Chapter 1 Review of Basic Concepts 2023 S2

THERMODYNAMICS III: CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING THCE301
LEARNING UNIT 1
Review of Basic Concepts and Definitions
Mrs N Ndlovu
2023
Learning Unit 1
Review of Basic Concepts and Definition
Outline
1. The Scope of Thermodynamics
2. Dimensions and Units
Measures of Amount or Size; Force
Temperature; Pressure
Work; Power
Energy; Heat
3. Tutorial questions
Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 2

1.1. The scope of Thermodynamics
• What is Thermodynamics?
Etymological origin--Two Greek words: therme (heat); dynamis, force/
(strength)
Thermodynamics is the science that is interested in understanding energy

in all its forms, such as mechanical, electrical, chemical, and how energy
changes forms.
Thermodynamics is the study which seeks to establish Quantitative relationships

among macroscopic variables (P, T, Concentration, etc) which describe an
arbitrary physical system in an equilibrium state.
Thermodynamics tells you if a process is possible while kinetics

tells you how fast a process occurs
Suggestion: Combine all these aspects into one
definition
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS: Is a branch of science that deals with energy
transfer and its effects on properties (physical and chemical) of any substance
WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS: Chemical
thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work
with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines
of the laws of thermodynamics.
• Energy Sources and Conversion Processes

• Different branches of Thermodynamics?
**Equilibrium thermodynamics
and non-equilibrium thermodyn;
** Chemical thermodyn;
Metallurgical thermodyn;
Engineering Thermodynamics;
Biothermodynamics
** Classical Thermodynamics;
Statistical Thermodynamics

• How useful is Thermodynamics?
Property estimation in the absence of data
Phase behavior of pure compounds and mixtures
Heat and mass balance calculations
Energy conversion (Power generation from steam, biomass,
etc)
• Focus of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Design, analysis and optimization of separation processes
Property estimation in the absence of data
Material and energy balances for reactors, separation
processes

• Important concept: Thermodynamic System
• Thermodynamic system: any part of the universe which is
defined by a boundary which distinguishes it from the rest of the
universe
• Such a thermodynamic system is usually referred to as control

volume as it would possess a volume and would also contain a
definite quantity of matter
• System: closed (materials cannot cross its boundary) or open

Closed system: Does not allow any transfer of mass (material)
across its boundary
 Open system: Allows transfer of mass across its boundary
In either case energy transfer can occur across the system boundary
in any of its various forms; e.g., heat, work, electrical / magnetic
energy, etc.
Isolated system: A system which is enclosed by a boundary that
allows neither mass nor energy transfer
All matter external to the system constitutes the surroundings
combination of the system and surroundings is called the universe

CLOSED SYSTEM: A type of system where only energy interactions take place
and no mass interactions take place eg Piston-cylinder arrangement without
valves
OPEN SYSTEM: A type of system where both energy and mass interactions take
place
System: Fixed mass or region

where study is focused,
ISOLATED SYSTEM: A type of system where no energy interactions take place,
no mass interactions take place
Example 1 : water + methanol + acetone system
Example 2
Well-defined set of units
In a process

1.2. Dimensions and Units
• Temperature conversion

A system can be defined (characterised) by fundamental of sciences.
i.e. time, temperature, pressure, mass, amount of substance, …
Dimension SI unit (Systeme International) Symbol
Time Second s
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol

• Prefixes for SI units
Measures of
amount or size
o Mass (m)
o Number of
moles(n)
o Volume (V)

• Some derived quantities and units
 Density
Molar density
Specific volume
Molar volume
Force
Pressure
Work
Potential Energy
Kinetic energy
• Conversion factors
Mass 1 kg= 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 lbm = 35.27392 oz
Length 1 m= 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 microns (μm) = 1010 angstroms (Å)
= 39.37 in. = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile
Volume 1m3= 1000 L = 106 cm3 = 106 mL= 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial
gallons = 264.17 gal = 1056.68 qt
Force 1 N= 1 kg.m/s2 = 105 dynes = 105 g.cm/s2= 0.22481 lbf
Pressure 1 atm= 1.01325×105 N/m2 (Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar=
760 mm Hg at 0 oC (torr) = 10.333 m H2O at 4 oC= 14.696 lbf/in.2
(psi) = 33.9 ft H2O at 4 oC = 29.921 in. Hg at 0 oC
Energy 1 J= 1 N.m = 107 ergs = 107 dyne.cm= 2.778×10-7 kW.h = 0.23901
cal= 0.7376 ft.lbf = 9.486×10-4 Btu
Power 1 W= 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft.lbf/s = 9.486×10-4 Btu/s=
1.341×10-3 hp

BASIC CONCEPTS REVIEW
BASIC CONCEPTS REVIEW
Consult notes for more derived quantities and units

BASIC CONCEPT REVIEW

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THERMODYNAMICS III: CHEMICAL

Review of Basic Concepts and Definitions

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 2

Thermodynamics is the science that is interested in understanding energy

Thermodynamics is the study which seeks to establish Quantitative relationships

Thermodynamics tells you if a process is possible while kinetics

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 4

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 5

• Focus of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 6

• Such a thermodynamic system is usually referred to as control

• System: closed (materials cannot cross its boundary) or open

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 7

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 8

System: Fixed mass or region

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 9

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 14

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 10

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 11

Unit 1_Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics _THCE 301 13

Consult notes for more derived quantities and units

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