TWO-DIMENSIONAL MEDIA Wood – hardwood, board or panel

made from wood.

A work of art is considered two-
dimensional if it has both length and Kinds: Masonite - board made from
width. Two dimensional pieces of art wood fibers, glue(resin) that is molded
are flat. Although some artworks have into a flat board.
three-dimensional aspects, this effect
Plywood – wood veneers thin
on a flat surface is an illusion of depth
layers of wood glued together.
created by the artist.
Laminated – has mica film on
The Surface: Paper, Canvas, Wood
its surface to give resistance and
Medium: Pencil, Chalk,
strength
Oil, Charcoal, Acrylic
Wall – may be made of
Different Surfaces
stone/concrete. Carefully inspected for
Paper The most popular surface used cracks, molds, dirt, wax, oil.
for 2D artwork. available in various
Drawing Medium
sizes, thickness, textures and colors.
An organic medium made from Charcoal – organic drawing material
cellulose pulp derived mainly from from burnt wood.
wood, certain grasses and linen rags.
Processed into flexible sheets or rolls. Kinds: Vine Charcoal – thin sticks,
easy to blend and erase
Kinds: Laid Paper - processed with a
pattern of parallel lines created by the Compressed – made of lose
wires of the mold used for production charcoal pressed into a stick

Textured Pastel, Charcoal Graphite – medium is easy to use and

and Craft Paper - fine irregular texture not messy. 2B, 4B, 6B and Ebony
pressed into the surface during Pencils different tones. Higher B
process. number, the softer the lead, the darker
the line.
Wove Paper - fine and smooth
with no evidence of texture Brush - transfer paint mixtures to the
surface. made up of tuft of hair (usually
Rough Grained Paper – animal hair)
bumpy surface, adored by watercolor
artists BRUSHES BY HAIR TYPE: Bristle
Brush: for thickly prepared paints.
Medium Paper – fine grain, Impasto consistency
looks subtle when shaded with a
sharpened pencil Sable Brush – resiliency and
cause less damage than a bristle
Smooth-Hot press – hot rolled brush
or pressed to achieve a smooth flat
surface BRUSHES BY SHAPE: Dome
Shaped Brush: wash/sky brush.
Canvas – made of closely Covers more areas
woven, heavy, cloth of cotton, hemp,
or linen Flat Brush: Ideal in making
broad strokes
 Pointed Brush: used for Stippling - accomplished by using dot
making linear markings patterns to create dark values.
Brush Size - The sizes of the brushes DRAWING WITH GRAPHITE
are coded in numeric designations PENCILS
from 000 to 8 in French scale and from
Pencils can make different kinds of
0 to 12 in the standard English scale.
lines and tones (degrees of light and
Oriental Brushes: Deer hair, fox hair, shadow) depending on the three
hog bristle, goat hair, horsehair and factors:
wool
- Sharpness of the point.
DRAWING - process of moving an - How much pressure is applied;
instrument to leave a mark called line. and
first step in producing 2D artworks. - The angle of how the pencil is
Can be created using dry media like held.
graphite, charcoal, crayons, pastels
and chalk; or wet media like pen, ink, DRAWING WITH CHARCOAL
and brushes with watercolor. - In charcoal drawings, paper
KINDS OF DRAWING stumps (torchons) which are
sticks of rolled or pressed paper
Life Drawing A drawing that is based are used for blending.
directly on the observation of the artist - A kneaded eraser is a tool that
of his subject. can add character to the
Sketching - drawings done at the charcoal drawing.
“spur of the moment.” It is usually a - A chamois cloth is another tool f
rough, freehand, loose drawing that is or blending and removing
not considered as finished work. charcoal.

