Neuro-Fuzzy Based Mresnet (Nfmresnet) Classification For Section A-Research paper

Brain Tumor Image Dataset

NEURO-FUZZY BASED MRESNET (NFMRESNET)

CLASSIFICATION FOR BRAIN TUMOR IMAGE
DATASET
R. Vinayaga Moorthy1, R. Balasubramanian2
1
Research scholar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India-627 012
2
Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,
Tamil Nadu, India-627 012
2
Email: [email protected],[email protected]

Article History: Received: 16.04.2023 Revised: 03.05.2023 Accepted: 19.06.2023

Abstract: Brains are enormous and complex organs that control our nervous systems and contain about 100 billion
nerve cells. The brain is an essential organ. A brain abnormality could put human health at risk. Tumors in the
brain are among the most serious of these abnormalities. An uncontrollable growth of brain cells inside the skull
causes this serious form of cancer. Generally, tumor cells exhibit heterogeneity, making them difficult to classify. In
order to decide on the correct medication, it is essential that tumors are detected early, and their location, size, and
types must also be assessed. Developing systems that incorporate human expertise is becoming increasingly popular
using Soft Computing. Image processing and cytology are used more often to diagnose disease. Correct diagnosis is
essential in treating and curing diseases. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic based brain tumor classification method
that can be used for proper treatment planning. This paper provides detailed analysis of the advantages of the
hybrid method, demonstrating the fact that when Neuro-Fuzzy Neural is paired with MResNet (NFMResnet), there is
a significant increase in classification accuracy. The NFMResnet contains convolutional layers, pooling layers, and
fully-connected layers, as well as a Fuzzy Self-Organization Layer. Using MResNet and fuzzy logic, the model
handles uncertain and imprecise input patterns. Three independent steps are involved in training the NFMResnet.
Three independent steps are involved in training the NFMResnet.

Keywords: Fuzzy C-Means Clustering, MResnet, Genbourta, NFMResnet

1. INTRODUCTION
Tumors are swellings that form lumps or masses in the body. A tumor is a lump or mass produced by a
pathological process within the body. It can be referred to as a swelling. A neoplasm is characterized by
tumors. Cancers are usually referred to as neoplasms. In some cases, doctors may confuse infections with
tumors when performing image diagnosis. In some cases, body cells may lose their ability to respond to
physiological signals. Such tissues are controlled by physiological mechanisms. This results in tumors
getting into place. Tumors are formed from uncontrolled growth of body cells and are referred to as
neoplastic tissue. Among the structures in the brain connected to tumors are neurons, blood vessels,
skulls, lymphatic tissues, pituitaries, and pineal glands.

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Training Image Testing Image

Glioma Tumor 826 Images Glioma Tumor 100 Images
Meningioma Tumor 822 Images Meningioma Tumor 115 Images
Pituitary Tumor 827 Images Pituitary Tumor 74 Images
No Tumor 395 Images No Tumor 105 Images

Feature Extraction

Feature Selection

Conv Pooling Conv Pooling Conv Fuzzy Layer

MResNet Classifier
Fig 1: Classification Process

Although images of complex real-world scenes or complex objects are difficult to classify, it is still
difficult to detect the boundaries between classes. There is often uncertainty in the representation of these
classification objects, and they have complex structures with overlapping, non isolated classes.
The use of MResNet in image classification is one of the most powerful approaches today. In MResNet
architectures, inputs are explicitly assumed to be images, allowing certain abstract properties to be
encoded.
Fuzzy classification, unlike classical classification, has continuous boundaries with overlapping areas
between neighboring classes. The degree to which an object belongs to different classes determines its
classification. This is a useful approach for a wide variety of applications, as well as for representing
complex feature spaces in a simple way.

1.1 Feature Extraction

It is easier to comprehend an image if we extract its most significant features. Feature extraction is the
process of identifying features. An image texture feature is extracted using GLCMs (grey-level co-
occurrence matrix). In addition to enhancing the details of the image, it gives interpretations to it. In
computer vision and image processing, shape descriptors are a powerful tool used to match objects,
classify them, recognize and identify them. Histogram-based detection is more specific when combined
with other detection methods such as shape analysis and edge finder based on Fourier transforms.

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1.2 Feature Selection

The Boruta Algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm are combined in a hybrid algorithm. In terms of
selecting optimal feature subsets from a limited set of features, Genboruta uses the advantages of existing
algorithms. In order to select the most appropriate features from the data extracted from feature
extraction, the feature selection method is applied. The most significant features are selected using the
Genboruta algorithm.

