Differential Equation
Differential Equation
Differential Equation
MATHEMATICS
NUCLEUS
DIFFRENTIAL EQUATION
CONTENTS
EXERCISE - I
EXERCISE - II
EXERCISE - III
EXERCISE - IV
EXERCISE - V
EXERCISE - VI
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE
DEFINITIONS :
1. An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the
dependent variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary , if the differential coefficients have reference to a
single independent variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there are two or more
independent variables . We are concerned with ordinary differential equations only.
u u u
eg. = 0 is a partial differential equation.
x y z
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation . The
solution of the differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation
can be regarded as a relation derived from it.
4. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occuring in it.
5. The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the derivatives is the
degree of the derivative of the highest order occuring in it , after it has been expressed in a form
free from radicals & fractions so far as derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
dmy d m 1 ( y )
f(x , y) m + (x , y) m 1 + ....... = 0 is order m & degree p.
d x dx
Note that in the differential equation ey xy + y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't apply.
Consider the example (x + y)2 d y = a2 .
dx
TYPE3. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
dy f (x , y)
A differential equation of the form =
dx (x , y )
where f (x , y) & (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called
dy
HOMOGENEOUS . This equation may also be reduced to the form = g x & is solved by
dx y
putting y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v, where v is some
unknown function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables separable.
dy y (x y)
Consider + = 0.
dx x2
TYPE4. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS FORM :
a 1x b1y c1 a1 a 2
If d y = ; where a1 b2 a2 b1 0, i.e.
dx a 2 x b 2 y c2 b1 b2
then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new
variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given
equation homogeneous which can be solved by the method as given in Type 3. If
(i) a1 b2 a2 b1 = 0 , then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an equation
with variables separable. and
(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d(xy) for x dy + y dx & integrating
term by term yields the result easily.
x 2y 5 2 x 3y 1 dy 2x y 1
Consider d y = ; d y = & =
dx 2x y 1 dx 4x 6y 5 dx 6 x 5y 4
(iii) In an equation of the form : yf(xy) dx + xg(xy)dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the substitution
xy = v.
To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e
Pdx
.
NOTE :
The factor e
Pd x
(1) on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the
differential coefficient of some function of x & y , is called integrating factor of the differential
equation popularly abbreviated as I. F.
(2) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor , the left hand side becomes
the derivative of the product of y and the I. F.
(3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable
and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ;
dy dx
(x + y + 1) = y2 + 3 can be written as (y2 + 3) = x + y + 1 which is a linear differential
dx dy
equation.
ydx xdy x x d y yd x
(iii) 2
d (iv) d (ln xy )
y y xy
d x dy x d y y dx y
(v) = d(ln(x+y)) (vi) d ln
xy xy x
y d x x dy x xdy ydx y
(vii) d ln (viii) 2 2
d tan 1
xy y x y x
ydx xdy x x d x y dy
(ix) 2 2
d tan 1 (x) d ln x 2 y 2
x y y x2 y2
1 x dy y dx e x y e x dx e x dy
(xi) d (xii) d
xy x2 y 2 y y2
e y x e y dy e y dx
(xiii) d
x x2
Q.2 Form a differential equation for the family of curves represented by ax² + by² = 1 , where a & b
are arbitary constants.
Q.3 Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ; where
g , f & c are arbitary constants.
Q.4 Form the differential equation of the family of curves represented by,
c (y + c)2 = x3 ; where c is any arbitrary constant.
n (sec x tan x) n (sec y tan y)
Q.5 dx = dy Q.6 (1 x²) (1 y) dx = xy (1 + y) dy
cos x cos y
Q.7
dy
+
x 2
1 y2 1 = 0 Q.8 yx
dy
a y2
dy
dx xy dx dx
x dx y dy 1 x2 y2 dy
Q.9 = Q.10 = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)
x dy y dx x2 y2 dx
dy x (2 ln x 1)
Q.11 =
dx sin y y cos y
Q.12 It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find
the law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0 , the mass of the radius was m0
and during time t0 % of the original mass of radium decay.
dy xy xy dy
Q.13 + sin sin Q.14 Sin x . = y . lny if y = e , when x =
dx 2 2 dx 2
Q.15 e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0 , y = 3
Q.16 A normal is drawn at a point P(x , y) of a curve. It meets the x axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length
dy
k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y = ± k 2 y 2 . Find the
dx
equation of such a curve passing through (0, k).