Emotive Drawing - emphasizes the Three types of Charcoal Mediums that

expression of different emotions, can be used:
feelings and mood. - Vine Charcoal
Perspective Drawing - A drawing in - Compressed Charcoal
which the artist creates 3D images on - Charcoal Pencils
a 2D picture plane. The artist uses his
Rough paper is the recommended
ability to depict the illusion of space on
support for charcoal drawings. Fixative
a flat surface.
spray is used after the project.
SHADING TECHNIQUES
STAGES OF DRAWING:
Hatching - accomplished by drawing
1. LOOK. Study the image that is
thin lines that runs in the same
about to be drawn. Look for lines and
direction.
shapes. Check the orientation (is it
Blending - accomplished by changing vertical or horizontal). Consider the
the value little by little. light source as this will add realism to
the work.
Cross-Hatching - accomplished by
crisscrossing lines.
2. TRANSFER THE INFORMATON.
Arrange the elements and
Oil-based paints
composition.
- Was first used in the 1400s
3. BLOCK IN THE BACKGROUND.
Add a third dimension by focusing on - Developed in Northern Europe
the shapes of the shadows and the where paintings initially created
cast shadows. using Tempera (pigments mixed
with egg yolk and water)
4. AD A THIRD DIMENSION WITH - Artists used linseed oil to make
VOLUME. Give each object a 3D their paintings more
quality. Render Texture. transparent, and so the period
5. FINISH THE DRAWING. of oil paints started
- Creamy and dries slowly
through chemical reaction
PAINTING (curing)
- Best known brands: Pebeo, Da
Art form that dates to many years. First vinci, Holbein, Winsor, and
artworks discovered were on cave Newtoon.
walls and ceilings. Crushed rocks
combined with animal fat or blood Water Soluble Paints
were used at paint in these ancient Watercolor is the most popular of all
artworks. water-based paint media. Name is
Applied using brushes, painting knife, based on its solvent.
roller or even fingers. Approaches
Three Components of Paint - Wet-on-dry
1 . Pigments - Wet-on-Wet

- Colored part of the paint. Wet on dry

- May be somewhat from organic - Limited use of water, support is
or inorganic materials dry
2. Binder - Applied with brush
- Enough time is given for the
Material that holds together the fresh layer of paint to dry.
grains of pigment and allows it
to stick to the painting surface Wet on Wet

Ex: Egg yolks mixed with water, - Keeping the support and the
linseed oil and wax pigment mixture in wet
conditions
3. Solvent - Work produced is soft and
Controls the thickness or diffused
thinness of the paint. - Plasticity of water is seen in wet
conditions
Solvents are used to clean
paintbrushes and other tools.
 Scholastic Acrylics – pigment
content is less expensive and
Gouache
includes dyes in the formulation.
- Another water soluble paint Range colors is also limited to
which is a mixture of primary and secondary colors.
transparent watercolor with
water soluble white pigment.
The white gives the paint an ART MEDIUMS
opaque body and covering
All throughout the history of
power. Gouache is also known
humankind, our species has
as French method
expressed itself through an array of
- Inferior quality are in the
artistic mediums. But what is a
category of poster colors
medium in art? A simple medium
Tempera art definition would be the various
tools and methods that artists used
- Water based through the ages to create their
- Neither opaque nor transparent works of art. From the early
- Effects depends on the semi- pigments created by cave dwellers
opaque color layers to mark their hands on walls,
- Each paint layer serves as through to the tools used for
tinted basecoat for the upper painting and drawing, and even
layers including new formats of
- Cannot be blended like oil or expression such as computer-
water washed like watercolor generated graphic designs,
- Gesso on the support absorbs it humans have expressed
instantaneously themselves in a way that reflects
the technological advancements of
Acrylic Paint
the era. This guide will introduce
- Fast drying paint containing you to the different art mediums
pigment suspended in acrylic available to you so that you can
polymer emulsion choose which types of art mediums
- Water-soluble and becomes suit your project best.
water resistant when dry A PAINTING AND DRAWING ART
Kinds: MEDIUMS LIST

