PLANNING OF

PARTICULAR PROJECTS
REPORTERS:

JOHN NOAH LYSLY JILL JERIKO JOHN MARK RALPH JOSHUA

ARRIETA NAJERA SIAPNO DIAZ CABURNAY
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• Learn useful planning techniques relevant to
the rank of the architect as a design
professional.

• To have a broader framework upon which

student in architecture can foresee the
implication of specific projects.

• Understand the current thought and

practices with regards to plan formulation
and implementation

LYSLY
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

What is Project Planning?

Project planning is a discipline addressing how to complete a
project in a certain timeframe, usually with defined stages and
designated resources. One view of project planning divides the activity
into these steps:

• setting measurable objectives

• identifying deliverables
• scheduling
• planning tasks

Supporting plans may encompass human resources,

communication methods and risk management.

Enterprises often have an information technology project planning

guide that identifies the processes used. Tools used for the scheduling
parts of a plan include Gantt charts and PERT charts.

LYSLY
GANTT CHART
A Gantt Chart (named for the 1910 creator Henry Gantt) is a bar chart that lays out project tasks in a linear timeline.

LYSLY
PERT CHART
A PERT (which stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique) chart is a flowchart or network diagram that
displays project tasks in separate boxes. Task dependencies are then connected with arrows between the boxes, allowing
managers to create project milestones as well as identify any potential obstacles that the team may face.

LYSLY
COMPONENTS OF A PROJECT PLAN
The three major parts of a project plan are the scope, budget and timeline. They involve the following
aspects:

• Scope. The scope determines what a project team will and will not do. It takes the team's vision, what
stakeholders want and the customer's requirements and then determines what's possible. As part of
defining the project scope, the project manager must set performance goals.

• Budget. Project managers look at what manpower and other resources will be required to meet the
project goals to estimate the project's cost.

• Timeline. This reveals the length of time expected to complete each phase of the project and includes
a schedule of milestones that will be met.

LYSLY
B. MAIN LESSON
LAND USE PLANNING LAND USE MAP
Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of
land and water potential, alternatives for land use and
economic and social conditions in order to select and
adopt the best land-use options.

All kinds of rural land use are involved: agriculture,

pastoralism, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism.
Planning also provides guidance in cases of conflict
between rural land use and urban or industrial expansion,
by indicating which areas of land are most valuable under
rural use.

LYSLY NOAH
National Land Use and Allocation Scheme
• Land Classification which involves the assessment of unclassified lands under the public
domain which include surveying, classifying, studying and mapping areas into
agricultural, forest or timber, mineral and national parks;
-National government/DENR; congress delineates limits of forest lands and national parks.

• Land Reclassification is the subsequent classification, allocation and disposition of lands

of the public domain, classified as alienable and disposable into specific uses;
-National government/DENR in coordination with LGUs.

• Land Subclassification is the act of determining and assigning the uses of classified
public lands;
-National government/DENR

• Zoning is the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial
jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their
regulation, subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority;
- LGUs

• Land Use Conversion is the act of putting a piece or parcel of land into a type of use other
than that for which it is currently being utilized.
-National government/DAR
NOAH
 NOAH

Concepts Related to Land Use

• REVERSIBLE USES– cases when the inherent features and characteristics of the land have not been considerably
altered or modified such that the soil horizon, landform, and structure remain intact so that the land can be reverted
to its former use or original condition.
• IRREVERSIBLE USES – when land is subject to applications which brought about changes, alteration or modifications
so much so that it preempts the original use or it is physically impossible to restore the land to its previous state or
condition.
• MULTIPLE LAND USES – combining different land uses, whether reversible or irreversible, in an orderly and desirable
pattern because:

• Land is finite and supply is finite

• Demand is ever increasing
• Competition is there
•Land can indeed have more than one use and uses can be combined in different ways.

• COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE LAND USES – a related concept of multiple uses of land is the compatibility of uses.
Some land uses are innately incompatible while others are completely compatible.
• HIGHEST AND BEST USE OF THE LAND - The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negative
consequences especially on the environment
- Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man and environment.
• COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANNING - A document embodying specific proposals for guiding, regulating growth
and development of a city or municipality.
 LYSLY

Sustainable Land Use

Land use is considered to be sustainable when it is both socially and environmentally compatible desired by
the society, technically viable and when it makes economic sense. This means:

• Social justice: When considering the effects of planning measures, attention should be paid to the
distribution and kind of benefits.

• Long-term sustainability of natural resources: The land utilization type must be designed to ensure that
the natural basis of living is sustained in the long-term run.

