Inception Report Group 24
Inception Report Group 24
Inception Report Group 24
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CE 376
GROUP MEMBERS
Name Index No
Signature
Contents
1.0 Background............................................................................................................................. 6
2.0 Objectives............................................................................................................................... 6
3.0 Progress of Work, and Work Schedule...................................................................................6
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Objectives............................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Scope of the Project................................................................................................................ 9
1.3.1 Site layout.............................................................................................................................. 9
1.3.2 Geotechnical Investigation for Road Pavement Design..................................................9
1.3.3 Pavement Design of Roads and Parking Facilities..........................................................9
1.3.4 Geometric Design of Road Network...............................................................................9
1.3.5 Storm Drainage............................................................................................................. 10
1.3.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Report:..................................................................10
1.3.7 Costing and Contract Documentation:..........................................................................12
1.3.8 Economic Appraisal of the Project:..............................................................................12
1.4 Project Information Available.............................................................................................. 12
2.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA................................................................................... 13
2.1 Geology and Soils of the Area.............................................................................................. 13
2.2 Climate & Rainfall................................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Demographic characteristics................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Population and growth rate.................................................................................................. 14
2.3.5 Occupational Distribution............................................................................................. 15
3.0 MOBILIZATION AND FIELD RECONNAISSANCE.......................................................16
3.1 Mobilization.......................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1 The Project Team.......................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Field Reconnaissance............................................................................................................ 16
3.2.1 Terrain........................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Soils and Vegetation Cover........................................................................................... 18
3.2.3 Existing Roads.............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.4 Traffic........................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.5 Drainage........................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.6 Environmental Impact................................................................................................... 21
3.2.7 Road Safety................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Initial Consultations.............................................................................................................. 23
KNUST Development Office....................................................................................................... 23
4.0 PROGRESS OF WORK, METHODOLOGY AND WORK SCHEDULE...............................24
4.1 Progress of Work........................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.1 Desk Study.......................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.2 Materials and Pavement Investigation..........................................................................24
4.1.3 Traffic Studies and Projections..................................................................................... 25
Forecasting of Future Traffic (Traffic Demand)..........................................................................26
4.1.4 Hydrological Studies and Hydraulic Design.................................................................26
4.1.5 Geometric Design......................................................................................................... 27
Proposed Design Standards.......................................................................................................... 28
4.1.6 Pavement Design........................................................................................................... 28
4.1.7 Impact Study and Assessment....................................................................................... 29
4.1.8 Construction quantities, Cost Estimates and Contract Documents...............................29
4.1.9 Economic Appraisal of Project..................................................................................... 29
HDM-4 Input Data....................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Work Schedule/Programme of Works.................................................................................. 30
5.0 PROPOSED CONTENT OF DRAFT FINAL REPORT...........................................................30
6.0 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED...................................................................................... 31
7.0 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................ 32
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.2.7. 1 Emena –Boadi road showing open drainage a safety hazard...................................21
LIST OF TABLES
Phase One was awarded on contract and construction is in progress at the site. Phase
two, which is at the design stage comprises staff accommodation, ancillary support
facilities, as well as drainage, water supply and waste management for the entire
Teaching Hospital.
We (civil3 students) have been assigned to undertake the design of the Transportation
Engineering Infrastructure Works.
2.0 Objectives
- Vehicular Parking
- Drainage
Our group (group24) comprising five (5) civil engineering students has familiarized
itself with the Terms of Reference and the project site.
A desk study of available project drawings, standards and specifications has been
performed.
1.1 Background
Phase One which has comprehensive structural and building services design for a
teaching hospital was awarded on contract and construction is in progress at the site.
Phase two, which is at the design stage comprises staff accommodation, ancillary
support facilities, as well as drainage, water supply and waste management for the
entire Teaching Hospital.
The Management of KNUST, the Client, commissioned the Development Office of the
university to undertake the general planning and the design of the architectural aspects
of the
Teaching Hospital scheme. Similarly the Client engaged the services of Engineering
Consultants for the design of the mechanical and the electrical engineering aspects of
the proposed Teaching Hospital scheme. Preliminary planning and designs of the
various units for the Phase Two scheme have been completed and approved by the
Client.