Professional Acrylics – resists Out of all the artistic mediums,

chemical reactions from exposure drawing techniques and painting
to water, Ultraviolet light, and styles have the most variation in
oxygen. Higher carbon content terms of the different art mediums
which allows for more manipulation available to choose from. Painting
and minor changes in color and sketching have been the most
applied mediums in art history, and
Students Acrylics – lower pigment the art mediums list for this section
concentration and smaller range of will cover what materials there are
colors. Color brightness is also not available to choose from.
intense
 TYPES OF ART MEDIUMS OIL PAINT - Tempera was a
TRADITIONALLY USED WITH popular medium in art until the
PAPER OR CANVAS arrival of oil paint, which then
became the traditional artistic
Art Medium and Application
medium in Europe in the 15th
• Tempera Quick-drying and long- century. Oil paint is a slower drying
lasting paint artistic medium and is made from
various pigments mixed with oil,
• Oil Paint Slow drying and can be such as linseed. Oil painting
layered became a popular artistic medium
• Acrylic paint Quick-drying and can due to its slowdrying properties as
be layered artists could easily change their
paintings by adding more layers to
• Watercolors Has a large and the canvas. This was hugely
luminous color palette advantageous to artists as they
• Charcoal Readily available and weren’t stuck with the mistakes
easily fixable typical of using tempera as a
medium in art.
• Pastels Great for outlines and
shading ACRYLIC PAINT - Acrylic paints
dry much faster than oil paints and
• Chalk Easily available and easy to are water-resistant once dry. To
use create an effect similar to
• Graphite Pencils Great for watercolors, you can dissolve the
shading and outlining paint with a bit of water before
applying it to your painting. The
• Color Pencils Great for detailed advantage of using acrylic paint is
and colorful art that you can add textures and
• Ink and Pen Perfect for solid depth by applying layers of acrylic
outlines and details paint until you reach the look you
desire. You can also add more
TEMPERA - is a type of painting water to create a kind of matte look
medium that has been used for in your artwork.
many centuries due to its quick-
drying ingredients and long-lasting WATERCOLORS - are hugely
pigments. Some examples of popular because of the large array
tempera paintings have been dated of colors one can create from them.
as far back as the 1st century AD, However, working with watercolors
but most of the examples we have can sometimes prove to be a bit
left today are from the 12th century tricky for first-time users. Although
until the 15th, after which oil paints the range of achievable colors is a
became more popular. Tempera is great advantage, once you commit
also called egg tempera, as it is the paint to your chosen canvas,
usually made of pigments that have very little can be done to change
been bound to a water soluble the result. Watercolors are great for
emulsion such as the yolk of an creating landscapes due to the
egg luminosity of the pigments.
CHARCOAL - Artists have always were used to create colors such as
created art out of the available sanguine, white, and black.
materials around them. Fire has Although originally used for
been a part of human development sketching, chalk was soon
and culture for a very long time, considered of equal importance as
meaning that charcoal has been the other types of art medium
one of the most readily available during the Renaissance period.
types of art mediums throughout
GRAPHITE PENCILS - were first
the centuries. Charcoal sticks can
used by artists in France during the
be made by binding organic
17th century. They are great for
powder with a waxy substance.
outlining compositions, creating
Charcoal is a rare medium in art
sketches, or even for applying
materials as it can easily be
shading to your artwork. Graphite
erased, so if you are planning on
pencils are one of the types of art
trying it, do some research on how
mediums that are great for
to apply fixatives to your canvases
beginners as you can easily edit
to extend the life of your artwork
and change your art by erasing
PASTELS - use pigments that are your mistakes and trying again until
quite similar to those used in oil you get the desired result you are
paints, and are created by mixing after.
these pigments with a binding
COLOR PENCILS - For most of us,
material. Having been a popular
color pencils were a commonly
medium in art since the 18th
used medium in art classes
century, there are a variety of
growing up. Not only are they
pastels that can be used in many
perfect art mediums to learn your
ways depending on the techniques
skill with, but they are also used to
you want to apply. Harder pastels
create beautiful works of
are great for overall composition
professional art. Color pencils can
sketching and outlines, while softer
be used to create very simple line
pastels look amazing when
drawings or they can be used to
blended. Another version of the
create highly detailed and
pastel artistic medium uses a
expressive works of art that can
sponge for application, called pan
even look photorealistic if applied
pastels. Depending on whether you
properly.
want softer toned pastel creations
that look similar to watercolors or INK AND PEN - have also been
you want vividly colored vibrant used as art mediums for centuries.
artworks will determine which Ink is great for creating solid
pastel art mediums to use. outlines but must be used with a
steady hand and great care as
CHALK - Due to its organic
there is no way to erase the ink. Ink
content, chalk is another of the
and pen have been used to create
different art mediums that have
intricate graphic art as well as text-
been used since the earliest days
based art forms such as calligraphy
of human art. Materials such as
for centuries. Depending on what
ochre, limestone, and black stone
you intend to use your pen for, you
can find a multitude of suitable dimensional artwork in this
drawing tools such as drafting sculpture art mediums list.
pens, fountain pens, and graphic
ART MEDIUMS
pens.
Medium and Technique
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ART
MEDIUMS Carving -Carve the desired shape
from wood or stone
Three-dimensional art refers to
sculptures, wood carvings, and Casting -Pour a liquid into a
aspects of architectural design prefabricated mold
elements. Simply put, it is an art
that is observed in dimensions of Modeling -Use clay to model
depth, width, and height. Figures shapes as desired
carved out of stone are some of the Construction -Build structures out
earliest examples we have of art of raw materials
and human culture, revealing much
about the people who created them Installation -created using various
and the times they lived in. media

