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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Solid waste management is becoming critical in the current setting due to

the escalating urbanization and population growth in a location, coupled with

increasing environmental concerns. According to UNEP (2011), every year an

estimated 11.2 billion of solid waste are collected worldwide and decay of the

organic proportion of solid waste is contributing to about 5 percent of global

greenhouse gas emissions which is turn accelerates climate change. Clark and

Matharu (2013) insist that the world is currently generates approximately 2.3% of

solid waste per year which is expected to increase by 2025. This huge amount of

waste is a problem, and the question is how to deal with this waste crisis. Waste

management is crucial to reducing the negative impacts of waste on the

environment, and its consequences to human beings. It is the goal of waste

management to treat waste in a safe and proper manner, in order to minimize harm

or damage to the environment.

Disposal methods such as landfilling are directly related to human health

issues, as well as the environment. For instance, UNEP blames landfills for

generating methane as “the largest source of GHG emissions, caused by the

anaerobic degradation of organic material in landfills and unmonitored dumpsites.”

Like this, waste management is deeply connected to consumption, resource

utilization, environmental problems, and human health. Thus, many developed and
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developing countries have committed to establishing safe and efficient waste

management techniques in their countries, expecting to minimize the negative

impacts of waste on the environment.

Davao City for instance, is the most densely inhabited and highly

industrialized city in Region XI having an approximately 1.63 million residents in

2015 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015). As a result, the volume of waste

collected per day increased by 100% since 2013 driving the city government to

spend about 13 million for the monthly rental of a hundred garbage trucks (Carillo,

2016). This situation poses a good basis for the importance of optimization in the

process of garbage collection. The goal of optimizing the route for solid waste

collection is to minimize the cost at a desired level of service. According to

Karadimas et al., (2007), at most 80% of solid waste disposal budget is spent on

collection. Therefore, a small improvement in the collection operation can result to

a significant saving in the overall cost.

Despite strong environmental activism among Filipinos, the Philippines still

suffers from a trash problem. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or

RA 9003 which was signed into law in 2001.Seventeen years after the enactment

of the law, 50 complaints were filed with the Office of the Ombudsman for non-

compliance with the law. Manila Philippines is an unfortunate but familiar sight:

trash strewn all over Roxas Boulevard due to the southwest monsoon winds

(hanging habagat) blowing them over from Manila Bay. The bay itself is covered

in trash after a storm. This happens annually, and nobody bats an eyelash when it

does. Trash is part of life in the city, especially Metro Manila. On the Facebook
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page Buhay Zero Waste, you'll find posts about "eco-bricks", shampoo bars, and

mess kits just a few of the tips and tricks their more than 24,000 members give

and receive about how to live a more environmentally friendly lifestyle. From 2012

to 2017, the Philippines is consistently among the top participating countries in

Ocean Conservatory's International Coastal clean-up. This is with the exception of

2016, when events in the Philippines were cancelled due to geopolitical

circumstances. The Philippines does not have a shortage of waste management

or ocean advocacy groups either. The country has a good solid waste

management law, but a lot more can be done in terms of implementation. The

republic act 9003 has provisions for solid waste reduction and avoidance through

recycling, composting, and other methods before disposal in the appropriate

facilities (Aguilar, 2017).

The issue in solid waste management is very rampant. Accordingly, as said

by one of a barangay official in Ilangay, Lupon Davao Oriental, Girlie D. Ampon,

the common problem in this program is that people usually do not segregate or

throw their waste in a proper trash bins. Even though there were ordinance

implemented, still, many people do not follow and obey what is said in the

ordinance. The garbage that people throw everywhere can cause diseases and

burning of trashes may resulted of the destruction of the ozone layer. But if all

people would follow this solid waste management program, then in a small way we

can lessen the pollution and the harm that waste materials brought to our lives and

in our place.
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It seems that the locality is lacking supervision in making this program

possible. As noticed, there is no any study that mainly discuss this matter in the

locality. The researchers have not come across any study that dealt with the

assessment of solid waste management awareness and practices here in the

municipality of Lupon. The study will serve as a baseline data for the improvisation

of the said program.

Statement of the problem

This study was conducted to assess the solid waste management practices

in selected barangay of Lupon, Davao Oriental. Specifically, this was conducted to

seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the level of awareness on solid waste management of households in

selected barangays in Lupon West District?

2. What is the level of Solid Waste Management practices in terms of:

2.1. segregation;

2.2. reduce;

2.3. reuse;

2.4. recycle; and

2.5. disposal?

3. Is there a significant relationship between solid waste management

awareness and practices?

4. Does solid waste management awareness influences solid waste

management practices?
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5. Is there a significant difference on the level of solid waste management

awareness and practices when grouped according to barangay?

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance:

H1. There is no significant relationship between Solid Waste Management

Awareness and Practices.

H2. Solid Waste Management awareness has no significant influence with the

Solid Waste Management Practices.

H3. There is no significant difference on the level of solid waste management

awareness and practices when grouped according to barangays.

Significance of the Study

This kind of descriptive-comparative survey add to the significance of

people’s ability in practicing solid waste management in the selected barangay in

the Municipality of Lupon. If true study that we are able to obtained information and

knowledge of solid waste management practices.

Furthermore, this knowledge would help in attaining quality of health and

environment. This survey only focuses on people who do the solid waste

management practices in selected barangay also focuses on how people

segregate, reduce, re-use, recycle and dispose their waste. To be specific, this

study is important to the following:

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This study may help them to improve their plan and appropriate

interventions in implementing solid waste management in the municipality of

Lupon. This may serve as a baseline data for the current situation or the problem

existing on the solid waste management of the municipality.

This study may help every student to develop, improve and enhance their

practices in solid waste management. This study is also intended to help the future

researchers to be their source in their study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the assessment of solid waste management practices

in selected barangay in Lupon West District. The data collection will be conducted

to 78 households per barangay who will represent the population. This study will

not cover other problems that are not consider as one of the solid waste

management. The other barangays which do not fall as part of Lupon West are not

within the scope of this research. This study would be done through utilization of

questionnaire to the household as a survey and reference. This investigation may

be utilized as a device to improve the crusade of the administration about strong

waste administration (R.A 9003) and it will likewise help and advance the

significance of a solid situation to different communities.

Definition of terms

To fully understand the terms used in the study, here are the definition of

each terms as follows:

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Disposal is removing and destroying or storing damaged, used or other

unwanted domestic agricultural or industrial products and substances. It includes

burning, burial at landfill sites or at sea and recycling.

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials

and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save

material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Reduce is also known as source reduction, is the practice of using less

material and energy to minimize waste generation and preserve natural resources.

Waste reduction is broader in scope than recycling and incorporate ways to

prevent materials from ending up as waste before they reach the recycling stage.

Reuse is the action or practice of using something again, whether for its

original purpose (conventional reuse) or to fulfil a different function (creative

reuse or repurposing).

Solid waste management is the collection, transport or disposal and

treatment of waste materials. It relates to materials produced to human activities,

and the process generally undertaken to endure its effects on health, the

environment and aesthetics (Marello and Helwege, 2014).

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Theoretical Framework

This chapter includes the review of related literature of the study and its

indicators: segregation, reduce, reuse, recycle, and disposal, theoretical

framework and the conceptual framework of the study.

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste,

non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction

debris, agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Solid

waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of

generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of

solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health,

economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental

considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. Ecological solid

waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which

provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer,

processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste

management activities which do not harm the environment.

