CH6 Microcontroller
CH6 Microcontroller
CH6 Microcontroller
Microcontrollers
and
Microprocessors
Microcontroller
The microcontroller is the integration of a microprocessor with
memory and input/output interfaces, and other peripherals such as
timers, on a single chip.
A microcontroller is an integrated microprocessor chip with many I/O
interfaces.
The general microcontroller has pin for external connections of inputs
and outputs, power, clock and control signals.
The pin for the inputs and outputs are grouped into units called
input/output ports.
Cont..
Microprocessors which have memory and various input/output
arrangements all on the same chip are called microcontrollers.
Systems using microprocessors basically have three parts:
Central processing unit(CPU): to recognize and carry out program
instructions (this is the part which uses the microprocessor),
Input and output interfaces: to handle communications between the
microprocessor and the outside world (the term port is used for the
interface), and
Memory: to hold the program instructions and data.
Digital signals move from one section to another along paths called
buses.
Buses
Digital signals move from one section to another along paths called buses.
There are three forms of bus in a microprocessor
1. Data bus: carries the data associated with the processing function of the CPU.
It is used to transport a word to or from the CPU and the memory or the
input/output interfaces.
Each wire in the bus carries a binary signal, i.e. a 0 or a 1.
2. Address bus: carries signals which indicate where data is to be found and so
the selection of certain memory locations or input or output ports.
Each storage location within a memory device has a unique
identification, termed its address, so that the system is able to select a
particular instruction or data item in the memory.
Each input/output interface also has an address.
3. Control bus: carries the signals relating to control actions.
Parts of microcontroller
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): is generally referred to as the
microprocessor
• It is that part of the processor system which processes the data
fetching instructions from memory, decoding them and executing
them.
Cont..
Constituent parts of a micro processor (CPU) and their
function
1. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): is responsible for performing the
data
manipulation.
2. Registers: are memory locations within the microprocessor and are
used to store (temporarily) information involved in program execution.
• This register contains the address of the memory location that
contains the next program instruction.
3. Control unit: determines the timing and sequence of operations.
Cont..
2. Memory: hold the program instructions and data
Stores binary data and takes the form of one or more integrated circuits.
The data may be program instruction codes or numbers being operated
on.
The size of the memory is determined by the number of wires in the
address bus.
The memory elements in a unit consist essentially of large numbers of
storage cells with each cell capable of storing either 0 or 1 bit.
The storage cells are grouped in locations with each location capable of
storing one word.
In order to access the stored word, each location is identified by a unique
address.
Cont..
3. Input and output interfaces:
The input/output operation is defined as the transfer of data between
the microprocessor and the external world.
Input Devices
Switches and Keypads
Provide binary information to the MPU
Output devices
LEDs and LCDs
Receive binary information from the MPU