ENDTERM Reviewer - 2nd Semester (NCM110NIF)
ENDTERM Reviewer - 2nd Semester (NCM110NIF)
ENDTERM Reviewer - 2nd Semester (NCM110NIF)
Related Terms:
• Nursing • Computer Literacy – ability to
• Informatics use the computer efficiently
• Electronic Health Record – • Information System – integrated
electronic version of patient's set of components where we
medical history/data/chart collect, store, and process data to
• Telehealth – the use of digital provide information
information and communication • Internet – provides a variety of
technologies information, etc.
A. THEORIES
1. SYSTEMS THEORY
• is largely accredited to the Austrian biologist,
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy
• The theory looks at interacting parts within
boundaries, and can be seen with the use of
technology and the body systems of patients. *
• The underlying principles of Systems Theory
should seem largely intuitive to healthcare
professionals. **
2. COGNITIVE THEORY
• One of the basic building blocks to help understand informatics.
• Can be related to input, output, and processing.
• It helps understand the information processed by our brains.
• It includes:
o Problem solving
o Decision Making
o User centered interface
o Development and use of terminologies
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
3. CHANGE THEORY
• Kurt Lewin, (1890 1947) a Gestalt social psychologist, has
been acknowledged as the “father of change theories”
• is applied in looking at the dynamic processes that are
incorporated with nursing informatics.
• It involves an action of planning and fact gathering before
proceeding on to the next phase of action.
• Lewin’s change theory is a ‘planned change’ guide that
consists of three distinct and vital stages:
o Unfreeze – a desire to change
o Moving to A New Level/Change Stage – involves
process of change in thought, behavior, etc.; new is
better; application of desired change
o Refreezing – establishes the change; there is a
standard operating procedure
3 States of Data
• Data at rest - data in storage
• Data in use - a database program is reading or writing
• Data in motion* - moving between applications over the network
Databases
• Organized collection of related data
• The possibility of finding databases depends on the following factors
o Data naming (indexing) and organizational schemes
o Size and complexity of the database
o Type of data within the database
o Database search methodology**
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
Types of Data
(2 primary approached to classify data in a database system)
• Conceptual Data Type • Computer Based Data Type
o How the users will use the o Numbers, letters or
data combination
o Financial, patient or human o To build the physical
resource data database within the
o Has major impact on how computer system
the designer indexes the o Identifies the number of
data spaces and specific
functions that the system
can perform
o Numeric data perform
numeric functions
o Logic data are limited
Data to Information
Common Database Operations
• Data Input Operations
o Input new data
o Update data
o Change or modify data
Data Warehouses
• A large collection of data imported from several different systems into one
database*
• Data marts are smaller collections of data**
• Purposes
o Spares users from the need to learn several different applications
o Makes it possible to separate the analytical and operational processing
o Provides an architectural design for the data warehouse that supports
decisional information needs
o The user can slice and dice the data from different angles and at different
levels of detail
• Functions:
o Must be able to extract data from the various computer systems and
import those data into the data warehouse
o Must function as a database to store and process the data in the database
o Must be able to deliver data in the warehouse back to the users in the
form of information
Data/Information to Knowledge
• Data Mining – to find previously
unknown patterns and trends that
will assist in providing quality care,
predicting best treatment choices
and utilizing health resources in a
cost-effective manner
• Knowledge Discovery and Data
Mining (KDD)
o The process of extracting
information and knowledge
from large scale databases
o 7 Step Process: Task
Analysis, Data Collection,
Data Cleaning, Data
Transformation, Data
Mining, Pattern
Interpretation and
Evaluation, and
Deployment
o 3 Step Process by Bagga and Singh: Pre-Processing, Data Mining and
Post Processing*
4 Main Components*
• Natural Language
• Knowledge Base
• Database
• Inference Engine
6. SCHWIRIAN’S MODEL
• NI activity was depicted as an
interface between the computer
hardware and software, raw nursing
related information, and the user
within the context of their profession
or organization. All of these
elements led to a common goal or
objective. *
• *Raw material - nursing related
information
• *Technology - computing system
• *User - HCP
• *Goal – objective
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
7. TURLEY’S MODEL
• Nursing Informatics is the
interaction between the discipline
specific science/ Nursing Science
and Areas of Informatics. *
• Core Components of Informatics:
o Cognitive Science
o Information Science
o Computer Science
9. NURSE-COMPUTER INTERACTION
• model made by
Stagger’s and Park*
• Framework which has
been used to help
understand interactions
between nurses,
computers, and enabling
elements that optimize
the ability of nurses to
process information via
computerized systems.
