TH Upsc Ias Edition HD 10 08 2023
TH Upsc Ias Edition HD 10 08 2023
TH Upsc Ias Edition HD 10 08 2023
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CITY EDITION
20 Pages ₹ 12.00
Vol.13 앫 No.189
Orbit reduction manoeuvre
of Chandrayaan3 performed
ISRO’s third moon mission is now just 1,437 km away from the moon; the next operation is
scheduled for August 14; soft landing on the south polar region of the moon will be on August 23
T Research Organisa
tion on Wednesday
carried out another orbit
Meanwhile, ISRO Chair
man S. Somanath met Dr.
Saku Tsuneka, Director
reduction manoeuvre of General, National Astro
India’s third moon mis nomical Observatory of Ja
sion, Chandrayaan3. pan, and discussed space
The manoeuvre was science cooperation bet
performed from ISRO Te ween India and Japan.
lemetry, Tracking and The IndoJapanese Lu
Command Network (IS A view of the moon from the Chandrayaan3 lander, India’s third nar Polar Exploration mis
TRAC) centre in Bengalu mission to the only natural satellite of earth. REUTERS sion was envisaged to ex
ru. The spacecraft is now plore the ‘dark side of the
just 1,437 km from the between 11.30 and 12.30 planned to gradually re moon’, or in scientific
moon. hrs. IST.” The fifth and final duce Chandrayaan3’s or terms, the side that is per
The ISRO stated: “Even orbit reduction ma bit and position it over the petually facing away from
closer to the moon’s sur noeuvre will be carried out lunar poles. After some Earth. The main objective
face. Chandrayaan3’s or on August 16. manoeuvres, the propul of the mission is to confirm
bit is reduced to 174 km x After the lunar orbit in sion module will separate the presence of water in
1437 km following a ma sertion on August 5, ISRO from the lander while in the polar regions of the
noeuvre performed today. stated: “As the mission orbit. Following that, a se moon. The mission may be
The next operation is sche progresses, a series of ma ries of complex braking launched in the next cou
duled for August 14, 2023, noeuvres have been manoeuvres will be execut ple of years.
Change State’s name to Keralam,
Assembly resolution urges Centre
The Hindu Bureau Chief Minister Pinarayi Constitution also specifies the name of our State is
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM Vijayan presented the con the name of the State as listed as Kerala in the First
tents of resolution in the Kerala. Schedule of the Constitu
The Kerala Assembly on House under Rule 118 of “The name of our State tion. This Assembly unani
Wednesday unanimously the Rules of Procedure and is Keralam in Malayalam mously requests the Union
passed a resolution urging Conduct of Business in the language. States were government to take imme
the Centre to officially Kerala Legislative formed based on language diate steps to amend it to
change the name of the Assembly. on November 1, 1956. Kera Keralam under Article 3 of
State from Kerala to While Keralam is the ac la Day is also on November the Constitution,” says the
Keralam. cepted and common usage 1. The need to unite Kerala resolution.
The Assembly sought an in Malayalam, the State is for the Malayalamspeak Article 3 deals with the
amendment to the Consti generally referred to as ing communities has been formation of new States
tution, which too refers the Kerala in official records, strongly evident since the and alteration of areas,
State as Kerala, in this especially those in English. time of the national free boundaries or names of ex
regard. The First Schedule of the dom struggle. However, isting States.
Number of elephants in Karnataka goes
up by 364 from last count, touches 6,395
The Hindu Bureau with neighbouring Kerala, Ta
BENGALURU mil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, and Goa.
The number of elephants in The number of elephants in
Karnataka has increased by Karnataka that had risen from
346, from an estimated 6,049 5,740 in 2010 to 6,072 in 2012
in 2017 to 6,395 now, which is had decreased to 6,049 in
the highest in the country, ac 2017. However, this time the
cording to an interim report number of pachyderms has in
on Asian Elephant Population creased by 346. With this, the
and Demography Estimates, elephant numbers have in
2023. Their population range creased by 655 in the State
is estimated to be between since 2010.
5,914 and 6,877. Karnataka has prepared the report The census, which was ta
The report was released by after conducting a synchronised ken up in 23 forest divisions,
Karnataka Minister for Forests elephant census in collaboration with shows that the State has an av
Eshwar Khandre here on Wed the neighbouring States. erage elephant density of 0.34
nesday, ahead of the World per sq. km. Bandipur Tiger Re
Elephant Day being observed Synchronised census serve with 1,116 elephants ac
on August 12 to create aware The report has been prepared counted for the highest densi
ness about the importance of after a synchronised elephant ty of 0.96 per sq. km followed
preserving and protecting census was conducted from by Nagarahole Tiger Reserve
these animals that are classi May 17 to 19 by the Forest De that has 831 elephants with a
fied as endangered species. partment in collaboration density of 0.93.
