EDITION AUG - 2021

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 INDEX
1. CONVENTIONS AND FREEDOMS.-----------------------------------------3

2. AIRWORTHINESS OF AN AIRCRAFT--------------------------------------6

3. NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION--------------------------------------7

4. PERSONAL LICENSING-------------------------------------------------------8

5. RULES OF AIR------------------------------------------------------------------9

6. SEPARATION MINIMAS-----------------------------------------------------23

7. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE--------------------------------------------------------34

8. FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION------------------------------------------38

9. AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE----------------------------------------41

10. ATS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM----------------------------------------------43

11. AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE-----------------------------46

12. VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION-----------------------------------------48

13. FACILITATION----------------------------------------------------------------63

14. SEARCH AND RESCUE------------------------------------------------------65

15. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT AND INVESTIGATION--------------------------68

16. NATIONAL LAW-------------------------------------------------------------69

17. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES--------------------------------------------72

18. PROCEDURE FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICE ( PANS-OPS )------80

19. HUMAN FACTOR------------------------------------------------------------86

20. COMMUNICATIONS--------------------------------------------------------95

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 COVENTIONS AND FREEDOMS

1. ICAO CONVENTION WAS SIGNED IN CHICAGO IN 1944, DEC 7

2. As per this convention 5 freedoms of air were declared

Technical Freedoms and Commercial Freedoms

1. First freedom: Right to overfly without landing

2. Second Freedom: Landing for non traffic purposes (technical purposes)

3. Third Freedom: Put down passengers from the home state of the carrier

4. Fourth Freedom: Take on passengers back to home state

5. Fifth Freedom: Take on passengers to third state

CONVENTIONS

1. TOKYO CONVENTION : Offence on board against penal law

(it is applicable to aircraft in the contracting state and the incident should be in the contracting
state)

2. ROME CONVENTION : Deals with damage caused by foreign aircraft to third party on surface

3. WARSAW CONVENTION : Deals with responsibility for carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo

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 4. MONTREAL CONVENTION : Deals with offences on board leading to damage of property of aircraft (
UNLAWFUL VIOLENT ACT)

5. HAGUE CONVENTION : 1970,Hosted by Dutch government to address the problems related to

terrorist hijackings. The convention for the suppression of unlawful Seizure of aircraft.

6. CHICAGO CONVENTION : 7th Dec 1994 India is a signatory to Chicago convention. Objective of this is
to develop principles and techniques for international civil aviation.

ICAO
1. According to the terms of the Convention, the Organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council of
limited membership with various subordinate bodies and a Secretariat. The Chief Officers are the
President of the Council and the Secretary General.
2. ICAO council(36) and ICAO assembly(191)

 ICAO also established SARPS – Standards and Recommended Practices For Contracting States .
 Submission & adoption of SARPS is done by air navigation commission.
 Any contracting state may denounce the Convention of Montreal by written notification to the
depositary governments 6 months before.
 Any contracting states denounces the rules of ICAO it must be informed at least 60 days before to ICAO

The ICAO Annexes

Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing

Annex 2 - Rules of the Air

Annex 3 - Meteorological Services

Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts

Annex 5 - Units of Measurement

Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft

Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft

Annex 9 - Facilitation

Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications

Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services

Annex 12 - Search and Rescue

Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

Annex 14 - Aerodromes

Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services

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Annex 16 - Environmental Protection

Annex 17 - Security

Annex 18 - The Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air

Annex 19 - Safety management

NOTE:

1. Annexes 2, 5, 7 & 8 contain international standards and no recommended practices (RPs). The
remaining 15 Annexes contain both.
2. Contracting States are required to give notification of differences to standards, and invited to notify
differences from Recommended Practices in Annexes. This information is then listed in Supplements
to the Annexes.
3. CABOTAGE – it is domestic air services