Civil Engineering 3 students have now been commissioned to undertake the design of
the Transportation Engineering Infrastructure Works for the said Phase Two of the new
Teaching Hospital project for the University in Kumasi, with a view to equipping
students with the knowledge and skill that will enable them better manage a road
network.
1.2 Objectives
The summary of the scope of works to be designed or performed under the assignment is
given below:
• Adequate investigation on the subsoil to determine its adequacy for its intended
purposes (i.e. Road network, Building). These investigations include foundation
design and index properties tests.
• Obtaining the necessary information about required type of soil with which to
undertake this project.
• Visiting the site to obtain the necessary traffic characteristics for the site
• Propose a suitable road layout.
• Ensure that the walkways and drains are adequate, as well as the traffic flow for
the hospital.
• Design adequate parking facilities for an estimated 100 cars.
• Investigate the maximum parking capacity for the land available
• Provide appropriate bill of quantities for construction of the proposed layout.
Medical waste will be collected separately from domestic waste. The medical waste, to
be generated from the operations of the various units of the proposed hospital shall be
disposed of in accordance with approved methods for handling such wastes. However,
where feasible and appropriate, the medical waste shall be connected to the domestic
sewers and treated at the treatment plant for domestic waste. Disposal will be in
accordance with the methods employed by KATH, as it is similar in characteristics.
The following information has been made available by the Project Architect.
• Topographic Site Survey Map
• Proposed site layout drawing showing the proposed location of the buildings and
associated infrastructure
•
2.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA
The site for the proposed Phase Two of the new Teaching Hospital is located on the
Northeastern side of the KNUST campus near Boadi, and opposite the Ghana Telecom
Exchange Station, along the Boadi Junction–Emena Road.
The geology of Ghana consists mainly of the parallel disposition of evenly spaced belts
of folded Birimian metalavas. It is divided mainly into upper and lower Birimian. The
project area which is within Ashanti region falls within the upper Birimian. These
consist chiefly of metalavas (metamorphosed basaltic and andesitic lavas). The
Birimian System in Ghana is part of the Birimian supracrustal sequence of West Africa,
which extends from Ghana westwards to Senegal and Mauritania and northwards into
Burkina Faso.
The Birimian rocks consist of interlayered sedimentary and volcanic flow rocks
metamorphosed to low green schist faces of Barrovian type. It is divided mainly into
upper and lower Birimian. From visual inspection, it was discovered that, the soil at the
project site is lateritic intermixed with fused laterite.
Kumasi features a tropical wet and dry climate with relatively constant temperatures
throughout the course of the year. Kumasi is noticeably wetter than nearby Accra, the
capital of Ghana averaging around 1484 mm of rain per year.
The city almost features two different rainy seasons, a longer rainy season from March
through July and a shorter rainy season from September to November. In actuality, the
month of February through to November is one long wet season, with a relative lull in
precipitation in August. Similar to the rest of West Africa, Kumasi experiences the
Harmattan during the “low sun” months. Lasting from December to February, the
Harmattan is the primary source of the city’s dry season.
Details:
• The average temperature in Kumasi, Ghana is 26.1°C
• The range of average monthly temperatures is 21.5 °C to 30.7°C.
• The warmest average max/ high temperature is 30.7°C in February.
• The coolest average min/ low temperature is 21.5 °C in January, February &
December.
• Kumasi receives on average 1484 mm of precipitation annually or 124 mm each
month.
• On average there are 137 days annually on which greater than 0.1 mm (0.004 in)
of precipitation occurs or 11 days on an average month.
• The month with the driest weather is January when on balance 20 mm (0.8 in) of
rain falls across 2 days.
• The month with the wettest weather is June when on balance 234 mm (9.2 in) of
rain falls across 17 days.
• Mean relative humidity for an average year is recorded as 84.16% and on a
monthly basis it ranges from 75% in February to 87% in June, July, August,
September & October.
• There is an average range of hours of sunshine in Kumasi of between 2.3 hours per
day in August and 6.7 hours per day in March.
• On average there are 1870 sunshine hours annually and approximately 5.1 sunlight
hours for each day.
The Kumasi metropolis is the most populous district in the Ashanti region. The
population of Kumasi metropolis is 1730249 represents 36.2 percent of the total
population of Ashanti region (4780380).
