Project Of Political

Sociology

[Switzerland and its

constitutions]

Ummay Hamna Nisar 023

Maryam Bakhtiar 013
Aliza Iftikhar 001
Samreen Naz 019
Semester VIII
Political Sociology
Ms. Zatoon Bibi
20th june 2023
 Political Sociology

Switzerland is a landlocked country in Central Europe that is formally known as the

Swiss Confederation. Switzerland, with an estimated population of around 8.7 million
people, is a culturally diverse country.Switzerland is a unique and captivating nation.
Despite being geographically small, it boasts a rich cultural heritage, a highly
developed economy, and a reputation for excellence in various fields. Nestled amidst
the majestic Swiss Alps and bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west,
Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, Switzerland enjoys a
diverse and picturesque environment.

Geographical location Bounded to the north by Germany, to the west by France, to

the south by Italy, and the east by Austria and Liechtenstein.
It is famous for its beautiful landscapes, including the Swiss Alps,
lakes, and charming cities.

Capital city Bern, Switzerland's capital, is the country's largest city. Zurich,
Geneva, Basel, and Lausanne are also important cities.

Political System Switzerland's political system is based on a federal republic. It is

made up of 26 cantons, each having its constitution and
government, as well as a central federal government
headquartered in Bern. The political system is distinguished by its
decentralized structure and direct democracy.

Languages Switzerland has four official languages, which are German,

French, Italian, and Romansh. The distribution of languages
varies by region of the country

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Currency Switzerland's official currency is the Swiss Franc (CHF). It is

usually recognized as a stable currency and is frequently used in
financial markets as a haven.

Economy Switzerland's economy is highly developed and rich. It is well-

known for its robust financial services sector, manufacturing
industries (such as precision instruments, medicines, and
machinery), and high-quality exports such as watches, chocolate,
and cheese. The country boasts a talented workforce and is known
for its inventiveness.

Neutrality Switzerland has a long history of neutrality and has not been
involved in any armed conflict since 1815. It is notable for hosting
several international organizations and for its diplomacy and
mediation activities.

International Although Switzerland is not a member of the European Union

Organization (EU), it maintains close links with the EU through several bilateral
agreements. It belongs to the United Nations (UN), the World
Trade Organisation (WTO), the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), and several other international organizations.

Facts and figures:

Here are some essential statistics and figures about the Swiss economy.

 Switzerland's GDP in 2020 is expected to be over $703 billion (nominal) and

$580 billion (PPP), making it one of the wealthiest countries in the world.

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 The services sector generates around 74% of Swiss GDP, while industry
generates 25%. Agriculture provides less than 1% of GDP.
 Switzerland is well-known for its robust financial services sector, which includes
banking and wealth management.
 It is home to a number of internationally recognized banks and financial
institutions.
 It has multiple trade agreements with various countries, including EFTA, and
bilateral accords with the European Union. Switzerland's biggest trading partner
is the EU.
 The EU accounts for around 66% of Swiss imports and 43% of Swiss exports.
 In global innovation indices, the country consistently ranks high.
 Switzerland invests more than CHF 22.5 billion per year in research and
development (R&D), which amounts to almost 3% of GDP.
 Over two-thirds of this sum is contributed by the business sector.
 Switzerland's overall exports in 2020 are estimated to be around $331 billion.
Machinery, chemicals, medicines, precise instruments, watches, and chocolate are
among the most important exports.
 Switzerland has historically had a low unemployment rate.
 The unemployment rate was around 2.7% in September 2021.
 Switzerland has a rich cultural heritage, with famous exports including
chocolates, cheese, and watches.
 Swiss traditional clothing is also beautiful, and the country is known for its music
and dance.
 Switzerland has many traditional customs and festivals. Fasnacht is one of the
largest carnivals in Switzerland.
 The traditional costumes and dances of the people are also quite popular.
 Celebrations and official holidays differ from canton to canton. Common to the
whole country are National Day (1 August) and New Year’s Day (1 January)
while religious celebrations shared by Protestants and Catholics include
Christmas (25 December), Good Friday, Easter, Ascension, and Pentecost.
 Switzerland has many famous personalities, including Albert Einstein, Roger
Federer, Martina Hingis, Johann Pestalozzi, and Carl Jung.