THE HINDU
6 Thursday, August 10, 2023
Editorial Delhi
That ’70s show
Proposed licensing for computing
devices’ imports dents India’s credibility
M
arking a sudden and sharp shift in In
dia’s foreign trade policy, the Com
merce and Industry Ministry on August
3 notified restrictions on imports of laptops, per
sonal computers (PCs), tablets and servers, mak
ing it compulsory for importers to secure a li
cence. The curbs were to kick in with immediate
effect, rattling the entire supply chain (including
shipments in transit) and igniting fears of shortag
es and price surges, especially ahead of the fes
tive season. The government sought to suggest
this was primarily driven by security concerns —
imported devices could be used for surveillance,
just as mobile phones could have spyware. It was
also a rather blunt nudge for IT hardware produc
ers to set up manufacturing bases in India by tap
ping a productionlinked incentive scheme which
has found few takers. But complex PC compo
nent value chains cannot crop up overnight, and
concerns also flared up about how this may hit
India’s software and ITenabled services export
prowess. Sensing a backlash, the government
went into damage control, deferring the curbs till
November 1 and promising expeditious approvals
to licence requests, while Ministers asserted this
was not a return to the “Licence Raj” era.
Even if import licences will be issued in mi
nutes, as indicated, the entire spectacle is a hark
back to the early days of India’s IT industry that
was gradually freed up through the 1970s and
1980s, and industry players are likely to remain
on edge till the licensing criteria become clear.
Would importers need to justify imports of cut
tingedge devices, or a software firm need to sub
mit proof of new hires or fresh export orders to
secure licences? If PC and tablet imports, which
fell almost 28% in 202223 to $5.3 billion, are
causing security fears because many come from
China, the government can mandate testing
norms to verify shipments. If the intent is to spur
investments, it is difficult to bully global majors
into committing large outlays at virtual gunpoint
when they have other “easier to do business” al
ternatives around the world. Any increase in
costs or limitations on device options would also
imply collateral damage for India’s consumers.
For many households and small enterprises, this
is not just about crossing the digital divide but al
so access to government services increasingly go
ing online in a Digital India. Taken together with
some recent policy ploys — such as the 28% GST
on gaming bets, the freeze in prices of ‘deregulat
ed’ petroleum products — this development
makes for an ominous flashback for investors.
Unpredictable policies, excessive taxation and a
return to maximum government, can derail In
dia’s reform story.
Chasing consensus
The international community can push
Russia and Ukraine towards talks
T
he Jeddah conference on the Ukraine
war, in which 42 nations participated,
was one of the most serious efforts by the
world in finding a way to end the conflict. This
was not a typical peace conference. Russia was
not invited, and the main goal of Ukraine and its
western partners was to build consensus among
major powers, especially in the Global South, on
working towards a fair and durable peace. After
the talks, diplomats said there was broad accep
tance about respecting the central pillars of inter
national law such as Ukraine’s sovereignty and
territorial integrity, and that there was agree
ment to meet again. China had stayed away from
the Copenhagen conference in June, which was a
precursor to the Jeddah talks. But with China’s
participation this time, along with India and
South Africa — all countries that maintain good
ties with Russia despite the war — global efforts
towards peace have gained much more serious
ness. China, in February, had issued a position
paper on the war calling for a “political settle
ment”, where it said the “sovereignty, indepen
dence and territorial integrity of all countries
must be effectively upheld”, while also backing
Russia’s security concerns. Western countries
had slammed China’s position, saying it could
never be a neutral backer. But today, concerned
parties appear to be more pragmatic and want
China and India to play a bigger, constructive role
in convincing Russia to take the path of talks.
Eighteen months after the war began, it is now
evident that it has no military solution. Russia has
made some advances since last year’s humiliating
retreat from Kherson and Kharkiv, but is still far
from meeting its objectives, and is struggling to
cope with the war’s effects — from political and
economic stability to security issues. Ukraine’s
muchawaited counteroffensive which started
with advanced western weapons and training,
has not achieved any major breakthrough. While
Ukraine has shown its capability to strike deep in
side Russia with drones, Moscow keeps bombing
Ukrainian cities and ports. But the stalemate
does not push either side towards talks. Accord
ing to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky
y’s peace plan, Russia has to withdraw from all
occupied territories for talks to begin. Moscow
demands recognition of the annexed Ukrainian
territories, including regions its military does not
control. Amid these maximalist positions, there
is hardly any room for direct talks. This is where
the international community could make a diffe
rence. It should work with Russia and Ukraine to
build an agenda for future talks. The coming to
gether of Ukraine’s western backers, neutral de
veloping powers and Russia’s close partners
could be the first step in building this consensus.
Delhi www.thehindu.com Thursday, August 10, 2023
● ●
Text&Context
NEWS IN NUMBERS
Increase in India’s toy GST levied on online
exports from FY19 to gaming, casinos and
FY23, says Minister horse race clubs
60 28
in percentage. Minister of in percentage. The Cabinet
State for Commerce and approved changes to the GST
Industry Som Parkash laws to levy new tax on the
informed Parliament that toy exports from full face value of bets. The amendments to
the country increased from $203.46 million the Central GST and Integrated GST acts,
in 201819 to $325.72 million in 202223 — which were approved by the GST Council,
a rise of 60%, while imports dipped 57% will be introduced in the monsoon session
from $371.69 million to $158.7 million. PTI of Parliament, ending on August 11. PTI
PHOTO CREDIT: IAEA
R. Srikanth 쑽
Conventional nuclear power
The story so far: plants often suffer from time
T
he world’s quest to and cost overruns. As an
decarbonise itself is guided, alternative, several countries
among other things, by the UN are developing small modular
Sustainable Development Goal reactors (SMRs) — nuclear
7: “to ensure access to affordable, reliable, reactors with a maximum
sustainable and modern energy for all”. capacity of 300 MW — to
Since the world still depends on fossil complement conventional
fuels for 82% of its energy supply, NPPs.
