Human Factors and Ergonomics in

System Design
Team Project Expectations

Pedestrian Safety System Design

Industrial Engineering

Team Number: 11

Team Members:

1. Ayu Dita Winarna (2018370010)

2. Inna Musfirah (2018370074)
3. M. Rezky Wardana (2018370076)
4. Tiara Risa Damayanti (2018370016)

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................5

1.1 Introduction …………………...…......................................................................................8

1.2 Objectives ……………....………........................................................................................8

Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................6

2.1 Divided Attention ................................................................................................................8

2.2 Pedestrian Safety Systems ...................................................................................................

Chapter 3 Methodology ..............................................................................................................6

Chapter 4 Data and Analysis .....................................................................................................8

Chapter 5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................14

References ..................................................................................................................................15

List of Figure
Figure 2.1 Three dimensional representation of the structure of multiple resources ....................11
Figure 4.1 Three dimensional representation of the structure of multiple resources ....................12
Figure 4.2 Display on Alert System when Turned Off .....................................................................13
Figure 4.3 Display Alert System is Turned on but No Danger ........................................................
Figure 4.4 Display Alert System is Turned on and Immediate Danger is Existing .......................
Figure 4.5 Display Front of Toyota All New Kijang Innova Type G Car .......................................
Figure 4.6 Display Back of Toyota All New Kijang Innova Type G Car .......................................

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
 Driver distraction is a major factor in the vehicle to pedestrian collisions. According to
the Ministry of Communication and Information of Indonesia, every three Indonesian people
has passed away due to road accident, with 61% of these cases are mainly caused by human
error. Thus, the mentioned statistic data has shown that the human factor is still an existing
problem in Indonesia.

Every day in a human’s life, crossing a road is an inseparable part of life. Unfortunately,
in Indonesia, the condition to accommodate pedestrians to cross the road safely is still under the
standard. According to the Department of Connectivity and Transportation (DISHUB), more
than twenty crossing bridge in Jakarta is actually dangerous to be used (Yusuf, 2018). Thus,
people often should rely on zebra cross on crossing a road, which could be known that
Indonesian people still rarely abide by the law to cross the road at the proper zebra cross.

In order to solve the problem of high number of deaths due to road accidents, Pedestrian
Warning System (PWS) may be an effective solution in directing driver attention towards the
conflict and thereby help prevent or mitigate a collision. Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) in
the vehicle has the potential to improve the way of the driver to identify the unsafe locations for
pedestrians. These automatic warning systems utilize motion sensors to detect nearby pedestrian
then provide a warning to the driver.

By definition, the Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) is a warning played when the
vehicle is moving slowly (up to 19 mph) in either forward-drive or reverse-drive, which the
warning is played in the front fascia and alerts nearby pedestrians of the car's presence in low-
speed situations (Lambert, 2019). Here, the author tries to improve the warning system of PWS
in the Toyota All New Kijang Innova Type G Car, so the car could utilize the system

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of the project is listed below, which are:

A. Provide the important system that can improve road safety.

B. Improve the advance warning system in the vehicle about pedestrian users.
C. Improve the effectiveness of Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) in terms of visual and
auditory display.
D. Improve the Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) that has existed in Toyota All New
 Kijang Innova Type G Car.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Divided Attention

Divided attention refers to the ability of processing multiple sources of information that
allows us to carry out more than one task at the same time (Cognifit, 20. It is present in our
everyday lives, e.g., when driving a car, shopping, studying, and it is also required by a variety
of jobs, such as call centre agents, pilots, physicians, engineers. Although it may cause
interference and reduce efficiency and accuracy (Pashler, 1994). Based on the explanation
above, it can be seen that there are difficulties that occur in divided attention in multitasking.
One example of multitasking is texting while driving a car.

Multiple resource theory is a theory of multiple task performance typical of that carried
out by the driver in the example above, that has both practical and theoretical implications. The
multiple resources model proposes are four important dichotomous and categorical dimensions
that explain differences in time division performance. Here the four dimensions, shown in
Figure 2.1, are processing stages, perceptual modalities, visual channels, and processing codes.

Figure 2.1 Three dimensional representation of the structure of multiple resources

2.2 Pedestrian Safety Systems

Pedestrians can sustain fatal injuries in any level speed collisions. In terms to reduce the
any level injuries to pedestrians when impact with a moving vehicle occurs, pedestrian safety
systems are quickly becoming a standard feature on car models. The sensor system utilizes
infrared technology to detect when an accident is imminent and immediately applies the brakes.
Some systems even project a digital image on the windshield to alert the driver. In many
instances, an accident can be minimized or even avoided.

The system has the combination of long-range detection e.g. adaptive cruise control,

short-range and wide-angle system e.g. pedestrian detection, and autonomous emergency

braking. This regulation is anticipated to drive the market for pedestrian detection systems in the

country over the forecast period.

 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

The methodology that the authors used to get the result was by doing (1) a literature
review of related topics that could support this project, (2) reading study cases of road accidents
that has been happened in the previous times, and (3) doing a group discussion to share ideas
and shares of work.
The literature review was used to support the authors in making the decision in designing
the pedestrian safety systems. From learning the literature review, the authors could get the
knowledge so the authors idea is feasible to be implemented effectively. Furthermore, the study
case was helping the authors to get the idea of what kind of things that has been problematic in
managing pedestrians and road accidents. The authors my get the understanding of why
previous PWS is not helpful in helping the driver. Finally, with the knowledge and idea that is
gotten from previous activities, the authors do a group discussion. It is to gather ideas from each
individual, criticize each other’s idea, and generate the final idea that has been refined by all of
the author’s feedback.

