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Thermodynamics of a modified Schwarzschild white hole in the presence of a

cosmological constant

Article  in  International Journal of Modern Physics A · May 2022

DOI: 10.1142/S0217751X22500397

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 Thermodynamics of a modified Schwarzschild white hole in the presence of a
cosmological constant

Amos S. Kubeka * and Alireza Amani **

*Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003,
South Africa
**Department of Physics, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract
We modify the usual Schwarzschild white hole in the presence of the cosmological
constant. We then study it’s; P-V criticality, heat capacity, derive its equation of state,
and then its stability conditions. In the process, we find that the thermal properties
of the modified Schwarzschild white hole are not that of the usual Schwarzschild white
hole as firstly stated in the literature by Stephen Hawking and then confirm by others,
but in fact they are analogous to the thermal properties of the universe.

Keywords: Cosmological constant; Modified white hole; P-V critical behavior; Equation
of state.

1 Introduction
Understanding the physics of the origin of our universe is of paramount importance for the
formulation of a single Grand Unified Force, that include four fundamental forces; Strong
nuclear, Weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force [1]. The
strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces have been unified and only gravity have not been
unified with the three forces.
There are major mathematical challenges that are encountered when trying to unifying
gravity with the other three fundamental forces and hence the approach taken is to quantize
space time gravity first on its own and there are several contending quantum theories of
gravity and the most proponent one being loop quantum gravity in the vicinity of strong
gravity like black hole singularities. The physics and the thermodynamics and black holes
have been studies quite extensively for example the Schwarzschild black hole singularity
[2, 3]. Penrose-Hawking [4, 5] and Bekensteing [6, 7] made major contributions to black hole
singularity theorems and black hole thermodynamics respectively. Hawking also indicated
that the singularity theorems also applied to the whole universe and that if we go back in
time we will encounter what a is terms big bang singularity or a white hole singularity. A
white hole being a time reversal of a black hole and Hawking et. al. [8] stated that they
must violate the second law of thermodynamics. Hawking also made original contributions
to the nature of the black hole quantum radiation [9, 10] and showed that black holes do
indeed radiate energy and thus do cool.
Furthermore, GUI [3] studied the thermodynamics of white holes and pointed out that
there is fundamental problem with the view that white holes must violate the second law of

1
thermodynamics as stated by Hawking et. al. [8] in relation to issue of time of burst of the
lagging-cores. He suggested that if the second law of thermodynamics is allowed for white
holes, then this could help in explaining to resolve this issues by providing some constraints
on the burst.
In our article, we modify the usual Schwazrschild white hole and we then study its
fundamental thermodynamic properties and we analyse its thermodynamic stability. We
the found that the second law of thermodynamics is actually the intrinsic property of the
modified white hole without any assumptions to be made as in [3]. Furthermore, we observe
that by coupling the modified white hole with Van der Waal fluid and the cosmological
constant or immersing the white hole in a cosmological constant energy, we are able to
observe all the thermodynamic properties we know of the universe; i.e. from the vacuum
energy state or the Minkowskian space to the de Sitter inflationary state and to the know
Friedmann–Lemaı̂tre–Robertson–Walker (RLRW) universe till today. All these properties
are intrinsic to the modified white hole and there is no need to nake any suggestions to the
filed equations as it is the case in [3].
Our results are in reference to the works of: Huai-Fan et al. [11] who studied and de-
rived the effective temperature, heat capacity and Gibbs free energy of the Schwarzschild–de
Sitter (SdS) black hole using the first laws and found that the space time is always thermo-
dynamically stable. Pollock et. al. [12] who studied the thermodynamics of the de Sitter
and quasi-de Sitter space time, and have found that the total entropy of de Sitter space
time vanishes identically, also that the positive entropy located beyond the event horizon
is cancelled by the negative ‘vacuum’ entropy inside the event horizon. Davies [13] who
also studied the SdS space time but found that the entropy always increase, and have also
applied the second law of thermodynamics to investigate the evaporation of a black hole
in the de Sitter space. Lastly, Debnath [14] who studied the studied the thermodynamic
phenomena of FRW Universe in Einstein’s gravity, observe that the FRW Universe does cool
nature, and have also derived the surface area, entropy, volume, temperature, Gibb’s free
energy, Helmholtz’s free energy and specific heat capacity of the FRW Universe and that it
is thermodynamically a heat engine.
The structure of our paper is as follows: In Sec. 2, we modify the usual Schwarzschild
white hole and we couple it to the Van der Waal fluid. In Sec. 3, we study the P-V criticality
of the modified white hole, and then in Sec. 4, we study derive the heat capacity of the white
hole. Then lastly in Sec. 5, we study the stability of the geometry on the modified white
hole and we conclude the paper in Sec. 6.

