Comparative Models in Policing
Comparative Models in Policing
Comparative Models in Policing
Cabarroguis Campus
College of Criminology
Comparative Models in Policing
OBJECTIVES:
This course focuses on the policing models implemented in different countries. It will examine and
compare different policing models in the world. Through this, it helps the student to be more prepared,
knowledgeable and become versatile in the implementation of policing for prevention and suppression of
crime. At the end of this course;
1. Students will be able to establish competence and broad understanding in law enforcement
administration, public safety, and criminal justice of different countries
2. Students will be able to discuss the different models of policing and models implemented in
different countries. It will examine and compare different policing models in the world. compare
different police systems of different countries worldwide in different aspects.
3. Students will be able to differentiate and identify the characteristics of the different types of
government being used in different countries worldwide.
4. Students will be able determine the reasons and strategies of those countries with low crime rate
5. Students will be able to determine if the criminal act is a terrorist act.
6. Students will be able to discuss and differentiate the transnational crimes.
1829- the first police force (Metropolitan Police Force of London or Scotland) was created by Sir Robert Peel,
He created 17 metropolitan police divisions in London.
1856- the rest of the countries were required to establish police force.
Henry Fielding - appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow
Street Runners
Bow Runners- a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to
catch thieves and robbers identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown.
- made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer
constables and watchmen
1798 - Marine Police Force was established; salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.
-initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for
preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the
sense that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime.
METROPOLITAN POLICE -organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
- the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London
Police and the British Transport Police) = finest
police force around the world.
IMPORTANT DATES
1833 - Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
1836 - The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the
disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.
Policing- is the practice of the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and the security of the
community.
Police- the governmental department charged with the regulation and the control of the affairs of the
community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce law, prevent and detect crime.
Comparative- an estimate of relative likeness of two objects or event.
Globalization
- package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and authority.
-growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
- The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a
global economy.
Effects of Globalization to La w Enforcement
The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is vital.
Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare
them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cybercrimes.
Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory of crime.
Threats to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization
1. International criminal networks have been quick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the
revolutionary changes in world politics, technology, and communication that have strengthened
democracy and free markets, brought the world’s nations closer together, and given some countries
unprecedented security and prosperity.
2. Globalization allowed international criminals to expand their networks and increase their cooperation in
illicit activities and financial transactions. Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open
economies to establish front companies and quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitates smuggling, money
laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures.
3. Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and
other contraband across national boundaries.
4. Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the international system to hide drugs or other contraband
or to conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within contraband is hidden.
Comparative Justice- it is the subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice system
worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It studies the similarities
and the differences in structure, goals, punishments and emphasis on the rights as well as the history
and political structure of different systems.
Basic function:
Policing
Adjudication
Corrections
International Criminal Justice – it involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal
procedure, or justice process (Erika Fairchild). Comparative Criminal Justice system- attempts to build to
build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and elevating, in terms of another
country, culture and instruction.
Transnational Crime- it is a term that has been in the comparative and international criminal justice study
in the recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the united
Nation (UN) offenses whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country.
Examples:
Money laundering
Drug trafficking
Terrorism
Human trafficking
Cyber crimes
4 Types of Societies
The following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists study:
1. Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies. A folk-communal society has little
codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a
while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to.
Classic examples include the early Roman gentles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan
settlements in North America (with the Salem “with trials”).
2. Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market system. An urban-
commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces
(some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes
harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed along this path.
3. Urban-industrial societies, which produce which produce most of the goods and services they need
without government interference.
4. Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the
“technologizing” of everything, with the government. A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with
armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other
nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a
bureaucratic society.
4.PREDICTIVE POLICING
• A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law Enforcement to
identify potential offenders.
• It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify possible criminal
activity.
5.REASSURANCE POLICING
It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving
community-related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those
that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during a given period.
Information gathered from variety of sources, including crime reports and community
members who are directly affected by the issue. Causes of problems can include many
factors, including neighborhood and community perceptions of law enforcement
themselves.
Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community to come up with and
execute an appropriate, long-term response. After the Response is implemented, an on-going Assessment is
required to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustment if necessary.
3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
- Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and
opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough.
6. MODENIZATION THEORY
-Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY
- The latter being is a term referring to social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle
and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
Different types of government are included in the comparative police system because the type of
government of a country directly affects its law enforcement.
1. MONARCHY
- One which supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the rules of a monarch. Monarchy is classified
into two:
a. Absolute Monarchy
Where the ruler rules the divine right.
b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy
The power of the ruler is limited to a constitution.
Proudhon in his book “What is Property?” ii. Anarchist – those who advocate the
absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together
in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop
their sense of morality, ethics or principled behavior.
3. Islamic System-used more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions.
a. Old police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrests
made.
b. Modern police service-states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.
Deviance Control - is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce
community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China and Japan.
Civil order control -is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular
street police in the country of England and United States.
Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the
idea of policing said to have originated
Officer de la Paix - a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer
C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting
him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an
employment of a “3 r d degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum”
which means “a miraculous decision.”