• *Nurse-computer
interactions can change overtime.
• *The location of the phenomena along with the trajectory has implications for
the outcome.
• *User
• *Computer
• *Tasks
• *Interfaces
• *Environmental elements
o Proficient
o Expert
• *Advanced beginner - acceptable performance
• *Competent - enhanced mastery and ability to cope and manage
contingencies
• *Proficient - evolution through continuous practice of skills combined with
professional experience and knowledge
• *Expert - an individual with mastery of concepts and the capacity to
intuitively understand the situation, and immediately targets the problem with
minimal effort or problem solving
A. Prior To 1960s
• Nursing profession was undergoing major changes
• Computers were used for basic office administrative and financial accounting
functions only
• Used punch cards to store data and card readers to read computer programs
• Computers were linked together and operated by paper tape and used
teletypewriters to print output
B. 1960s
• Uses of computers in health care settings began to be explored*
• Nursing practice standards and resources were reviewed and analyzed
• Computer technology was advanced, and the number of health care facilities
increased
• Clinical practice presented nurses with new opportunities for computer use
C. 1970s
• Nurses began to value the computers to their profession
• Computer assisted in the design and development of nursing applications for
HIS and other environments where nurses functioned*
• Conferences helped public and home health nurses
• Hospitals and public health agencies embarked on investigating computers
and nursing
• The opportunity to improve education using computer technology began
D. 1980s
• Field of NI became visible in the healthcare industry and nursing
• Many mainframes HIS emerged with nursing subsystems*
• Discharge planning systems used as referrals
• Microcomputer or personal computer emerged
• In 1985, the ANA approved the formation of the Council on Computer
Applications in Nursing (CCAN)
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
E. 1990s
• Became an integral part of healthcare settings, nursing practice and
profession
• Policies and legislations were adopted
• Nursing profession became actively involved in promoting NI
• ANA approved NI as a new nursing specialty
• Laptops and notebooks
• LAN and WAN
• Internet and www
F. 2000s
• Data capture and data sharing technological tools
• Wireless, point of care, regional database projects and increased IT solutions
• Use of bar coding and radiofrequency identification
• Smaller mobile devices with wireless or internet access*
• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
G. 2010s
• Genomic health care, shifting research paradigms and social technologies
• Complete digitalization in healthcare information
• “Meaningful use” legislation
• There are three basic components of meaningful use:
o The use of a certified EHR in a meaningful manner.
o The electronic exchange of health information to improve quality of
health care.
o The use of certified EHR technology to submit clinical quality and other
measures.
• The Meaningful Use Criteria are driven by Health Outcomes Policy Priorities
and Care Goals.
o Improve the quality, safety, efficiency of health care, and reduce health
disparities.
o Engage patients and families.
o Improve care coordination.
o Improve public health.
o Ensure adequate privacy and security protections for PHI.
Advantages
✓ Improves quality patient outcomes, and safety
✓ Reduces variation in care to improve disease management
✓ Improves drug prescribing & administration
• 1970s: the systems were found in hospital setting replacing the manual methods
of gathering patients’ vital signs*
• 1980s: the technology became cheaper, smaller and significantly more
powerful**
• 1990s: the development-was focused on integration of monitoring data into
information systems
HEMODYNAMIC* MONITORS
• Allow for calculation-of hemodynamic indices
• The expert collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data of
cardiopulmonary functions
• Include clinical observation, the use of electrical photometric, pressure
transducing equipment, and other non-invasive devices, as well as the application
of several intravascular catheters
CCIS Components
1. Patient Management
2. Vital Signs Monitoring
3. Diagnostic Testing Results 4. Clinical Documentation
4. Decision Support
5. Medication Management
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
Public Health
- coordinated effort at different levels whose mission is to fulfill the society’s
interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy (IOM)
Modern Systems:
1. Automated IV PUMPS
- Control the dosages and drips given to patients. Software and medical tech
allow nurses to change the drip amounts and medication doses so patients
aren’t waiting for changes. There are IV pumps for nutrition that give needed
meals at the right times.