The DTI shall within six (6) months from the effectively of this Act and in

cooperation with the Department, the DILG and other concerned agencies and

sectors, publish a study of existing markets for processing and purchasing

recyclable materials and the potential steps necessary to expand these markets.
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Such study shall include, but not be limited to, an inventory of existing markets for

recyclable materials, product standards for recyclable and recycled materials, and

a proposal, developed in conjunction with the appropriate agencies, to stimulate

the demand for the production of products containing post-consumer and

recovered materials. In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all

non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste material

resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food waste,

ash and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of in garbage; emergency

waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies;

rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster;

and fallen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other

specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from

industry, will also need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this

technical note (World Health Organization, 2011).

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach

for managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount

material headed for final disposal. The best way to manage solid waste. Do not

create waste in the first place. Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid

heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic

silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you use are often.

The better way to manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until

they are completely worn out. The good way to manage solid waste. Recycle

means taking something old and making it into something new. In Seminole
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County, all residents who live in a single family home can recycle right in front of

their house. Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums can drop off

their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic

bottles, green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans

can all be recycled at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's

it; it's very simple and very worthwhile. Not only does it keep items out of the landfill,

recycling conserves natural resources (Seminole County Government, 2012).

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that

is rapidly filling it with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade

disposable technology and consume over-packaged products has continued

unabated for decades. At the same time however, there has been a trend away

from both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste

management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its

generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of our

growing waste problem and examines the waste and recycling practices of

households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics

include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste (Healey,

2010).

A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices

associated with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage,

treatment and disposal of Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data

concerning to SWM in Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual field

visit, interacting with people and authentic record of municipal corporation.

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Photographic evidences were also made about generation, storage, collection,

transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This study reveals that the present

system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based on Municipal Solid

Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000 (Chandra, 2009).

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the

implementation of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen

here took at one-day seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at

the Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29. Motiong Mayor

Francisco M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended

said seminar-workshop sponsored by the town government conducted Municipal

Planning and Development Officer, Engr. Nicasio Permejo, Langi said all the

barangay chairmen were educated on the provisions of the Solid Waste

Management Act of 2003 so that they would be acquainted with and help

implement the law in their respective barangays and propagate environmental

preservation. He said the town government will strictly implement the “no

segregation, no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s barangays and urged the

barangay officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) where they can

segregate bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste materials. Such materials

can be turned into a livelihood as, according to Langi, “there is money in junk”

(Abrematea, 2012).

The classification of wastes varies and depends country by country. Waste

can be divided into many different types. The most common method of

classification is by their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Solid

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waste is broadly defined as including non-hazardous industrial, commercial land

domestic refuse including household organic trash, street sweepings, hospital and

institutional garbage, and construction wastes; generally sludge and human waste

are regarded as a liquid waste problem outside the scope of MSW (Zerbock,

2003).These are waste materials that contain less than 70% water. Example of

this type of waste are the domestic or household garbage, some industrial wastes,

some mining wastes, and oil field wastes such as drill cuttings.

Liquid wastes are usually water wastes that contain less than 1%. This type

of waste may contain high concentration of dissolved salts and metal which is often

classified into sewage and toxic wastes. Generally, there are various types of liquid

waste generated in urban centers: human excreta, domestics wastes produced in

households, hospital wastes, industrial effluents, agricultural liquid wastes and

nuclear wastes. When improperly handled and disposed of, liquid wastes pose a

serious threat to human health and the environment because of their ability to enter

watersheds, pollute ground water and drinking water (US EPA, 2009). Hazardous

Waste Hazardous wastes have characteristics, such as chemical reactivity,

toxicity, corrosiveness or a tendency to explode, that pose a risk to human health

or the environment. Hazardous wastes are generated from a wide range of

industrial, commercial, and agricultural. They may take the form of solids, liquids

or smudges, and can pose both acute and chronic public health and environmental

risks by lining and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the uppermost cover

layer, diverting drainage, and selecting proper soil in sites not subject to flooding

or high groundwater levels.

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Nowadays the important subject that affects and worries mankind is the

issues concerned with waste management. Most of the stuffs being used are

disposable or readymade, which are causing a lot of wastage of our resources.

Community participation has a direct effect on efficient solid waste management

plan. In Pakistan, the municipal authorities have failed to mobilize the community

and educate citizens on the basics of handling waste and proper way of storing it

in their own bins at the household, shop and institutional level and then disposing

it in the communal storage points declared by the authorities (Wahid, 2015).

Materials disposed of in a landfill can be further secured from leakage by

solidifying them in materials such as cement, fly ash from power plants, asphalt,

or organic polymers (Bassis, 2005). Landfills can also be shifted to another use

after their capacities have been reached. The city of Evanston, Illinois, built a

landfill up into a hill and the now-complete “Mt. Trashmore” is a ski area. Golf

courses built over landfill sites are also increasingly common (Montgomery, 2000).

Recycling or the 3R’s as another method, which sets off before waste disposal is

waste reduction through recycling or often coined as the 3 R’s: reuse, reduce, and

recycle. On the local or regional level, reducing wastes is accomplished through

these methods by source separation and subsequent material recovery. Currently,

the United States recycles about 10% of its glass and 25%of its paper wastes; in

countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, the proportion in the glass

recycled approaches to 50% while Japan recycles 50%of its paper wastes

(Montgomery, 2000).
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Some countries, on the other hand, manage most of their solid waste

through incinerators. Incineration, or the controlled burning of waste at high

temperatures to produce steam and ash, is another waste disposal option and an

alternative to land filling (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). Incinerators

are designed for the destruction of wastes and are commonly employed in

developed nations who could afford the costs of the burning facilities, plus its

operation and maintenance (Mc Cracken, 2005).This type of waste disposal is the

second largest disposal method in most developed countries and ranks next to

landfills in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the UK, approximately 5%

of household waste, 75 % of commercial waste and 2% of industrial waste is

disposed of through this method (Baker, 2005).

A further benefit of incineration can be realized if the heat generated thereby

is recovered. For years, European cities have generated electricity using waste-

disposal incinerators as sources of heat (Montgomery, 2000).There are negative

issues, however, in the use of this burning method and much of that circulate

around its safety for the environment and to the human health. It is argued that the

combustion process creates air pollution, ash, and waste water, all of which must

be properly managed using technical monitoring, containment, and treatment

systems. Harmful pollutants are released into the environment whenever these by-

products are not controlled (US EPA, 2009). Operators of these facilities must be

well-trained and certified to ensure proper management.

As the world is faced with critical environmental problems, educational

systems must produce environmentally literate citizens who care about the
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environment and have sufficient knowledge about environmental issues to behave

responsibly (Tuncer et al., 2009). Human activities, such as the accumulation of

waste, destruction of ecosystems, and depletion of natural resources, have had a

profound effect on the environment (WHO, 2005).

Many environmental issues facing society, such as ecosystem collapse,

demand considerable public investment to reverse. However, this investment will

only arise if it is supported by the general community, and community support is

only likely if the issues are widely understood (Miller et al. 2006). Sustainability is

a problem all over the world. Moving toward it is a social challenge which is always

based in international, national, and local laws together with proper implementation

and planning. Sustainable development can be achieved by embracing the social,

environmental, and economic pillars through good governance with an active

participation of the community. It is more on creating a global network in response

to environmental problems along with industrialization and technological

innovation (Morelli, 2011, Subramanyam & Greenfield, 2008,).

In the Philippines, the Section 55-56 of Republic Act 9003 or The Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act stipulates that the national government in

coordination with Department of Education (DepEd), Technical Education and

Skills Development Authority (TESDA); Commission on Higher Education (CHED)

and Philippine Information Agency (PIA), should conduct a continuing education

and information campaign on solid waste management and strengthen the

integration of environmental concerns in school (Paghasian, 2017). According to

Arora and Agarwal (2011), the problems of waste management are predominant
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in developing countries without substantial environmental awareness programs for

the community. Processes and methods of waste prevention and management

necessitate collaboration and participation of all government and non-government

institutions. Hence, education is an important component of solid waste

management. Awareness of solid waste management will create change in how

people look at garbage. People grew up thinking that garbage is garbage, it should

not be touched or one should not go near to it. They thought before that all types

of garbage should just be thrown in one container (Sarino, 2014).