decarbonising the power sector is critical;
쑽
the share of electricity in final energy
consumption will also increase by Studies have found that SMRs
80%150% by 2050. The recent uptick in can be safely installed and
coal consumption in Europe, despite the operated at several brownfield
increase in solar and wind power, sites that may not meet the
suggests that reliable, 24/7 lowcarbon more stringent zoning
requirements for conventional
electricity resources are critical to ensure
NPPs.
the deep decarbonisation of power
generation, along with grid stability and 쑽
energy security. Small modular reactors —
Most landbased SMR designs
a type of nuclear reactor — can be helpful require lowenriched uranium,
to India in this regard. which can be supplied by all
countries that possess uranium
What are the challenges of mines and facilities for such
decarbonisation? existing infrastructure, thus sparing the India when reputed companies government will also have to enact a law enrichment if the recipient
The transition from coalfired power host country from having to acquire more manufacture SMRs. This at least was the to create an independent, empowered facility is operating according
generation to clean energy poses major land and/or displace people beyond the reason SMRs were included in the regulatory board with the expertise and to international standards.
challenges, and there is a widespread existing site boundary. U.S.India joint statement after Prime capacity to oversee every stage of the Since SMRs are mostly
consensus among policymakers in several Minister Narendra Modi met U.S. nuclear power generation cycle. manufactured in a factory and
countries that solar and wind energy What are the advantages of SMRs? President Joe Biden in June 2023. The security around SMRs must remain assembled on site, the
alone will not suffice to provide affordable SMRs are designed with a smaller core under government control, while the potential for time and cost
energy for everyone. In decarbonised damage frequency (the likelihood that an What is the need for an efficient Nuclear Power Corporation can operate overruns is also lower.
electricity systems with a significant share accident will damage the nuclear fuel) regulatory regime? privatelyowned SMRs during the
of renewable energy, the addition of at and source term (a measure of radioactive This said, an efficient regulatory regime handholding process.
least one firm powergenerating contamination) compared to conventional comparable to that in the civil aviation Finally, the Department of Atomic
technology can improve grid reliability NPPs. They also include enhanced seismic sector — which has more stringent safety Energy must improve the public
and reduce costs. isolation for more safety. SMR designs are requirements — is important if SMRs are perception of nuclear power in India by
According to the International Energy also simpler than those of conventional to play a meaningful role in decarbonising better disseminating comprehensive
Agency, the demand for critical minerals NPPs and include several passive safety the power sector. This can be achieved if environmental and public health data of
like lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth features, resulting in a lower potential for all countries that accept nuclear energy the civilian reactors, which are operating
elements, required for cleanenergy the uncontrolled release of radioactive direct their respective regulators to under international safeguards, in India.
production technologies, is likely to materials into the environment. The cooperate amongst themselves and with The author is professor and dean,
increase by up to 3.5 times by 2030. This amount of spent nuclear fuel stored in an the International Atomic Energy Agency National Institute of Advanced Studies,
jump poses several global challenges, SMR project will also be lower than that in to harmonise their regulatory Bengaluru.
including the large capital investments to a conventional NPP. requirements and expedite statutory PHOTO CREDIT: NUSCALE
develop new mines and processing Studies have found that SMRs can be approvals for SMRs based on standard,
facilities. The environmental and social safely installed and operated at several universal designs.
impacts of developing several new mines brownfield sites that may not meet the
and plants in China, Indonesia, Africa, more stringent zoning requirements for How can SMRs be integrated with the
and South America within a short time conventional NPPs. The powerplant national grid?
span, coupled with the fact that the top organisation can also undertake India’s Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
three mineralproducing and community work, as the Nuclear Power projects that the generation capacity of
mineralprocessing nations control Corporation did in Kudankulam, Tamil coalbased thermal power plants (TPPs) in
50100% of the current global extraction Nadu, before the first unit was built. India must be increased to 259,000 MW
and processing capacities, pose Accelerating the deployment of SMRs by 2032 from the current 212,000 MW,
geopolitical and other risks. under international safeguards, by while enhancing the generation capacity
implementing a coaltonuclear transition of VRE sources to 486,000 MW from
What are the issues with nuclear at existing thermal powerplant sites, will 130,000 MW. Integrating this power from
power? take India closer to netzero and improve VRE sources with the national grid will
Nuclear power plants (NPPs) generate energy security because uranium require additional energy storage — to the
10% of the world’s electricity and help it resources are not as concentrated as tune of 47,000 MW/236 GWh with
avoid 180 billion cubic metres of natural reserves of critical minerals. batteries and 27,000 MW from
gas demand and 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 Most landbased SMR designs require hydroelectric facilities.
emissions every year. Any less nuclear lowenriched uranium, which can be The CEA also projects that TPPs will
power could make the world’s journey supplied by all countries that possess provide more than half of the electricity
towards netzero more challenging and uranium mines and facilities for such generated in India by 20312032 while
more expensive. enrichment if the recipient facility is VRE sources and NPPs will contribute
NPPs are efficient users of land and operating according to international 35% and 4.4%, respectively. Since India
their grid integration costs are lower than standards. Since SMRs are mostly has committed to become netzero by
those associated with variable renewable manufactured in a factory and assembled 2070, the country’s nuclear power output
energy (VRE) sources because NPPs on site, the potential for time and cost needs a quantum jump. Since the large
generate power 24x7 in all kinds of overruns is also lower. Further, serial investments required for NPP expansion
weather. Nuclear power also provides manufacture of SMRs can reduce costs by can’t come from the government alone,
valuable cobenefits like highskill jobs in simplifying plant design to facilitate more attracting investments from the private
technology, manufacturing, and efficient regulatory approvals and sector (in PPP mode) is important to
operations. experiential learning with serial decarbonise India’s energy sector.