1.3 Fuzzy Based Classification

Researchers have been paying a lot of attention to Deep Learning, the newest and most popular trend in
the machine learning field. Throughout various fields, deep learning has been used as a powerful machine
learning tool to solve complex problems, particularly those requiring highly accurate and sensitive results.
Comparatively to classical classifications, fuzzy classifications have overlapping areas between
neighboring classes. The degree to which an object belongs to different classes determines its
classification. A simple representation of a complex feature space is provided by this approach, which can
be used for a wide variety of applications.
Fuzzy logic can be incorporated into neural networks to make them more adaptable to cognitive
uncertainties. A fuzzy neural network is a hybrid network whose outputs are called neural fuzzy, neuro-
fuzzy or fuzzy-neuro networks. Fuzzy computations and neural networks are combined in hybrid systems
Practically, fuzzy neural networks are more effective than fuzzy neural networks or ordinary (classical)
neural networks, because fuzzy neural networks allow indeterminate and inaccurate information
processing. The transition from one cluster to another can be more gradual with fuzzy clustering as it is
more robust to outliers and noise in the data.

1.4 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering

It is possible with fuzzy clustering to group data points into more than one cluster with varying degrees of
membership. The fuzzy clustering algorithm assigns membership degrees between 0 and 1 to each data
point rather than assigning them to a single cluster like k-means or hierarchical clustering. If the data has
a complex structure or overlapping class boundaries, fuzzy clustering can be useful. In addition to
providing a more accurate understanding of the data structure, fuzzy clustering also allows for more
detailed representation of relationships between data points and clusters.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY
For many years, artificial intelligence has struggled to solve problems that were deemed insoluble by deep
learning. In addition to speech recognition [17], natural language processing [11], information retrieval
[6], computer vision [5], biomedicine [5], and social media analysis [1], it is exceptionally adept at
discovering intricate structures in high dimensional data.
Natural data in their raw form cannot be processed by conventional machine-learning techniques.
Machine learning or pattern recognition systems have been constructed for decades with careful
engineering and domain expertise. In order for a learning system (often a classifier) to detect or classify
patterns in input data, the data has to be transformed into a suitable internal representation or feature
vector. Deep learning techniques, which differ from conventional neural networks, use multiple hidden
layers to determine representations needed for classification or detection based on raw data [20]. The
methods used in deep learning include feedforward deep neural networks (DNNs)[7], convolutional
neural networks (CNNs) [12], recurrent neural networks (RNNs) [16], spiked neural networks (SNNs)
[9], long short-term memory recurrent networks (LSTMRNs) [18], stacked auto-encoders (SAEs)[21],
deep belief networks (DBNs)[23], and restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs)[13].
An adaptable neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was recently proposed as a model for addressing this
issue, and several successful attempts have been reported in the literature [2–4]. To form deep neurofuzzy
systems (DNFS), these studies combined deep neural networks with fuzzy logic (FL). Through the use of
fuzzy IF–THEN rules, this hybridization of DNN and FL effectively reduced uncertainty. It has been

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rapidly growing in popularity since DNFS was introduced to solve a variety of real-world problems,
including Ramasamy and Hameed [3] proposed fuzzy convolutional neural network (FCNN) using both
FL and DNN to classify healthcare data into categories. There are two main parts of FCNN training:
parameter initialization and fine-tuning. A FCNN classifier was used in this study to classify ambiguous
or noisy data. According to the results of the study, the proposed FCNN method can easily remove
uncertainties and noise from original data.
As Price et al. reported [22], using best-in-class pre-prepared models, AlexNet, VGG16, GoogleLeNet,
Inception-v3, and ResNet-18, the fuzzy layers can be used for deep learning, enabling a wide selection of
combinations and yields.
Another classifier reliant upon fuzzy logic and wavelet change in a brain network was depicted in this
review. A layer in this classifier predicts the mathematical trademark related with marks or
characterizations. The proposed classifier is utilized to analyze cerebrum growths [10].
Among the most exploited techniques in image processing is CNN. Clinical diagnosis has assumed an
increasing significance in contemporary healthcare systems because it is capable of recognizing patterns
in images.U-NET Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classification methodology and edge detection
fuzzy logic are used in this article in order to develop a method for the detection of brain tumors using
edge detection and fuzzy logic [19].