Q.17 Find the curve for which the sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point
is proportional to the product of the coordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality factor is
equal to k.
Q.18 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive,
y = c1 e3x + c2 e2x + c3 ex , where c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants .
Q.19 A curve is such that the length of the polar radius of any point on the curve is equal to the length of the
tangent drawn at this point . Form the differential equation and solve it to find the equation of the curve.
Q.20 Find the curve y = f (x) where f (x) 0 , f (0) = 0 , bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base
[0, x] whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f(x). It is known that f (1) = 1.
Q.25 A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs
into the tank at the rate of 1 lit/min, and the mixture is pumped out of the tank at the rate of 3 litres/min.
Find the time when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.
dy dy tan y
Q 3. x + y lny = xyex Q 4. = (1 + x) ex sec y
dx dx 1 x
2
dy ey 1 d y dy
Q 5. = 2 Q 6. (x y) xy 0
dx x x d x dx
dy y2 x
Q 7. = Q 8. (1 xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy
dx 2 y (x 1)
dy
Q 9. = exy (ex ey) Q 10. y y sin x = cos x (sin x y2)
dx
EXERCISE–V
(MISCELLANEOUS)
dy
Q.1 y ln 2 = 2sin x . (cos x 1) ln 2 , y being bounded when x + .
dx
1
dy
Q.2 = y + y dx given y = 1 , where x = 0
dx 0
x
Q.3 Given two curves y = f(x) passing through the points (0, 1) & y = f(t) dt passing through the points
(0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the x axis.
Find the curve f(x).
Q.4 Consider the differential equation
dy
+ P(x)y = Q(x)
dx
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the
same equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
(ii) If and are constants such that the linear combinations · u(x) + ·v(x) is a solution of the given
equation, find the relation between and .
v(x) u(x)
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio .
w(x) u(x)
dy
Q.5 x3 = y3 + y2 y 2 x 2
dx
Q.6 Find the curve which passes through the point (2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the
point of tangency & the y axis has a constant length equal to 2 .
xdy ydx
Q.7 x dy + y dx + = 0
x2 y 2
y dx x dy dx
Q.8 2
, given that y= 2 when x = 1
x y 2 1 x 2
Q.23 Find the curve such that the ratio of the distance between the normal at any of its point and the origin to the
distance between the same normal and the point (a,b) is equal to the constant k. Interpret the curve. (k > 0)
Q.24 Let f (x, y, c1) = 0 and f (x, y, c2) = 0 define two integral curves of a homogeneous first order differential
equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line,
y = mx then prove that the slopes of these two curves at P1 and P2 are equal.
Q.25 Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies
as cube of the absissa of the point of contact.
(b) The differential equation representing the family of curves, y2 = 2 c x c , where c is a positive
parameter, is of :
(A) order 1 (B) order 2 (C) degree 3 (D) degree 4
(c) A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin
from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the xaxis . Determine the
equation of the curve . [ JEE '99, 2 + 3 + 10, out of 200 ]
Q.8 Solve the differential equation, (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1) dx . [ REE '99, 6 ]
Q.9 A country has a food deficit of 10 % . Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3 %. Its annual food
production every year is 4 % more than that of the last year . Assuming that the average food requirement
per person remains constant, prove that the country will become self-sufficient in food after 'n' years,
where ' n' is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to ,
n 10 n 9
. [ JEE '2000 (Mains) 10 ]
n (104
. ) 0.03
e2 1
(A) 2(e 2 1) (B) 2(e 2 1) (C) 3 e (D)
2
(b) For the primitive integral equation ydx + y2dy = xdy; xR, y > 0, y = y(x), y(1) = 1, then y(–3) is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f (x) intercepted between the point and the x–axis is of
length 1. Find the equation of the curve. [JEE 2005 (Mains)]
Q.16 A tangent drawn to the curve, y = f (x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis at A and B respectively such that
BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f (1) = 1, then
dy dy
(A) equation of the curve is x – 3y = 0 (B) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx dx
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (C) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4
[JEE 2006, 5]
Bansal Classes Diffrential Equation [12]
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I
2
d 2y dy dy
Q 1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2 Q 2. xy 2 + x y = 0
dx dx dx
1 1
Q 5. ln2 (sec x + tan x) ln2 (sec y + tan y) = c Q 6. ln x (1 y)² = c y² 2y + x²
2 2
c (x y) x y
Q 9. x 2 y 2 + 1 x 2 y 2 = Q 10. ln 1 tan = x + c
x 2 y2 2
1
Q 11. y sin y = x² ln x + c Q 12. m = m0 e k t where k = ln 1
t0 100
y x
Q 13. ln tan = c 2 sin Q.14 y = etan(x/2)
4 2
1 d3 y d2 y dy
k
2 2
Q 17. y = n c k x 1 Q 18. 3
dx
6
dx 2
11
dx
6 y = 0
EXERCISE–II
1 x 2 y
Q.1 c (x y)2/3 (x² + xy + y²)1/6 = exp tan 1 where exp x e
x
3 x 3
2
y2 y y2 x 2 n y y 2 x 2 c
Q.2 = x 3 , where same sign has to be taken.