Education on the environment is considered the key to reducing

environmental problems. Prevention of any kind of human damage to the

environment can be realized by promoting responsible citizenship. As the world is

faced with critical environmental problems, educational systems must produce

environmentally literate citizens who care about the environment and have

sufficient knowledge about environmental issues to behave responsibly (Tuncer et

al., 2009).

It is essential to building good SWM awareness in academic institutions.

Abne et al (2017) presented literature on SWM in academic institutions were

mainly; (i) focusing on first-year students concerns towards SWM (Desa et al.,

2011); (ii) recycling and disposal practices of medical sciences students

(Ehrampoush and Moghadam, 2005); and secondary students understanding and

practices towards SWM (Ifegbesan, 2011). In the Philippines there is no study, in

particular, dealing with evaluating students' level of awareness and practices

towards SWM in a university making the present study beneficial. Based on the
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aforementioned discussion the researcher felt that these ecological crises are not

just the task of policy-makers, scientists, and environmentalists to find a solution

but rather it involves everyone.

Solid Waste Management Awareness

Raising awareness about municipal solid waste management is an

essential component of effective waste management. It is important for key

stakeholders to be aware of a city's waste management activities and have a

strong understanding of the benefits of proper solid waste management. Although,

many challenges arise when raising awareness about solid waste management, a

variety of communication techniques can be used to address them.

Raising awareness about a city's municipal solid waste management

activities and the benefits of proper solid waste, management can result in the

increase in the use of city waste collection services by the public and private

sectors, funding for waste management from local elected officials, adoption and

enforcement of local waste management policies, and support for local-level

activities from national or provincial governments. Also, with the public participation

in awareness programs which results in segregation at point source and reduction

of waste (Wahid, 2015).

Solid Waste Management Practices

The experiences and practices of household waste management of people

in a barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were

gathered through an interview with household members using open-ended

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questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage collectors as well as

scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg

of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly

generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans,

boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes. No

respondents perform composting. The households rely on garbage collection by

the government. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-

designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped garbage

becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some household

respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the

dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Scavengers generally look

for recyclable items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it is their only

source of income, which is generally not enough for their meals. Most of the

respondents said that garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the

government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003, also known as the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro

Manila (Bernardo, 2008). This study highlights the results of the study that was

conducted to analyse the solid waste management practices of the waste

generators, and the extent of their compliance with the Republic Act 9003,

otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

Segregation

The solid waste generated within the area of jurisdiction shall be

characterized for initial source reduction and recycling element of the local waste
 19

management plan. A separate container is required for each type of waste for on-

site collection properly marked as “compostable”, ‘’’non-recyclable’’, ’’recyclable’’

or ‘’special waste’’. Waste segregation shall primarily be conducted at the source

including household, commercial, industrial and agricultural sources. Source

Reduction refers to the methods by which the LGUs can reduce a sufficient amount

of solid waste disposed within five (5) years. LGUs are expected to divert at least

25% of all solid waste from waste disposal facilities though re-use, recycling,

reduce and composting activities. The rate of waste diversion is set to increase

every three (3) years.

Disposal

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or

placing of any solid waste into or in a land. Transfer stations shall be designed and

operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with

environmental standards and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other

regulations. The setting of the transfer station shall consider the land use plan,

proximity to collection area, and accessibility of haul routes to disposal facility. The

design shall give primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to

accommodate the waste for storage and vehicles for loading and unloading of

wastes. Area in every barangay ensuring 100% collection efficiency within 24

hours from all sources. The plan shall define and identify specific strategies and

activities taking into account for effective implementation, and provision of properly

trained officers and workers.

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There are many stringent regulations governing the treatment and disposal

of waste in the UK, both onshore and offshore, and in most other countries as well.

Facilities involved in waste transfer and treatment require licenses, and all

personnel who work at such facilities require the proper kind of training that goes

with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not handled properly.

Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency

situations. By their very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is

about to occur. For that reason emergency response teams need to be on standby

every hour of every day, and every day of every year. Waste management disposal

and treatment can originate from both domestic and industrial sources

(Rose,2009).

Reduce

The initial phase in waste administration is to attempt to counteract the age

of waste by lessening at the source the waste delivered. This is the aversion

standard "evasion of waste" (Adedipe et. al, 2005, and Bhoj and Bounsouk, 2005).

Furthermore, a standout among the most ideal approaches to decrease the

measure of strong waste that must be discarded is to constrain the utilization of

crude materials (Syed S., 2006). Diminishing bundling can decrease complete

waste created and all-out assets utilized (Daniel, 2003). Diminishing waste can be

added through decreasing the utilization of plastic packs, lessening the utilization

of plastic and paper plates, cups and plastic utensils, and devour progressively

reusable things.
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Reuse

Where decreasing is beyond the realm of imagination, the waste produced

ought to be reused. Reusing things can be by fixing, selling or giving these things

to philanthropy and local gatherings, and along these lines, this can decrease

squander. Notwithstanding natural thought, delicate reuse plans can have

significant social and social advantages (UNEP, 2003).

In some created nations, for example, Japan, Sweden, Belgium and

Denmark, the list of the reuse of strong waste is over 90% (Lino and Ismail, 2012).

In addition, reusing assumes a satisfactory job in creating nations. In China for

model, so as to abstain from utilizing plastic sacks, the Chinese government has

made a strategy since 2008, to pay for the plastic sacks, and energize utilizing

reusable packs. Along these lines, all markets in China sell the plastic packs which

pushed individuals to decrease utilizing it and give reusable sacks to use rather

than the plastic packs. Another model in creating nations, refillable glass

containers are still broadly utilized, and families routinely take void jugs to

supermarkets when they buy drinks. On the off chance that somebody doesn't

bring an unfilled jug when obtaining a refreshment in a refillable jug, they should

pay a store proportional to the expense of the container. This supports the arrival

of reusable jugs, which is in parallel empowering the reuse guideline. In numerous

nations reuse focuses have been built up. These focuses expect to break the short

item to waste cycle expanding the life of the items through fixing them and selling

them at a low cost. In Japan and other mechanical nations, "industry bunches"
 22

have been arranged, where the misuse of one industry is the asset of another

(Adedipe et al, 2005).

Recycle

Recycling is taking an item or material toward the finish of its valuable life

and transforming it into a usable crude material to make another item. It very well

may be advanced by empowering division at the source which can be

accomplished through budgetary motivating forces, incitement, enactment and

ascending of natural mindfulness (Jasem, 2005). The recyclables must be

gathered from numerous sources, including family units, organizations, and

building locales. At that point, these gathered recyclables moved to a materials

recuperation office, where they are arranged and handled before being sent to

producers.

The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), in coordination with other

concern agencies, is directed to publish an inventory of existing markets for

recyclable materials, product standards for recyclable and recycled materials, and

a proposal to stimulate demand for the production of recycled materials and

products. Moreover, a coding system for eco-labelling is expected from DTI. Non-

environmentally acceptable products shall be allowed within one year after public

notice as alternative available to consumers but at cost not exceeding 10% of the

disposable product. The use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging is

strictly prohibited by the Act.

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As indicated by the European Condition Office "EEA" report in 2013,

numerous European nations expanded the portion of civil waste reusing and the

most elevated rates are in Austria, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and

Switzerland. So as to guarantee the reusing of waste, China has set up various

reusing and transfer squander cooperatives (Miao et al, 2012). Additionally, asset

reusing of household waste is a noteworthy key rising in China, also, it is a much

increasingly vitality sparing and nature agreeable vital rising industry that will keep

on develop later on. Also, there will be an immense market for recycled materials

in China (Chang Jiang et al, 2012). In any case, reusing is an assembling

procedure, and in this way, it also has an ecological effect yet these effects are not

as much as landfill and burning, just as they are not exactly delivering new items

with virgin materials (Daniel, 2003).