2 The Modified White Hole

We consider the Schwarzschild white hole with mass M in the presence of a cosmological
constant Λ. The cosmological constant generates a pressure
Λ
P =− . (1)
8πGN

2
The metric of the four dimensional space-time of the modified white hole is

ds2 = fw (r)dt2 + fw (r)−1 dr2 + r2 gΩ , (2)

where
2M Λ
fw (r) = −f (r) = −1 + + r2 − h(r, p), (3)
r 3
where  
2M Λ
f (r) = 1 − − r2 + h(r, p), (4)
r 3
and the solid angle area element

gΩ = dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 , (5)

and the anstaz function h(r, p) is the modification function to the white hole space-time
and must be obtained explicitly. To do that, we start with the Hawking temperature of the
modified white hole which is determined to be
0
f (r) 4 1 M 1 0
T = w = − Pr − 2
− h (r, p), (6)
4π 3 2π r 4π
where the prime index indicates the derivative with respect to radial distance. From the
Van der Waals temperature relation
 a a ab
T = P + 2 (v − b) = P v − P b + − 2 , (7)
v v v
Putting v = 2r+ where r+ is the even horizon of the white hole where nothing can go in but
go out, and v the specific volume of the white hole, we then have
a ab
T = 2r+ P − P b + − . (8)
2r+ 4r+
From Eqs. (6) and (8), and the following expressions for the function h(r,P)

h(r+ , P ) = A(r+ ) − P B(r+ ), (9)

0 0 0
h (r+ , P ) = A (r+ ) − P B (r+ ), (10)

we are able to obtain the expressions for the functions A(r+ ) and B(r+ ) as
1 1
A(r+ ) = 2M − 2πa ln(r+ ) − abπ , (11)
r+ r+
20π 2
B(r+ ) = r − 4πbr+ , (12)
3 +
such that the modification function is given by
 
1 1 5 2 1
h(r+ , P ) = 2M − 2πa ln(r+ ) − abπ + Λ r − br+ . (13)
r+ r+ 6 + 2

3
 Figure 1: Gravitational Potential of a Modified Schwarzschild White Hole

Therefore the modified Schwarzschild white hole is explicitly given by

 
Λ 2 1 5 2 1
fw (r) = −1 + r+ + 2πa ln(r+ ) + abπ − Λ r − br+ . (14)
3 r+ 6 + 2
From figure 1 we observe that the gravitational potential increases linearly inside the
white hole until at the horizon at r = 2M where the gravitational potential is 0. From
the horizon, the gravitational potential increases rapidly until at r = 5M (roughly) when it
is 1.1, and there the it increases linearly constant. But interesting feature from the graph
is that gravitational potential inside the horizon in negative and that explains why matter
cannot go inside a white hole passed the horizon. Matter seems to be actually repelled from
the inside out of the white Hole.

3 P-V criticality
From Eq. (14), the Hawking temperature at the horizon r+ is then given by
a ab
T = 2P r+ + − 2 − P b, (15)
2r+ 4r+
and taking 2r+ = v the pressure is given by
 
1 a ab
P = T− + 2 . (16)
(v − b) v v
From the thermal critical inflection point equations
∂P ∂ 2P
= 0, and = 0, (17)
∂V ∂V 2
4
we found the critical points Tc , Pc , and Vc to be
8a a
Tc = , Vc = 3b, and Pc = , (18)
27b 27b2
with
Pc Vc 3
= (19)
Tc 8
From Eq. (18) we observe that the interior of the modified Schwarzschild white hole has
a Van der Waals like phase transition because of the universal 3/8, and that these phase
transition has the extensive property that does not depend on the mass of the white hole
(M ), and the volume (V ) or the size (r) of the white hole.

4 Heat Capacity
From the above section that the modified whole hole has Van der Waals like phase transition,
then we can take the cosmological constant in From Eq. (14), to be the energy (enthalpy)
of the de Sitter space inside the white hole just before vacuum energy is converted to total
matter radiation and light (M). The de Sitter vacuum space its self also acts as a negative
pressure
2
Λ= 2 [r+ − 2πar+ ln(r+ ) − abπ] . (20)
r+ (b − r+ )
The white hole entropy at the event horizon r+ is given by
2
S = πr+ , (21)

and the enthalpy by

"  1/2 #
2 S  π 1/2
H(S) = 
S

 1 − 2πa ln π
S 1/2
− abπ
S
. (22)
−π + b π

Then it follows that the thermodynamic volume is give by

 
  −5ab π
1/2 + 2ab2 π
+ 2a − b + ab π
1/2 − 2a ln S


+ 2
∂H S S (πS)1/2 S π π
V = =   . (23)
∂S b S

1/2
−S
π π

Fig. 2 is the graph of the thermodynamic volume V in Eq. (23) vs the entropy S.
From Fig. 2, we observe that the thermodynamic volume as intuitively expected, it
increases linearly with the entropy S till at the event horizon when S = 2.03 with the
corresponding value of thermodynamic volume V = −1.91. From the event horizon with
increasing S, V then asymptotically approaches 0 as expected because the vacuum energy
(enthalpy) of the white hole is loosing strength while then the cosmological constant ruling

5
 Figure 2: Thermodynamic volume of a Modified Schwarzschild White Hole

in this regime outside the white hole. This physical behavior of the thermodynamic volume
in Fig. 2 validates the correctness of Eq. (23).
Then the heat capacity or the full thermal capacities at constant pressure

1/2 
P 2 Sπ − b + a2 ( Sπ )1/2 − ab π


4 S
Cp =     . (24)
1 1 a π 1/2 ab π


P (πS)1/2 − S 4 S − 4S

Fig. 3 we plot the graph of Cp vs S.

