Lecture # 5 (Ex:3.3, 3.

5)
Minor of an Element of a Matrix
Let A be a square matrix then minor of an element aij is the determinant of a matrix
obtained deleting i th row and j th column of A and is denoted by M ij . For example, if

1 2 3
4 5
A   4 5 6  , then the minor of 3 is M 13 . i.e. M 13   32  35   3
7 8
 7 8 9 
Cofactor of an Element of a Matrix
Let A be a square matrix then cofactor of an element aij is denoted by Aij and defined as Aij   1
i j
M ij .

1 2 3
11 5 6
For example, if A   4 5 6  , then the cofactor of 1 is A11 . i.e. A11   1    45  48   3
8 9
 7 8 9 
Determinant of a Square Matrix of Order n  3
The determinant of a square matrix of order n is the sum of the products of each
element of a row (or column) and its cofactor. For example
 a11 a12 a13 
If A   a21 a22 a23  , then A  a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13  a21 A21  a22 A22  a23 A23  a31 A31  a32 A32  a33 A33
 a31 a32 a33 
Properties of Determinants
(i) If the rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of
determinant remains unchanged. i.e. A  At
(ii) The value of a determinant changes sign if any two rows (columns) are interchanged.
(iii) If all the entries in any row (column) of a determinant are zero, the value of the determinant is zero.
(iv) If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, the value of the determinant is zero.
(v) If any row (column) of a determinant is multiplied by a non-zero number k, the value of the new
determinant becomes equal to k times the value of original determinant.
(vi) If any row (column) of a determinant consists of two terms, it can be written as the sum of two
determinants.
(vii) If any row (column) of a determinant is multiplied by a non-zero number k and the result is added to the
corresponding entries of another row (column), the value of determinant does not change.
(viii) The value of determinant of a triangular matrix is equal to product of its diagonal elements.
Adjoint of a Square Matrix of Order n  3
Adjoint of a square matrix A of order n  3 is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of A.
t
 a11 a12 a13   A11 A12 A13   A11 A21 A31 
If A   a21 a22 
a23  , then adjoint A is adjA   A21 A22 A23  OR adjA   A12
 A22 A32 

 a31 a32 a33   A31 A32 A33   A13 A23 A33 
Properties of the Adjoint of a Matrix
(i) If A is square matrix of order n, then A  adj A    adj A  A  A I n

(ii) If A is square matrix of order n, then  adj A    adj A 

t t

(iii) If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then adj  adj A   A

n2
A
n 1
(iv) If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then adjA  A
(v) If A is singular matrix, then adjA  0
(vi) If A and B are two matrices of same order, then adj  AB    adj B adj A 
(vii) Adjoint of null matrix is null matrix.
(viii) Adjoint of identity matrix is identity matrix.
Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called nilpotent, if A p  O , where p is the index.
Note: Trace of nilpotent matrix is always zero.
Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called idempotent, if A2  A .
Involutary Matrix
A square matrix A is called involuntary, if A2  I .
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A of order n is called orthogonal, if AAt  I n  At A .
Periodic Matrix
A square matrix A is called periodic matrix of period p if p is the
least positive integer such that A p 1  A .
Consistent System of Linear Equations
A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if the system has unique solution or it has infinitely
many solutions.
A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if the row rank of the augmented matrix is equal to
the row rank of the matrix of coefficients.
Rank of Ab  Rank of A  n

1 0 0 3 
 0 1 0 2  (Unique Solution)
 
 0 0 1 1 
Rank of Ab  Rank of A  n

1 0 1 1 
 0 1 4 2  (Infinite Many Solutions)
 
 0 0 0 0 
Inconsistent System of Linear Equations
A system of linear equations is said to be inconsistent if the system has no solution.
A system of linear equations is said to be inconsistent if the row rank of the augmented matrix is not
equal to the row rank of the matrix of coefficients.
Rank of Ab  Rank of A

1 0 2 1 
 0 1 5 2  (No Solutions)
 
 0 0 0 3 
Homogenous Linear Equations
a1 x  b1 y  k1 
If in system of linear equations  , k1  k2  0 , then it is said to be a system of homogenous linear
a2 x  b2 y  k2 
equations in x and y. Thus the system is of the form AX  O
(i) If A  0 , then its only solution is x  0 , y  0 . It is called trivial solution.
(ii) If A  0 , then system has non-trivial solution and it has infinitely many solutions.