3 METHODOLOGY
Anatomical and functional information about brain tumors contributes greatly to enhancing diagnoses and
simplifying disease treatment planning in medical imaging applications. A brain tumor analysis can,
however, be impacted by the presence of image artifacts such as noise, intensity in homogeneity, and
partial volume effects. It is also necessary to consider the complex anatomy of the brain. Visual content
is extracted from images for indexing and retrieval through feature extraction. Basic features of an image
may be general in nature, such as color, texture, and shape, or they may be domain-specific. Features are
extracted by reducing the number and creating a new set of them that have the same information as the
originals, but that are completely different. These methods improve the accuracy of the classifier,
minimize overfitting, allow visualization of data, and increase training speed.
Machine learning algorithms are applied to a subset of features in the data by feature selection (also
known as subset selection). The best subset has the fewest dimensions that contribute to high accuracy;
the rest are discarded.
Recent years have seen DL's performance improve in several domains. In DL models, multiple levels of
information can be learned automatically from a large set of data. Their advantage is that they do not
require a lot of effort for tuning the features and expert knowledge like traditional machine learning. DL
has several architecture. Image processing uses CNN as a technique for recognizing patterns in images.

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Fig 2: Proposed Fuzzy Based MResnet Classification

3.1 Feature Extraction

By analyzing images and objects, feature extraction methodologies extract features that represent various
classes of objects. A classifier assigns features to their respective classes based on their features. A feature
extraction algorithm reduces original data by identifying certain properties that separate one input pattern
from another. In the extracted feature vector, the relevant properties of the image should be described in
order to provide the classifier with the characteristics of the input type.

3.2 Features Optimization Using GenBoruta

This research relies on using a hybrid model that combines both a Genetic Algorithm and a Boruta
Algorithm, with an original aim of grouping tests before selecting the small number of important
variables.The use of a hybrid technique overcomes the disadvantages of each individual one [14].

Table 1: Selected Features

S.No Genboruta (Features)

1. Surface Area 2. Range
3. Flatness 4. Cluster shade
5. Skewness 6. Dissimilarity
7. Uniformity 8. Maximum Probability
9. Contrast 10. Variance
11. Correlation 12. Max Intensity

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3.3 Modified Resnet (MResnet)

RESNET18 architecture consists of 18 layers. There are three layers of convolution, each using three
kernels. Stack layers are added to the output; therefore, complex computations are not required with the
MResNet algorithm because one or more layers are skipped. A shortcut connection for ResNet18 omits
two layers. The design was based on Swish activation functions [15].

Fig 3: MResNet Classification Techniques

3.4. The Structure of an NFMResnet

The proposed MRNN's architecture features four types of layers: convolutional layer, pooling layer, self-
organization (or fuzzy) layer, and fully connected layer. MResnet Fuzzy Neural Networks are built by
stacking three parts:
 A MResnet network (convolutional and pooling Layers);
 The Self-Organization Layer (The Fuzzy Layer);
 A classifier (some fully-connected layers).

Fig 4: Struture of NFMResnet

To classify real-world objects and scene images, we propose an MResnet fuzzy neural network
(NFMResnet). A self-organization layer is utilized to provide preprocessing in the proposed NFMResnet
model; unlike a regular MResnet. To cope with uncertainties and ambiguities in input data, the proposed
network incorporates the advantages of MResnet and FL Three layers of the NFMResnet are shown in
Figure 4: the convolutional network, the self-organization layer, and the classifier layer. Below is a
description of each part's functionality:

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1 The first layer of the network is the convolutional network, which substitutes the pooling layer with
the convolutional layer for abstraction at the high level.
2 Secondly, the fuzzy layer divides the input data into predetermined clusters before making a final
clustering decision. Fuzzy layer output neurons are a representation of the fuzzy input cluster
membership functions, with membership grades reflecting the degree to which data points are related
to each cluster.
3 A classifier is used to calculate the class score as an output of the NFMResnet network, the third part
of the network.

Fuzzy C-Means Clustering

Data clusters are detectable with the FCM algorithm, but these clusters do not have any order, making
interpretation challenging. In this paper, the cluster prototypes are ordered on an easily visualizable small
dimension space to increase the transparency of the clustering result. A regularization of the clusters can
achieve this ordering. The original objective function of FCM is penalized in order to achieve such
regularization. On a small dimensional space, cluster centers are laid out on a grid for easy visualization.
Regularizing the fuzzy c-means function (FCM) results in the smoothness of this mapping.
NFMResnet uses a radial basis function to model the membership of an input vector x to each of the L
clusters, whereas the number of neurons in the fuzzy layer is L.
( )
1
𝑓(𝑥) = e
√
In the above condition, m and σ - are two genuine qualities, where the focal point of a bunch is addressed
as m, and σ - is utilized to obscure the limit level of a group. A compound interest expression arising in
the study of compound interest is the Euler's number 'e'. The sum of infinite numbers can also be
expressed in this way.