BRIEF HISTORY Performance -involves artists using

bodies as the medium of
Certain goddess fertility sculptures expression.
have been dated as far back as
230,000 years B.C., such as the
Venus of Berekhat Ram and others ASSEMBLAGE - art is almost a
found in archaeological sites kind of three-dimensional collage,
across Europe. Scholars today consisting of apparently random
recognize three distinct types of bits of material and objects that
sculpture design, being have been placed on a flat surface
freestanding, bas relief sculpture, to create something creative out of
and high relief sculpture. nothing. This style was made
The Venus of Berekhat Ram popular by artists such as Robert
(280,000- 250,000 BP) is a pebble Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns in
found at Berekhat Ram on the the 1950s and 1960s.
Golan Heights. The pebble was CARVING AND CASTING - You
modified by early humans and is can take a raw object such as a
suggested to represent a female stone or piece of wood and can
human figure. carve pieces out. You can also
There are a few methods you can choose to smoothen them with
use to create three-dimensional various techniques to create the
artwork. Many artists used to carve desired shape you are after.
into stone or wood, while others Another method is called casting,
would mold or construct them. which involves pouring a liquid into
Take a look at a few methods you pre-made mold of the shape you
can use to create three- wish to create. Once the liquid has
hardened, the mold can be
removed, and the remaining artistic visual clips along with three-
medium is then polished off. dimensional objects to relay
personal, social, or political
MODELING - Another method you
commentary that is important to the
can use to create three
artist. Artists also often incorporate
dimensional artworks is by
elaborate lighting effects to create
modeling them with art mediums
a multi-sensory experience for the
such as plaster or clay. This
observer.
medium is great to work with as it
stays soft and malleable, allowing Performance art is another art form
you to create the shape you want that goes beyond the canvas and
before letting it dry. You can easily involves artists using their bodies
add some water to your clay if it is as the medium of expression.
drying too quickly, and other tools
MIXED ART MEDIUMS AND
can be used to scrape and cut at
UNCONVENTIONAL MEDIA
the clay to add textures and
designs to the surface. Throughout art history, various
movements have risen and
CONSTRUCTION - The
become the prominent style of their
construction phase of many
era and are often followed by
contemporary artworks is similar to
reactionary movements that want
modeling but incorporates other
to upend the status quo of the
elements such as wire mesh, glue,
academic establishment and create
and other building materials that
something unique and new that
assist in the framework and design
represents their personal artistic
of the art piece. Modeling also
view of the world. By using
includes the delicate and intricate
anything as a potential source of
art of glass blowing and glass
inspiration, artists were able to mix
molding as created by skilled glass
and blend mediums to create new
artists. These techniques require a
styles and aesthetics in the
furnace or kiln with which to heat
contemporary art world.
the glass to shape it using
techniques such as fusing and COLLAGES - The word collage comes
slumping the glass. from the French word meaning “to
glue” and was first pioneered by
CONSTRUCTION - Many
French Cubist artists like Pablo
techniques can also be applied to
Picasso and Georges Braque. Collage
the cold glass, such as grinding,
art is created by combining bits of
polishing, and then etching or
everyday objects such as newspaper
engraving the glass using various
cuttings and cloth and combining them
methods to decorate the glass
in a way that portrays a unique idea
surface.
out of existing visual materials. With
INSTALLATION ART - Another the wide accessibility to royalty-free
form of three-dimensional art is images and intuitive software, it is
known as installation art. These easier to make digital collage art today
exhibits are usually created using than ever before
various media such as audio or
Assemblage - Assemblage art is PHOTOGRAPHIC ART MEDIUMS
almost a kind of three-dimensional PHOTOGRAPHY STYLE and
collage, consisting of apparently SUBJECT MATTER
random bits of material and objects
• Documentary -Real-life candid
that have been placed on a flat surface
moments
to create something creative out of
nothing. This style was made popular • Landscape -Scenes of urban and
by artists such as Robert rural life
Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns in
the 1950s and 1960s. • Portrait -Capturing unique character