This said, conventional NPPs have manufacturing.
generally suffered from time and cost Since SMRs are designed to operate for What are the legal and regulatory
overruns. As an alternative, several more than 40 years, the levelised cost of changes required?
countries are developing small modular electricity is $6090 per MWh. The figure The Atomic Energy Act will need to be
reactors (SMRs) — nuclear reactors with a is expected to drop rapidly after 2035, by amended to allow the private sector to set
maximum capacity of 300 MW — to when the SMRs ordered by a number of up SMRs. To ensure safety, security, and
complement conventional NPPs. SMRs eastEuropean countries from NuScale safeguards, control of nuclear fuel and
can be installed in decommissioned and GE Hitachi are expected to come radioactive waste must continue to lie
thermal power plant sites by repurposing online. The costs will decline steepest for with the Government of India. The
THE HINDU
10 Thursday, August 10, 2023
News Delhi
Ananth Krishnan and Japan — has not gone since tensions along the finding the right appoint The Foreign Ministry in
empty for such a long pe Line of Actual Control ment, given the added sig Beijing has recently been
hina has made no riod in recent memory. (LAC) following China’s nificance of essentially ap cast in turmoil after the
J&K Constitution limited executive
powers of Union of India, says SC
Krishnadas Rajagopal Was it Mr. Subramanium said
NEW DELHI necessary to “the Constitution of India
amend Indian and the Constitution of J&K
The Supreme Court on Constitution to spoke to each other”.
Wednesday asked why the recognise some other Their existence comple
Union of India, the Legisla Constitution? Was it mented each other.
tive Assembly of Jammu necessary to impose He argued that Article
and Kashmir or the politi 370 required a valid, elect
fetters on the power of
cal establishment in the ed State government in the
the Parliament?
rest of the country had State at the time of its abro
never bothered to bring D.Y. CHANDRACHUD gation. “Article 370 is fed
Chief Justice of India
the Constitution of Jammu eral in nature. It requires
and Kashmir “expressly” an elected State govern
within the fold of the Con ing the Indian Constitution August 2019, had rendered ment on one side and the
stitution of India. to bring the Jammu and infructuous the J&K Consti Union on the other side”.
The court said the Jam Kashmir Constitution ex tution and Article 35A, But the CJI said Parlia
mu and Kashmir Constitu pressly within the fold of which was introduced into ment and the President as
tion had, over the years, li the Indian Constitution,” the Indian Constitution sume the roles of the State
mited the executive Chief Justice of India D.Y. through the Constitution Assembly and the State go
powers of the Union of In Chandrachud, heading a (Application to Jammu and vernment, respectively, af
dia and restricted the legis Constitution Bench, ad Kashmir) Order, 1954. ter the proclamation of
lative reach of Parliament. dressed senior advocate “Was it at all necessary Emergency under Article
“Post 1957, neither the Gopal Subramanium, who to amend the Indian Con 356. The powers of these
government nor the Legis is appearing for a stitution in order to recog two institutions are not de
lative Assembly of Jammu petitioner. nise some other Constitu nuded. “Otherwise, what
and Kashmir nor for that The Bench is hearing a tion? Was it necessary to will happen if an Ordi
matter the political esta series of petitions challeng impose fetters on the pow nance has to be promulgat
blishment in the rest of the ing the dilution of Article er of the Parliament,” the ed in the State during an
country thought of amend 370. Presidential orders, in Chief Justice asked. emergency…” he asked.
Ro Khanna to raise human
rights issues during India
visit: U.S. civil rights groups
Suhasini Haidar man’s spokesperson told
NEW DELHI The Hindu adding that he
would engage on issues in
Discussions on human cluding “decarbonization,
rights will be on the agen digitalization, economic
da when a highpowered partnership, defense ties,
delegation of U.S. mem pluralism, and human
bers of Congress visits Del rights” during the “histori
hi next week, indicated a cal” trip that would “cele
group of Indiafocused civil brate the link between
rights groups that met with America and India’s Inde
U.S. congressman Ro pendence and continue to
Khanna, who is leading the deepen the partnership”.
delegation. The delegation’s visit
Mr. Khanna, who met comes two months after
with representatives of a Ro Khanna Mr. Modi’s state visit to the
“coalition of IndianAmeri U.S. and a month before
can organisations” includ legation will meet Mr. Mo U.S. President Biden will
ing Hindus for human di, External Affairs Minis visit India for the first time
rights, the IndianAmeri ter S. Jaishankar and other in his tenure, to attend the
can Muslim Council, and Ministers. G20 summit.
