Air Law Dgca
Air Law Dgca
Air Law Dgca
1. Air Regulation
Air Navigation
- General principles and application:
Sovereignty The Contracting states recognize that every state has complete and
exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.
Territory For the purpose of this convention the territory of a state shall be deemed to
be the land areas and territorial waters under the soverienty of such state.
right of non-scheduled flight Non-scheduled flights are those to which a schedule is not
attached. i.e. One-off flights or charter flights that are not flown on a regular basis.
Although the operations of scheduled aircraft are restricted, The aircraft engaged in non
scheduled flights have the right to fly into or across the territory , however, the state
flown over has the right to require the non scheduled aircraft to land, and to follow the
prescribed routes.
scheduled air services No scheduled international air services may be operated into
or over the territory of other state,except with the special permission from the state.
Cabotage Each state shall have the right to refuse permission to the aircraft of other
contacting state to take on its territory passengers mail or cargo.
landing at customs airports The state can require that landing to be maed at a
designated custom airport and similarly the departure from the territory can be
required to be from a designated customs airport.
applicability of air regulations all aircraft tare to be treated equally while operating from
or in the territory of a nation irrespective of their nationality.
Rules of the air Each contracting state undertakes to adopt measures to insure that
every aircraft flying over on within its territory and that every aircraft carrying its
nationality mark shall comply with the rules and regulations relating to the flight
operations in that state.
search of aircraft The authorities of each of the contracting states have the right to
search aircraft of the other contracting states on landing or departure and to inspect
the certificates and other documents prescribed by this convention.
endorsement of certificates and licenses any aircraft or person not satisfying the
international requirement of airworthiness, shall get the license/certi endorsed giving
full details.
It is composed of the Assembly that has Council( which includes 36 contacting states and
the president of the council is elected by the council)
The council is further divided into Commisions and Committees & the Secretariat
- duties in relation to – annexes to the convention, standards and recommended practices,
procedures for air navigation services, regional supplementary procedures, regional
air navigation, manuals and circulars
- The Convention of Tokyo This convention was made to deal with the unlawful acts
Such as:
1) offences against penal laws.
2) acts which may affect the safety of the aircraft or the passengers
3) offences committed by a person on board
4) Should not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services
Jurisdiction –
1) The state of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over offences and acts
committed on board.
2)
La Haye, Montreal – Jurisdiction, authority of pilot-in-command of the aircraft pg 50
- DGCA India: Organization( Ministry of Civil Aviation ) and Structure – Indian
organizations name, composition, objectives and relevant documents (Aircraft Act
1934, Indian Aircraft Rules 1937)
- Civil Aviation Requirements
- Warsaw Convention The Warsaw Convention of 1929 concerned itself with
responsibilities and liabilities of the Carrier and the Agents of aircraft together with
matters of compensation for loss oflife or injury to passengers. This limited the liability,
except in cases of gross negligence, to 125,000 gold Poincar francs (about US$10,000)
e) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of
damage and injury caused by the operations of the aircraft
Wet Lease – The aircraft is operated under the AOC of the Lessor ( the company who is
leasing the aircraft.)
1.6 Procedures for Air Navigation – Aircraft Operations Doc. 8168, Volume 1
a) Foreword – PAN ops
b) Definitions and abbreviations (see general statements)
d) Approach procedures
- general criteria (except tables)
The design of an instrument approach procedure is, as we have already
discussed, in general dictated by the terrain surrounding the aerodrome. It
is also affected by the type of operations to be considered and by the types
of aeroplane flying the procedures. These factors influence the siting of,
and type of, navigation aids in relation to the runway or aerodrome. As we
have already seen for departure procedures,airspace restriction may also
affect the design of the procedure.
Speed Is of very important considerations
There are two types of approaches ( precision and non precision
approach)
Precision -- A precision procedure gives accurate track guidance during
the final approach phase and information concerning height above the
threshold of the runway. In all cases external equipment is required to
provide the necessary data. By flying the
required track and glide path (within the required accuracy) the aircraft
is kept within a protected area which ensures terrain clearance
throughout the procedure. ILS, MLS and Precision Approach Radar
(PAR) are examples of equipment that can be used as part of a
precision approach system.
a. Surveillance Radar Radar fix accuracies are based on radar mapping accuracies,
azimuth resolution, flight technical tolerances, controller technique tolerances, and the
speed of the aircraft in the terminal area.
1. Terminal Area Radar (TAR) within 37 Km (20 nm). Fix tolerances +/- 1.5 km
(0.8 nm).
b. DME. Fix tolerance is +/- 0.46 km (0.25 nm) + 1.25% of the distance to the
antenna.