2. Portable Monitors
- Equipment allows nursing professionals to check on patients, even if they’re
on the move or busy helping someone else. Portable devices monitor vital
signs like ECG, respiratory rates, and oxygen saturations while transmitting the
information back to a central monitor.
4. Wearable Devices
- Devices that help track heart rates, exercise, sleep, respiration, and more are
helping people take their health into their own hands. With increased
accessibility to iPhones, nurses also benefit from apps and devices that help
them care for patients.
7. Telehealth Apps
- Is a valuable, newer element in healthcare. Hospitals and clinics allow patients
to virtually video chat with a doctor or nurse to describe their symptoms or
show doctors things like rashes or bumps. This helps patients with a quick
diagnosis without leaving the comfort of their own home
A. CARE PLANNING
• Computerized patient record facilitates the automation of the nursing care
planning process
• Today’s care planning process includes a mix of individual patient data standards
and data which can be used for decision making
B. DISCHARGE PLANNING
• Documentation starts with admission and ends with a discharge care plan
• Discharge Care Planning Systems provide for continuity of care from home to
hospital and back to the community, another care facility, outpatient department
or the home
Notes:
• America - Medicare
• Philippines - PhilHealth
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
✓ Can be used for QA, auditing, research, and coding at discharge for prospective
payment
✓ It is arranged. These care plans and discharge planning are within the concept of
clinical and critical pathways.
CLINICAL/CRITICAL PATHWAYS
• “Clinical Pathways (CP) are multidisciplinary plans of best clinical practice for
specified groups of patients with a particular diagnosis that aid the co-ordination
and delivery of high-quality care. They are both, a tool and a concept, which
embed guidelines, protocols and locally agreed, evidence-based, patient-
centered, best practice, into everyday use for the individual patient.”
• **“Pathway”, alagyan. Ano ayhan ang pasunod sang aton nga care para sa aton
patient.
• This is a tool that provides an evidence-based practice for patient care.
• A clinical management tool that helps medical care providers coordinate the
delivery of patient care for a particular case or type of conditions.
• **Ex. Diabetes then what to do to the diagnosis of the patient? per day, per week.
There is a pattern or pathway. (nakapattern na ang tanan mo nga hemuon para
kay patient)
• It stands as a guide to usual treatment of patterns and it gives us a big picture.
• The CP usually recommends a total treatment regimen. Treatment regimens are
formulated through the consensus of a multi-disciplinary collaboration of all
those involved in the patient’s care. So, if developed and implemented properly
the critical paths can lead to desirable outcomes for the patient and improved
operating effectiveness or efficiency in the delivery of health care for the health
care facility.
Benefits
✓ Support the introduction of ✓ Can help ensure quality of care
evidence-based medicine and use and provide a means of
of clinical guidelines continuous quality improvement
✓ Support clinical effectiveness, risk ✓ Support the implementation of
management and clinical audit continuous clinical audit in clinical
✓ Improve multidisciplinary practice
communication, teamwork and ✓ Support the use of guidelines in
care planning (collaborative) clinical practice
✓ Can support continuity and ✓ Help empower patients
coordination of care across ✓ Help manage clinical risk
different clinical disciplines and ✓ Help improve communications
sectors between different care sectors
✓ Provide explicit and well-defined ✓ Disseminate accepted standards
standards for care of care
✓ Help reduce variations in patient ✓ Provide a baseline for future
care (by promoting initiatives
standardization) ✓ Not prescriptive: don’t override
✓ Help improve clinical outcomes clinical judgement
✓ Help improve and even reduce ✓ Expected to help reduce risk
patient documentation ✓ Expected to help reduce costs by
✓ Support training shortening hospital stays
✓ Optimize the management of
resources
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
E-JOURNALS
• An edited package of articles that is distributed to most of its subscribers in
electronic form
• Some e-journals are freely accessible on the Web. This is most commonly the
case for those titles that have been created independent of a print counterpart.
