3 3x2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2 = 16, (c)𝑥 2 + √3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 6.
2. The Coordinate axes are rotated by the following given angle  . Find the transformed
equations of the following curves. Also reduce them to standard form and sketch them showing
both set of axes.
𝜋
(a) 7𝑥 2 − 6√3𝑥𝑦 + 13𝑦 2 = 64, 𝜃 = 6
𝜋
(b) 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 = 9, 𝜃 = 4
2 2 𝜋
(c) 4𝑥 − 10𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, 𝜃 = 4
2 2 𝜋
(d) 𝑥 − 10√3𝑥𝑦 + 11𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝜃 = 6
2 2 𝜋
(e) 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 4√2𝑥 + 4√2𝑦 − 16 = 0, 𝜃 = 4
2 2 𝜋
(f) 𝑥 − 2√3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 16√3𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 0, 𝜃 = 6 .
Page 5|5

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry

General Equation of Second Degree

Angle of rotation to remove xy term from general equation of second degree

which can be written as

The transformed equation will be independent of the product term XY if H = 0 i.e.

The nature of the conics represent by (1)

Conditions on Regular Conics

To reduce to standard form, we may follow the following steps:

Solution: Identifying with a = 5, b = 2 and 2h = 4 and choosing  such that

Example: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from

Solution: Identifying with a = 11, b = 4 and 2h = 24 and choosing  such that

Example: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from

Solution: Identifying with a = 1, b = 3 and 2h = −2 3 and choosing  such that

The transform equations are 1

Substitution in the original equation gives

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