India Civil Watch Interna Mr. Khanna, who is seen According to the coali
tional in Washington, re as a leading “progressive tion of groups that met
portedly “expressed his Democrat”, is the first In him, Mr. Khanna listened
desire to protect minority dianAmerican to cochair to testimonies from a num
rights in India”. the U.S. Congressional ber of civil society activists,
This week, Mr. Khanna Caucus on India and In many of whom had partici
announced that he would dian Americans, along pated in protests during
lead a bipartisan congres with Republican Congress Prime Minister Modi’s visit
sional delegation to India man Michael Waltz. to New York and Washing
that had been invited to at “For Ro [Khanna], it is ton in June, and particular
tend Prime Minister Naren also a personally meaning ly raised “concerns” over
dra Modi’s annual Inde ful time to visit because his democratic freedoms, the
pendence Day speech at grandfather spent his life treatment of minorities,
the Red Fort on August 15. fighting for [India’s Inde and caste discrimination in
During the visit, the de pendence]”, the Congress India.
THE HINDU
Thursday, August 10, 2023 11
Delhi
News
Rajya Sabha passes four Bills
as Opposition stages walkout
The Hindu Bureau The Opposition ed by IT Minister Ashwini
NEW DELHI walked out Vaishnaw. Amendments
demanding a moved by the Opposition
The Rajya Sabha on Wed discussion on members were not consi
nesday passed the Consti dered in their absence.
tution (Scheduled Castes)
Manipur violence The Upper House also
Order (Amendment) Bill, passed the Coastal Aqua
the Anusandhan National culture Authority (Amend
Research Foundation Bill, fits of government ment) Bill, moved by Par
the Digital Personal Data schemes and benefits shottam Rupala, Minister
Protection Bill, and the meant for Scheduled of Fisheries, Animal Hus
Coastal Aquaculture Auth Castes in the State to bandry and Dairying.
ority (Amendment) Bill. around two lakh more peo The Bill, according to
The four Bills were dis ple,” Minister for Social Jus the Centre, provides for
cussed and passed after tice and Empowerment Vi broadbasing “coastal aqua
the Opposition walked out rendra Kumar said. culture” to comprehen
demanding a discussion on The Anusandhan Na sively cover all activities of
Manipur violence. tional Research Founda coastal aquaculture under
The Constitution (Sche tion Bill, which was passed the purview of the law and
duled Castes) Order by the Lok Sabha on Mon to remove the ambiguity
(Amendment) Bill, which day, was passed in the Up existing in the principal
was first taken up, was to per House in 40 minutes. Act between the farm and
add two synonyms for the Science and Technology other verticals of coastal
Mahar community in Minister Jitendra Singh aquaculture.
Chhattisgarh to the State’s said the Bill was historic “This is likely to ensure
list of Scheduled Castes. and the Centre was ready that no coastal aquaculture
The Bill adds “Mahara” for constructive inputs activity is left out of the
and “Mahra” as synonyms from the Opposition too on ambit of the Act and oper
of the Mahar community. the Bill. ate in an environmentally
“The proposed legislation The Digital Personal Da hazardous manner,” the
will help expand the bene ta Protection Bill was pilot Ministry said.
THE HINDU
12 Thursday, August 10, 2023
News Delhi
Rajya Sabha
passes Digital To curb price rise, Centre
Personal Data
Protection Bill to release more foodgrain
The Hindu Bureau
NEW DELHI stock by open market sale
The Digital Personal Data
Protection Bill, 2023, was Govt. hopes the measure will ensure adequate domestic availability of rice, wheat and atta; it
passed by the Rajya Sabha plans to bring down reserve price of rice by ₹200 a quintal, which will now be ₹2,900 a quintal
on Wednesday, after most
Opposition MPs staged a
walkout. The Bill was sup The Hindu Bureau to keep the food inflation
ported by MPs from the NEW DELHI under check,” he said.
NDA, the Biju Janata Dal FCI Chairman and Ma
and the YSR Congress oncerned over the naging Director Ashok K.
Party.
The Bill sets out norms
for data processing digital
C increase in prices of
foodgrains,
Centre on Wednesday de
the
Meena, who was present at
the press conference along
with Union Consumer Af
ly for firms, creates an ad cided to additionally sell fairs Secretary Rohit Ku
judicatory mechanism for 50 lakh tonnes of wheat mar Singh, said seven e
resolving disputes, and and 25 lt of rice through auctions had been con
provides for the creation of the Open Market Sales ducted so far.
a Data Protection Board of Scheme for Food Corpora “Initially, wheat offered
India. Minister of Electron tion of India stocks. for sale used to be 4 lakh
ics and Information Tech The government hoped tonnes and now, it has
nology Ashwini Vaishnaw that the sale would ensure In check: The Centre says that 78 lakh tonne of wheat has been been reduced to 1 lakh
said that these provisions adequate domestic availa auctioned under the Open Market Sales Scheme. FILE PHOTO tonne in today’s eauction.
would be put into motion bility of rice, wheat and at- About 8 lakh tonnes of
over the coming six to 10 ta and check their prices. market in the past one year the rising trend that we are wheat has been sold till
months, though it may Union Food Secretary and in the case of rice, the noticing,” he said. The new date,” he said. He added
happen faster than that. Sanjeev Chopra told press increase is 10.63% and limit is over and above the that the weighted average
“The Bill, instead of pro persons that the Centre 11.12%, respectively. The 15 lt of wheat and 5 lt of selling price of wheat on
tecting the right to privacy had also decided to bring Centre said that the step rice being sold through the June 28 was ₹2,136.36 a
of Indian citizens, prioritis down the reserve price of will help 140 crore people. OMSS. quintal, which had now
es putting into place a re rice by ₹200 a quintal — the About 78 lakh tonne of gone up to ₹2,254.71 a
gime that facilitates the effective price now would Wheat import duty wheat has been auctioned quintal.