e   n!
n 0

2
𝜇𝑙 x)( )
= 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝑓(𝑓 𝑥 ( )

3
𝜇𝑙 x)( )
=1

The hybrid network formed a vector consisting of degrees of belonging to the specific cluster centers
based on the vector x = [x1, x2, ..., xn] fed to its input: [μ1(x),μ2(x), ..., μL(x)]. In the "fuzzy layer", the
outputs of neurons are used as inputs to the classifier, which has been conditioned to satisfy the
normalization condition (3) for each training sample vector x(k). An input to the classifier is the output of
neurons in the "fuzzy layer".
NFMResnet works in three stages: first, it transforms an image into a vector of high-level characteristics,
second, the fuzzy layer distributes the input data into fuzzy clusters; thirdly, the final fully connected
layer performs the classification by assigning a label to each group of clusters based on the result class.

3.5 The Training of the NFMResnet

MResnet's training process involves three independent steps for each component of the neural network.
The MResnet network is first trained by backpropagation to form some abstract properties of the input
image .In today's world, most "pre-trained" models have already been trained on a large amount of data
from a related domain.
It is the process of tuning the fuzzy layer parameters, called self-organization,that is the second part of the
process. Fuzzy Layers have a self-organizing nature. An unsupervised competitive learning scheme is
used to train it. In "fuzzy layers", centers of clusters are self-organized.

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Training the classifier is the third part. The MResnet and fuzzy layers have stable parameters. Tuning is
only done on the weights of fully connected layers. A standard backpropagation algorithm is used to train
the classifier.
A pixel array of an image is fed into the NFMResnet input after NFMResnet has completed all three parts
of training. y = [y1, y2, ..., yp] represents a vector that represents whether a given image belongs to each
class (class scores) in the input image. Images are assigned to classes based on their maximum score.

Fig 5: Architecture of Proposed NFMResnet Classification Technique

NFMResnet Algorithm

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4. RESULTS
CFNN is used in some experiments. An image is classified as either having a tumor or not using the
model. The dataset used here is Kaggle's ' Brain tumor '. The training set contains 2,870 MRI brain tumor
images, while the test set contains 394.
In Figure 6, we show some samples of images from the 'Brain Tumor' dataset.

Fig 6: Sample MRI Brain Tumor Image

The first step is to use a pretrained model that recognizes a wide range of images and then fine-tune it for
binary classification. In order to achieve a simple yet powerful neural network architecture, we chose
Lenet, AlexNet, VGG Net, and Resnet models pretrained on the Kaggle dataset. To train the NFMResnet
model, we took three independent steps:
1. Analyzing brain tumor images to classify them using Lenet, AlexNet, VGG Net, and Resnet models
(stochastic optimization algorithm: Adam). Resources are required for the MResnet training.
2. Clustering based on fuzzy c-means (self-organizing fuzzy layer). Multiple clusters have been created
with the data set, each with a different number of clusters. Using the Fuzzy Partition Coefficient, we
choose the number of clusters when it is maximized (FPC varies from 0 to 1, with 1 being the best. It is a
metric that measures how well the clustering model describes the data).
3. A stochastic optimization method called Adam is used for classifier training. The parameters of the
MResnet and fuzzy layers were stable while only the weights of the fully-connected layers were being
tuned.
The results of experiments show that incorporating the fuzzy layer into MResnet improve classification
problem quality (accuracy) despite the regular CNN not showing exceptional accuracy.

4.1 Evaluation Metrics

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Table 6: Classification Performance Analysis

100
90
80
70
60 Accuracy
50 Precision
40 Recall
30 Specificity
20 F1-Score
10
0

Fig 3: Classification Graphical Representation

5. CONCLUSION
A brief discussion of all relevant data must precede the conclusion of this extensive research. We
compared its performance against pretrained LeNet, AlexNet, VGGNet, and ResNet, MResnet for the
brain tumor analysis. Three thousand two hundred sixty-four records make up the Kaggle brain tumor
data set. A stratified sampling method was used to divide the data set into 10 mutually exclusive
partitions for model building and evaluation. The training partitions were used for seven, while the testing
partitions were used for four. For each of the four models, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1Score are
calculated.
Therefore, this paper presents an image classification model based on Neuro fuzzy MResnet
(NFMResnet). In terms of fuzzy C- Maens Cluster, fuzzyness is incorporated into the structure of the
network. MResnet is combined with fuzzy logic in the proposed model for handling uncertainty and
imprecision. Experiments measuring the effectiveness of NFMResnet have been conducted and indicate
that the NFMResnet could provide better accuracy.

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