The show that brought about the Kyoto convention acknowledged in Japan,

in 1997, built up that industrializes nations must lessen their discharges during the

period 2008-2012. Also, the creating nations had major potential for lessening their

emanations. China, for instance, had the greatest yearly decreases of discharges

with 46% (Lino and Ismail, 2012). The most significant is that the 3R guideline

causes us toward practical living. Making individuals consider the effect of their

utilization and generation of waste can urge us to settle on a way of life choices to

lessen the waste we make also, lessen the effect on the earth. Decrease, reuse

and reuse spares common assets for the future (Syed S., 2006, Mohan et al, 2011,

Lino what's more, Ismail, 2012). Furthermore, as more things are diminished or

reused and reused, the measure of waste that necessities to go to the landfill or
 24

on the other hand, the incinerator is additionally diminished, along these lines we

can spare the expenses of landfill and cremation just as we can spare landfill space

(UNEP, 2003, Lino and Ismail, 2012).

Reusing make more openings for work, as reusing keeps on developing,

more specialists will be expected to gather, sort, and procedure recyclables.

What's more, reuse focuses can likewise be utilized as methods for making work

openings (Ankit, et al, 2005, Yue K., 2012). Applying the 3R rule makes less air

contamination and lessens atmosphere emanations, for example, CO2 and ozone-

depleting substance outflows (UNEP, 2003, Conrad and Jan 2010, Mohan et al,

2011, Lino and Ismail, 2012). Besides, reusing spares vitality (Conrad and Jan

2010, Yue K., 2012, Sifang et al, 2012), and it lessens water contamination and

water utilization (Lino and Ismail, 2012).

A study on household demand and willingness to pay for solid waste

management service in Tuobodom examined whether respondent’s demographic

characteristics could affect the willingness to pay for waste management services.

The study observed illicit burning, open dumping of waste and lack of waste

collection containers to receive refuse in the community which might be the

reasons for their unwillingness to pay for improved waste management service.

Based on the findings of this study, it is therefore recommended that the Techiman-

North District Assembly should provide waste collection containers to receive

waste generated to curb the menace of solid waste disposal that threatened the

achievement of the seventh Millennium Development Goals (Seth 2014).

 25

Correlation between Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices

In today's polluted world, learning the correct means of handling waste

generated has become essential (Marello and Helwege, 2014). This requires

public participation with all the methods of waste prevention and waste

management. Awareness about solid waste management will create change on

how people look at garbage. With this, accompanied by participation, people may

be involved in the waste management program implemented in the community. It

will be effective and sustainable if proper solid waste management practices could

be achieved (Punongbayan, 2014). Encouraging active engagement of

households regarding waste reduction and recycling at household level is not

properly established.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to the Waste Management Theory (MWT) of

Pongracz (2004). This theory represents a more in-depth account to the concept

of waste and waste management. It was established as prevention of waste to

cause harm to human health and environment. Moreover, it is mentioned that

through sustained effort in applying WMT may lead to conservation of resources.

Accordingly, this theory was within a paradigm of industrial ecology.

One of an effective means in reducing waste is also presented in Balance

Theory by Wong 2002. This theory advocates the amount of wastes generated as

construction materials is proportional to the use of recycled products. To achieve

this, one of the fundamental step for the achievement of its purpose is reduction of
 26

wastage. The principle of Balance Theory is to acquire the equilibrium between the

supply of waste and the demand of recycled materials. This requires a gradual

establishment of recycling facilities. Those that are capable of handling different

types of waste products. This theory also requires workers to adopt the idea of

reduction of waste.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study shows the relationship of solid waste

management awareness and practices. Solid waste management awareness

refers to the strong understanding of the benefits of proper solid waste

management. It is measure through the following questions provided. Solid waste

management practices has the following indicators namely segregation, reduce,

reuse, recycle and disposal. Segregation refers to segregating of waste materials

according to its classification. Reduce refers to the practice of using less material

or energy to minimize waste generation. Reuse refers to the action or practice of

using something again to a different purpose. Recycle refers to converting waste

materials into new materials and/or objects. Disposal refers to the discharge,

deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in a land.
 27

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Solid Waste Management

Practices
Segregation
Solid Waste Management
Reduce
Awareness
Reuse

Recycle

Disposal

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework showing the parameters of the study.

 28

Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, population and

sample, research instrument, data collection and data analysis.

Research design

Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and statistical,

mathematical or numerical analysis of data collected through questionnaires,

surveys, or manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational

techniques. It focuses on gathering numeral data used and generalizing it across

groups of people to explain a particular phenomenon (Babbie, 2010). This study

used a descriptive-comparative research design.

In descriptive research, the current or past status of something is

concerned. This describes the achievement, attitudes, behaviors, or other

characteristics of a group of subjects. Comparative study is based on description

data (Belli, 2008).

Comparative research studies analyse different groups which may

have different social context. This descriptive comparative survey deals on

quantitative data about the assessment of solid waste management awareness

and practices of households in selected barangays in Lupon Davao Oriental. The

quantitative aspect was an appropriate schedule for gathering the data designed

for the target respondents to answer the questions of the questionnaire.

 29

Research Locale

Figure 2. This shows the Local Map of the Municipality of Lupon, Davao Oriental.
 30

Research Locale

The findings of this study were specific to the selected households in a

particular barangay in Lupon West District. They were located in Barangay

Poblacion, Barangay Ilangay, Barangay Bagumbayan, Barangay Tagugpo and

Barangay Corporacion. The possibilities for the general applicability of the findings

were limited by the scope and the sample.

Presented in Figure 2 is the map of the Philippines consisting the 17 regions

in which municipality of Lupon, Davao Oriental is located in Region XI, Davao

Region. Furthermore, it also shows the vicinity map of the province of Davao

Oriental where Lupon is located. Lupon consists of 22 Barangays and divided into

2 districts, the Lupon East and Lupon West districts. This study was conducted

from July until March, of the school year 2019-2020.

The respondents of this study were the selected households from a certain

barangay of Lupon West District namely Barangay Poblacion, Barangay Ilangay,

Barangay Bagumbayan, Barangay Tagugpo and Barangay Corporacion.

Population and Sample

The participants of this study were the selected households in a barangay

of Lupon West District, Davao Oriental who were selected using stratified random

sampling. Shown in table 1 is the population and sample of the study. The result

of the sample population was determined through the use of the Slovin’s formula.
 31

Table 1. Sample Distribution

Name of Barangay Population Percentage Distribution Sample

Poblacion 16,851 20% 78

Ilangay 5,257 20% 78

Bagumbayan 5,342 20% 78

Tagugpo 2,271 20% 78

Corporacion 2,996 20% 78

Total 32,717 100% 390

Research Instrument

The instrument used in the study was the administration of questionnaire in

which Likert scale was employed in describing the assessment of solid waste

management awareness and practices. The questionnaire was adopted from

Paghasian (2017) that includes the solid waste awareness and SWM practices in

terms of segregation, reduce, reuse, recycle, and disposal. Shown in table 2 the

reliability statistics of solid waste awareness which has a 0.829 which indicates as

good. it also shown in table 3 that Solid waste practices is good based on the result

of 0.869 in the reliability statistics. The questionnaire requires individual to tick on

a box in order to a high number of items regarding to their preferences. Usually the

number get from rating scale was treated directly as measurements by calculating

its mean or any arithmetic operations. In evaluating the solid waste management
 32

practices of the respondents, it is compose of five indicators namely segregation,

reuse, reduce, recycle, and disposal. The following five orderable gradations with

their respective range of means and description to be consider:

Solid Waste Management Awareness

Range Descriptive Interpretation
of Mean Level
4.3-5.0 Very High This means that the solid waste management
awareness is very much manifested among
households.
3.5-4.2 High This means that the solid waste management
awareness is much manifested among households.
2.7-3.4 Moderate This means that the solid waste management
awareness is moderately manifested among
households.
1.9-2.6 Low This means that the solid waste management
awareness is less manifested among households.

