Electricity

Topics to be discussed
• Electric Charge and Electric Current

• Potential Difference
• Electric Circuit
• Ohm’s Law
• Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends
• Combination of Resistors
 Series Combination
 Parallel Combination
• Heating effect of electric current
• Electric Power
Electric Charge
A charge is a fundamental property

of matter to attract and repel other
materials
There are two types of matter –
Positive Charges
Negative Charges
• Same charges repel each other
• Opposite charges attract each other
It is denoted by ‘Q’ and the unit used to measure it is Coulomb ( C )
• Charge on 1 Electron :
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
• No. of Electrons in 1 Coulomb of Charge :
n = 6 x 1018 C
Q = ne
Electric Current
 Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charge.
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 ( 𝐐 )
Electric Current ( I ) =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 ( 𝐭 )
𝑸
I= 𝑻
• S.I. Unit of Electric Current ( I ) is Ampere ( A )
• 1 Ampere is the electric current when 1 Coulomb of charge flows

through the wire in 1 second.
Small Quantity of Electric Current : Small quantity of electric current is
expressed in milliampere and microampere. Milliampere is written as
mA and microampere as pA.
1 mA (milliampere) = 10-3 A
1 pA (microampere) = 10-6 A
Direction of current:
Electric current flows in the circuit from positive terminal of cell to the
negative terminal of cell.
Conventionally the direction of current is taken as opposite to the
direction of motion of electrons.
Ammeter is the device used to measure electric current.
It is always connected in series.
A current of 0.5 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb
for 10 minutes. Find the amount of electric charge that
flows through the circuit.
Potential Difference
Potential Difference : Electric potential difference is defined as
the work done to move a unit charge from one point to another.
Potential Difference is also known as Voltage.
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐃𝐨𝐧𝐞 ( 𝐖 )
Potential difference ( V ) between two points =
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 ( 𝐐 )
𝑾
V= 𝑸
S.I. Unit of Potential Difference is Volt ( V )

1 volt of electric potential difference is equal to the 1 joule of work
to be done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to
another in an electric circuit.
The potential difference is measured by

means of an instrument called the
Voltmeter. The voltmeter is always
connected in parallel across the points
between which the potential difference is to
be measured.
How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C across
two points having a potential difference 12 V ?
Electric Circuit
A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an
electric circuit.
An electric circuit, comprises a
cell ( or a battery ), a plug key,
electrical component(s), and
connecting wires.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law : Ohm’s Law states that the
potential difference between two points is
directly proportional to the electric current,
at a constant temperature.
This means potential difference V varies as
electric current.
V∝I
or, V = IR
𝑽
or, I=
𝑹
Where, R is the constant of proportionality called resistance of the
conductor at a given temperature.
Resistance
Resistance is the property of conductor due to which it resists
the flow of electric current through it.
S.I. unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter ‘Ώ’
𝑽
R=
𝑰
1 ohm of resistance is equal to the flow 1A of current through

a conductor between two points having a potential difference
equal to 1V.
Factors on which Resistance of a conductor depends
(i) Nature of Material : Some materials create least hindrance and hence, are
called good conductors. Example - Silver. While some materials create more
hindrance in the flow of electric current and are called bad conductors or
insulators. Example - Hard plastic.
(ii) Length of Conductor : Resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length of
conductor. This means, resistance increases with increase in length of the
conductor. Thus, Resistance (R) ∝ length of conductor (l)
or, R ∝ l …...( i )
(iii) Area of Cross Section : Resistance R is inversely proportional to the area of
ggfjfcross section (A) of the conductor. This means R will decrease with an increase
ghggin the area of conductor and vice versa.
ggyiiThus, resistance ( R ) ∝ 1 / Area of cross section of conductor
𝟏
bhbjor, R ∝ 𝑨 ......( ii )
From equations (i) and (ii)
𝒍
R∝
𝑨
𝒍
R=ρ
𝑨
Where, ρ ( rho ) is the proportionality constant. It is called the

electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor.
Resistivity (ρ) : It is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit

length and unit area of cross – section.
Its S.I. unit is ohm – metre ( Ώ m )

