Transportation and Hosting of Prefabricates

Transportation and Hosting of prefabricates:
 Truck cranes
 Gantry cranes
 Mast cranes
 Derrick cranes
 Twinned mast cranes
Truck cranes:
Truck cranes consists of chasis includinig mortar and pivoting upper
part. These cranes are mobile and an travel on their own needs. Different
features are
1. Weight of the crane while travelling is 31.8 tonnes
2. Maximum height of hoisting hook is 36.6m
3. Crane can rotate through 360º.
Disadvantage:
Needs firm and compact soil.
Gantry Cranes:
These cranes are used mainly to serve the operation of manufacturing
and storing areas in prefabrication plants.
Capacity 5T, Total weight 4.5T Horizontal distance between 2 tracks is
7.8m Maximum height is up to 11m Mast height 10.9m and it can hoist
up to 20 tonnes in operation.
Mast Cranes:
These are wide spread hoisting devices,simple and cheap.
Operation requires great skill and practice.
Useful in hoisting prefabricates in vertical direction.
Suspension load can be slightly moved forward by slackening the rear
staying cable
. Hoisting load is done by a winch.
Twinned mast cranes:
It is used for hoisting member to great height.
It consists of two steel column assembled from sections and connected at
top by bridging structure. Hoisting capacity using two cranes each of 35-
70T Operation of the crane required minimum 16 workers.
The crane can be transferred but takes 1-2 days and is suitable fr high
lifting but difficult to operate. These are now a days replaced by 30T
mast cranes hinged in 2 directions.
Derrick cranes:
Highly efficient lifting machines.
It is stable or movable.
Capacity 20-40T Suitable for prefabrication halls .
These cranes have booms which can moove in horizontal directions.
Prefabricated structurers are erected in coonvinient sections which when
fixed correctly should be sufficiently rigid in all directions.
Normal sequence of erection is
a. Structure units- external load bearing walls,columns,etc
b. Non structure units- internal walls,partition walls,etc
c. Floor panels, balconies, stair units
d. Specialized prefabricated units- chimney flumes.
Ventilators, sanitary installation.
If the external walls are hand laid from small blocks or bricks, all
necessary materials should be hoisted by crane and stacked near the
ultimate position. The mansonry work is begun after the floor
immediately above is laid.
The tolerances are comparatively strict and are normally coompliedwith
the use of a skilled rection gang. The distance between the wals are
measured with the steel tape and the thickness of joint with rule having
mm scale.The accuracy is verified by means of surveying instruments
after all joints are connected or erected.
1.7 Hosting of Columns:
The hoisting machine for small column is less than five tones. First of all
pick up gear must be assembled on to the column and the column is then
under pinned. Thereafter the column is lowered temporarily on to a
sheep shoe assembled at the foot and the roller track is pushed under the
shoe. When column is hoisted the pick up points moves vertically and
bottom resting on the roller tracks shifts towards the footing. When the
column is lifted to the required height, the retaining cable is used to
decrease and finally stop the swinging motion of the column.
The hoisting and fixing up of the beams.
1. Pick up and hoisting Beams in general are liftedat two points
depending on the weight and dimmensioons as well as the load
bearing capacity of hoisting machines. The hoisting grider which is
heavy to a great can be executed with hydraulic jacks. The jacks
are lowered and the beam is placed to the required position to the
column.
2. Suspension: For lifting up of trusse and large beams of length 25-
30m. care is taken to lift the rocker in uniform rate with two
hoisting machines otherwise the beams would be subjected to
distortion during the lifting leading to cracks.
Unit-4
What is a Shear Wall?