1.0-1.8 Very Low This means that the solid waste management
awareness is not manifested at all among households.
Solid Waste Management Practices
Range Descriptive Interpretation
of Mean Level
4.3-5.0 Very High This means that the solid waste management
practice is very much observed among households.

3.5-4.2 High This means that the solid waste management

practice is much observed among households.
2.7-3.4 Moderate This means that the solid waste management
practice is moderately observed among households.

1.9-2.6 Low This means that the solid waste management

practice is less observed among households.

1.0-1.8 Very Low This means that the solid waste management
practice is not observed at all among households.
 33

Table 2. Reliability of Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices

Variable Cronbach’s Alpha

Awareness 0.829

Practices 0.869

Data collection

After the approval of the panel members, the researchers underwent the

following steps and procedure in gathering the data for the study.

First, the researchers conducted a pilot testing of their questionnaire then

proceed to the reliability testing.

Second, the researchers asked permission to conduct the study. Then the

researchers forwarded a letter of permission to conduct the study to their research

adviser Mr. Michael Canakan and by the OIC Ms. Leah J. Alilian for the absence

of the principal to be signed.

Third, upon approval, the researchers provides a copy to the Barangay

Captain of Barangay Poblacion, Barangay Ilangay, Barangay Bagumbayan,

Barangay Corporacion, and Barangay Tagugpo.

Fourth, with the approval to conduct the study, the researchers provides the

selected sample from the population of each Barangay mentioned.

 34

Fifth, afterwards, the researcher asked for assistance and made some

appointments to the Barangay officials for the distribution of the questionnaire.

Sixth, before the distribution of the survey questionnaire, the researchers

elaborated first the rationale of such activity in order for the respondents to fully

understand its purpose. The respondents were given a couple of minutes to

answer the questionnaires. Also, the researchers spent time with the respondents

during the gathering of data. The questionnaires were collected after the time given

to the respondents.

Lastly, the gathered data of researchers were checked and the scores of

the respondents were tabulated and then proceed to the analysis of data.

Data Analysis

The study utilized a statistical tool in treating the data in the study, namely:

Mean. The mean was used to determine the level of implementation of the

comprehensive solid waste management ordinance in the locality of municipality

of Lupon West District.

Pearson r. It was employed to describe the significance of relationship existed in

the solid waste management practices. Interpretations are based at 0.05 level of

significance.

Multiple regression analysis. It was used to predict the value of a variable based

on the value of two or more other variables.

ANOVA. It was used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample.
 35

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the results and discussion were written in this chapter

after having interpreted the data statistically. This chapter also contains also the

results and discussion of the data presented in tables. These results were

discussed based from the four objectives of this study.

Level of Awareness on Solid Waste Management

Raising awareness about municipal solid waste management is an

essential component of effective waste management. It is important for key

stakeholders to be aware of a city's waste management activities and have a

strong understanding of the benefits of proper solid waste management.

Table 3 exhibits the level of awareness on solid waste management as

rated by households in selected barangay of Lupon West District. The overall

mean is 3.50 with standard deviation of 0.84 and described as high. On the table

presented below, it is interesting to have a picture on status of solid waste

awareness. Table 3 provides the questions in solid waste awareness that was

measured accordingly ranging from very high to low based on descriptive level.

The result presented stipulate the recognition of individual characteristics and

behaviours towards a preliminary step in establishing categorization of the

descriptive statistics.
 36

Table 3. Level of Solid Waste Management Awareness

Items Mean Std. Deviation

1. Republic Act 9003
3.12 1.471
2. Solid Waste Management (SWM) Program of the Barangay
3.26 1.134
3. Barangay's orientation on Solid Waste Management
Program 3.28 1.119
4. Policies of the Solid Waste Management Program
3.34 1.122
5. Corresponding sanctions of any violations of Solid Waste
Management Program 3.36 1.169
6. Solid Waste Management committee of the Barangay
3.42 1.116
7. Purpose of the management on implementing the Solid
Waste Management Program 3.42 1.070
8. Barangay's Solid Waste Management program is a big help
in achieving clean and green environment 3.39 1.072
9. Importance of the Solid Waste Management
3.55 1.079
10. Citizen's roles and responsibilities towards Barangay's
Solid Waste Management program. 3.57 1.048
11. Unity is very significant in making up and internalizing the
Solid Waste Management 3.58 1.103
12. Implementation will be successful and effective if
concerned people will participate 3.59 1.057
13. Discipline on Solid Waste Management matters a lot
3.63 1.065
14. Proper disposal of garbage
3.69 1.033
15. Possible illnesses that you can get whenever trashes are
not properly disposed 3.65 1.084
16. Identification of biodegradable from non-biodegradable
3.71 1.078
17. Importance of recycling
3.75 1.065
18. Waste minimization practices like reuse, recycle and
reduce 3.74 1.132

Overall 3.50 0.836

 37

The item statement number 17 got the highest mean of 3.75 which is

described as high. This further means that the Importance of recycling is very much

manifested and a huge factor in the awareness of solid waste management. As

Jasem (2005) stated, recycling is helpful in transforming reusable waste materials

to make into another item. It is a way to somehow lessen waste materials

produced.

On the other hand, item statement number 1 got the lowest mean of 3.12

and with a moderate descriptive equivalent. This means that Republic Act 9003 is

moderately observed. Accordingly, Wahid (2015) stated that raising awareness in

solid waste management is an essential component of effective waste

management. It is important for key stakeholders to be aware of a city's waste

management activities and have a strong understanding of the benefits of proper

solid waste management. Generally, the level of Solid Waste Management

Awareness of households is high. This entails that community awareness were

concerned with the importance of recycling. However if the awareness will become

weak, citizens will become unmotivated to do so. Thus, the implementation will fail.

This is patterned to the premises of Syed (2006), Mohan et al (2011) and Ismail

(2012) which stated that making individuals consider the effect of their utilization

and generation of waste can urge us to settle on a way of life choices to lessen the

waste we make. Also, we can lessen its effects on the environment.

Level of Solid Waste Management Practices

Solid waste management practice is one way people can do to aid

environmental issues associated with sources, quantity generated, collection,

 38

transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal solid waste. Table 4

displays the level of Solid Waste Management Practices in terms of Segregation,

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Disposal as rated by the households in selected

barangays of Lupon West District.

Table 4. Level of Solid Waste Management Practices

Indicators Standard Descriptive

Mean Deviation Level
Segregation 4.0606 0.83982 High

Reduce 3.8742 0.75743 High

Reuse 3.6856 0.85289 High

Recycle 3.5567 0.97629 High

Disposal 3.7534 0.93619 High

Overall 3.7861 0.65134 High

The mean for segregation is 4.06, for reduce is 3.87, reuse is 3.68, recycle

is 3.55, and for disposal is 3.75. The overall mean for solid waste management

practices is 3.7861 with a standard deviation of 0.65 which described as high.

The item number 1 got the highest mean of 4.19 which is described as high.

This further means that the segregation of biodegradable (paper, banana peels,

cardboard, and vegetables) and non-biodegradable (plastics, rubber, and steels)

wastes at house is a huge factor in the practice of solid waste management and

manifested among households.

On the other hand, item statement number 13 got the lowest mean of

3.47 and with a moderate descriptive equivalent. This means that reusing of scrap
 39

paper into memo pads is moderately manifested among households. In

consonance with the finding, UNEP (2003) stated that reuse is desirable over

reusing since the thing should not be reprocessed. Notwithstanding natural

thought, delicate reuse plans can have significant social and social advantages.

