Differential Equation - Formula Sheet - MathonGo
Differential Equation - Formula Sheet - MathonGo
Differential Equation - Formula Sheet - MathonGo
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient
occurring in it.
The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the
derivatives is the degree of the derivative of the highest order occurring in it, after it has
been expressed in a form free from radicals \& fractions so far as derivatives are
concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
dmy d m−1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) m + ( x, y ) m −1
+. = 0 is of order m & degree p .
dx dx
Note that in the differential equation e y " − xy "+ y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't
exist.
2. FORMATION OF A D.E.
If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is
given, then a differential equation is obtained as follows:
(a) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x ) as many
times as the number of arbitrary constants in it.
(b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Note:
A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common
properties. This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential
equation.
dy
The equation + Py = Qy n is called BERNOUL'S EQUATION.
dx
6. TRAJECTORIES
A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves according to a given law
is called a Trajectory of the given family.
Orthogonal trajectories:
A curve making at each of its points a right angle with the curve of the family passing
through that point is called an orthogonal trajectory of that family.
We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of the form
F ( x, y, y ') = 0 The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
−1
F x, y , = 0
y'
The general integral of this equation 1 ( x, y, C ) = 0 gives the family of orthogonal
trajectories.
7. EXACT DIFFERENTIALS
xdy − ydx y
(i) xdy + ydx = d ( xy ) (ii) = d
x
2
x
ydx − xdy x xdy + ydx
(iii) 2
= d (iv) = d (ln xy )
y y xy
dx + dy xdy − ydx y
(v) = d (ln( x + y )) (vi) = d ln
x+ y xy x
ydx − xdy x xdy − ydx y
(vii) = d n (viii) = d tan −1
xy y x +y
2 2
x
1 xdy + ydx ex ye x dx − e x dy
(xi) d − = (xii) d =
xy x2 y 2 y y2
ey xe y dy − e y dx
(xiii) d =
x x2