processing of personal da be ₹2,900 a quintal. Asked about the possibility under the OMSS so far, “This shows there is an
ta by state and private ac The cost of this reduc to reduce the wheat im while rice sale is negligible, increase in the market de
tors,” the Internet Free tion would be adjusted port duty, Mr. Chopra said he said. He added that mand for wheat,” he ad
dom Foundation said in a from the price stabilisation the Centre would take a de these measures would not ded. On buffer stocks, he
statement. “We are disap fund of the Department of cision based on the re only improve the availabili said the FCI had additional
pointed with the version of Consumer Affairs. The quirements. “Prices of two ty in the market but also 87 lakh tonnes of wheat
the Bill that may ultimately price of wheat has gone up commodities have been in help cool down the prices and 217 lakh tonnes of rice
become India’s data pro by 6.77% in retail market the news for the past cou and control food inflation. available above buffer
tection legislation.” and 7.37% in wholesale ple of months because of “The ultimate objective is norms.
House panel tells govt. to
ensure fertilizer availability,
increase local production
The Hindu Bureau
NEW DELHI
China’s economy tips into deflation
The consumer price index dropped 0.3% yearonyear in July, China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) says; CPI declines
for the first time since February 2021; Producer price index (PPI) declines for a 10th consecutive month, shrinking 4.4%
Reuters tics (NBS) said on Wednes said Gary Ng, Asia Pacific
BEIJING day, compared with the senior economist at Natix
median estimate for a 0.4% is. “It also shows China’s
C
hina’s consumer decrease in a Reuters poll. slowerthanexpected eco
sector fell into de It was the first decline nomic rebound is not
flation and factory since February 2021. The strong enough to offset the
gate prices extended de producer price index (PPI) weaker global demand and
clines in July, as the world’s declined for a 10th consec lift commodity prices.”
secondlargest economy utive month, down 4.4%. The data followed trade
struggled to revive de figures showing exports
mand and pressure mount ‘Two-speed growth’ and imports fell in July.
ed for Beijing to release “For China, the divergence Beijing has set a con
more policy stimulus. Demand deficit: Pressure is mounting for Beijing to release more between manufacturing sumer inflation target of
Anxiety is rising that direct policy stimulus in the world’s secondlargest economy. AFP and services is increasingly about 3% this year, and
China is entering an era of apparent, meaning the authorities are downplay
much slower economic es and wages stagnate for a The consumer price in economy will grow at two ing concerns about defla
growth akin to the period generation, a stark con dex (CPI) dropped 0.3% speeds in the rest of 2023, tion. On a monthon
of Japan’s “lost decades”, trast to the rapid inflation yearonyear in July, the especially as the problem month basis, the CPI ac
which saw consumer pric seen elsewhere. National Bureau of Statis in real estate reemerges,” tually rose 0.2%.
THE HINDU
14 Thursday, August 10, 2023
World Delhi
Amazon nations to jointly fight deforestation
Agence FrancePresse change that experts warn Summit in Brazil Gustavo Petro meanwhile
BELÉM is being pushed to the vowed to stop the called for a massive
brink of collapse. biggest rainforest scheme to cancel develop
Eight South American The group’s members — ing countries’ debt in ex
from reaching ‘a
countries agreed on Tues Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, change for action to pro
day to launch an alliance to Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, point of no return’ tect the climate, linking the
fight deforestation in the Suriname and Venezuela — idea to the postWorld War
Amazon, vowing at a sum signed a joint declaration II “Marshall Plan”. Seeking
mit in Brazil to stop the in Belém, at the mouth of tries to adopt Brazil’s to pressure the gathered
world’s biggest rainforest the Amazon River, laying pledge to end illegal defor heads of state, hundreds of
from reaching “a point of out a nearly 10,000word estation by 2030 and Co environmentalists, acti
no return”. roadmap to promote sus lombia’s pledge to halt new vists and Indigenous de
The closely watched tainable development, end oil exploration. monstrators marched to
summit of the Amazon deforestation and fight the In his opening speech of the conference venue in
Cooperation Treaty Organ organised crime that fuels the twoday summit, Brazi Belém, urging bold action.
isation (ACTO) adopted it. lian President Luiz Inacio It is the first summit in
what host country Brazil But the summit stopped Lula da Silva emphasised 14 years for the eightna
called a “new and ambi short of environmentalists’ that the “severe worsening tion group, set up in 1995
tious shared agenda” to and Indigenous groups’ of the climate crisis” re by the South American
save the rainforest, a cru boldest demands, includ quired action “in unison”. countries that share the
cial buffer against climate ing for all member coun Colombian President Amazon basin.
THE HINDU
II Thursday, August 10, 2023
SCIENCE
Delhi
India takes first step to remove
animals from drugtesting
Every drug in the market goes through a long journey of tests designed to check whether it can treat the disease for which it was created and
whether it has any harmful effects. For a long time, the first step was to test the candidate molecule in at least two animal species. This could change.