FOUND OBJECTS - Similar to • Nude Exploring the beauty of the

assemblage, these mixed medium nude form
artworks consist of everyday objects • Digital -Endless possibilities of
re-assembled on a canvas to create subject manipulation
something beautiful and meaningful
out of repurposed junk. Many street • Video art -Interactive three-
artists in South Africa use found dimensional modern art
objects to recreate scenes of township PHOTOGRAPHY STYLES
life, with soda cans and pieces of wire
used to create imaginative art. DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY -
Similar to photojournalism,
ART JOURNALING - Art journaling documentary photography seeks to
serves as a visual diary of past events, capture the real historical moments,
such as a scrapbook with various emphasizing the zeitgeist of the
objects that have a special connection moment by framing the situation
to a specific time or event, such as bus through the correct angle and lens.
tickets from a holiday, postcards,
feathers, concert armbands, and so LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHY -
on. The concept behind art journaling Landscape photography is the modern
is to create a multi-medium experience version of the old tradition of
that has been artistically created as a landscape painting. Artistic
constant source of good memories. photographs of landscapes capture the
flowing forms and vivid colors of
PHOTOGRAPHIC ART MEDIUMS - nature. Although one might think that a
First invented in 1826, photography photographer would be limited in
has been a significant factor in the creative input with a realistic scenario
changing way we record our daily lives such as a landscape, yet just as with
and the history of society. Certain landscape painting, a photographer
moments of history can be painted to can use perspective, color filters, and
portray a certain feeling or impression framing of unique subject matter to tell
of a moment, but no other medium can a story and impart an artistic idea.
so easily and clearly replicate reality
as well as the camera. In the modern PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHY - Portrait
era, it has become exceptionally easy photography is another one of those
to use photography as a medium of styles that have roots in older
expression as well as historical traditions such as portrait painting. The
documentation. art mediums may have changed over
the years, but the concepts have VIDEO ART - A new emerging
remained the same. Although portraits medium that has added another
capture the real image of people, dimension to interactive art is video
depending on how the photographic mapping and projection. This allows
artist positions the camera and uses digital artists to overlay a digital image
lighting, one can bring out certain of a scene over the actual scene by
characterizations of the subject in very using a light projector. The software
creative and artistic ways. can accurately map a surface, and
once projected back onto the surface;
NUDE PHOTOGRAPHY - This form of
it can be manipulated in an array of
photography is almost as old as the
interesting ways to create out-of-this-
invention of the camera itself. The
world artistic digital effects.
naked human form has long been a
symbol of beautiful form and
proportion, so it is no surprise that it
has been a form of photographic art for
many years. Many artists also use the
human form out of the normal context
to paint and position them in various
ways to visually represent something
else entirely.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY - With the
advances in modern technology, it is
now possible to create art out of the
most basic of visual resources,
layering and manipulating them in
whichever creative manner you wish.
The speed and capacity of modern
home computers make photographic
editing one of the most popular
modern types of art mediums.
VIDEO ART - Video art is another
popular form of digital media used by
modern-day artists. Made popular by
prominent art figures such as Andy
Warhol with actual videotape, today’s
artists are no longer restricted to the
tape medium, and with modern digital
tools, they can create fascinating
visual stories that impart graphic ideas,
concepts, and reflections of the
modern world through a modern
medium.