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France).
When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the
concept of crime being committed against the state.
A. Shire-Rieve
- a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military
divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or
her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties.
It became the source of the word Constable.
-An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were
required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people
It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which
at the time was Westminster. This period has the following features:
▪ Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were
defined
B. Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.
C. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of
London during sundown.
Keepers of the Peace - A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that
required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates
while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
Topics below are different transnational crime for the purpose of comparing
the police system of different countries and to learn the techniques applied in
other countries which are very effective that can be adopted in our country in
fighting transnational crimes and modern types of crimes.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
A. TERRORISM
Etymology (study of origin)
• Comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state
terrorism as practiced by the French government during the reign of terror.
• The French word terrorisme turn derives from the Latin verb terreṓṓ 4 meaning “I
frighten”
Definition of Terrorism under the United Nations
• Terrorism as any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or
noncombatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a
government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
• The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.
TYPES OF TERRORIST
1. National Terrorist
- Sued to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by
clandestine groups. Ex. New People’s Army (NPA)
2. Transnational Terrorist
- Terrorists who operates across national borders, whose actions and political operations
may affect individual of more than one country.
3. International Terrorist
- Terrorists who are controlled by and whose actions represent the national interest of a
sovereign state.
1. International Terrorism
- It refers to the use or threatened use of violence against person or property by a group or
an individual whose operations transcend national boundaries and are done to further
political and social objectives
Mission Specific Cells – In terrorist’s organization, it refers to small units which are put
together for the purpose of executing specific assignments
Sleeper Cells – in terrorist organizations, it refers to small groups of recruits who are in
placed in target and other countries. Living ordinary lives until activated for the cause, may
also perform services for the immediate group. E.g. counter and reconnaissance tasks. Cell –
it is the smallest element and building block of terrorist organization.
2. Domestic Terrorism
- It refers to the use or the threatened used of violence against person or property by a group
(or an individual) whose operations are entirely within the victim’s nation, without
following direction and are done to further political and social objectives.
Rightwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who adhere to the principles of
racial supremacy embraces anti-government and anti-regulatory beliefs.
Leftwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who profess a revolutionary
socialist doctrine and view themselves as protectors of the people against the dehumanizing
effect of capitalism and imperialism.
Special Interests Groups – it refers to domestic terrorist group who perhaps the most
active special interests’ groups in United States or the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the
Earth Liberation Front (ELF).
TYPES OF TERRORISM
2. Bio Terrorism – it refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize
civilians in the nature of political or other cause. Category a (biological diseases) are those likely to
do the most damage. It includes:
a. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) – most commonly used biological agent.
b. Botulism (clostrodium botulinum toxin)
c. The plague (Yersinia pestis)
d. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
e. Hemorrahagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus
5. Explosives Terrorism – it is the most common form of terrorism through the utilization of
explosives in committing acts of terrorism.
6. Cyberterrorism – it refers to a type of terrorism that uses computers and networks. It can allow
disruption in military communications and even electrical power.
• Aum Shrinkyo and the Tamil – terrorist groups usually use cyberterrorism to fail the
computer security or to show off their technical abilities.
• Ways of demonstrating cyberterrorism:
1. by controlling from a distance electrical thing such as dams or power
plants.
2. by destroying the actual machines that contains the electronic
information.
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law
except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) - concerned with investigation of counterfeiting,
forging or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charge of the protection of
the president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigated all violations of federal law relating to
prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of
immigration and naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,
B.Japan Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are not
necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes. Some reasons of having low crime rates
are the characteristics of this country which include:
community policing
a patriarchal family system
the importance of higher education,
and the way businesses serve as surrogate families.
Asian societies are also “shame-based” rather than guilt-based” as Western societies are. For example, it is
unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of shame it would bring upon one’s family and the
business or corporation with which that family is associated with.
C. Ireland Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious unemployment,
the presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the Irish pattern of urban crime is
no higher than its pattern or rural crime. The key reason of having low crime rate is the factor that appears
to be:
a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate surveys, for example, show that 86% of
more of the population believe that the local authorities are wellskilled and doing everything they can.
b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in crime control.
D.Egypt The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of 23,000 consists
of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato himself fashioned his
model or perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants practice a moderate form of Islamic
justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved
by a tribal council, and there are no jails or prisons. The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was
an act of involuntary manslaughter. The typical punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization
(shunning). This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or informal justice system.
New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States
New York Police Department - the largest police force in the United States
Texas Ranger - police force originally created in response to colonization
Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United States
Pennsylvania State Police - the first state police agency established
Los Angeles Police Department- police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins
Wells
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and
varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a
general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
- Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This
declaration was made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the
Union of soviet Socialist Republics)
Branches of UN
1. UN general Assembly -This is the main decision- making and representative assembly in the UN through
its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states, is headed by a president elected
from the member states, and meets from September to December .
a.Deliberative - initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law
b.Supervisory - receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c.Financial - approval and apportionment of budget
d.Elective -election of non-permanent members of the security council
e.Constituent -admissions of- members and the amendments of charter
2. UN Security Council is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all the
branches.