The growth rate of 5.4% per annum and this accounts for just under a third (32.4%) of
this region population.
2.3.2 Household sizes and characteristics
Kumasi metropolis has total household population of 1674862 with 440283 households.
This translates into an average household size of 3.8 persons per household which is
slightly lower than the region.
There are 440286 heads of households in the metropolis consisting 26.3% of all
household members.
Biological children constitute the largest percentage of household members (39.7%)
while spouse constitute 9.9%.
Among the males population in the metropolis, 33.6% are heads and 40.8% are children.
With regards to the female population, 19.7% are heads, 17.2% are spouses and 38.8%
are children.
2.3.3 Population density
The Kumasi metropolitan area has a total surface area of 254 square km (2010
population census) with a population density of 9434 person per square km.
It is the second largest metropolis in terms of population density. In 2000 population
census, the population density of 5419 persons per square km. The population density in
Kumasi keeps increasing each and every single year.
Sales and Production work are the major occupations in the Kumasi metropolis. The
fact that the Kumasi metropolis is the main commercial and industrial centre in the
region, may partly account for the large proportion of the population in Sales and
Production work. The proportions of the economically active population in
Professional and Technical work are relatively small.
The government’s policy of making the private sector the engine of growth of the
economy needs to be encouraged, since a greater proportion of the population in the
district tends to be engaged in this sector. The private sector, as presently constituted
with such high proportions of single person enterprises, cannot be an engine of growth.
Such enterprises do not expand to absorb the ever-increasing labour force. Moreover,
they contribute next to nothing to taxes.
Policies aimed at improving the private sector and creating an enabling environment,
should therefore aim at capacitating such enterprises to expand their base in order to be
able to absorb extra labour. The self-employed without employees, in the private
informal sector, many of whom are not even properly registered, also raise problems of
mobilization for such social welfare issues as social security and health insurance,
which are becoming important concerns for Government. Appropriate policies to
integrate this sector into the various social sector schemes will therefore need to be
evolved. Such integration can even have an indirect positive effect on the growth and
expansion of such private sector enterprises.
3.1 Mobilization
The roles and designations of the team members on the assignment are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.3.1. 1Project Team Responsibility Assignment Schedule
The Project Team paid visit to the project site on 18th February, 2016. The team
traversed the entire site on foot inspecting the features of the existing road, traffic
operations and conditions, drainage structures. The visit helped us to appreciate the
existing site conditions and to know what needed to be done to accomplish the
objectives of the assignment.
3.2.1 Terrain
The existing ground features three main slopes.
When facing the administration block, the land in the Westward direction appears to
slope upward. However after a short distance in that direction the land begins to slope
downward again towards the Boku stream.
In the Eastward direction the land slopes downward toward the road before sloping
upward a little to meet the road.
In the Southward direction the land meant to be the centre of the site is relatively level,
with its gentle downward slope only noticeable after a look at the contour map
Figure 3.2.1: Site terrain showing cross slopes
The Team came to the conclusion that the main entrance design would become a critical
aspect of the overall road network design given the current traffic volume, speeds of
vehicles observed, and the estimated future traffic upon completion of the project. It
was observed that vehicles travelling on the road between the proposed project site and
the adjacent ECG substation/Ghana Telecom office through to Boadi were travelling at
relatively high speeds. This could pose a challenge after the hospital becomes
operational, because entry and exit of cars will be very difficult due to high speeds
along the road. Visibility is impaired near the current access point due to the steep
upward vertical profile on the approach from Emena. The proposed entrance location is
not close to the vertical curve but has entrances to the ECG and Ghana Telecom
premises in close proximity. It is recommended that the location of the intersection
must therefore be moved a few meters from the proposed location in order to avoid
some of these challenges and improve general safety. A traffic control device may also
be introduced, such as a traffic light, or at least a stop/slow down sign, to reduce speed
approaching the intersection. The current super elevation of the main road may need
some improvement since the road surface appears to be flat.
Besides the intersection, most parts of the site did not seem to present any challenges.
The terrain is relatively level with mainly gentle slopes if any at all and it is not
expected that there would be many cuts or fills required.
