Wa0003.
Wa0003.
Wa0003.
2. AIRWORTHINESS OF AN AIRCRAFT--------------------------------------6
4. PERSONAL LICENSING-------------------------------------------------------8
5. RULES OF AIR------------------------------------------------------------------9
6. SEPARATION MINIMAS-----------------------------------------------------23
13. FACILITATION----------------------------------------------------------------63
20. COMMUNICATIONS--------------------------------------------------------95
3. Third Freedom: Put down passengers from the home state of the carrier
CONVENTIONS
2. ROME CONVENTION : Deals with damage caused by foreign aircraft to third party on surface
3. WARSAW CONVENTION : Deals with responsibility for carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo
6. CHICAGO CONVENTION : 7th Dec 1994 India is a signatory to Chicago convention. Objective of this is
to develop principles and techniques for international civil aviation.
ICAO
1. According to the terms of the Convention, the Organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council of
limited membership with various subordinate bodies and a Secretariat. The Chief Officers are the
President of the Council and the Secretary General.
2. ICAO council(36) and ICAO assembly(191)
ICAO also established SARPS – Standards and Recommended Practices For Contracting States .
Submission & adoption of SARPS is done by air navigation commission.
Any contracting state may denounce the Convention of Montreal by written notification to the
depositary governments 6 months before.
Any contracting states denounces the rules of ICAO it must be informed at least 60 days before to ICAO
Annex 9 - Facilitation
Annex 14 - Aerodromes
Annex 17 - Security
NOTE:
1. Annexes 2, 5, 7 & 8 contain international standards and no recommended practices (RPs). The
remaining 15 Annexes contain both.
2. Contracting States are required to give notification of differences to standards, and invited to notify
differences from Recommended Practices in Annexes. This information is then listed in Supplements
to the Annexes.
3. CABOTAGE – it is domestic air services
DOCS SERIES
1. Doc 4444 Procedure for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management (PANS ATM).
6. Docs 8585 Designators for Aircraft Operating Authorities Agencies, Aeronautical and Services
13. Doc 7100 Manual of Airport and Air Navigation Facility Tariffs
19. Doc 9691 Manual of Volcanic Ash, Radio Active Material and Toxic Chemical Clouds
21. Doc 9613 Manual on. RNP (Co-located with RNAV Manual).
Note:
Ferry flights (delivery from manufacturer) are allowed if DGCA approves and finds that the aircraft is capable
of flying in the current condition
LEASING
Wet lease – Operated by the company (lessor) who let the aircraft out
DEFINITIONS :
(a) Nationality Marks : Group of characters affixed on aircraft surface to identity the country to which the
aircraft belong.
(b) Registration Marks : A group of characters affixed on aircraft surface following nationality marks to
identify a particular aircraft
• There are different standards for heavier than air and lighter than air aircrafts
• Registration marking are by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and State of Registry
No 3 letter combinations used as Q codes or distress signals such as XXX, PAN and TTT are used in a/c
registrations
1. SOS = Distress
2. PAN = Urgency
3. XXX = Urgency
4. QUG = I am ditching
5. TTT = Safety (emergency communication alert now only used in maritime operations)
• Wings – 50cm
• Fuselage – 30cm
• Letters and number each separate group of equal height
VT-315
• VT is given by the common mark authority or the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) of ICAO
• Registration is valid till the a/c is destroyed in an accident (cancelled by Central govt. any time)
1. VT – Civil Aircrafts
2. VU – Defence aircrafts
3. ITU assigned - AT to AW
Note :
A trainee pilot can fly upto 1500 kgs all up weight ( AUW).
Being a CPL holder can't fly A/c above 5700 kgs AUW.
A Co-pilot hours are counted as 50% of its flight time.
A holder of CPL who is flying as a check Pilot shall be credited with 100% flight time.