DOCS SERIES

1. Doc 4444 Procedure for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management (PANS ATM).

2. Doc 7030 Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPS).

3. Doc 8400 ICAO Abbreviations and Codes

4. Doc 8168 Aircraft Operations

5. Doc 7910 Location Indicators

6. Docs 8585 Designators for Aircraft Operating Authorities Agencies, Aeronautical and Services

7. Doc 8643 Aircraft Type Designator

8. Doc 8126 Aeronautical Information Service Manual

9. Doc 8697 Aeronautical Chart Manual

10. Doc 8896 Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Procedure

11. Doc 7383 Aeronautical Information Service by States

12. Doc 7101 Aeronautical Chart Catalogue

13. Doc 7100 Manual of Airport and Air Navigation Facility Tariffs

14. Doc 7333 Search And Rescue Manual

15. Doc 9432 Manual of Radio Telephony

16. Doc 9137 Airport Service Manual

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 17. Doc 9426 Air Traffic Service Planning Manual

18. Doc 9674 WGS 84 Manual

19. Doc 9691 Manual of Volcanic Ash, Radio Active Material and Toxic Chemical Clouds

20. Doc 9433 Manual Concerning Interception of Civil Aircraft

21. Doc 9613 Manual on. RNP (Co-located with RNAV Manual).

22. Doc 9156 Accident/Incident Reporting Manual

23. Doc 6920 Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation

24. Doc 9422 Accident Prevention Manual

25. Doc 9342 Aerodromes Routes and Ground Aids

ANNEX 8 – AIRWORTHINESS OF AN AIRCRAFT

• C of A is issued by the State Of Registry

• Annex 8 – Engineering point of view

• Annex 6 – Operational and safety point of view

Note:

• Owner or operator may apply for C of A

• Imported aircrafts will be examined again for a fresh C of A

• Suspension and Cancellation – can be done by DGCA

• Aircrafts cannot be flown without C of A

• Law regarding ferry – flights

Ferry flights (delivery from manufacturer) are allowed if DGCA approves and finds that the aircraft is capable
of flying in the current condition

LEASING

AOC/ AOP – Air operators certificate Permit, by AAI

Dry lease – Operated by the company (lessee) leasing the a/c

Wet lease – Operated by the company (lessor) who let the aircraft out

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 ANNEX 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration Markings

DEFINITIONS :

(a) Nationality Marks : Group of characters affixed on aircraft surface to identity the country to which the
aircraft belong.

(b) Registration Marks : A group of characters affixed on aircraft surface following nationality marks to
identify a particular aircraft

• There are different standards for heavier than air and lighter than air aircrafts

• Registration marking are by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and State of Registry

• Letters, numbers or combination of both

No 3 letter combinations used as Q codes or distress signals such as XXX, PAN and TTT are used in a/c
registrations

1. SOS = Distress
2. PAN = Urgency
3. XXX = Urgency
4. QUG = I am ditching
5. TTT = Safety (emergency communication alert now only used in maritime operations)

Heavier than air Aircrafts

• Wings – 50cm
• Fuselage – 30cm
• Letters and number each separate group of equal height

Lighter than air Aircraft

• Other than unmanned free balloons, marking shall be at least 50cm

• Measurement will be mentioned by the state of registry

Example for a nationality or registration marking

VT-315

• VT is given by the common mark authority or the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) of ICAO

• 315 is given by the state of registry (DGCA)

• Registration is valid till the a/c is destroyed in an accident (cancelled by Central govt. any time)

• Registration marks shall not have any ornamentations

Certificate of registration – Is given by the Central Government

1. VT – Civil Aircrafts
2. VU – Defence aircrafts
3. ITU assigned - AT to AW

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 ANNEX 1 – PERSONAL LICENSING

1. Private Pilot License

PPL With Night Rating
• Total – 40 hours
50 hrs of PIC ( 5 hrs of Night PIC With 5 T/O
• 20 hours PIC (5 hours X-CTY, 150nm) & Landings )
• Age - Not less than 17
Validity -10 years, with CLASS II Medical
2. Commercial Pilot License (CPL)