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

a) The visual and auditory system was chosen by the author because the visual task and
auditory task will not disturb the driver’s attention.
 Figure 4.1 Three dimensional representation of the structure of multiple resources

The first warning system is a visual warning by using a sign placed near the
speedometer. Driving and seeing the sign in the speedometer is not divided attention because it
is the same activity that needs visual attention. The second warning system is an audio warning
by using “Bip Bip Bip” voice. When the drivers were driveing, it uses visual, cognition, and
manual attention. while the auditory needs auditory attention. It means that the driver’s attention
will not split or divided the attention while the driving is driving. So, the warning system will
not divide the driver's attention.

b) Draw a figure to indicate the design of your overall system

The following is the design of our PWS. It is the picture of pedestrian lamp. The signal
is put on the speedometer.
 Figure 4.2 Display on Alert System when Turned Off

Figure 4.3 Display Alert System is Turned on but No Danger

 Figure 4.4 Display Alert System is Turned on and Immediate Danger is Existing

When planning the PWS system, the authors consider several variables to design the
most effective system. First, the car should be the one which is designed to be used in an urban
area, since the number of pedestrians would be higher in concentration, thus becoming the
reason why the authors choose Kijang Innova Type G to be more effective. Second, the authors
assume that the driver is abiding the maximum speed rule of the local street. Therefore, our
system may prove to be hard to be implemented for cars that is exceeding the speed limit by a
big margin. Yet, the authors would still try to answer this concern.

To address the mentioned conditions, the system that the author is building is
considering that the quality of the car would be capable of using light to be used in the
speedometer. There would be two different colors, which are green, as a cool color to represent
safety, and red as a warm color to represent. The signal would constantly show green color as
long as there is no danger. While danger is detected, the signal would turn red and blinking in
certain interval. The blinking of the signal would notify the driver better than constant lighting,
since the repetition would mean different input.

The author decide to not utilize written messages nor spoken alarm, since the aim is for
the driver to be able to react quickly and avoid the endangered pedestrian even in split-second.
This is supported that the driver is already knowing the purpose of the system, by reading the
manual of the car, making it an even faster system. For the decision making support, this system
only do the job of notifying the driver that there is a danger. The authors leave the decision
whether, for example, the driver stop the car immediately with braking or slide away from the
passenger. This is one of the part that could be an improvement.

The authors also realise the possibility of the system fail to do what is expected, such as
a real pedestrian is not detected or the system is giving false alarm. When the system is giving
false alarm is happening, since the system is implemented that it could be turned off and on, the
driver could simply turn of the system and turn it off again. The hard part is to decide what
improvement that could be done when the system, if real pedestrians is not detected. Since the
system is used to be implemented effectively at max of 19 mph, the collision might be reduced.

c) Develop a test plan

Based on the design, the author was design the pedestrian warning system with using
visual and auditory system. In visual system, the authors was designing the warning sign near
the speedometer that will makes the driver easier in detecting when the pedestrian walking near
the car. In order to detect the kids who passed in front of or in the back of the car, the author was
installed the sensor in back and front of the car’s bumpers inside of the car’s logo. The sensor
should be activated by pressing the button in the steering wheel. If the drivers did not want to
activate the sensor, the drivers did not need to press the button. When the pedestrian walking
near the car, the sensor will produce sound bipbipbip. The closer the pedestrian from the car, the
sound will have a more repetition with 65dB. The sound will be produced in The sensor only
detect the pedestrian in 2 meters. When the sensor detect some danger, the visual sign in the
speedometer will display the red color to grab the drivers attention.
Figure 4.5 Display Front of Toyota All New Kijang Innova Type G Car

Figure 4.6 Display Back of Toyota All New Kijang Innova Type G Car

CHAPTER 5
 LIMITATIONS

The limitation in this system is distance and speed. In this case, the distance sensor starts
detecting at a distance of 2 meters from the pedestrian. This new pedestrian warning system is
made cannot detect more than 2 meters for the distance between the car and the pedestrian, since
longer than that it would be more prone to detecting false alarm, since the sensors might detect a
non pedestrians, such as people who jog on the side of the road. For the speed limitation, this
warning system would be ultimately effective if the vehicle speed is up to 19 mph or below.
More than that, such as 40 mph, the warning system might not give enough time for the drivers
to react..

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
 Therefore, to solve the high number of road accidents in Indonesia, to implement
Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) be an effective solution to solve it. The author’s idea of
Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) to put a sensor in front of and at the back of a vehicle, and to
put a big display on its speedometer and also with a sound notification, could be one of the
example of Pedestrian Warning System (PWS) that could be implemented. The limitation is
that the mentioned system would be effective if (1) to detect pedestrians that is two meters away
from the vehicle, and (2) the vehicle itself is not in the condition of being too fast in an urban
location.

References:

Pashler, H. (1994, September). Psychological Bulletin. Dual-task interference in simple

 tasks: Data and theory, 220-244.

Lambert, F. (2019, September 10). Tesla adds pedestrian warning system to Model 3.
Retrieved October 2019, from Electrek: https://electrek.co/2019/09/10/tesla-
pedestrian-warning-system-model-3/

LEIBOWITZ, H. W., POST, R. B., BRANDT, T. and DICHGANS, J. (1982).

Implications of recent developments in dynamic spatial orientation and visual
resolution for vehicle guidance. Tutorials on Motion Perception, 231-260.

https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1335363/170/puluhan-jembatan-penyeberangan-orang-
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