A pilot should inform Authorities of any illness suffering more than 15 days
ACROBATIC FLIGHTS
MOVEMENT AREA
The part of an Aerodrome to be used for take off , landing, taxing of A/c consisting of Maneuvering area and
Apron
MANOEUVERING AREA
The part of an Aerodrome to be used for take off, landing ,taxing of A/c except APRON.
2 – Do not descend
4 – Squawk 7700
BARODA - unlimited
Restricted area : An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a state,
within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions
Danger area : An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft
may exist at specified times
RIGHT OF WAY – means the right to proceed without alteration of course. The aircraft that has the right of
way is required to maintain its heading and speed and observe the other aircraft whilst the collision risk
exists.
Right of way
1. When two aircrafts are approaching head – on or approximately so and there is danger of collision,
each shall alter its heading to the right
2. Overtaking–an a/c that is being over taken has the right of way and the over taking a/c, whether
climbing, descending or in horizontal flight shall keep out of the way by altering its heading to the
right
”An over taking aircraft is an aircraft that approaches from the rear on a line forming an angle of less
than 70 deg”
3. Converging – When two aircrafts are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft that
has the other on it’s right shall give way
1. Power driven flying machines give way to airships ,balloons ,gliders .(PAGB)
An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final
stages of an approach to land
• Head on – Each shall stop and if practicable, alter its course to the right
• Converging course – The one which has the other on its right shall give way
• Overtaking – an a/c that is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking a/c, shall keep
well clear of the other a/c
LIGHTS TO BE DISPLAYED
Lights must be displayed from 30 mins after sunset to 30 mins before sunrise, for all aircrafts in flight or on
the movement area of an aerodrome
1. Anti – collision lights : Intended to attracts the attention of the other aircraft
2. Navigation lights : Intended to attract the relative path of the aircraft to an observer.
• All aircrafts operating on the movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall
display lights which indicate that fact
• Angle of coverage : Parallel to the longitudinal axis to 70 deg either side (white light)
• Anti – collision light is not required by law for a/c less than 5700kg AUW
FAILURE OF LIGHTS
1. Navigation lights :- ATC is to be informed and the aircraft is to land and have the light repaired
before continuing the flight
2. Anti – collision lights :- Aircraft can continue flight and repair it before next flight
The meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or
better than specified minima specified. Flight rules conducted under VMC are called Visual flight rules (VFR)
The meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility ,distance from cloud, and ceiling less than
specified minima specified for VMC .Flight rules conducted under IMC are called Instrument flight rules(IFR)
Note : In IMC only IFR is possible, but in VMC both VFR & IFR possible
VMC MINIMUMS
300 m ( vertical )
300m(vertical)
NOTE :
1. Flight more than 5nm from ARP or 3000 feet above AGL
3. International flights
NOTE
ADHERENSE TO FPL
ATC clock should be within 30 seconds accuracy to the UTC clock, in case of data link communication
( D-LINK) it should be accurate within 1 sec of UTC.
If it becomes evident that a controlled VFR flight will not remain in VMC , the pilot is to
COMMUNICATION RULE
A controlled flight is required to maintain two way RT communications with the controlling air traffic unit
Squawk 7600
Maintain visual watch of signals
Maintain VMC and land in the nearest airport & inform the ATC at earliest via LL
1. In addition to squawking 7600,maintain the last assigned speed for 7 mins ( Radar ) & 20mins ( Non
- Radar )
2. Proceed in accordance to FPL , And fly to destination at planned FL
3. Descend if EAT given , if not then fly a Normal Instrument Approach
4. Land within 30mins of ETA
EAT – The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point
to complete its approach for a landing
ETO – Estimated Time Overhead ( significant point) . Estimated time at which an aircraft would be over a fix,
waypoint or particular location
Visibility
Day – The greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be
seen and recognized when observed against a bright background
Night – The greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candles can be seen and identified
against an unlit background
Note : VFR flights cannot take off or land at an aerodrome in a CTR, or enter if
1. Cloud ceiling is less than 1500ft
2. The visibility is less than 5km
CEILING
The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000 feet ( 6000 m)
covering more than half of the sky ( ≥ 5 Oktas)
Flight by Night
VFR flights cannot take oof or land at aerodrome in a control zone (CTR) or enter a aerodrome traffic zone or
traffic pattern when ceiling is less than 1500 ft &visibility< 5 km
Restrictions
a) VFR flight shall be operated during the period before 20 minutes of sunrise TO 20 minutes after
sunset
b) Visibility should be at least 5 km
c) Not Above flight level (FL) 150 ( 15000 ft)
d) Not at transonic or supersonic speeds
e) Not more than 100 NM towards the sea from a sea shore.