• Min age - 18, Max – 65

• Medical, Less than 40 – 1year. More than 40 – 6 months
• Total – 200
• 100 PIC (20 hrs X-CTY with a 300nm) + 5Night PIC (10 T/O and landings) • 10 hours of IR (5 on sim)

3. Commercial Pilot License (CPL) with IR

• Min age - 18, Max – 65

• Medical, Less than 40 – 1year. More than 40 – 6 months
• Total – 200
• 100 PIC (50 hrs X-CTY with a 300nm + 5 Hrs Night PIC (10 T/O and landings)
• 40 hours of Instrument flying (IF) (20 on sim)
• 5 years valid

4. Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL)

• Min age - 21, Max – 65

• Medical, Less than 40 – 1 year. & More than 40 – 6 months
• Total – 1500 hrs ( Night flying – 100 hrs)
• Total 1000 hrs cross country
• 500 PIC ( 200 X-CTY + 50 Night PIC )
• 100 hours of IF (50 on sim)
• Co-Pilot – 50%
• Validity – 5 years

Note :

 A trainee pilot can fly upto 1500 kgs all up weight ( AUW).
 Being a CPL holder can't fly A/c above 5700 kgs AUW.
 A Co-pilot hours are counted as 50% of its flight time.
 A holder of CPL who is flying as a check Pilot shall be credited with 100% flight time.
 A pilot should inform Authorities of any illness suffering more than 15 days

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 ANNEX 2 --RULES OF THE AIR

Annexure 2 deals with Rules Of Air

ACROBATIC FLIGHTS

 Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an

abnormal attitude or an abnormal variation in speed
 No person shall fly acrobatically :-
a. In the vicinity of aerodrome at a distance less than 2nm unless being flown higher than 1800m
or 6000 feet
b. Populated area – Permission from DG
c. Completed at a height not less than 2000ft AGL, elsewhere
d. By a licensed pilot or accompanied by a licensed instructor

MOVEMENT AREA

The part of an Aerodrome to be used for take off , landing, taxing of A/c consisting of Maneuvering area and
Apron

MANOEUVERING AREA

The part of an Aerodrome to be used for take off, landing ,taxing of A/c except APRON.

PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED AREAS

 A/c shall not be flown into a prohibited area

 ‘A series of projectiles discharged at intervals of 10 seconds, showing on bursting Red and Green
lights’ – Indicates flying in a restricted, prohibited or danger area.
 Actions to be taken

1- Do not fly further

2 – Do not descend

3 – Give distress signal

4 – Squawk 7700

PROHIBITED AREAS IN INDIA

BARODA - unlimited

BOMBAY (TOWEROFSILENCE )- Malabar hills 1 Mile Unlimited

Mathura Refinery 10 km Unlimited

Rastrapati Bahvan - Unlimited

Bhubaneswar Tower - 5000 ft

Kalpakkam ( Nuclear Reactor ) 10 Km 10000ft

Restricted area : An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a state,
within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions

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Prohibited Area : An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a state,
within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions

Danger area : An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft
may exist at specified times

Formation flights : No formations flights for civil aircrafts in India

RIGHT OF WAY – means the right to proceed without alteration of course. The aircraft that has the right of
way is required to maintain its heading and speed and observe the other aircraft whilst the collision risk
exists.