• Acceptance and social compatibility: The measures applied are to be desired, accepted, supported and
largely carried out by those affected by them.

• Economic efficiency: The measures planned should be designed to contribute to the long-term security of
the economic basis of living of the people.

• Viability: The planned measures should be sound with the level of tolerance of the local population in terms
of technology, economy and organization.
 PHYSICAL PLANNING
Concerned with the general pattern of land-use, the character and location of public buildings and
structures. The design of streets, the location and development of transit and transportation systems,
and all other physical facilities which are necessary or desirable to promote the economic betterment,
comfort, convenience and the general welfare.

Five Major Principles of Physical Planning

• Sustainability
• Land-use patterns
• Natural & Cultural Resources
• Access and Transportation
• Life Style

LYSLY
 FIVE MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING
1. SUSTAINABILITY 4. ACCESS AND
• Promote sustainable practices in development
• Promote sustainable practices in operations TRANSPORTATION
• Encourage broad-based sustainability initiatives • Ease of access ( roads, bridges,…. Etc)
• Parking facilities
2. LAND-USE PATTERNS • Transportation facilities ( buses, metros,… etc)

• Respect the natural environment and preserve open space

as much as possible
• Integrate the natural and built environment
5. LIFE STYLE
• Encourage sustainability and efficiency in building layouts • Enrich the experience for all inhabitants
•Offer adequate housing opportunities for all its inhabitants
3. NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES • Create an array of facilities that enrich the quality of the
city
• Respect major landscape and vegetation features
• Maintain continuity of wildlife habitats
• Design exterior landscaping to be compatible with
surrounding native plant communities
• Maintain natural surface drainage flows as much as
possible
• Protect historic and prehistoric cultural resources
LYSLY
 LYSLY

Goals and Indicators of Physical Planning

• Planning process aims at certain dimensions of change – it aims to increase the access services and
facilities .
• To achieve a goal within a time span we have to understand the nature of the statement (of the goal). The
statements are motivated to the overall welfare.

3 INDICATORS
Indicators in the context of planning and analysis, refers to a measurable or observable variable that provides
insights or information about a particular phenomenon or situation. Three types of Indicators , are under
Physical Planning :
• SOCIAL INDICATORS : These are general indicators which can be broadly defined as ‘measures of aggregate
wellbeing among the persons and families within a society , a city , a neighbourhood’
• IMPACT INDICATORS : These are specific indicators to access the impact of a plan. Following a plan , the
items which has been provided are closely scrutinized to see whether the promises made in the plan are
fulfilled or not.
• PERFORMANCE INDICATORS : These are precise indicators. When various activities of a town starts
functioning , then we realize whether the plan is functional or not as many frictions amongst the different
items may arise.
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC FACILITIES PLANNING
Transportation the act of moving or transferring someone or something to another place.

Public Facilities
• Public transportation facilities means a single or multimodal transportation facility that provides
transportation to the public on a fare basis, including bus and train stations.

Transportation Infrastructure
Refers to the framework that supports our transport system consists of a fixed installations including:
• Roads
• Railways
• Airways
• Waterways
• Terminals

JERIKO
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
-is defined as planning required in the operation, provision and management of facilities and services for the
modes of transport to achieve safer, faster, comfortable, convenient, economical and environment-friendly
movement of people and goods.

Reason why it is important :

Landscape architects help communities by designing multi-use transportation corridors that accommodate
all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, people with disabilities, and people who use public
transportation. These multi-use transportation systems reduce reliance on a single-use automotive transport,
which in turn reduces traffic, improves air quality, and promotes a sustainable way of life.

JERIKO
PUBLIC FACILITY PLANNING
OBJECTIVES:
• Reviewing plans for consistency with the goals, policies and land use designations of municipal plans
adopted.
• Landscaping review regarding cost, feasibility and design criteria
• Reviewing planning and design criteria

Reason why it is important :

• INFRASTRUCTURE -Ensures the safe movements of people and materials in all regions of the country
• SANITATION -It is an important facility that must be planned to create a cleaner environment
• PUBLIC TRANSPORT -Allows citizens of the country to travel locally and across the country faster safer and
more affordable
• HEALTH CARE -Planning and implementation of government medical facilities such as hospitals, health
centers and affordable drugs should be carries out in all regions of the country
• WATER -Ensures that harmful particles are removed from water from industries

JERIKO
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (AGRARIAN, FOREST, COASTAL)
Environmental planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development with the
consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors and provides
a holistic frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes.