The Resistivity of a material does not depend on its length or thickness
but depends on the nature of the material and temperature.
• Metals and alloys have very low resistivity in the range of 10-8 Ώm
iito 10-6 Ώm. They are good conductors of electricity.
• Insulators have very high resistivity of the order of 1012 to 1017 Ώm.
iiThey are bad conductors of electricity.
• Copper and aluminium are used for electric transmission lines

because both posses low resistivity.
• Alloys are commonly used in electric heating appliances.
Resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent

metals. Alloy do not oxidise readily at high temperatures. For this
reason, they are commonly used in electric heating devices
(a) How much current will an electric bulb draw from a 220 V source,
if the resistance of the bulb filament is 1200 Ω ?
(b) How much current will an electric heater coil draw from a 220 V
grrsource, if the resistance of the heater coil is 100 Ω ?
Combination of Resistors
Series Combination – When two or more resistors are connected
end to end, the arrangement is called series combination.
• Current through each resistor is same.
• The potential difference across each resistor is different
• Equivalent resistance of the combination is equal to the sum of

individual resistances.
Disadvantages of series :-
1. If any component fails to work then the circuit will break

and none of them will work.
2. we cannot connect bulb and heater in series because

they need different values of current to operate properly.
Parallel Combination – When two or more resistors are
connected between two common points, the arrangement is called
parallel combination.
• Potential Difference remains same through all resistors.
• Current across each resistor is different.
• The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the

reciprocals of all individual resistances connected in parallel.
Application of Parallel Combination in daily life :-
1. As it divides the current among the components (electric

gadgets), so that they can have necessary amount of current to
operate properly . This is the reason of connecting electrical
appliances in parallel combination in household circuits.
Heating Effect of Electric Current
Heating effect of electric current : If an electric circuit is
purely resistive then the source energy continually gets dissipated
entirely in the form of heat. This is known as the heating effect of
electric current.
For example : When electric energy is supplied to an electric bulb,
the filament gets heated because of which, it gives light.
Cause of heating effect of electric current : Electric current

generates heat to overcome the resistance offered by the
conductor through which it passes. Higher the resistance, the
electric current will generate higher amount of heat.
Joule’s law of heating : It states that the heat produced
in a conductor is directly proportional to :-
(i) square of current for a given resistance,

(ii) resistance for a given current, and
(iii) time for which the current flows through the resistor
Thus, H = I2Rt
Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current
(i) In an electric bulb, the filament of bulb gives light because of the heating
effect of electricity. The filament of bulb is generally made of tungsten
metal because it has a very high melting point and also it does not oxidize
readily at a high temperature.
(ii) Electric fuse is a safety device to protect the electrical appliance

from short circuit. The fuse is placed in series with the device. It consists of
a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy of appropriate melting point,
for example aluminium, copper, etc. If a current larger than the
specified value flows through the circuit, the temperature of the fuse
wire increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit saving
the appliances attached in the circuit.
Electric Power
It is defined as the amount of electric charge consumed in a
circuit per unit time.
P = VI
Or, P = I2R = V2 / R
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W).
One watt is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A of

current when operated at a potential difference of 1 V.
The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kW h).
1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second

= 3.6 × 106 watt second
= 3.6 × 106 joule (J)
1 kW h = 1 unit of electrical energy

Chapter Finished !!
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Electricity

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Electricity

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Topics to be discussed

• Electric Charge and Electric Current

A charge is a fundamental property

• No. of Electrons in 1 Coulomb of Charge :

• S.I. Unit of Electric Current ( I ) is Ampere ( A )

• 1 Ampere is the electric current when 1 Coulomb of charge flows

Potential Difference is also known as Voltage.

S.I. Unit of Potential Difference is Volt ( V )

The potential difference is measured by

S.I. unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter ‘Ώ’

1 ohm of resistance is equal to the flow 1A of current through

Where, ρ ( rho ) is the proportionality constant. It is called the

Resistivity (ρ) : It is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit

Its S.I. unit is ohm – metre ( Ώ m )

• Copper and aluminium are used for electric transmission lines

• Alloys are commonly used in electric heating appliances.

Resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent

• The potential difference across each resistor is different

• Equivalent resistance of the combination is equal to the sum of

1. If any component fails to work then the circuit will break

2. we cannot connect bulb and heater in series because

• Current across each resistor is different.

• The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the

Application of Parallel Combination in daily life :-

1. As it divides the current among the components (electric

Cause of heating effect of electric current : Electric current

(i) square of current for a given resistance,

(ii) Electric fuse is a safety device to protect the electrical appliance

The SI unit of electric power is watt (W).

One watt is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A of

1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second

1 kW h = 1 unit of electrical energy

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