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 Switzerland has a rich art and literature scene. Some famous Swiss writers
include Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Max Frisch, and Hermann Hesse. In Swiss art,
there are famous artists like Alberto Giacometti, Paul Klee, and Ferdinand Hodler.
 Some traditional Swiss dishes, such as fondue and Raclette, are more typically
eaten in the winter. Others are such as muesli which is also known in Switzerland
as Birchermüesli and rösti are popular all year round and come in many
variations.
 Regional and local of cooking specialties generally are based on a traditional type
of cooking, rich in calories and fat, that is more suited to outdoor activity than to
a inactive way of life.
 Dairy products such as butter, cream, and cheese are important parts of the diet,
along with pork. More recent eating habits show a growing concern for healthy
food and a growing taste for foreign food.
 Switzerland’s cuisine and gastronomy are quite interesting. Different regions of
Switzerland have different food items. Swiss chocolate and cheese are famous
worldwide.
Political Structure:

Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons, each with its own government and constitution.
The cantonal governments have considerable autonomy in areas such as education,
healthcare, and taxation. They also play a role in the legislative process at the federal
level through the Council of States, where each canton is represented.

In Switzerland, the process of passing and implementing laws involves a

combination of direct democracy and representative democracy. Laws can be initiated
by both the federal government and citizens through popular initiatives. If a popular
initiative receives a sufficient number of signatures, it is put to a nationwide vote.
Additionally, laws can be proposed by the Swiss Federal Council or the Swiss
Parliament. Once a law is proposed, it goes through a rigorous process of debate and
discussion in both the National Council (lower house) and the Council of States
(upper house). These two bodies need to reach a consensus on the law before it can be
enacted. If a disagreement arises, a joint committee is formed to reconcile the

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differences. Once the law is approved by both houses, it is then signed by the
President of the Confederation. Implementation of the law is primarily the
responsibility of the federal administration, which ensures that the law is enforced
throughout the country. Furthermore, cantonal and municipal authorities play a role
in implementing and enforcing laws at the regional and local levels, ensuring a
decentralized approach to governance in Switzerland.

Switzerland is renowned for its long-standing tradition of neutrality and its

commitment to international relations and diplomacy. As a neutral country,
Switzerland has played a vital role in facilitating diplomatic negotiations and
mediating conflicts between nations. It has served as a neutral ground for numerous
peace talks and international conferences, earning a reputation as a reliable and
trustworthy mediator. Switzerland is also home to numerous international
organizations, including the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
and several United Nations agencies. Through its active participation in multilateral
forums, Switzerland advocates for human rights, peace, and sustainable development.
Additionally, its diplomatic corps is highly regarded for its professionalism, discretion,
and expertise in international affairs, allowing Switzerland to effectively engage in
diplomatic efforts and foster positive relations with countries around the world.

Switzerland is a country renowned for its rich history of immigration and

multiculturalism. Over the years, it has attracted individuals from various corners of
the globe, contributing to its diverse and vibrant society. Immigration has played a
significant role in shaping Switzerland's cultural fabric, fostering an environment that
embraces different traditions, languages, and perspectives. The country has
implemented policies that aim to promote integration and inclusivity, recognizing
the value that multiculturalism brings to its social and economic development.
Switzerland's commitment to multiculturalism is evident in the numerous festivals,
cultural events, and organizations dedicated to celebrating the diversity of its
population. This inclusive approach has not only enriched the Swiss society but has
also fueled innovation and creativity, fostering a dynamic and open-minded
environment that benefits both residents and newcomers alike.