x2
Q 4. x² + y² 2x = 0 Q 5. (x – y)2 (x + 2y) = 1
1 a
Q 6. lnx2 + a2 tan1 = c , where a = x + y2 Q 7. x2 – y2 + 2xy = c ; x2 – y2 – 2xy = c
2 x
2y 1
Q 11. x2 + y2 = cx Q 12. arctan = ln c x 2 y 2 x y 1
2x 1 2
y3
Q 13. (x + y 2) = c (y x)3 Q 14. tan 1
x2
+ ln c y 32 x 22 = 0
y 2
4 2 tan 1
x 3
Q 15. x + y + = ce3(x2y) Q 16. e = c . (y + 2)
3
Q 17. (cos y sin x 1)2 (cos y + sin x 1)5 = c
EXERCISE–III
Q 1. x cot y = c + tan y Q 2. y = 2 (ex x 1)
1 1 1 1 x2 1
Q 3. y 1 x 2 = c + ln tan arc tan x Another form is y 1 x 2 = c + ln
2 2 2 x
Q 4. y = c (1 x²) + 1 x 2 Q 5. y = cx2 ± x
1 x x
Q 8. y = cx x2 Q 9. y tan3 = c + 2 tan x
3 2 2
2
Q 12. x = cearctany + arc tan y 1 Q 13. y = cx ± a
2x
1
Q 17. 3y (1 + x²) = 4x3 Q 19. x = lny cx 2
2
1 x
Q 20. ex²/2 = y (c + cosx) Q 21. = 1 + (c + x) cot
y 2 2 4
Q 22. x3 y3 = 3 Sinx + c Q 23. y1 ex = c x²
a2 7
Q 24. x = cy ± Q 25. 27 minutes
y 9
x2
Q 4. sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x) Q 5. cx² + 2xey = 1 Q 6. y = cex ; y = c +
2
c c 1
Q 7. y2 = 1 + (x + 1) n
x 1
or x + (x + 1) ln
x 1
Q 8. y =
x
tan n cx
2 c
Q 9. ey = c . exp (ex) + ex 1 Q 10. y2 = sin x
3 sin 2 x
EXERCISE–V
1
Q.1 y = 2sin x Q.2 y = (2 ex e + 1) Q.3 f (x) = e2x
3 e
Q.5 (i) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v(x)) where K is any constant ; (ii) + = 1 ; (iii) constant
2 4 x2 y
Q.5 xy = c y y 2 x 2 Q.6 y = ± 4 x 2 2 n Q.7 xy + tan1 = c
x x
1
Q.8 sin x y 2 Q.9 y2 = 2x + 1 e2x Q.10 f (x) = ex – cos x
2 xy 4
x
x 1 x2
Q.11 (x² + y²)² + 2a² (y² x²) = c Q.12 y = + c e
1 x2
Q.23 (k + 1) x2 + (k + 1) y2 – 2kax – 2kby = c
or (k – 1) x2 + (k – 1) y2 – 2kax – 2kby = c both represents a circle.
Q.25 2y + Kx3 = cx
1 y
Q.2 y = tan 2x . cos2x Q.3 xy sin
2 x 2
3 x 2y 2 2
Q.8 y = ln ((x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y) + 2) ln + c
2 2 x 2y 2 2
7 x 10 5
Q.10 sec. Q.11 y = (x – 2tan–1x) (1 + x2)
135 g
H 4
Q.13 (a) T = Q.14 (a) C ; (b) y = x2 – 2x , area = sq. units
k 3
1 1 y2
Q.15 (a) C; (b) A; (c) 1 y 2 ln = ± x + c
y
Q.16 B, C