Surat Parvatam
n amendment to the New
A Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules
(2023), recently passed by the
Government of India, aims at
stopping the use of animals in research,
especially in drug testing. The
Packets of Wegovy move along a conveyor at the
Novo Nordisk production site in Hillerod,
Denmark, June 12, 2023. BLOOMBERG
amendment authorises researchers to
instead use nonanimal and
humanrelevant methods, including
The obesity
technologies like 3D organoids,
organsonchip, and advanced
computational methods, to test the safety
drugs waiting
and efficacy of new drugs.
Current drugdevelopment pipeline
to hit the
Every drug in the market goes through a
long journey of tests, each designed to
check whether it can treat the disease for
market
which it was created and whether it has
any unintended harmful effects. For a Reuters
long time, the first step of this process has
been to test the candidate molecule in at Novo Nordisk said a large study had
least two animal species: a rodent (mouse shown its highly effective obesity drug
or rat) and a nonrodent, such as canines Wegovy also had a clear cardiovascular
and primates. benefit, boosting the Danish drugmaker’s
However, humans are more complex hopes of moving beyond Wegovy’s image
creatures, and biological processes and as a lifestyle drug.
their responses often vary from person to Novo, Eli Lilly and Pfizer are among the
person as well, based on factors such as dozens of drugmakers chasing an up to
age, sex, preexisting diseases, genetics, An amendment to the New Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules (2023), recently passed by the Indian government, aims at avoiding the use of animals in research, $100 billion market of obesity treatments,
diet, etc. – and a labbred animal species especially in drug testing. Representative photo.AP which could also include oral options in
reared in controlled conditions may not the future.
fully capture the human response to a can be built using patientspecific cells, that the chip does not interfere with
It’s a truly interdisciplinary The following is a list of companies
drug. they can also be used to personalise biological processes; fluid dynamics to endeavour and needs targeting the next big blockbuster
This ‘mismatch’ between the two drugtests. mimic blood flow inside the focused training and opportunity:
species is reflected in the famously high microchannels; electronics to integrate humanresource building, which is Novo Nordisk said a large study had
failurerate of the drug development Status of regulations worldwide biosensors that can measure pH, oxygen lacking in the country at present. We shown its highly effective obesity drug,
process. Despite increasing investment in How global regulatory frameworks are etc.in the chip; engineering to design the need to create one or more institutes
the pharmaceutical sector, most drugs designed will play an important role in chip; and pharmacology and toxicology to like the Wyss Institute in Boston, which Novo, Eli Lilly and Pfizer are
that cleared the animaltesting stage fail at determining whether researchers will interpret action of the drugs in the chips. among the dozens of drugmakers
the stage of human clinical trials, which adopt nonanimal methods to test the “It’s a truly interdisciplinary endeavour
is a dedicated centre that focuses on
innovations that emulate human chasing an up to $100 billion
come towards the end of the pipeline. effect and potential sideeffects of new and needs focused training and
biology. market of obesity treatments,
drug candidates. humanresource building, which is
Alternative testing modes In 2021, the European Union passed a lacking in the country at present,” Abhijit ABHIJIT MAJUMDER
which could also include oral
The limitations of the conventional testing resolution on an action plan to facilitate Majumder, an associate professor of Associate professor, IITBombay options in the future.
process, beginning with animals, have led transition towards technologies that don’t chemical engineering at IITBombay, said
an increasing number of researchers to use animals in research, regulatory at a June 10 meeting organised by the related to cell culture, material science Wegovy, also had a clear cardiovascular
focus on systems that do a better job of testing, and education. The U.S. passed Centre for Predictive Human Model and electronics, to develop an endtoend benefit
capturing the intricacies of human the FDA Modernization Act 2.0 in Systems and Humane Society ecosystem in India”. In June, the drugmaker reported
biology and predicting humans’ December 2022, allowing researchers to International India (the author is affiliated latestage trial data from a highdose oral
responses. use these systems to test the safety and with the latter). Validation question version of its drug, semaglutide, helping
In the last few decades, several efficacy of new drugs. “We need to create one or more To manage the complexity of recreating overweight or obese adults lose 15% of
technologies have been developed using In the same month, South Korea institutes like the Wyss Institute in Boston, human tissues and organs in the petri their body weight, in line with recent
human cells or stem cells. These include introduced a Bill called ‘Vitalization of which is a dedicated centre that focuses dish, researchers often minimise the results for other experimental pills.
millimetresized threedimensional Development, Dissemination, and Use of on innovations that emulate human number of components required to The company also has an older
cellular structures that mimic specific Alternatives to Animal Testing Methods’. biology,” he added. simulate the disease being investigated. product, Saxenda, approved in 2014, but
organs of the body, called “organoids” or In June 2023, Canada amended its The meeting hosted a discussion This means, for example, there can be no Wegovy is considered safer and more
“miniorgans”. Environmental Protection Act to replace, involving members of industry, academia, ‘standard’ or ‘universal’ liveronachip to effective.