MCQs
 0 1
1. If A    , then A12 is:
 1 1
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) Not defined

A12   1 1   1 1  1

1 2

2. Which of the results is false?

(A) Aij =  1 M ji
i j
(B) a11 A11  a22 A22  a33 A33  A
(C) A   aij  mn  det  A  always exist (D) All of these
 

As Aij =  1
i j
M i j , a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13  A
A   aij  mn  det  A  exist if m  n All of these are false.
 

3. If for a square matrix A, A12  8, a12  2, A22  10, a22  3 , a32  2 find A32 when A  50
(A) A32  48 (B) A32  48 (C) A32  25 (D) A32  25

a12 A12  a22 A22  a32 A32  A   2  8   3  10  2 A32  50

  16  30  2 A32  50  2 A32  96  A32  48
 1 3 7 
4. If A  0 2 5  ,then:
 0 0 4 
1 1
(A) A1   (B) A1  8 (C) A1  8 (D) A1 
8 8

1 1
A  1 2  4   8
1
, A1  A  
A 8

5. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 and A  1 , B  3 then 3AB 

(A) –9 (B) –81 (C) –27 (D) 81

3 AB  33 A B  27  1 3   81

6. If A is a square matrix such that A 2  A, then A equals:

(A) 0 or 1 (B) 2 or 2 (C) 3 or 5 (D) 1 or 2

A 2  A  A 2  A  A  A  0  A  A  1   0  A  0 or A  1
2

7. If B is any non singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det  B 1 AB  is equal to:
(A) det  A1  (B) det  B 1  (C) det  A  (D) det  B 

1
det  B 1 AB   B 1 AB  B 1 A B  A B  A  det A 
B

8. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and A  2 , then adjA is equal to:

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
 A   2  4
n 1 31 2 2
adjA  A  adjA  A

3 2 
9. If A    , then A  adjA  is equal to:
1 4 
10 0 10 1 0 10  10 1
(A)   (B)   (C)  (D) 
 0 10   1 10  10
 0  
 0 10 

1 0  10 0 
A  adjA   A I n  A adjA   10I 2  10    
 0 1   0 10 
  cos  sin  
10. The matrix   is;
  sin  cos  
(A) symmetric (B) scalar (C) orthogonal (D) skew symmetric

 cos  sin    cos   sin    1 0

AAt       I 2 , so A is orthogonal
  sin  cos    sin  cos    0 1

11. If Rc and Rb are row rank of matrix of co-efficient and augmented matrix respectively and n is the number
of variables then system is consistent and having infinite many solutions only when:
(A) Rc  Rb  n (B) Rc  Rb (C) Rc  Rb  n (D) Rc  Rb  n

For infinite many solutions: Rc  Rb  n For unique solutions: Rc  Rb  n

12. If reduced echelon form of the augmented matrix of two variables of a non-homogenous linear system is
1 0 2 3 
 0 1 5 8  then the system has:
 
 0 0 0 4 
(A) Unique solution (B) Infinite solution (C) No solution (D) Both A and B

Rank of augmented matrix is not equal to rank of matrix of coefficient, system has no solution.

3 x  y  z  4
13. If x  y  2 z  4 then  x, y,z   ?
x  2y  z  1
(A) 1,1, 2  (B) 1, 1, 2  (C)  1,1, 2  (D)  0 ,0 ,0 
Option C satisfies the system of linear equations.
x yz  0
14. The number of solutions of equations 3 x  4 y  z  0 is:
x  2y  z  0
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
1 1 1
A  3 4 1  1  4  2   1 3  1   1 6  4   6  4  2  8  0 , Only trivial solution exists.
1 2 1
3x  2 y  z  0
15. Following equations x  14 y  15 z  0 have solution except x  y  z  0 , then  
x  2 y  3z  0
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3

3 2 1
A   14 15  3  42  30   2 3  15   1 2  14   36  6  30  2  14  4  20
1 2 3
As non-trivial solution exists, so A  0   4  20  0    5