Right of way

1. When two aircrafts are approaching head – on or approximately so and there is danger of collision,
each shall alter its heading to the right
2. Overtaking–an a/c that is being over taken has the right of way and the over taking a/c, whether
climbing, descending or in horizontal flight shall keep out of the way by altering its heading to the
right
”An over taking aircraft is an aircraft that approaches from the rear on a line forming an angle of less
than 70 deg”
3. Converging – When two aircrafts are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft that
has the other on it’s right shall give way

AVOIDANCE OF COLLISION (RIGHT OF WAY ) FOR CONVERGING TRAFFIC

1. Power driven flying machines give way to airships ,balloons ,gliders .(PAGB)

2. Airships must give way to balloons and gliders

3. Gliders must give way to balloons

4. Power driven flying machines should give way to towing aircrafts

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LANDING

An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final
stages of an approach to land

SURFACE MOVEMENT OF AIRCRAFT

• Head on – Each shall stop and if practicable, alter its course to the right

• Converging course – The one which has the other on its right shall give way

• Overtaking – an a/c that is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking a/c, shall keep
well clear of the other a/c

LIGHTS TO BE DISPLAYED

Lights must be displayed from 30 mins after sunset to 30 mins before sunrise, for all aircrafts in flight or on
the movement area of an aerodrome

1. Anti – collision lights : Intended to attracts the attention of the other aircraft

2. Navigation lights : Intended to attract the relative path of the aircraft to an observer.

• All aircrafts operating on the movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall
display lights which indicate that fact

• Angle of coverage : Parallel to the longitudinal axis to 70 deg either side (white light)

• Parallel to the longitudinal axis to 110 deg (red and green)

• Anti – collision light is not required by law for a/c less than 5700kg AUW

FAILURE OF LIGHTS

1. Navigation lights :- ATC is to be informed and the aircraft is to land and have the light repaired
before continuing the flight

2. Anti – collision lights :- Aircraft can continue flight and repair it before next flight

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VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ( VMC)

The meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or
better than specified minima specified. Flight rules conducted under VMC are called Visual flight rules (VFR)

a. Visibility more than 5km below FL100, 8km above FL100

b. 1500m horizontal separation from the clouds

c. 1000ft Vertical separation from the clouds

INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ( IMC )

The meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility ,distance from cloud, and ceiling less than
specified minima specified for VMC .Flight rules conducted under IMC are called Instrument flight rules(IFR)

Note : In IMC only IFR is possible, but in VMC both VFR & IFR possible

VMC MINIMUMS

ALTITUDE AIRSPACE FLIGHT VISIBILITY DISTANCE FROM CLOUD

Above 10 000ft A,B,C,D,E,F,G 8 KM 1500 m ( horizontal)

300 m ( vertical )

3500 - 10000 ft A,B,C,D,E,F,G 5 KM 1500m(horizontal)

300m(vertical)

Surface - 3500 ft A,B,C,D,E 5 KM 1500m(horizontal)

(MSL or Terrain) 300m(vertical)

F,G 5 Km Clear of cloud& surface in Sight

( COCSIS )

NOTE :

 For class B – It is Clear of Clouds

 Helicopters may be permitted to operate upto 1500 m of flight visibility

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FLIGHT PLAN RULE

Flight plan is required for :-

1. Flight more than 5nm from ARP or 3000 feet above AGL

2. Any aircraft requiring ATC services

3. International flights

NOTE

 FPL to be submitted 60 mins prior to EOBT

 10 mins prior – for in flight plans
 Delay to take off within 30mins (controlled aerodrome) - new flight plan is to filed or amended
 Delay to take off within 1 hour (uncontrolled aerodrome) - new flight plan is to filed or amended

ADHERENSE TO FPL

1. A pilot should adhere (follow) to the current flight plan .

2. If a controlled flight deviates from the FPL, the following action is to be taken
 Deviation in track – Adjust the heading to come back on track
 Variation in 10 kts TAS/ 0.02 Mach – Inform ATC
 2 mins +/- in ETA – Revised ETA should be passed to the ATC

Time – All times are in UTC (Universal co-ordinated time)

ATC clock should be within 30 seconds accuracy to the UTC clock, in case of data link communication
( D-LINK) it should be accurate within 1 sec of UTC.