MINIMUM HEIGHTS
Over congested areas of cities, towns, settlements at a height less than 1000ft (300m) above the
highest obstacle in a radius of 600m
Elsewhere at a height less than 500ft (150m)
Over congested areas of cities, towns, settlements at a height less than 2000ft (600m) above the
highest obstacle in a radius of 8km
Elsewhere at a height less than 1000ft (300m) in a radius of 8km
Special VFR is defined as a clearance to fly within a CTR in conditions less than VMC in which pilot
remains clear of cloud and in visual with the ground
Ground Visibility should not be less than 1500m for a SVFR clearance ( ≥ 1500 m to < 5000 m)
Cloud ceiling = 1000 ft
Provision of SVFR
a) Enter or land at a CTR
b) Depart from a CTR
c) Fly between CTRs
DISTRESS SIGNALS
It is a situation where there is a imminent danger threat and immediate assistance is required
URGENCY SIGNALS
It is a situation where aircraft notifies the difficulty and which doesn't required immediate assistance to land
Radio telegraphy signal XXX( Morse code _••_ _••_ _••_ )
ADIZ 's wasestablished for Air Defence Clearance (ADC) .There are 5ADIZ zones and one Sub ADIZ
If aircraft is within 5 NM of radius from aerodrome reference point (ARP) and within 1000 feet above
ground level ( AGL) of aerodrome of a ADIZ, no ADC is required
All flights shall obtain ADC before entering ADIZ at least 10 minutes prior to entering Indian
Airspace
ADC should be obtained before departure and is valid for 60 minutes after validity expires fresh ADC
shall be taken
Note :
RVSM is the reduction of the standard vertical separation required between aircraft flying between FL290
and FL410 ( inclusive ), from 2000ft to 1000ft
1. 2 independent Altimeter
2. Transponder of Mode C or higher grade ( Mode S)
3. Altitude keeping device ( Autopilot )
4. Altitude Alerting Device
5. Traffic Collision Avoidance System ( TCAS)
It's is also called as Non - RVSM'. It is an airspace where the minimum separation between two flight level is
2000 ft
Ex : An IFR flight maintaining a heading 278° ( T) , Drift 5° port, VAR = +7 (east). What's the FL a/c will
maintain.?
INTERCEPTION
If you’re a/c is intercepted by another aircraft, follow the instructions of intercepting a/c
Once intercepted try communicating on 121.5mhz, 243mhz
Abrupt 90 deg manoeuvre means you may proceed
If communication is not possible on a common language use words in simple like unable, cannot or
descend
If hijacked, squawk 7500 and start flying 500 feet above or below your assigned altitude when below
FL290 and 1000’ above FL290
Phrases used
Note :
Position reports shall be made on reaching Designated Reporting points or when ever requested by
ATC
If no reporting points available , then it shall be made every 30 minutes in IMC & 60 minutes in VMC
Precautionary landing
Landing Prohibited
GliderFlying in progress
Acknowledgement by an A/C
In flight : Day - Rocking of wings ; Night - On &Off landing lights twice if not ( Nav Lights )
On ground : Day - Movement of Rudder & Ailerons ( Not Elevator )
Night - On & Off landing lights twice if not ( Nav Lights )