Generally, the level of Solid Waste Management Practice is high.

Segregation has a mean of 4.060 which is in the descriptive level as high

shows that segregating biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste at house,

separating recycle waste, non-harmful from hazardous chemicals and segregating

recyclable items for collection is highly manifested.

On the other hand, with a mean of 3.87, reduce is highly manifested. This

shows that borrowing things, buying only what is needed, using reusable lunchbox

and water bottles is manifested among the households of the barangays. As Daniel

(2003) stated, diminishing bundling can decrease complete waste created and all-

out assets utilized. Diminishing waste can be added through decreasing the

utilization of plastic packs, lessening the utilization of plastic and paper plates, cups

and plastic utensils, and devour progressively reusable things.

Furthermore, recycle with a mean of 3.56 is highly manifested among

households. Reusing scrap paper into memo pads, converting or redesigning

waste materials into a new product, making decors out of plastic wrappers, and

knowing the importance of recycling is possess by the households. Making

individuals consider the effect of their utilization and generation of waste can urge

us to settle on a way of life choices to lessen the waste we make also, lessen the

effect on the earth. Decrease, reuse and reuse spares common assets for the
 40

future (Syed S., 2006, Mohan et al, 2011, Lino and Ismail, 2012). Responsible

citizen is really necessary for having a clean environment and this help to lessen

waste in our community.

Being responsible for the waste production, reusing of unfilled paper as

scratch papers, grocery bags, reusing washable containers are performed by the

households in the barangays. As UNEP (2003) stated that decreasing is beyond

the realm of imagination, the waste produced ought to be reused. Reusing things

can be by fixing, selling or giving these things to philanthropy and local gatherings,

and along these lines, this can decrease squander. Notwithstanding natural

thought, delicate reuse plans can have significant social and social advantages.

Lastly, disposal shows a high descriptive level. This means that disposing

biodegradable wastes into a compost pit is highly manifested among households.

As Rose (2009) states, waste management disposal and treatment can originate

from both domestic and industrial sources and shall give primary consideration to

size and space sufficiency in order to accommodate the waste for storage.

Based on the analyzed data, it showed that the five indicators in the study

namely segregation, reduce, reuse, recycle and disposal manifested a high

descriptive level. Segregation has mean of 4.0606 and a standard deviation of

0.83982; Reduce with a mean of 3.8742 and a standard deviation of 0.75743;

Reuse has a mean of 3.6856 with a standard deviation of 0.85289; Recycle has a

mean of 3.5567 and a standard deviation of 0.93619 and for Disposal that has a

mean of 3.7534 with a standard deviation of 0.93619. Generally, solid waste

management practices are highly manifested among the community.

 41

Relationship of Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices

The relationship between the level of solid waste management awareness

and practices are generated from households’ response using Bartz (1998)

correlation coefficients. The results of the test relationship between these two

variables are presented in Table 5. The numerical entries represent the degree of

correlation between solid waste management awareness and SWM practices. It

can be observed that the value of correlation is positive which indicates that if the

community have a high awareness in solid waste management, they will also have

a high level of SWM practices.

The results from computation from the responses are summarized in Table

5. The numerical entries represent the degree of correlation between solid waste

management awareness and practices. It can be observed that the value of

correlation has a positive sign. This positive sign indicates that, when the

households attain the high level of solid waste management awareness, they will

also attain a high level of solid waste management practices.

Table 5. Relationship of Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices

Pearson Correlation
Dependent Variable r-value p-value Interpretation

Awareness 0.570** 0.001 Moderate

Dependent Variable: Solid Waste Management Practices

 42

Based on the categorical description provided scheme by Bartz (1998) in

interpreting correlation coefficient, it was found out that the solid waste

management awareness and practices has a moderate relationship. The

correlation coefficient is 0.570. This relationship is significant, since it has a

significant level of 0.001 which is less than the R-value of 0.05. This leads to the

rejection of the null hypothesis that stated that there is no significant relationship

between solid waste management awareness and practices.

The result indicates that there is a significant relationship between solid

waste management awareness and practices. This study supports the claim of

Pongracz (2004) on the theory of waste management which represents a more in-

depth account to the concept of waste management. Through sustain effort with

the means of being aware of the matter solid waste management practices will be

accomplish accordingly. Arora and Agarwal (2011) which said that the problems

of waste management are predominant in developing countries substantial

environmental awareness programs for the community. Processes and methods

of waste prevention and management necessitate collaboration and participation

of all government and non-government institutions. Prevention of any kind of

human damage to the environment can be realized by promoting responsible

citizenship.

The Influence of Solid Waste Management Awareness towards Solid Waste

Management Practices

Shown in Table 6 are the data on the regression coefficients to test the

significant influence of the different domains of solid waste management

 43

awareness that best influence SWM practices. Given the table below, it shows the

different data from beta, standard error, tabulation, and significance.

Table shows the regression analysis of the influence of solid waste

management awareness towards solid waste management practices. Results of

regression analysis depicts that solid waste management awareness has 32.5%

influence and a significant predictor of communities sustainable development

practices. It means that if the solid waste management is high then the SWM

practices is also high.

Table 6. Influence of Solid Waste Management Awareness towards Practices

unstandardized standardized
coefficients coefficients
Model 1 B Std. Error Beta St Sig.
(Constant) 2.231 0.117 19.018 0.000

Awareness 0.444 0.033 0.570 13.632 0.000

Model summary:
R-square: .325; f-value: 185.828 (df1=1 ; df2=386); p – value= .001

Data also shows that solid waste management awareness have a p-value

of 0.001 or significant which means that the null hypothesis is rejected. The

influence of awareness to practices on Solid Waste Management is presented in

Table 6. As manifested in the table, the computed p-value of 0.001 and r-value

of 0.325 shows that awareness has a significant influence to practices of

households on solid waste management. Through the computed r value, this

means that 32.5% of solid waste awareness influences the practices of

households. This leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The remaining 67.5%
 44

indicates the other factors influences solid waste management practices which are

not included in the study.

Education on the environment is considered the key to reducing

environmental problems. Prevention of any kind of human damage to the

environment can be realized by promoting responsible citizenship. As the world is

faced with critical environmental problems, educational systems must produce

environmentally literate citizens who care about the environment and have

sufficient knowledge about environmental issues to behave responsibly (Tuncer et

al., 2009).

Significant Difference on the level of solid waste management awareness

and practices when grouped according to barangay

There is significant difference in the awareness and practices of households

in each barangay. This could be attributed to the different level of solid waste

management awareness and practices implemented by the barangay. With the

use of Post Hoc Analysis Using Dunnet T3 to interpret the cause of variation in the

level of awareness and practices when compared by barangays. Shown in table 7

is the level of awareness and practices when compared by barangays.

With a significant level of 0.00 for the awareness, this implies that there is

a significant differences when grouped according to barangays. From the 5

barangays, Corporacion got the lowest mean, followed by Tagugpo, Bagumbayan,

and Ilangay. In contrast, Poblacion got the highest level of solid waste awareness.

On the other hand, solid waste management practices with a significant level of

0.00, depicts that there iis a significant differences when compared with
 45

barangays. It was found out that barangay Corporacion got the lowest level of solid

waste management practices followed by Ilangay, Bagumbayan, and Poblacion

while barangay Tagugpo got the highest level of practices. As Punongbayan

(2014) said, awareness about solid waste management will create change on how

people look at garbage. With this, accompanied by participation, people may be

involved in the waste management program implemented in the community. It will

be effective and sustainable if proper solid waste management practices could be

achieved. Encouraging active engagement of households regarding waste

reduction and recycling at household level should be properly established.