WEATHER DETERIORATION BELOW VMC

If it becomes evident that a controlled VFR flight will not remain in VMC , the pilot is to

a) Request to continue to destination Aerodrome by another route remaining in VMCor

b) Land at the nearest Aerodrome or
c) If operating in the control Zone ( CTR ) , request for SVFR ( Special VFR ) clearance or
d) File an IFR flight plan ( PLN)

COMMUNICATION RULE

A controlled flight is required to maintain two way RT communications with the controlling air traffic unit

Communication failure in VMC :-

 Squawk 7600
 Maintain visual watch of signals
 Maintain VMC and land in the nearest airport & inform the ATC at earliest via LL

Communication failure in IMC

1. In addition to squawking 7600,maintain the last assigned speed for 7 mins ( Radar ) & 20mins ( Non
- Radar )
2. Proceed in accordance to FPL , And fly to destination at planned FL
3. Descend if EAT given , if not then fly a Normal Instrument Approach
4. Land within 30mins of ETA

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ETA – For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point,
defined by reference of navigation aids, for VFR, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will reach
overhead that designated aerodrome

EAT – The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point
to complete its approach for a landing

ETO – Estimated Time Overhead ( significant point) . Estimated time at which an aircraft would be over a fix,
waypoint or particular location

Visibility

Day – The greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be
seen and recognized when observed against a bright background

Night – The greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candles can be seen and identified
against an unlit background

Note : VFR flights cannot take off or land at an aerodrome in a CTR, or enter if
1. Cloud ceiling is less than 1500ft
2. The visibility is less than 5km
CEILING

The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000 feet ( 6000 m)
covering more than half of the sky ( ≥ 5 Oktas)

Flight by Night

If light performed within 30 minutes after sunset TO 30 minutes before sunrise

VISUAL FLIGHT RULES ( VFR )

VFR flights cannot take oof or land at aerodrome in a control zone (CTR) or enter a aerodrome traffic zone or
traffic pattern when ceiling is less than 1500 ft &visibility< 5 km

Restrictions

a) VFR flight shall be operated during the period before 20 minutes of sunrise TO 20 minutes after
sunset
b) Visibility should be at least 5 km
c) Not Above flight level (FL) 150 ( 15000 ft)
d) Not at transonic or supersonic speeds
e) Not more than 100 NM towards the sea from a sea shore.

MINIMUM HEIGHTS

VFR flight shall not be flown

 Over congested areas of cities, towns, settlements at a height less than 1000ft (300m) above the
highest obstacle in a radius of 600m
 Elsewhere at a height less than 500ft (150m)

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IFR flight shall not be flown

 Over congested areas of cities, towns, settlements at a height less than 2000ft (600m) above the
highest obstacle in a radius of 8km
 Elsewhere at a height less than 1000ft (300m) in a radius of 8km

Flight Rules VFR IFR

Height Radius Height Radius

Over Plain surfaces 500 ft (150 m) - 1000 ft (300 m ) -

Over Obstacle/ 1000 ft (300 m) 2000 ft (600 m) 1000 ft ( 300 m) 8 km

populated area

Over Mountainous / 1000 ft (300 m) 2000 ft (600 m) 2000 ft (600 m) 8 km

terrain

SPECIAL VFR (SVFR)

 Special VFR is defined as a clearance to fly within a CTR in conditions less than VMC in which pilot
remains clear of cloud and in visual with the ground
 Ground Visibility should not be less than 1500m for a SVFR clearance ( ≥ 1500 m to < 5000 m)
 Cloud ceiling = 1000 ft
 Provision of SVFR
a) Enter or land at a CTR
b) Depart from a CTR
c) Fly between CTRs

DISTRESS SIGNALS

It is a situation where there is a imminent danger threat and immediate assistance is required

 Radio telegraphy signaling SOS( morse code . . . - - - . . . )

 Radio telephone distress word MAY DAY
 Rockets or shells throwing red lights
 Parachute Flair showing red lights