• E-journal full-text will generally be of two types: HTML or PDF.
• Mode of delivery should be electronic.
• But the extent of what is delivered electronically varies. So, in its purest form and
e-journal is your edited package
• Publishers or printed journals usually limit free online access to the tables of
contents and abstract of articles.
• So, while these falls short of the desktop access to the full text or articles, it does
provide the convenience of browsing published issues to identify items of
interest.
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
2 TYPES
1. HTML - Hypertext Markup - Documents viewed in this
Language format provide an image view
- It is the coding used to create that is the same as viewing it
web pages that can be published print equivalent.
displayed by web browsers. Therefore, this format is not
For ex. Internet Explorer, only pleasing to the eye but
Chrome or Firefox also nicely accommodates the
graphical materials such as
2. PDF - Portable Document File articles, tables, and figures
- A format that allows users to because it is an image format.
view the document in its - However, it is not possible to
original format without cut and paste as you can with
requiring the users to have the the text document.
originating software apps. For
ex. Adobe pdf reader.
BRIEF HISTORY
• 1879: Spanish Law on Intellectual Property, known as the first copyright law in
the Philippines.
• 1896: Our break of the Philippine revolution, defeat of Spain in the Spanish-
American War, Treaty of Paris was signed.
o Treaty of Paris mentions existent intellectual property system in the
Philippines
o “The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by
Spaniards in the Island of Cuba and in Puerto Rico, the Philippines and
other ceded territories, at the time of the exchange of the ratifications of
this treaty, shall continue to be respected…”
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
By protecting IP, it enables people to earn recognition or even financial benefit from
what they invent or create.
AIM of IP Laws: Foster an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
The WIPO classes specialized agency of the UN and it promotes the protection of the IP
throughout the world.
technology, attracts foreign investments, and ensures market access for our
products.
➢ It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and
other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when
beneficial to the people, for such periods as provided in this Act.
➢ The State shall promote the diffusion of knowledge and information for the
promotion of national development and progress and the common good.
Cliché – an element that is found in artistic works or artworks that has become overused
to the point that it has become irritating
However, people have constantly used these ideas and they can’t find because these
ideas or these are ideas. That is how the writer expresses it.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
• Occurs when there is a violation of any of the exclusive economic or moral rights
granted to the copyright owner. Also included aiding/abetting such infringement.
• There is also liability of a person who at the time when copyright subsists in a
work has in his possession an article which he knows, or ought to know, to be an
infringing copy of the work for the following purposes:
o Selling/letting for hire,
o Distributing article for the purpose of trade or any prejudice against the
copyright owner's work,
o Trade exhibit of the article in public.
• The copyright owner can file a criminal, civil, or administrative action for
copyright infringement after giving the offender a Copyright Infringement Notice.
• This notice will be sent as a warning however after receiving the notice there was
no action taken, that is the time that you can sue them for copyright
infringement.
Examples:
Recording a film in a movie theater.
Posting a video on your company's website which features copyrighted words or
songs.
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
TRADEMARK
• A word, phrase, or symbol which represent a company or product. They
distinguish the products or services of one company or organization from those
of its competitors.
• Trademark is valid for 10 years from application date then it can be renewed
upon payment of fees.
• Ex. Disney - company that trademarks everything
• Prince Harry and Megan – trademark the name of their daughter, Lilybeth
• *They trademark things so that no one else can use them and if someone uses it
to gain money from it.
TRADEMARK
Ex. Starbucks, McDonalds, San Miguel, Bluetooth, World Trademark Review
VOCABULARY:
• URL - Uniform Resource Locator; distinguishes where an identified resource is
available along with the mechanism for retrieving it.
• UDRP - Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy; resolves domain
name disputes in the case of abusive registrations or trademark infringement.
• TLD - Top Level Domains; names at the top of the DNS naming
o (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
o hierarchy. Ex: .net, .com, .edu
• Subdomain - domain that is component of a larger domain.