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Switzerland has long been recognized as a global leader in environmental

conservation and sustainability. Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, the
country is committed to protecting its natural heritage for future generations.
Switzerland boasts a comprehensive network of national parks, nature reserves, and
protected areas that safeguard diverse ecosystems, ensuring the preservation of native
flora and fauna. The Swiss government has implemented strict regulations and
initiatives to promote sustainable practices in various sectors, including energy,
transportation, and waste management. The country's focus on renewable energy
sources, such as hydro-power and solar energy, has significantly reduced its carbon
footprint. Furthermore, Switzerland encourages sustainable agriculture and promotes
organic farming methods, minimizing the use of harmful pesticides and preserving
soil fertility.The Swiss population is environmentally conscious and actively
participates in recycling programs, resulting in high recycling rates. Additionally, the
efficient public transportation system, with its extensive network of trains and buses,
encourages people to opt for eco-friendly commuting options. With its unwavering
commitment to environmental stewardship, Switzerland serves as a shining example
of a nation that prioritizes sustainability and cherishes its natural surroundings.

When it comes to healthcare, Switzerland boasts one of the most advanced and
efficient systems in the world. The country adopts a mandatory health insurance
model, where every resident is required to have basic health coverage. This ensures
that everyone has access to quality healthcare services, regardless of their income or
social status. The Swiss healthcare system is characterized by its strong emphasis on
patient choice, allowing individuals to freely select their healthcare providers and
tailor their treatments to their preferences.

Constitution of Switzerland

The constitution of Switzerland is based on federalism, with 26 cantons (Cantons are

regions or states in Switzerland. There are 26 cantons in Switzerland, each with its
own laws and regulations, and its own government). It is a democratic constitution
with three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judiciary.

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The Swiss constitution clearly defines the responsibilities of the cantons and the
federal government. In addition, it protects the rights and freedoms of citizens. The
constitution was established in 1848 and has been amended several times since then.

History of Switzerland Constitution

Switzerland has a unique and fascinating history when it comes to its constitutions.
Over the years, the country has gone through various political and social changes,
leading to the development of different constitutions. Here is a structured overview of
the history of Switzerland's constitutions:

The Helvetic Republic (1798-1803):

 Following the French Revolution, Switzerland underwent a period of radical

political change.
 In 1798, the Helvetic Republic was established under the influence of the French
revolutionary forces.
 This republic introduced the first modern constitution in Switzerland, known as
the Helvetic Constitution.
 It centralized power, abolished the sovereignty of the cantons, and
implemented a strong central government.

The Act of Mediation (1803-1813):

 After the fall of the Helvetic Republic, Napoleon Bonaparte established the Act
of Mediation in 1803.
 This act aimed to restore some autonomy to the Swiss cantons while maintaining
a degree of central control.
 It granted limited sovereignty to the cantons, reintroduced a federal structure,
and established a bicameral legislative system.

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The Federal Treaty (1815):

 Following the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized

Switzerland's neutrality and independence.
 The Federal Treaty of 1815 solidified the Swiss Confederation as a loose alliance
of cantons.
 It provided a framework for Swiss governance by establishing principles such as
cantonal sovereignty, military neutrality, and perpetual neutrality.

The Federal Constitution of 1848:

 Switzerland's modern federal state can be traced back to the adoption of the
Federal Constitution of 1848.
 It was a response to growing internal conflicts between cantons and aimed to
create a more unified and democratic Switzerland.
 It introduced a strong federal government, a bicameral federal assembly, and
established individual rights and freedoms.

The Federal Constitution of 1874:

 The Federal Constitution of 1874 built upon the foundation laid by the 1848
constitution.
 It expanded the powers of the federal government further and strengthened its
authority over the cantons.
 It also introduced direct democracy elements, including the right to popular
initiatives and referendums.

The Federal Constitution of 1999:

 In response to changing social and political dynamics, Switzerland underwent

constitutional revisions in 1999.
 The primary goal was to modernize the country's legal framework and adapt it
to the challenges of the 21st century.

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 The revised constitution reinforced human rights, strengthened

environmental protections, and introduced changes in areas such as education,
healthcare, and social welfare.