Figure 3: Heat Capacities of a Modified Schwarzschild White Hole

We have taken a = 0.2, b = 0.3, M = 1, P = −0.0055. The value of is the cosmological

constant calculated by [15]. The values of a, and b do not necessarily change the shape of

6
the graph, but the value of P and M does. The values for S have been taken from 1 to
100. At the event horizon, S = (π)r2 = 12.566, where r = 2M . From the graph 3 we
also note interesting fact that is similar to the behavior of S of big bang naked singularity
up to S = 14. Juts outside the event horizon. That is, as S increase, Cp decreases, which
means that the white hole loses energy as it radiates it into space, and also its temperature is
decreasing and thus it is cooling. But in Fig. 4, we observe that as S increases further then
the CP also increase linearly with respect to S up to the current value of S approximately
3.1×103 .

Figure 4: Heat Capacities of a Modified Schwarzschild White Hole

We observe from Fig. 4 is in contrast with the assertion of Hawking [16] regarding
Schwarzschild white hole thermodynamics. He noted that CP being negative definite imply
that the Schwarzschild white hole will also get hotter as it radiate energy [2] into space
analogous to the thermodynamic behavior of the Schwarzschild black hole because they are
indistinguishable thermodynamic systems in thermal equilibrium. This is because, systems
in thermodynamic equilibrium do not have the array of time [16].
This clearly this is not the case, with the modified Schwarzschild white hole in case. We
observe from the figure, 4 that Cp is an extensive thermodynamic property and it scales
with the size of the modified white hole and therefore its entropy. This thermodynamic
phenomenon is observed in figures 3 and 4 is also thermodynamic characteristic of our
universe, because it had a lower S (1088 kB ) at the big bang and it increased quadrillion
times to 10103 kB today as the universe cools to about 3K, meaning, its Cp values today is
also large relative to value of S.

5 Equation of State, Stability and Equilibrium

By expressing the temperature T in Eq. (15) in terms of the thermodynamic volume V in
Eq. (23) and the pressure P and also using white hole total mass M in Eq. (20), we get the

7
modified white hole equation of state to be given by
    
1 1 V a ln(r) ab
T (V, P ) = − 1 − 1− −
4π 2πr2 2πr2 − r2 + br 2 4r
2
  
2πr r b a ab
+ V − 1 (r − + ) P + − . (25)
1 − 4π 2π 4π 8πr 16πr
Now, we are going to explore the thermodynamic stability of white hole. For this pur-
pose, we describe the corresponding stability by the equation of state in terms of three state
parameters P , V , and T . This
 means that when a thermodynamic system is stable equilib-
∂P 
rium it has the condition ∂V T
≤ 0 and CP ≥ 0. By taking derivative in the Eqs. (16) and
2
(23) with respect to the entropy S, and then by inserting S = πr+ into it, we obtain
= ∂P/∂S

∂P 


∂V T ∂V /∂S T
2(−r+b)2 π (T r3 − 41 a b2 +abr−a r2 )r
= 2
(−2r+b) (2aπr(2b2 −5br+4r2 ) ln(r)+4(−2aπ−1)r3 +b(23aπ+5)r2 −2(10aπ+1)b2 r+6aπ b3 )
. (26)
Therefore, we find the thermodynamic stability by the condition below


b2 − 4br+ + 4r+ 2
a
T < 3
. (27)
4r+
from Eq. (15), we obtain the corresponding conditions for P in the following form
P < a(r4r+3−b) ,
(
r+ > 2b ,
+
a(r+ −b) (28)
P > 3
4r+
, r+ < 2b .
Exploring another thermodynamic stability condition, i.e., CP ≥ 0, we acquire the cor-
responding stability as
−a b −a
r+ > 2b ,
 
 P < 4r+2 , r+ < 2
,  P < 4r 2 ,
  +
 P > −a2 , r+ > 2b ,  P > −a2 , r+ < 2b ,

 

4r+ 4r+
or (29)
 P < −a(b−r
4r 3
+)
, r+ < 0,  P > −a(b−r
4r 3
+)
, r+ < 0,

 + 
 +

P > −a(b−r +)  P < −a(b−r+ ) ,

 

4r 3 , r + > 0, 4r3
r+ > 0,
+ +

where the aforesaid conditions are for case P 6= 0. But we can clearly see that CP always
negative for case P = 0.

6 Conclusion
In this paper, we studied on the Schwarzschild white hole in the presence of the cosmological
constant. Then, we modified the corresponding metric of the Schwarzschild white hole by
using the equivalence between the Hawking temperature and the Van der Waals temperature
relation. After that, we calculated the modified thermodynamic parameters such as P-V
criticality, heat capacity, and the equation of state for the modified Schwarzschild white hole
and also plotted the corresponding graphs in terms of entropy. Finally, we investigated the
stability and equilibrium conditions for the system.

8
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