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    Analysis Epi Sheet2

    Uploaded by

    Tom Bombarde
    This document contains problems related to continuous and differentiable functions. It covers topics like: - Representing real numbers using g-ary expansions and showing every real number can be written as the limit of rationals or irrationals. - Proving every open interval contains both rational and irrational numbers. - Showing a function that is 1 for rationals and 0 for irrationals is discontinuous everywhere. - Proving every open covering of a compact interval has a finite subcover. - Showing derivatives of functions like xn|x| and e-1/x2 are differentiable and analyzing them at points like x=0.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Analysis Epi Sheet2

    Uploaded by

    Tom Bombarde
    10 views2 pages
    This document contains problems related to continuous and differentiable functions. It covers topics like: - Representing real numbers using g-ary expansions and showing every real number can be written as the limit of rationals or irrationals. - Proving every open interval contains both rational and irrational numbers. - Showing a function that is 1 for rationals and 0 for irrationals is discontinuous everywhere. - Proving every open covering of a compact interval has a finite subcover. - Showing derivatives of functions like xn|x| and e-1/x2 are differentiable and analyzing them at points like x=0.

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    analysis-epi-sheet2

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    This document contains problems related to continuous and differentiable functions. It covers topics like: - Representing real numbers using g-ary expansions and showing every real number can be written as the limit of rationals or irrationals. - Proving every open interval contains both rational and irrational numbers. - Showing a function that is 1 for rationals and 0 for irrationals is discontinuous everywhere. - Proving every open covering of a compact interval has a finite subcover. - Showing derivatives of functions like xn|x| and e-1/x2 are differentiable and analyzing them at points like x=0.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views2 pages

    Analysis Epi Sheet2

    Uploaded by

    Tom Bombarde
    This document contains problems related to continuous and differentiable functions. It covers topics like: - Representing real numbers using g-ary expansions and showing every real number can be written as the limit of rationals or irrationals. - Proving every open interval contains both rational and irrational numbers. - Showing a function that is 1 for rationals and 0 for irrationals is discontinuous everywhere. - Proving every open covering of a compact interval has a finite subcover. - Showing derivatives of functions like xn|x| and e-1/x2 are differentiable and analyzing them at points like x=0.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Analysis 1 Problems (Epiphany 2021)

    Sheet 2: Continuous/Differentiable Functions

    1. Derive from the axioms that given x ∈ R the number [x], the greatest integer
    smaller or equal to x exists and 0 ≤ x−[x] < 1. (For simplicity assume x > 0).

    2. The g-ary expansion of a real number


    Let g ≥ 2 be any positive integer. Let x = x0 ∈ [0, 1) (for simplicity) be a real
    number.

    (i) Set a1 := [gx0 ] and 0 ≤ x1 := gx0 − a1 < 1. Show a1 ∈ {0, . . . , g − 1}.


    (ii) Define sequences (an ) in {0, . . . , g − 1} and (xn ) in [0, 1) recursively by
    an := [gxn−1 ] and 0 ≤ xn := gxn−1 − an < 1. Show that by induction
    N
    X
    N
    xN = g x − g N
    an g −n
    n=1
    P∞
    and hence 0 ≤ x − N −n
    < g −N . Conclude −n
    P
    n=1 an g n=1 an g = x.
    Explain what that means for g = 10.
    (iii) Conversely, that anyPsequence (an ) with values in {0, . . . , g − 1} defines
    a real number x = ∞ n=1 an g
    −n
    ∈ [0, 1].
    P∞How can you express x = 1?
    −n
    Conclude that the assignment (an ) 7→ n=1 an g is not quite injective
    by considering eg x = 1/g.
    (With a little more work one can show that numbers of the form m/g n
    with 1 ≤ m ≤ g − 1 are exactly the ones which admit two different
    representations).
    (iv) Extra: Show that x is rational if and only its g-ary expansion is either
    finite or becomes eventually periodic.
    (v) Extra: Think how this can be extended to all (positive) real numbers.

    3. (i) Use the previous question to show that every real number is the limit of
    a sequence of rational numbers.
    Also show that every rational number is the limit of a sequence of irra-
    tional numbers (consider for c irrational the sequence (c/n).)
    Conclude that for all x ∈ R any open interval U containing x contains
    rational and irrational numbers.
    (ii) Consider the function d : R → R given by d(x) = 1 if x ∈ Q and d(x) = 0
    otherwise. Show that d is discontinuous everywhere.

    1
    4. Consider the compact interval [a, b] and let [a, b] ⊂ ∪i∈I Ui be an arbitrary
    covering of [a, b] by open intervals Ui of R (more generally open sets). Here
    I is an any (typically) infinite set. Show that there exists a finite subcover of
    [a, b], that is [a, b] ⊂ Ui1 ∪ · · · ∪ Uin for some i1 , . . . , in .
    For this consider X = {d ∈ [a, b]; [a, d] is covered by a finite subset of the Ui }.
    Show that X 6= ∅ and let c = sup X. Then show that c = b. (Hint: assume
    d < b and consider the Uj containing c.)

    5. Show that the conclusion in the previous question is false in general for an
    open covering of an open interval (a, b).

    6. Let f : X → R be differentiable at x = c with f (c) 6= 0. Show that 1/f is


    defined in an open neighborhood of c and that 1/f is also differentiable at c
    and that
    f 0 (c)
    (1/f )0 (c) = − 2 .
    f (c)

    7. Let f (x) = xn |x|. Show f is differentiable on R with f 0 (x) = (n + 1)xn−1 |x|.


    Conclude that f is exactly n-times differentiable at x = 0.

    8. Let ( 2
    e−1/x if x 6= 0
    f (x) =
    0 if x = 0
    Show (by induction) that there exists for each n ∈ N a polynomial pn (x) such
    that for the n-th derivative we have
    2
    f (n) (x) = pn (1/x)e−1/x

    for x 6= 0. Conclude that f is infinitely often differentiable on all of R with


    f (n) (0) = 0 for all n.

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