Table 7. Significant Difference on the level of solid waste management

awareness and practices when grouped according to barangay

ANOVA
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Awareness Between
67.596 4 16.899 31.89 0.000
Groups
Within
202.912 383 0.530
Groups
Total 270.507 387
Practices Between
38.664 4 9.666 29.49 0.000
Groups
Within
125.520 383 0.328
Groups
Total 164.184 387
 46

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the summary of the study, conclusion based on the

findings and also the recommendations on the future study that could be done in

connection with the study.

Summary

This study mainly investigated the influence of solid waste management

awareness to the solid waste management practices of households in selected

barangays of Lupon West District, Davao Oriental. In particular, the variables of

this study were the solid waste management awareness and solid waste

management practices with the following parameters: segregation, reduce, reuse,

recycle and disposal.

Moreover, quantitative non-experimental utilizing descriptive comparative

survey research design is applied in this study. Research questionnaire were

adopted to determined level of influence and competence of each variable. The

reliability of each questionnaire was tested to established standardization of

instruments before they were utilized.

In addition, the participants of the study were the 390 households that

represents the sample population from selected barangays of Lupon West District

and mean, pearson r, multiple regression analysis and ANOVA were used in

analyzing the data.

 47

The descriptive results showed that the level of solid waste management is

highly manifested and observed among households. It also shows that the level of

SWM practices is also highly manifested among households. The result indicate

that there is a moderate relationship among SWM awareness and practices. It was

showed that solid waste management awareness has a medium effect towards the

practices. Additionally, it was found out that there is a significant difference on the

awareness and practices when grouped according to barangay.

Conclusion

Conclusions are drawn in this section based on the findings of the study.

The descriptive level of solid waste management awareness is categorically high.

It showed that in items 1 to 9 has a moderate descriptive level and items 10-20 is

categorically high but the overall result showed a high descriptive level. This

means that this is highly manifested among the households. The extent measures

of solid waste management practices in terms of segregation, reduce, reuse,

recycle, and disposal are categorically high. This means that these 5 factors is

much observed among households.

Through the data gathered, it was found out that there is a significant

relationship between solid waste management awareness and practices. Results

reflected a significance and high relationship in the two variables of this study

which implied that as the level of solid waste awareness increases, the practices

also increases. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. It also shown that solid

waste management awareness has 32.5% influence towards practices. Therefore,

 48

solid waste management awareness must be taken into account in practicing the

said program to meet the goal and objectives solid waste management provides.

Recommendations

In view of the findings of the study, the following recommendations are offered

by the researchers:

1. It was found out that the solid waste management awareness presented a high

level of influence and it is suggested that it may be a way to improve the

perspectives and useful practices of the households in managing waste materials.

2. It was found out that the awareness for Republic Act 9003 has a moderate

descriptive level, it is suggested that environmental agencies particularly the

ENRO (Environment and Natural Resources) utilizes environmentally-sound

methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and that encourage

resource conservation and recovery and institutionalize public participation in the

development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive

and ecological waste management programs.

3. Environmental agencies may be able to suggest new ways to tighten up and

successful implementation of solid waste management in relation to the awareness

and practices of the people through utilization of plans, programs and with the

recommendation of the study.

4. LGU partnership of DENR to strengthen tie-up to create a responsive programs

that may elevate status of Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices of

the community.
 49

5. Municipal officials may augment the utilization of the existing Solid Waste

Management program of the government to promote awareness towards

community's Solid Waste Management practices.

6. Future researchers may be able to find another ways to solve or lessen the

problems regarding on solid waste management needed for future studies that is

not undertaken by the scope and limitations of this study.

7. Similar study may be conducted to consider moderating and mediating factors

such as demographic profile and attitude.

8. Parents may help their children by improving the guidance in the proper disposal

of waste products.
 50

References

Abne et al., (2017). Awareness, perception and practices of undergraduate

students towards solid waste management (SWM). Journal of
biodiversity and environmental sciences (JBES). ISSN: 2220-6663 p.
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APPENDIX A
Survey Questionnaire
 56

A QUESTIONNAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AWARENESS AND PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS IN LUPON WEST DISTRICT

Direction: Please respond to the statements honestly by indicating the degree to

which each item describes the “Assessment of Solid Waste Management Awareness and
Practices of Households in Lupon West District”. There is no right or wrong answer. Check
( ✔) the space provided in each item which closely corresponds to your choice. Please
do not leave any question item unanswered.
Respondent Profile
Name: (Optional) _____________________________Barangay: __________________
Sex: Male__ Female___ Age:__Below25__26-30___31-40__41-50____51 and above
Educational Attainment: __Elementary Graduate Income: (monthly)___ 5,000 below
__High School Level ___10,000-20,000
__High School Graduate ___21,000-30,000
__College Level ___31,000-49,000
__College Graduate ___50,000 above

Scale Description Interpretation

5 Fully aware This means that you strongly agree with the
statement.
4 Aware This means that you agree with the statement.

3 Sometimes aware This means that you are not certain with
statement.
2 Not so aware This means that you disagree with the
statement.
1 Not aware This means that you strongly disagree with the
statement.

Scale Frequency Description

 57

5 Always This means that you strongly agree with the

statement.

4 Often This means that you agree with the statement.

3 Sometimes This means that you are not certain with the
statement.

2 Seldom This means that you disagree with the statement.

1 Never This means that you strongly disagree with the

statement.

Awareness on Solid Waste Management of the Community

Description Fully Aware Sometimes Not Not

aware aware so aware
aware

1. Republic Act 9003

2. Solid Waste Management

(SWM) Program of the Barangay

3. Barangay's orientation on Solid

Waste Management Program

4. Policies of the Solid Waste

Management Program

5. Corresponding sanctions of any

violations of Solid Waste
Management Program

6. Solid Waste Management

committee of the Barangay

7. Purpose of the management on

implementing the Solid Waste
Management Program

8. Barangay's Solid Waste

Management program is a big help
 58

in achieving clean and green

environment

9. Importance of the Solid Waste

Management

10. Citizen's roles and

responsibilities towards Barangay's
Solid Waste Management program.

11. Unity is very significant in

making up and internalizing the
Solid Waste Management

12. Implementation will be

successful and effective if
concerned people will participate

13. Discipline on Solid Waste

Management matters a lot

14. Proper disposal of garbage

15. Possible illnesses that you can

get whenever trashes are not
properly disposed

16. Identification of biodegradable

from non-biodegradable

17. Importance of recycling

18. Waste minimization practices

like reuse, recycle and reduce

Practices on Solid Waste Management in terms of Segregation

Solid Waste Management Practices Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I segregate biodegradable (paper,

banana peels, cardboard, and
vegetables) and non-biodegradable
(plastics, rubber, and steels) wastes
at house.

2. I separate recyclable wastes from

non-recyclable wastes at house.
 59

3. I separate non-harmful wastes

from toxic and hazardous wastes
such as pentel pens, laboratory
chemicals, ink, batteries, and others.

4. I segregate recyclable items for

collection.

Practices on Solid Waste Management in terms of Reduce

Solid Waste Management Practices Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I borrow, share, and/or rent things

that are needed occasionally

2. I buy only what I need so that I will

not end up throwing away extra food

3. I pack my lunch in reusable

lunchbox so that I can't buy
wrapped/packed food

4. I bring water in reusable water

bottles that buying water in one-used
plastic bottles

5. I am cautious and responsible to

every waste I produced

Practices on Solid Waste Management in terms of Reuse

Solid Waste Management Practices Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I keep those unfilled papers and

used it as a scratch

2. I reuse grocery bags.

3. I reuse washable food containers

4. I reuse scrap paper into memo
pads.
 60

Practices on Solid Waste Management in terms of Recycle

Solid Waste Management Practices Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I convert or redesign waste

materials into a new product.