Another popular technology is the reduce or refine the use of vertebrate government, and regulatory bodies, on study all liver diseases. Eli Lilly reported last year that
“organonachip”: they are animals in toxicity testing. the topic of implementing new One lab may create a system with only diabetes drug Mounjaro showed a 22.5%
AAbatterysized chips lined with human In March 2023, the Indian government humanbased technologies. liver cells, while another lab attempting to weight loss in people who were obese or
cells connected to microchannels, to embraced these systems in the To enable this crosstalk between study the immune system and liver may overweight but did not have diabetes.
mimic blood flow inside the body. These drugdevelopment pipeline by amending different disciplines, technology also incorporate immune cells in its Mounjaro is awaiting U.S. regulatory
systems capture several aspects of human the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules developers in academia and industry have liveronachip. So regulators sometimes approval for the treatment of obesity.
physiology, including tissuetissue 2019. proposed creating a ‘Centre for express concerns about variability in the It said a midstage trial of its
interactions and physical and chemical It did so after inviting comments from Excellence’ in India, akin to the Wyss data arising from differences in labtolab nextgeneration obesity drug candidate, a
signals inside the body. the people and in consultation with the Institute, to bring together scientists and protocols and expertise. onceweekly injection of retatrutide,
Researchers have also used additive Drug Technical Advisory Board, the others with a wide range of expertise to “It is important to bring out guidelines showed it led to a weight loss of up to
manufacturing techniques for more than statutory body that advises Central and build preclinical human models. on the minimal quality criterion and 24.2% after 48 weeks.
two decades. In 2003, researchers State governments on drugrelated Another important problem concerns standards for these systems,” Indumathi Pfizer said it was scrapping the
developed the first inkjet bioprinter by technical matters. the resources needed for research. Mariappan, whose lab at the L.V. Prasad development of its onceaday pill on
modifying a standard inkjet printer. “Most of the reagents, cellculture Eye Hospital, Hyderabad, has developed concerns about liver safety, but will
Several innovations in the last decade Science challenges related materials and instruments for cornea organoids, said. “Also, the current continue developing its other pill, the
now allow a 3D bioprinter to ‘print’ But is India ready to exploit this these technologies are currently imported guidelines on animal testing requirements twicedaily danuglipron.
biological tissues using human cells and technology? from the U.S., Europe, and Japan,” must be reevaluated and revised, The company expects to finalise plans
fluids as ‘bioink’. One problem is that developing an Prajakta Dandekar, an assistant professor considering newer developments in for a latestage program for danuglipron
Such technologies, researchers say, are organonachip system typically requires at the Institute of Chemical Technology, cellbased and geneediting based by the yearend and is also developing a
bringing us closer to recreating a human multidisciplinary knowledge. This means Mumbai, whose lab is developing a therapeutics.” daily version of that drug. In May,
tissue or organ system in the laboratory. expertise in cell biology to recreate the skinonachip model, said. “I think that (Surat Parvatam is senior danuglipron showed results in weight loss
These systems promise to reshape cellular behaviour in the lab; materials there exists a huge gap and hence strategist, Humane Society International similar to that of Novo’s semaglutide.
drugdesign and development. Since they science to find the right material to ensure opportunity in several diverse areas India.) Amgen’s experimental obesity drug,
AMG133, showed a mean weight loss of
14.5% after 12 weeks of treatment at the
highest monthly dose.
Altimmune said in March its drug,
pemvidutide, helped reduce weight by
Please send in your answers to more than 10% on average in a midstage
THE SCIENCE QUIZ [email protected] trial. However, patients also experienced
nausea and vomiting of mild and
moderate severity.
Having a closer look at conjunctivitis as cases rise Viking Therapeutics Inc’s drug,
VK2735, showed up to 6% reduction in
Zubeda Hamid mean weight in an earlystage study. The
American Academy of offspring depend on milk for company plans to test higher doses of the
X Ophthalmology, “you must _____ nutrition – Ans: Toxeus magnus drug over a longer treatment window in a
QUESTION 1 someone or something to become 3. Something the male body has midstage trial.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of infected.” Fill in the blank. sans any practical use – Ans: Zealand Pharma, of Denmark, and
the conjunctiva. Which of the X Nipples Boehringer Ingelheim’s experimental
following statements is true about QUESTION 4 4. Sole mammal subclass that has obesity treatment achieved up to 14.9%
what the conjunctiva is? a) A thin Which of these is not a symptom of mammary glands without teats – weight loss in a midstage trial on August
layer of tissue that covers the optic conjunctivitis? a) Redness and Ans: Prototheria 9.
nerve; b) A transparent membrane itchiness in one or both eyes; b) A 5. Event and year when the pink Opko Health has completed a
that lines the eyelid and eyeball; c) gritty feeling, discharge and a crust ribbons were first distributed – midstage trial of its obesity drug,
A lining on the passage of the tear that may form in the night; c) A red Ans: Komen New York City Race pegapamodutide, which it expects will
duct bump that forms on or inside your for the Cure, 1991 have fewer side effects.
X eyelid; d) Sensitivity to light. Visual: Philip Strax
QUESTION 2 X First contact: Dishanta Adhikari |
Name the two types of QUESTION 5 Prashant Kalbender | Pratibha
conjunctivitis that can spread from For how long is conjunctivitis Behera | Ritu Singh | Poulami
one person to another. contagious? Ghosh
X Answers to August 8 quiz:
QUESTION 3 1. First milk produced by mammary X
You can’t get conjunctivitis by glands after giving birth – Ans: Treatment for conjunctivitis depends on its cause. Name the form of
looking into the eyes of someone Colostrum (bonus: Kharvas) conjunctivitis shown in the image above – the most common – and the way to
who has it. According to the 2. Only arachnid species whose treat it. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT