Geometry 141

Note: A regu]ar hexagon is a polygon with six equal sides and six equal angles.
The Iength of a side of a hexagon is equal to the radius of a circle circumscribing it.
Method: The radius of the circle is equal to AG. Starting at any point on the
circle and using the length of the radius as the distance, Jay off successive
points B, C, D, E, F on the circumference of the circle. Connect the points
with straight lines to obtain the required hexagon.

L1NE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

Having learned some basic geometric definitions, axioms, and constructions,
you are now prepared to understand some important relationships between
lines and angles.
In demonstrating these relationships it is necessary to introduce additional
de/initions, postulates, propositions, theorems, and coro/laries.
For example, the following are important postulates.
Postulate 1. A geometric figure may be moved from one place to another
without changing ils size or shape.
Postulate 2. Two angles are equal if they can be made to coincide.
Postulate 3. A circle can be drawn with any point as centre.
Postulate 4. Two straight fines can intersect in on/y one point.
Postulate S. Ali straight angles are equal.
A corollary is a geometric truth that follows from one previously given and
needs little or no proof.
For example, from Postulate 3 above we derive the corollary:
Corollary 1. An arc of a circle can be drawn with any point as centre.
Adjacent angles are angles that have a corn.mon vertex and a corn.mon side
between them.

For exarnple, LCPB is adjacent to LBPA, but not to

D\. /�B
'\_r--A
LDRC.
R
Adding Angles
Postulate 6. Adjacent angles can be added. Thus:

LA.OB + LBOC = LA.OC.

LDOC + LCOB + LBOA = LDOA.
LEOD + LDOC + LCOB = LEOB.
�
A O E
Postulate 7. The sum of ail the adjacent angles about a point on one suie of a
straight fine is equa/ to one straight angle. Thus:
If you measure LA.OB+ LBOC + LCOD + LDOE, it should total 180°.
Does it?
142 Mathematics Made Simple
Complements and Supplements
Two angles whose sum is 90°, or one right angle, are called complementary.

A
Each of the angles is called the complemeot of the other. Thus:

LAOB is the complement of LBOC,

or 35' is complementary to 55°, LB
or 55" is complementary to 35°. � o
r:,':,
0 C
Two angles whose sum is 180 or a straight angle are said to be supplement­
°

ary to each other. Thus:

LAOC is the supp/ement of LCOB,

or 150° is supplementary to 30°,
or 30° is supplementary to 150°.
A O B
The postulates that follow concerning complementary and supplementarY
angles are mostly corollaries of axioms and postulates already stated. Hence,
the references in parentheses are to axioms and postulates on pp. 134, 141, and
this page.
Postulate 8. Ali right angles are equal. Since ail straight angles are equal
(POST. 5) and halves of equals are equal (Ax. 5).
Postulate 9. When one straight fine meets another two supp/ementary angles
are formed.

L1 + L2 = LAOB, which is a straight angle

(Ax. 6).
A O B
Postulate 10. Complements of the same angle or of equa/ angles are equal
(Ax. 3).
Postulate 11. Supplements of the same angle or of equal angles are equal
(Ax. 3).
Postulate 12. If two adjacent angles have their exterior sides in a straight line
they are supp/ementary.
Postulate 13. If two adjacent angles are supp/ementary their exterior sides are
in the same straight fine.

Vertical angles are the pairs of opposite angles

formed by the intersection of straight lines. Thus:

L 1 and L2 are •ertical angle�. L S and L6 are

Yertical ang�es. What other pairs are vertical angles 7
 Geometry 143

THE METHOD OF DEMONSTRATION IN GEOMETRY

A proposition is a statement of either a theorem or a problem.
A theorem is a relationship to be demonstrated.
A problem is a construction to be made.
In proving theorems or the correctness of constructions the procedure is as
follows.
If the proposition is a theorem requiring proof you break it up into its two
parts: the hypothesis and the conclusion. In the hypothesis certain facts are
assumed. You use these given facts in conjunction with other previously
accepted geometric propositions to prove the conclusion.
If the proposition is a problem you make the construction and then proceed
to prove that it is correct. You do this by listing the given elements and bring­
ing forward previously established geometric facts to build up the necessary
proof of correctness. •
For example, let us take the statement, vertical angles are equal. This
theorem is given as Proposition No. 1 in many geometry textbooks, and is
presented as follows.
Given: Vertical angles 1 and 2 as in the diagram next to the definition of
vertical angles.
To prove: LI = L2.
Steps Reasons
1. L2 is the supplement of Ll. 1. Two angles are supplementary ü
their swn is a straigbt L.
2. LI is the supplement of L3. 2. Same as Reason 1.
3. LI= L2. 3. Supplements of the same L are equal
(POST. 4)
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used:
adj. adjacent def. definition
ait. alternate ext. exterior
altitude hyp. hypotenuse
ax. axiom iden. identity
cornp. complementary int. interior
cong. congruent n. right
const. construction si. straight
cor. corollary supp. supplementary
corr. corresponding vert. vertical
It should also be noted that the plurals of a number of the symbols listed on
p. 134 are formed by adding an s after the symbol. Thus, Ls means angles; b,.s,
triangles; js, parallels; Cs, cin:les; os, parallelograms, etc.
Practiœ Exerdse No. 66