3.2.4 Traffic
The traffic on the main road next to the site is mainly free-flowing with relatively low
traffic volumes. On site, traffic is mainly due to construction-related vehicles and
pedestrians (workers and visitors). Commercial vehicles are not allowed in the site. This
may be a major cause of the free flow of vehicles.
3.2.5 Drainage
As stated in the terrain paragraph above the site features appreciable slopes that make it
well-drained. The surface slopes are such that runoff collects naturally towards the
centre and then flows outward to the east into the Boku stream. Due to the good slopes
and the high elevation of the site from the Boku stream it is not expected that
groundwater would in any way hinder construction work or be deleterious to
constructed infrastructure.
Social impacts
Positive
Negative impacts
Negative
During, the construction stages the works on the hospital would cause
noise population from huge machines which would be used for excavations and
etc.
Also, after the construction of the hospital from ambulance and workers.
Excavations and other earth works for the construction of the hospital
would reduce the quality of air in the area.
Construction would disturb the earth formation.
Surface water contamination.
The production of biomedical waste during operation.
Eventual increase in congestion of vehicular traffic in and around the
hospital
Figure 3.2.7. 1 Emena –Boadi road showing open drainage a safety hazard
In order to ensure the timely completion the Project Team has begun conducting
detailed materials investigations, traffic studies, preliminary geometric designs,
hydrological studies and hydraulic analyses and design. Investigations into the use of
rates of similar works as well the survey of inputs encompassing machine, labour
wages, cost materials for use for sample rate analysis are underway. Scoping of
potential impacts of the project on components of the environment has been done and
will be the basis of the determination of mitigation measures.
Our chosen hospital of study is the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Bantama,
Kumasi. It houses the same number of patients and about the same number of staff
while hosting roughly the same amount of non-staff human and vehicle traffic we
expect of our hospital. Parking studies will also be conducted at the KATH to enable us
design an adequate parking facility.
Data Analysis
The data obtained from our counts will be analysed and used to obtain the following:
• Proportion or composition of each vehicle type /group in the traffic stream. This
will assist in the choice of pavement materials and road width.
• Monthly variation factor – needed for the estimation of Base year AADT
• Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volume for each vehicle type /group and the total
ADT
• Base Year Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), volume for each vehicle
type/group in the traffic stream.
Hydrological Analysis
Meteorological information for the Kumasi area has been obtained, as seen above.
Using a hydrologic model and return period recommended by DUR in conjunction with
the proposed land use of the site catchment areas and their slopes, appropriate peak
flows will be estimated.
Hydraulic Analysis
Based on the estimated peak flows, land area, topography and other hydrological data
and results, suitable drainage systems will be designed, taking into account the
materials required, cost of construction and location of the nearest water body.
Drainage Schedule
On completion of the hydraulic analysis and design, a schedule summarising all drain
types, sizes, lengths, locations and construction information would be provided.
The necessary standards and guidelines have already been collated to aid the drainage
analyses and design. They include: Road Design Guide (GHA, 1991);
Since speeds within the site are expected to be low the horizontal alignments are
expected to follow the architectural road layout closely. Any deviations from this
layout, where necessary for safety, would be proposed.
Impact Assessment
The Construction of the pavement will impact on the environment both positively and
negatively.
The design aims to minimise the negative impact.
Selection of pavement materials in conjunction with the geotechnical engineer and the
construction by layer thickness and compactive effort at optimum level will be
employed.
The double seal construction method may be applied, as it is more advantageous than
the single seal. It will provide a better smoother pavement than the conventional single
chip seal. However, it is more expensive, and so the available funds will go a long way
to decide which method shall be used. Recent research is increasingly confirming the
role of pavement smoothness in reducing the emissions and fuel consumption of the
vehicles that use the road.
Pavement will be designed as Perpetual pavements, designed to last indefinitely with
just the top 25-30 mm wearing course needing to be replaced every 10 years or so,
significantly reducing both the maintenance and construction costs and the need for new
materials.
Further studies will be considered so that we can identify more of them, particularly the
negative ones. This will enable us to avoid or at least minimize these negative impacts.
This will be treated in detail in our Environmental Impact Assessment Report.
Executive Summary
Background &Introduction
Traffic Studies & Analyses
Geometric Designs
Working Drawings
Cross-sections