MPI GTU Study Material E-Notes Introduction-To-Microprocessor 13052022114954AM

Unit 1 – Introduction to Microprocessor
1. Introduction to Microprocessor
Definition:
 “The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital-integrated
circuit which accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in
its memory, and provides results as output.”
 “Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip that
contains millions of transistors connected by wires.”
Introduction:
 A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use
of small number-holding areas called registers.
 Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers,
and fetching numbers from one area to another.
2. Components of Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is capable of performing various computing functions and making
decisions to change the sequence of program execution.
 The microprocessor can be divided into three segments as shown in the figure,
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), register array, and control unit.
 These three segment is responsible for all processing done in a computer
Arithmetic
Register
and Logical
Array
Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
Figure: Components of Microprocessor
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

 It is the unit of microprocessor where various computing functions are performed on the
data.
 It performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, and logical operations
such as OR, AND, and Exclusive-OR.
 It is also known as the brain of the computer system.
Prof. Swati R. Sharma, CE Department | 3160712 – Microprocessor and Interfacing 1

Register array
 It is the part of the register in microprocessor which consists of various registers identified
by letters such as B, C, D, E, H, and L.
 Registers are the small additional memory location which are used to store and transfer
data and programs that are currently being executed.
Control unit
 The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations in
the microcomputer.
 It controls and executes the flow of data between the microprocessor, memory and
peripherals.
 The control bus is bidirectional and assists the CPU in synchronizing control signals to
internal devices and external components.
 This signal permits the CPU to receive or transmit data from main memory.
3. System bus (data, address and control bus).

 This network of wires or electronic pathways is called the 'Bus'.
 A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer
system.
 It combines the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine
where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation.
 The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity.
Figure: System Bus

Address Bus
 It is a group of wires or lines that are used to transfer the addresses of Memory or I/O
devices.
 It is unidirectional.
 The width of the address bus corresponds to the maximum addressing capacity of the
bus, or the largest address within memory that the bus can work with.
 The addresses are transferred in binary format, with each line of the address bus carrying
a single binary digit.
 Therefore the maximum address capacity is equal to two to the power of the number of
lines present (2lines).
Data Bus
 It is used to transfer data within Microprocessor and Memory/Input or Output devices.
 It is bidirectional as Microprocessor requires to send or receive data.
 Each wire is used for the transfer of signals corresponding to a single bit of binary data.
 As such, a greater width allows greater amounts of data to be transferred at the same
time.
Control Bus
 Microprocessor uses control bus to process data, i.e. what to do
with the selected memory location.
 Some control signals are Read, Write and Opcode fetch etc.
 Various operations are performed by microprocessor with the help of control bus.
 This is a dedicated bus, because all timing signals are generated according to control
signal.

4. Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Figure: Microprocessor systems with bus organization
 To design any meaningful application microprocessor requires support of other auxiliary

devices.
 In most simplified form a microprocessor based system consist of a microprocessor, I/O
(input/output) devices and memory.
 These components are interfaced (connected) with microprocessor over a common
communication path called system bus. Typical structure of a microprocessor based
system is shown in Figure.
 Here, microprocessor is master of the system and responsible for executing the program
and coordinating with connected peripherals as required.
 Memory is responsible for storing program as well as data. System generally consists of
two types of memories ROM (Read only and non-volatile) and RAM (Read/Write and
volatile).
 I/O devices are used to communicate with the environment. Keyboard can be example of
input devices and LED, LCD or monitor can be example of output device.
 Depending on the application level of sophistication varies in a microprocessor based
systems. For example: washing machine, computer.

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Unit 1 – Introduction to Microprocessor

Figure: Components of Microprocessor

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

Prof. Swati R. Sharma, CE Department | 3160712 – Microprocessor and Interfacing 1

3. System bus (data, address and control bus).

Figure: System Bus

Prof. Swati R. Sharma, CE Department | 3160712 – Microprocessor and Interfacing 2

Prof. Swati R. Sharma, CE Department | 3160712 – Microprocessor and Interfacing 3

4. Microprocessor systems with bus organization

Figure: Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 To design any meaningful application microprocessor requires support of other auxiliary

Prof. Swati R. Sharma, CE Department | 3160712 – Microprocessor and Interfacing 4

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