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descent altitude/height, visual flight manoeuvre, missed approach whilst
circling.
- Simultaneous ILS operations on parallel or near-parallel runways
- Area navigation (RNAV) approach procedures based on VOR/DME
- Use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional non-precision
approach procedures
e) Holding procedures In a hold, aircraft are stacked up, one on top of another
with the necessary vertical separation applied (1 000 ft). As the bottom
aircraft departs the hold to fly the approach procedure, the others above
are 'shuttled' (descended in the stack) to a lower level one at a time.
Flying the Pattern. In flying the holding pattern described, all turns are
to be made at an angle of bank of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second (rate
1), whichever requires the lesser bank.
Holding 1min below 14000ft and 1.5 outbound leg for heights above
14000ft
the change from altitude to flights levels and vicer versa depends upon
1) at the transition altitude when climbing
2) at the transition level while descending.
the lowest transition altitude in india is 4000ft
the calculated height of the transition alttidue is rounded to the next 1000ft.
g) Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including
ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary Procedures)
- operation of transponders
commercial aviation, an aircraft is not permitted to
commence a flight without a transponder. If a transponder fails and cannot
be repaired before flight, ATC approval is to be sought to fly the aircraft
without a transponder. The flight plan is to be annotated accordingly (put
"N" in item 10 of the form). A serviceable transponder is to be operated at
all times in flight regardless of whether the aircraft is in an area where SSR
is used for ATC purposes.
a. 7700 Emergency
b. 7600 Communications failure
c. 7500 Unlawful interference with flight (unless 7700 is more
appropriate)
7.14.2 Mode S. Pilots of aircraft engaged in international civil aviation equipped with Mode
S are required to have an aircraft identification feature.
Control area CTA and Control zones CTR --- those portion of the airscpace
where the ATS will be provided to the IFR flights
Services will also be provided to the VFR flights and must be designated
as Class B, C or D airspace.
establishment and designation of the units providing ATS The ATS shall
be provided by the units established and designated as ::
FIR FIR are responsible to provide the ATS services outside the
Controlled zone and over the waters.
- application
- scope of flight information service
h) General provisions
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- air traffic control clearances: contents, description of air traffic control
clearances, clearance to fly maintaining own separations while in visual
meteorological conditions, essential traffic information, clearance of a
requested change in flight plan
- emergency and communication failure: emergency procedures (only
general priority, emergency descent, action by pilot-in-command), air-
ground communication failure (only concerning the actions by pilot-in-
command), interception of civil aircraft
Min 1 min separation b/t departing traffic if the aircraft are diverging by at
least 450.
If following the same track then min 2 min separation or when the
preceding aircraft is 40kt or faster.
5 min separation before changing levels after departure if the preceding
aircraft is on different level than the behind one
- essential definitions
- applicability
a) Annex 14
- definitions
- aerodrome data
- conditions of the movement area and related facilities
- marking of objects
- lighting of objects
f) Attachment A to Annex 14
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- definitions
- entry and departure of aircraft – description, purpose and use of aircraft documents
general declaration
- entry and departure of persons and their baggage – entry requirement and procedures
for crew and other operator’s personnel
a) Annex 12 – definitions
b) Organization
c) Operating procedures
1.15 National Law – National Law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and CARs.
Indian aircraft act 1934-section 1,2,8,10,11A,11B, 17&18(3/9)
Aircraft Rule 1937- Rule No. 1-19,21-29A.30,33,37A,38-
48,50,52,53,55,65,67,67A,67B,68-70,76,79-89,133A,134,140, 140(AB&C)15&161
Schedule I, II, VI, & XI
INDAIN AIRCRAFT RULES 1920-RULE NO 53-64
AIRCRAFT RULES 1954 (Public Health Rules)
AIRCRAFT RULES 2003 (Carriage of Dangerous Goods)
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2 Human Performance & Limitations
- personal hygiene
- common minor ailments: cold, influenza, gastro-intestinal upset
- problem areas for pilots : hearing loss, flight related hazards to hearing,
defective vision, hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease, obesity,
nutrition hygiene, tropical climates – epidemic diseases
- intoxication: tobacco, alcohol, drugs and self-medication, various toxic
materials
- incapacitation: symptoms and causes, recognition, operating coping
procedures
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2.3 Basic Aviation Psychology
a) Human information processing
- attention and vigilance: selectivity of attention, divided attention
- perception: perceptual illusions, subjectivity of perception
- Response selection: learning principles and techniques, drives, motivation
and performance
d) Personality
- arousal
- stress: definitions, anxiety and stress, effects of stress
- fatigue: types, causes, symptoms, effects of fatigue
- body rhythm and sleep: rhythm disturbances, symptoms, effects,
management, circadian rhythm
- fatigue and stress management: coping strategies, management techniques,
health and fitness programmes, relaxation techniques
f) Advanced cockpit automation
b) CAR-OPS – Requirements
- General requirements about
- quality system
- additional crew members
- methods of carriage of persons
- admission to flight deck
- unauthorized carriage
- portable electronic devices
- endangering safety
- additional information and forms to be carried
- information retained on ground
- power to inspect
- production of documentation and records
- preservation of documentation
- leasing
- Operator certification and supervision requirements
- general rules for Air Operator Certification
- issue
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- variation and continued validity of an AOC
- administrative requirements
- Operational Procedures requirements
- operational control and supervision
- use of Air Traffic Services
- instrument departure and approach procedures
- carriage of person with reduced mobility
- carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees, or
- persons in custody
- stowage of baggage and cargo
- passengers seating
- security of passenger cabin and galley(s)
- smoking on board
- take-off conditions
- application of take-off minima’s
- ETOPS
- RVSM
- All-weather Operations requirements: Low Visibility
- Aerodrome Operating Minima’s – General
- Low Visibility Operations – General operating rules
- Low Visibility Operations – Aerodrome considerations
- Low Visibility Operations – Training and qualifications
- Low Visibility Operations – Operating procedures
- Low Visibility Operations – Minimum equipment
- VFR Operating Minima
- Instrument and safety equipment requirements
- general introduction
- circuit protection devices
- windshield wipers
- airborne weather radar equipment
- flight crew interphone system
- public address system
- internal doors and curtains
- first aid kits
- emergency medical kit
- first aid oxygen
- supplemental oxygen – pressurized aeroplanes
- supplemental oxygen – non-pressurized aeroplanes
- crew protective breathing equipment
- hand fire extinguishers
- crash axes and crowbars
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- marking of break-in points
- means for emergency evacuation
- megaphones
- emergency lightings
- automatic emergency locator transmitter
- life jackets
- life rafts and survival ELTs for extended over-water flights
- survival equipment
- Communication and navigation equipment requirements
- radio equipment
- audio selector panel
- radio equipment VFR
- communication and navigation IFR and VFR
- Flight crew
- flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements
- cabin crew
Knowledge of basic navigation equipment, operational and regulatory, requirements for long-
range flights in MNPS, Trans-oceanic and polar airspace.
c) Special Operational Procedures and Hazards (General Aspects)
- Minimum equipment list
- AFM
- Ground de-icing
- icing conditions
- definition and recognition, on ground/in-flight
- de-icing, anti-icing, types of de-icing fluids
- performance deterioration, on ground/in-flight
- Bird strike risk and avoidance
- Noise abatement
- influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag, low power
- Fire/smoke
- actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted take-off and landing
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- Decompression of pressurized cabin
- slow decompression
- rapid or explosive decompression
- dangers and action taken
- Windshear, microburst
- definition and description
- effects and recognition during departure and approach
- actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter
- Wake turbulence
- cause
- influence of speed and mass, wind
- actions taken when crossing traffic, during take-off and landing
- Security
- unlawful events
- Emergency and precautionary landings operations in various terrain – water
(i.e. slopes, mountains, jungle, offshore)
- definition
- cause
- factors to be considered (wind terrain, preparation, flight tactics,
landing in various terrain and water)
- passenger information
- evacuation
- action after landing
- Fuel jettisoning
- safety aspects
- Transport of dangerous goods
- Annex 18
- practical aspects
- Contaminated runways
- kinds of contamination
- braking action, brake co-efficient
- performance correction and calculations
3.2 Communications
3.2.1 VFR Communications
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a) Definitions
- Transmission of letters
- Transmission of numbers (including level information)
- Transmission of time
- Transmission technique
- Standard work and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included)
- Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
- Radiotelephone call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs
- Transfer of communication
- Test procedures including readability scale
- Read back and acknowledgement requirements
– Radar procedural phraseology
c) Relevant Weather information terms (VFR)
- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
d) Action required to be taken in case of communication failure
- Transmission of letters
- Transmission of numbers (including level information)
- Transmission of time
- Transmission of technique
- Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included)
- Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
- Radiotelephone call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs
- Transfer of communication
- Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF
communications
- Read back and acknowledgement requirements
– Radar procedural phraseology
- Level changes and reports categories of messages
c) Action required to be taken in case of communication failure
d) Distress and Urgency Procedures
- PAN medical
- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress
signal – distress message)
- Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)
e) Relevant Weather Information Terms (IFR)
- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
f) General Principles of VHF propagation and allocation of frequencies
g) Morse Code