1. LI coïncides with L2. LI = 30°. Find L2. ��

"' �
• Thia is the method of proœduno followed in moat �rnctry ,..tbool<s ror demorutntlna lbe
truth or establi.- �metric principlea. For Ibo pu,_ of thia book. bo-�r. lt will not be ,,_..,,
to 1iw: formai demonstrationa of theorana and problana. lt ia ou.r purpoae to sive rou ■ •orkinl
knowledp of Ibo eamtial _,...-ïc principls. racu. and skilis tbat c:an be put to pl"IICllCal application
ln office, in lndustr),. in military purauits. in iadulsina ■ hobby. or in otudyina bisbcr m.atbematica u
praaned ln tbls book 1111d in otber mon, ■dvanœd ieatboob.
144 Mathematlcs Made Simple

2. BD is the bisector of LABC, which is 45 °.

Find LABD.

*
3. Ll = L5, L2 = Ll, and L3 = L5. What
is the relationship between: 2
(a) Ll and L3; (b) L2 and LS; 1
(c) L4 and L7?

4. In the same figure list the pairs of adj. Ls.

5. In the same figure list the pairs of vert. Ls.

A
6. In the accompanying figure the opposite Ls
are vert. Ls; Ll = 30° and L3 = 100°. Find the
remaining four angles.

7. In the same figure find the values of LA.OC, LAOD, LBOE, and LFOB.
8. How many degrees are there in: (a) f of a rt. L; (b) f rt. L; (c) l rt. L;
(d) i rt. L; (e)¼ rt. L?
9. Find the complement of: (a) 68°; (b) 45°; (c) 55° ; (d) 32 °; (e) 5°; (f) 33 ° 30'.
10. What is the supplement of: (a) 25°; (b) 125°; (c) 44°; (d) 88°; (e) 74° 30';
(f) 1s0 30'?

Parallel Lines
Postulates Concerning Parallels

A@>
0
<te
c:-----o
1. 1brougb a givea point ooly one Une can be drawn parallel to a given Une.
In the diagram the only 1ine that can be drawn Il to CD through point O is AB.
2. Two intersecting line9 cannot botb be paraUel to a tbird stralgbt Une.
3. Two straigbt line9 ln tbe same plane, If produœd, eitber wiU intersec:t or else
are pu'lllleL

De/initions
A transversal is a line that intersects two or more other lines.
Wben a transversal cuts two parallel or intersecting lines various angles are
formed. The names and relative positions of these angles are important. The
 Geometry 145
relationship of angles as sbown in the following diagram sbould be memor­
ized:
Ls 1, 2, 3, 4 are termed exterior angles.
Ls 5, 6, 7, 8 are termed interior angles.
Ls 1 and 4} { are pairs ofaltemateexterior
Ls 2 and 3 angles.
Ls 5 and 8} {are pairs ofaltemate interior
Ls 6 and 7
Ls 1 and 7} angles.
Ls 2 and 8 {are pairs of correspooding
Ls 5 and 3 angles.
Ls 6 and 4

lbeorem 1. If two straight /ines are parai/el to a third straight line, they are
parai/el to each other.

A--------8
C D
E F
Given: AB and EF I to CD.
To prove: AB D EF.
I
H AB is not to EF the two lines would intersect and they would then be two
intenectiug lines parallel to a third straigbt lille. But this is impossible according to
Parallel Postulate 2. Henœ AB must be parallel to EF.

Relationships Formed by Parallels and a Transversal

If two parallel lines are eut by a transversal certain definite relationships
will always be found to exist among the angles that are fonned by the parallel
lines and the transversal.

If we take the rectangle ABCD we know that the opposite sides are parallel and
equal and that aU the angles are right angles. If we then draw the diagonal DB we
bave fonned two triangles, 6 DAB and 6 DCB.
In t,.s DAB and DCB we know AD= CB, AB= DC, and LA= LC. AB will
be shown in the section on triangles, when two sides and the included L of one 6 are
equal to Iwo sides and the included L of another, the two triangles are said to be
congruent. This meam that ail their corn:sponding sides and angles are equal. (ln
the diagram the corn:sponding sides and angles of each triangle are macked with
matcbed check marks.)