URGENCY SIGNALS

It is a situation where aircraft notifies the difficulty and which doesn't required immediate assistance to land
Radio telegraphy signal XXX( Morse code _••_ _••_ _••_ )

 Radio Telephony urgency word PAN PAN

 Repeated switching on and off running Lights or if not available then navigational lights

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AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE ( ADIZ )

ADIZ 's wasestablished for Air Defence Clearance (ADC) .There are 5ADIZ zones and one Sub ADIZ

ADIZ : North, South, East, West and Central

Sub ADIZ : South east

Air Defence Clearance ( ADC)

 If aircraft is within 5 NM of radius from aerodrome reference point (ARP) and within 1000 feet above
ground level ( AGL) of aerodrome of a ADIZ, no ADC is required
 All flights shall obtain ADC before entering ADIZ at least 10 minutes prior to entering Indian
Airspace
 ADC should be obtained before departure and is valid for 60 minutes after validity expires fresh ADC
shall be taken

Note :

 Aircrafts are forbidden to operate within 15 Nm from the international borders

 Aerodrome Vicinity dimensions are 5 Nm Of ARP and 3000 ft AGL

Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM)

RVSM is the reduction of the standard vertical separation required between aircraft flying between FL290
and FL410 ( inclusive ), from 2000ft to 1000ft

 Minimum separation above FL290 in RVSM is 1000ft

 Minimum separation above FL290 in RVSM for same track is 2000ft
 Minimum separation above FL290 in RVSM for opposite track is 1000ft

Instruments required for RVSM

1. 2 independent Altimeter
2. Transponder of Mode C or higher grade ( Mode S)
3. Altitude keeping device ( Autopilot )
4. Altitude Alerting Device
5. Traffic Collision Avoidance System ( TCAS)

Conventional Vertical Separation Minima ( CVSM )

It's is also called as Non - RVSM'. It is an airspace where the minimum separation between two flight level is
2000 ft

 Minimum separation between 2 A/C for same track is 4000ft

 Minimum separation between 2 A/C for opposite track is 2000ft

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SEMI – CIRCULAR RULE (always magnetic tracks)

From 000° to 179°

 IFR – ODD FLIGHT LEVELS

 VFR–ODD FLIGHT LEVELS + 500ft

From 180° to 359°

 IFR–EVEN FLIGHT LEVELS

 VFR–EVEN FLIGHT LEVELS+ 500ft

Ex : An IFR flight maintaining a heading 278° ( T) , Drift 5° port, VAR = +7 (east). What's the FL a/c will
maintain.?

INTERCEPTION

 If you’re a/c is intercepted by another aircraft, follow the instructions of intercepting a/c
 Once intercepted try communicating on 121.5mhz, 243mhz
 Abrupt 90 deg manoeuvre means you may proceed
 If communication is not possible on a common language use words in simple like unable, cannot or
descend
 If hijacked, squawk 7500 and start flying 500 feet above or below your assigned altitude when below
FL290 and 1000’ above FL290

Phrases used

By INTERCEPTING aircraft By INTERCEPTED aircraft

PHRASE MEANING PHRASE MEANING

You Land Land at this AD land Request to land

Follow Follow me Descend I require descend

Descend Descend for landing Can Not Unable to comply

Proceed You may proceed May day I am in Distress

Note :

 Position reports shall be made on reaching Designated Reporting points or when ever requested by
ATC
 If no reporting points available , then it shall be made every 30 minutes in IMC & 60 minutes in VMC

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VISUALGROUND SIGNALS

Precautionary landing

Landing Prohibited

GliderFlying in progress

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VISUAL SIGNAL BY LIGHTS

Acknowledgement by an A/C

 In flight : Day - Rocking of wings ; Night - On &Off landing lights twice if not ( Nav Lights )
 On ground : Day - Movement of Rudder & Ailerons ( Not Elevator )
Night - On & Off landing lights twice if not ( Nav Lights )

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