FUNCTIONS
a. Preventive Action - consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening and may
involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions.
b. Enforcement Action - consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces.
Five Permanent Members of Security Council
1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly
3. International Court of Justice - Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the
judicial matters of the UN.
4.Secretariat - Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed
5. Economic and Social Council - consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3-year
term.
6. Trusteeship Council -assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration of the
International Trusteeship System.
One of the objectives of the Philippine National Police Officers being deployed in the UN mission is for
mentoring other law enforcement of foreign countries like East Timor and Kosovo.
Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies. United Nations Police Officers
support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic police and other law enforcement agencies
through training and advising. Direct assistance is also provided, often through trust funds, for the
refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles, communication equipment and other law
enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the past, for example, by the police components
of peace operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cote dlvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti,
Kosovo, Liberia and Sierre Leone.
UN CHARTER - it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons.
Technically, it is a Treaty.
TREATY - an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by international
law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its particular
designation.
INTERPOL
▪ Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the police forces organization that
primarily manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its
headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at present
it is transferred to Lyon France.
▪ INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization, with 190-member countries. It
exists to help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat crime.
▪ It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.
▪ the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or
communication line for the exchange of information, data and request for assistance between and
among the member countries.
▪ It focuses on:
General Assembly
Executive Committee
General Secretariat
National Central Bureaus
Advisers
The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.
General Assembly - is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and comprises delegates
appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and programs.
Executive Committee - consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and comprises the
president, three vice –presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July
and immediately before the General Assembly.
Vice- Presidents
Delegates
General Secretariat - (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary
General. It Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four official languages: Arabic,
English, French and Spanish. It consists of seven (7) regional offices across the world namely:
Argentina,
Cameron,
Cote D’Ivoire,
Kenya,
El Salvador,
Thailand,
Zimbabwe.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau
staffed by National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and
the location and apprehension of fugitives.
Advisers -these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee
and confirmed by the General Assembly.
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) - this is an independent body whose mandate is
threefold:
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization’s regulations,
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter concerning the
information contained in INTERPOL’S files.
INTERPOL’s Governance -comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed
by the President.
Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923, and at the
same time its name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International
Criminal Police Organization. The word Interpol was a short of International Criminal Police Organization.
This short form served as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization
became famous as Interpol.
Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first. Some
important information about Interpol: Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police
department. Instead, they help other member countries that need to co-operate by connecting all members of
Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.
The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because criminals
would commit crimes in one country in Europe and then skip to another country to avoid prosecution. Since
Europe is a tightly packed continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch criminals, and the idea was
created.
The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four (4) years. His
role is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee and ensure that INTERPOL’S activities
conform with decisions made at these meetings.
INTERPOL’S NOTICE
1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a
view to extradition.
2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person
of interest in a criminal investigation.
3. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a
possible threat to public safety.
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are
unable to identify themselves.
5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.
6. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent
threat and danger to persons or property.
7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals.
8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals and entities
that are subject to UN sanctions.
The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against transnational
crime:
*System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring the people and the police together in
cooperative manners:
Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement community as a valuable tool,
helping to provide timely warning of threats and operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to
investigations by assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries with research
and analysis on crime trends and with training courses in criminal analysis techniques.
a. Operational Analysis - aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. Usually, it has immediate
benefit
b. Strategic Analysis -provides early warning signals of threats and to support decision making in setting
priorities to deal with criminal issues
As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues to evolve as a
priority for INTERPOL and member countries.
1981 (Manila) - The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
-Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)
Objectives of ASEANAPOL
2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship among the police
officers of ASEAN countries.
IMPORTANT DATES
2008 (Brunei) - The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
2009 (Vietnam) - Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
2010 -On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ORANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE - comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual
ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the
Delegation
2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT - is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn
to host the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors
Tenure of Services
EUROPOL
It means European Police Office or Europol. It is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It
became fully operational on 1 July 1999.
Aim of Europol:
Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities of the
member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international
organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement
efforts targeting organized crime.
Mission of Europol:
The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement
action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.
Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states by:
1. Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELO’s) are
seconded the Europol by the Members States as representatives of their national law enforcement
agencies, thus they are not under the command of Europol and its Director as such. Furthermore,
they act in accordance with their national law.
2. Providing operational analysis and support to Member States operations.
3. Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU,
under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;
4. Generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis on the basis of information
and intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources.
Europol’s supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:
What is the added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency?
There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community. Europol is unique in
this field as it is multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular price officers but staff members
from the various law enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialized areas such as
customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border, and financial police.
IACP
It stands for International Association of Chiefs of Police. The International Association of Chiefs of
Police is the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over
20,000 members in over 80 different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes of
international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.
The IACP shall:
2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices, foster cooperation
and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders and police organizations of
recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world.