Shear wall is a vertical structural element used to resist the horizontal
forces such as wind force, seismic force. These forces acts parallel to the
plane of the wall. Shear walls are generally used in high rise buildings
where effect of wind forces and seismic forces is more.
Types of Shear Walls
Based on type of material used, shear walls are classified into following
types.
1. Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

2. Concrete Block Shear Wall
3. Steel Shear Wall
4. Plywood Shear Wall
5. Mid-Ply Shear Wall
1. Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall
Reinforced concrete shear walls are widely used shear walls for
residential buildings. The reinforcement is provided in both horizontal
and vertical directions. But at the end of each wall, bars are closely
spaced and anchored. So, the end zones of RC shear wall is called as
boundary elements or barbells. The wall thickness of RC shear wall is
varied depending upon many factors like thermal insulation
requirements of building, age of building, number of floors of building
etc. It varies from 140 mm to 500 mm. In general, the provision of shear
wall is continuous throughout the height of building. But sometimes it is
discontinued where there is a building entrance or parking space etc.
Fig 1: Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

2. Concrete Block Shear Wall
Concrete block shear walls are constructed using Hollow concrete
blocks along with Steel reinforcement bars. Reinforcement is generally
used to maximize the effect of concrete block masonry against seismic
loads. The Reinforcement bars are arranged through spaces of concrete
blocks in both vertical and horizontal directions. After placing bars in
concrete block masonry, fresh concrete grout is poured into the hollow
space and is allowed to set. This type of walls can take both gravity
loads and lateral loads. So, they can work like shear wall as well as load
bearing wall.
Fig 2: Reinforced Concrete Block Shear Wall Construction
3. Steel Shear Wall
Steel shear wall consists of a steel plate wall, boundary column and
horizontal floor beam. The action of steel shear wall is more like a plate
girder. Steel plate wall acts as web of plate girder, boundary columns
acts as flanges and horizontal beams acts as stiffeners of plate girder.
Fig 3: Steel Plate Shear Wall

4. Plywood Shear Wall
Plywood shear walls are traditional type walls which are also called as
timber shear walls. It consists of plywood sheets and studs. Plywood
sheets transfer shear force while studs resists the tension or compression.
Now a days plywood shear walls are redesigned using new technical
advancements. Steel sheets, sure boards etc. are using in place of
plywood.
Fig 4: Plywood Shear Wall
5. Mid-Ply Shear Wall

Mid-ply shear wall is an improved version of normal plywood shear
wall. In this case, extra plywood sheet is arranged at the center of normal
plywood wall and series of pairs of studs are positioned on the both sides
of mid-ply. Studs joint the mid-ply with outer plywood sheets. Here,
Studs are rotated to 90o relative to those is plywood shear walls. The
mid-ply shear wall eliminates the problems caused in standard shear
walls and lateral load carrying capacity is higher for mid-ply shear walls.
Fig 5: Mid-ply Shear Wall
Efficiency of Shear Walls

Efficiency of a shear wall is purely depends upon its rigidity or its
stiffness. A solid shear wall is more efficient than a shear wall with
openings. But sometimes it is not possible to construct a shear wall
without openings such as openings for doors, windows etc.
Fig 6: Shear Walls - Solid, with Openings, Coupled

In case of openings to improve the efficiency of shear wall, connect the
piers of shear walls by spandrels. Pier is nothing but the portion of shear
wall between two openings and spandrel is the portion of shear wall
above the opening. The resulting wall appeared by interconnecting
spandrels of piers of shear walls is known as coupled shear wall.
Provision of openings in balanced pattern can also make the shear wall
efficient. In flanged shear walls, the walls will meet at right angles to
each other. This type of shear walls are less efficient since they are
effected by seismic forces in both principal directions of the building.

Transportation and Hosting of Prefabricates

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Transportation and Hosting of Prefabricates

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Transportation and Hosting of prefabricates:

What is a Shear Wall?

1. Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

Fig 1: Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

Fig 3: Steel Plate Shear Wall

Fig 4: Plywood Shear Wall

5. Mid-Ply Shear Wall

Efficiency of Shear Walls

Fig 6: Shear Walls - Solid, with Openings, Coupled

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