2. I make decors out of plastic

wrappers and other colorful waste
materials

3. I ignore the importance of recycling

Practices on Solid Waste Management in terms of Disposal

Solid Waste Management Practices Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I burn waste materials

2. I throw waste materials in

common open dumps.

3. I dispose biodegradable wastes

into a compost pit.
 61

APPENDIX B
Letter to the Respondents
 62

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Region XI
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Ilangay, Lupon, Davao Oriental
_____________________

Dear Respondents,

Greetings!

We are conducting a research entitled “Assessment of Solid Waste Management

Awareness and Practices of Households in selected Barangays of Lupon West District” as
a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Practical Research 2.

In connection with this, we would like to ask your help to provide us the necessary data
for this study. Please feel free to answer the questionnaire. Our assurance is to keep your
responses confidentially. There are no such wrong answers on this matter since this will only get
your own perception towards the solid waste management program.

We will be very grateful and will highly appreciate your assistance and support in this
particular research endeavor.

Thank you very much for your cooperation and God bless!

Very truly yours,

PAMELA BLANCA O. MACALAM
MIGUEL FERNANDO M. VISTO
CLYDE BERN M. CACAPIT
NORHAILEN M. GARUDA
IVAN B. WENCESLAO
LEAH CABANGAL
 63

APPENDIX C
Letter to Barangay Captain
64
65
66
67
68
 69

APPENDIX D
Permission to conduct the study
 70

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region XI
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Ilangay, Lupon, Davao Oriental

LETTER TO CONDUCT
September 9, 2019

Good Day Sir/Maam:

The undersigned are currently working on their research paper entitled

“ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AWARENESS AND PRACTICES
OF HOUSEHOLDS IN LUPON WEST DISTRICT”, as a requirement for the subjects
Practical Research 2.
In this regard, the researchers would like to request your approval to conduct the
study in your district. Also, the confidentiality of the data will be an utmost priority. Please
find attached sample of questionnaire to be distributed to the respondents.
Looking forward for your favorable response on the said request.

Respectfully yours,
Macalam, Pamela Blanca O.
Visto, Miguel Fernando M.
Cacapit, Clyde Bern M.
Garuda, Norhailen M.
Wenceslao, Ivan B.
Cabangal, Leah

Noted by:

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN
Adviser
LEAH J. ALILIAN
Head Teacher III/OIC
71
 72

APPENDIX E
Letter to conduct Pilot Testing
73
 74

APPENDIX F
Validation Sheet
75
76
 77

APPENDIX G
Reliability of each item
 78

Reliability Statistics of Solid Waste Management Awareness

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items

.869 .870 18

Item-Total Statistics

Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's

Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted

Q1 60.9000 111.955 .444 .860 .864

Q2 60.8667 114.809 .393 .723 .866

Q3 61.1000 113.817 .413 .747 .865

Q4 61.2333 110.461 .603 .834 .859

Q5 61.0667 111.099 .416 .809 .866

Q6 61.3000 108.148 .562 .843 .859

Q7 61.2667 115.720 .324 .882 .868

Q8 60.6000 111.559 .441 .797 .864

Q9 60.7333 112.271 .539 .770 .861

Q11 61.0667 111.099 .441 .699 .865

Q12 60.4000 113.283 .501 .858 .863

Q13 60.9333 106.478 .718 .960 .853

Q14 60.4333 113.909 .367 .833 .867

Q15 60.6333 103.826 .652 .944 .855

Q16 60.7333 107.720 .558 .812 .859

Q18 60.6667 109.333 .513 .779 .861

Q19 60.6667 111.264 .432 .843 .865

Q20 60.7667 112.392 .416 .770 .865

 79

Reliability Statistics of Solid Waste Management Practices

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items

.829 .833 19

Item-Total Statistics

Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's

Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted

S1 65.1333 117.706 .377 .843 .822

S2 65.3000 117.872 .509 .818 .818

S3 65.4333 115.151 .501 .776 .816

S5 65.8000 113.959 .418 .669 .820

RED1 66.1667 122.557 .175 .473 .832

RED2 65.8333 112.902 .542 .771 .814

RED3 65.5667 117.702 .351 .565 .824

RED4 65.1333 119.499 .424 .802 .821

RED5 65.5667 117.357 .325 .673 .825

RE2 65.5667 114.944 .606 .763 .813

RE3 65.7333 113.857 .478 .745 .817

REU4 65.7667 114.047 .436 .803 .819

REU5 66.1667 108.902 .595 .775 .810

REC1 65.6333 116.447 .321 .878 .826

REC2 65.5667 121.426 .287 .826 .826

REC3 66.4667 121.361 .217 .793 .830

D2 65.9333 117.651 .418 .730 .820

D3 65.5667 117.702 .386 .722 .822

D4 65.6667 111.195 .510 .657 .815

 80

APPENDIX H
Curriculum Vitae
 81

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Ivan Braga Wenceslao

Sex: Male

Date of birth: August 20, 1998

Place of birth: Mati City

Nationality: Filipino

Height: 180 cm

Weight: 60 kg

Marital status: single

Home address: Ilangay Lupon Davao Oriental

Mobile Number: 09506855450

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Ilangay Elementary School,

Ilangay, Lupon Davao Oriental

HIGH SCHOOL: Lupon National Comprehensive High School,

Ilangay, Lupon Davao Oriental

 82

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Pamela Blanca O. Macalam

Sex: Female

Date of birth: August 24, 2001

Place of birth: Lupon Davao Oriental

Nationality: Filipino

Height: 151cm

Weight: 41kg

Marital status: Single

Home address: Malipayon 2, Rizal Street, Poblacion, Lupon Davao Oriental

Email address: [email protected]

Mobile Number: 09487374348

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Comarra T. Manuel Central Elementary School II

Lupon Davao Oriental

HIGH SCHOOL: Lupon National Comprehensive High School

Ilangay Lupon Davao Oriental

 83

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Leah Cabangal

Sex: Female

Date of birth: June 1, 2002

Place of birth: Mati City

Nationality: Filipino

Height: 155cm

Weight: 40kg

Marital status: Single

Home address: Ilangay, Lupon Davao Oriental

Mobile Number: 09303027461

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Comarra T. Manuel Central Elementary School II

Lupon Davao Oriental

HIGH SCHOOL: Lupon National Comprehensive High School

Ilangay Lupon Davao Oriental

 84

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Clyde Bern M. Cacapit

Sex: Male

Date of birth: April 25, 2001

Place of birth: Mati City

Nationality: Filipino

Height: 168cm

Weight: 60kg

Marital status: single

Home address: Townsite, Lupon Davao Oriental

Mobile Number: 09487374348

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Comarra T. Manuel Central Elementary School I,

Lupon Davao Oriental

HIGH SCHOOL: Lupon National Comprehensive High School,

Ilangay Lupon Davao Oriental

 85

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Norhailen Garuda

Sex: Female

Date of birth: August 19, 2000

Place of birth: Lupon Davao Oriental

Nationality: Filipino

Height: 146cm

Weight: 45kg

Marital status: Single

Home address: Aroma Beach, Lupon Davao Oriental

Mobile Number: 09082048813

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Aroma Beach Elementary School

Lupon Davao Oriental

HIGH SCHOOL: Lupon National Comprehensive High School

Ilangay Lupon Davao Oriental

 86

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Miguel Fernando M. Visto

Sex: Male

Date of birth: November 28, 2001

Place of birth: Brokenshire, Matina, Davao City

Nationality: Filipino

Height: 165cm

Weight: 52kg

Marital status: Single

Home address: Villares, Lupon Davao Oriental

Email address: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Comarra T. Manuel Central Elementary School II

Lupon Davao Oriental

HIGH SCHOOL: Lupon National Comprehensive High School

Ilangay Lupon Davao Oriental

87