• ccTLD - Country Code Top Level Domain; domains that have two letters to the
right of the last period in a domain name. Example: co.uk, .jp, .ar, .ph
• Cybersquatting - refers to the act of knowingly managing a domain name that is
confusingly similar or matches an established trademark.
Alijah Abigail R. Jayme BSN2 – Henderson B – 2nd Semester ENDTERM Reviewer
• DNS - Domain Name System; hierarchical naming system that helps users find
their way around the internet.
• Domain Name - host names that the DNS uses to identify and map to websites.
The following are "rules" adapted from Virginia Shea's The Core Rules of Netiquette:
1. RULE 1: REMEMBER THE HUMAN
a. GOLDEN RULE: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.
2. RULE 2: ADHERE TO THE SAME STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR ONLINE THAT
YOU FOLLOW IN REAL LIFE.
3. RULE 3: KNOW WHERE YOU ARE IN CYBERSPACE
a. "Netiquette varies from domain to domain" (Shea, 1994).
4. RULE 4: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE’S BANDWIDTH
5. RULE 5: MAKE YOURSELF GOOD ONLINE
6. RULE 6: SHARE EXPERT KNOWLEDGE
7. RULE 7: HELP KEEP FLAME WARS UNDER CONTROL
a. "Flaming is what people do when they express a strongly held opinion
without holding back any emotion." (Shea, 1994)
8. RULE 8: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE’S PRIVACY
9. RULE 9: DON’T ABUSE YOUR POWER
10. RULE 10: BE FORGIVING OF OTHER PEOPLE’S MISTAKES
INFORMATICS NURSE
• are those who enter the nursing informatics field because of an interest or
experience. (Nursing Informatics Scope & Standards of Practice)
• Which means that these are your nurses that join informatics because they
experienced working on it or they have the interest in being an informatics nurse
or informatician.
o With the help of the patient’s information, we prioritize our care based on
the gathered evidences, information or data
• Acquiring and delivering patient care knowledge;
o From the gathered data we try to apply it where the delivery of our patient
care
• Creating new tools for patient care from new technologies
• Applying ergonomics to nurse-computer interfaces or also known as
terminologies
• Integrating systems
• Evaluating the effects of nursing systems
The practice in each of these areas requires different knowledge and skills on part of
the informatics nurse, so one of the main objectives of nursing informatics in the clinical
area is to integrate data from all areas pertinent to nursing care and present it in a
manner that enables the clinical nurse to provide quality care.
Many sources of information are needed for patient care. So, the overall goal of
nursing informatics is to optimize the information management and communication to
provide or to improve individual health care and the health of populations. (American
Nurses Association, 2015)
INFORMATICS NURSE
- are those who enter the nursing informatics field because of an interest or
experience. (Nursing Informatics Scope & Standards of Practice)
1. System Educator
2. Information Technology Nursing Advocate
3. Superusers
4. System Specialist
5. Clinical Systems Coordinator/Analyst
MULTIDISCIPLINARY GROUPS
HISTORY OF HIS
• 1960s: Computers and storage were large and expensive; hospitals usually
shared their networks with each other; hospital accounting systems were the
main thing that was emerging
• 1980s: HIS began to improve; smaller and much cheaper and quicker
computers; hospitals were able to get large amount of information from both
clinical and financial systems
• 2000s: Technology has advanced; hospitals created applications that would
assist in commercial and real-time decisions; the software had become much
more accessible due to the widespread use of personal computers.
can be used to inform practice. For nursing, the utilization of data provides an
opportunity to generate a deeper understanding of the impact of nursing care.
INFOWAY” IN 2001 but the operation begun in April: the info way mission was
to foster and accelerate the development and adoption of HER with compatible
standards and communication technologies on pan Canadian basis but with
tangible benefits for Canadians. They also incorporate data related to patient
assessment and interventions and practice patterns are also included because
nursing is the single largest group of healthcare providers.
WHAT IS E-LEARNING?
- E-learning, or Online Learning, occurs outside of a traditional classroom and
uses electronic educational technologies to provide the content, pedagogical
methodology, and assimilation of digital tools and resources that support
teaching and learning.