First constitution of Switzerland

The first federal constitution of Switzerland was adopted in 1848. It is commonly

known as the Federal Constitution of 1848 or the Swiss Federal Constitution. This
constitution marked a significant turning point in Swiss history as it laid the
foundation for the modern Swiss federal state.

Key features of this constitution included:

a. Strong Federal Government: The 1848 constitution established a strong federal

government with powers delegated to it by the cantons. It created a federal
assembly, consisting of two chambers:the National Council and the Council
of States, which shared legislative authority.
b. Separation of Powers: The constitution introduced the principle of separation of
powers, dividing powers between the federal government, the cantons, and
the judiciary. This separation aimed to prevent the concentration of power
and ensure checks and balances.
c. Individual Rights and Freedoms: The constitution recognized fundamental
rights and freedoms of Swiss citizens, including equality before the law,
freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and the right to
property. It provided a legal framework to protect and guarantee these rights.
d. Cantonal Autonomy: While the federal government was strengthened, the
constitution also respected the autonomy of the cantons. It maintained their
authority over local affairs and allowed them to retain significant powers and
responsibilities.
e. Principles of Direct Democracy: The 1848 constitution laid the groundwork for
Switzerland's unique tradition of direct democracy. It introduced the right to
popular initiatives, which allowed citizens to propose constitutional

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amendments, and the right to referendums, which gave the people the power
to approve or reject laws passed by the federal assembly.

Current federal constitution of Switzerland

Introduction:

The current federal constitution of Switzerland is the Federal Constitution of 1999. It

represents the latest version of Switzerland's fundamental law, guiding the
country's governance and protecting individual rights. The current Swiss
constitution is one of the most extensive constitutions globally, encompassing a
significant body of laws. In 1999, the previous constitution of 1874 was replaced by
the new constitution, which consolidated and integrated various amendments into a
comprehensive and unified text. The current constitution consists of a preamble and
six titles, each further divided into chapters, sections, and articles. In total, there
are 197 articles distributed among these six titles, providing a detailed
framework for the governance and legal principles of Switzerland

Fundamental Principles:

The constitution establishes several fundamental principles:

 Federalism ensures a division of powers between the federal government and the
cantons, allowing both levels of government to govern autonomously within their
designated spheres.
 Democracy ensures the participation of citizens in decision-making processes.
 The rule of law ensures that laws apply equally to all and that governmental
actions are lawful.
 Individual rights and freedoms, such as equality before the law, freedom of
speech, assembly, religion, and the right to privacy, are protected.

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Individual Rights and Freedoms:

The constitution guarantees a wide range of individual rights and freedoms.

 Equality before the law ensures that all individuals are treated equally regardless
of their background.
 Freedom of speech allows citizens to express their opinions freely.
 Freedom of assembly enables peaceful gatherings and demonstrations.
 Freedom of religion guarantees the right to practice any religion or belief system.
 The right to privacy protects individuals from unwarranted intrusions into their
personal lives.
The constitution provides mechanisms for the protection and enforcement of these
rights, allowing citizens to seek legal remedies if their rights are violated.

Structure of Government:

The Swiss federal government consists of three branches.

1) The legislative branch is bicameral and composed of the National Council and
the Council of States. The National Council represents the people, with members
elected by the population, while the Council of States represents the cantons, with
members chosen by the cantonal governments.
2) The executive branch is headed by the Federal Council, consisting of seven
members elected by the Federal Assembly. The Federal Council collectively
governs Switzerland, with each member heading a government department.
3) The judicial branch is independent and tasked with interpreting and applying
the law. It ensures the constitutionality of laws and resolves disputes.

Direct Democracy:

Switzerland has a strong tradition of direct democracy enshrined in the constitution.

Citizens can exercise their political rights through popular initiatives and referendums.
Popular initiatives allow citizens to propose changes to the constitution or new laws
by collecting a specified number of signatures. If the initiative receives enough
support, it is put to a nationwide vote. Referendums allow citizens to vote on laws or

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constitutional amendments passed by the Federal Assembly. This direct involvement

of citizens in decision-making ensures a high degree of public participation and
accountability.

Cantonal Autonomy:

The constitution recognizes and respects the autonomy and sovereignty of the
cantons. While the federal government holds certain powers, the cantons have
authority over local and regional matters. They have the freedom to legislate and
implement policies in areas such as education, healthcare, and taxation. Cantonal
governments play a crucial role in shaping policies and legislation within their
jurisdictions, allowing for regional diversity and tailored governance approaches.

Social and Economic Policy:

The constitution addresses various social and economic issues. It outlines goals and
principles for social welfare, healthcare, education, and environmental protection. It
emphasizes the promotion of social well-being, sustainable development, and the
protection of natural resources. The constitution provides a framework for policies in
these areas, enabling the federal government and the cantons to collaborate in
achieving these goals.

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Amendments in The Swiss Constitution

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Swiss challenges and issues

a. Aging population: Switzerland is facing the challenge of an aging population,
leading to increased healthcare and pension costs, as well as a potential labor
shortage.
b. High cost of living: Switzerland has one of the highest costs of living in the
world, making it challenging for individuals and families to afford housing,
education, healthcare, and other basic necessities.
c. Immigration and integration: Switzerland grapples with the issue of
immigration and the integration of foreigners into Swiss society, including
language barriers, cultural differences, and social cohesion.
d. Environmental sustainability: Switzerland faces challenges in achieving
environmental sustainability, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions,
preserving natural resources, and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
e. Financial sector regulation: The Swiss financial sector faces ongoing
challenges in maintaining its reputation for stability and transparency, as well as
adapting to international regulatory standards and combating money laundering
and tax evasion.
f. Health system reform: Switzerland's healthcare system requires ongoing
reforms to address rising costs, ensure equal access to quality healthcare, and
balance the financial burden between individuals, insurers, and the government.
g. Education system: Challenges in Switzerland's education system include
ensuring equal opportunities for all students, adapting to evolving labor market
demands, and maintaining the high quality of education while addressing issues
of affordability and accessibility.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, Switzerland is a landlocked country in Central Europe, known as

the Swiss Confederation, with a culturally diverse population of around 8.7 million
people. It is famous for its beautiful landscapes, including the Swiss Alps, lakes, and
charming cities. Switzerland has a federal political system with 26 cantons, each with
its constitution and government, along with a central federal government. It has four
official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansh. The Swiss Franc (CHF) is
the official currency.

The country's political structure is based on federalism, with cantonal governments

having considerable autonomy. Switzerland has a unique system of passing and
implementing laws through a combination of direct democracy and representative
democracy. It is renowned for its diplomacy and mediation activities, contributing to
international relations and peace efforts.

Switzerland prioritizes environmental conservation and sustainability, with strict

regulations and initiatives in place. It has an advanced healthcare system,
characterized by mandatory health insurance and patient choice. The Swiss
constitution, established in 1848 and revised in 1999, forms the basis of the country's
governance and protects individual rights and freedoms.

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References

Geography – Facts and Figures. (2016b). Retrieved from Admin.ch website:

https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/umwelt/geografie/geografie---

fakten-und-zahlen.html

Switzerland: country data and statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from Worlddata.info website:

https://www.worlddata.info/europe/switzerland/index.php

Error. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.parlament.ch website:

https://www.parlament.ch/en/%c3%bcber-das-parlament/how-does-the-swiss-

parliament-work/Rules-governing-parliamentary-procedures/federal-constitution

Constitution of Switzerland. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2023, from www.venice.coe.int

website:

https://www.venice.coe.int/EL/LAWS/EL_LAW_SUI_29.05.1874_CONST_EXTRA

CTS_e.htm

Switzerland Tour. (n.d.). The very rich cultural life of Switzerland | Switzerland Tour.

Retrieved from switzerland-tour.com website: https://switzerland-

tour.com/information/cultural-life

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