JM
5 MAIN ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• Social & economic development
• Urban development
• Regional development
• Natural resource management & integrated land use
• Infrastructure systems
• Governance frameworks

The environmental planning assessments encompass areas such as land use, socio-economics,
transportation, economic and housing characteristics, air pollution, noise pollution, the wetlands, habitat of the
endangered species, flood zones susceptibility, coastal zones erosion, and visual studies among others, and is
referred to as an Integrated environmental planning assessment.
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING- AGRARIAN
• The complex interaction of agriculture and environment has been an issue since the beginning of man.
• When early settlers began farming and ranching in the United States, they faced pristine wilderness and
open prairies.
• The science of applying principles of ecology to agriculture is called agroecology.
• Soil erosion, converting land to agricultural use, introduction of fertilizer and pesticides, animal wastes, and
irrigation.

Effects of farming occur on the environment

• The growing use of machines, pesticides and man-made fertilizers have all seriously impacted the
environment.
• When grasslands and wetlands or forests are converted to crops.
• Urbanization

JM
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING- FOREST
Forests
• are one of the major sources of livelihood that need to be conserved.
Forest management plans - working plan code
• present state of the forest
• outcomes of past management
• proposal of future management o na scientific basis
Benefits of Forest Management Plans
• improving air and water quality
• slowing storm water runoff
• conservation of soil
• enhancing wildlife habitatquality

JM
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING- COASTAL
Coastal zone is a crucial area in terms of planning development.

Carrying capacity is the limit of a certain coastal zone capability to support all human created activities

Coastal Management Plan is aimed primarily at local government, which is responsible for managing large
areas of public coastal land.

Benefits of Coastal management plans

• awareness of sustainable land use options and hazard zones
• can reduce the mortality rate of poor and marginalized fishermen
• Protects natural coastal environments and marine nursing grounds
• Covers management of multiple uses of the same coastal area, benefiting everyone.

JM
 SOME OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:
Many environmental planning actions currently revolve around the reduction of emissions and material reuse,
not adaptations in order to lessen future climate change impacts. This is most frequently seen as a result of the
difficulty of predicting the long term effects of climate change. Climate action is very complex in nature and the
timeline of emissions mitigation is unpredictable.

Some of the Current Environmental problems:

• Pollution
• Global warming
• Overpopulation
• Waste disposal
• Ocean acidification

JM
 NOAH

TOURISM PLANNING
Tourism planning is a necessary process for the successful development of a tourism product or
the destination.
Main focus of tourism planning includes employment, economic diversification, resource
conservation and traveller satisfaction among many others. Unrestricted tourism planning has negative
impacts on the destination such as, diminished image, socio-cultural deterioration, traffic congestion,
overcrowding, environmental issues etc
Approaches towards Tourism Planning:
• Boosterism: According to this approach towards tourism development,
economic benefits are focused on while restrictions on developments by
companies are reduced.
• Interactive Planning: This approach is participative and cooperative as it
focuses on the local communities’ opinions. This is time consuming, yet helps in
making better decisions and the decisions are well received by the locals.
Approaches towards Tourism Planning:
• Conventional Planning: Though many governments or organizations have laid
out development plans, they are partially implemented or not implemented at
all. Such plans are made by combining information instead of consultation thus
are based on gathered data.
• Integrated Planning: According to this approach, every development plan must
be formulated in consideration with the local community, cultures,
political/economic policies and the environment.
• Market-led Planning: In this type of planning, the result is short term and
changes the socio-economic composition of the destination over time.
• Supply-led Planning: This type of approach to tourism planning focuses on the
product at the destination used by tourists.

NOAH
Outputs in Tourism Planning:
• Partnerships: The public sector- private sector partnership can benefit a destination. This
means that the private sector would assist the development of tourism services in return for
profits while public sector eases laws and regulates policies to produce a successful
destination.
• Community Participation: Community participation comes as an advantage in the decision
making and benefits of tourism development.
There are various types of community participation:
• pseudo
• partial
• full
When communities are given opportunities and awareness, they can help develop the
image of the product and help in the development process alongside conservation of
resources and prosperity and welfare of the local community. On the other hand, there are
disadvantages too. The involvement of people from the local community who have little or
no knowledge of tourism could harm it more than helping to develop it.

NOAH
 HISTORIC PRESERVATION RALPH

Historic Preservation
- is identifying, protecting, and enhancing buildings, places, and
objects of historical and cultural significance.
- is vital to understanding our nation's heritage
- is essentially a recycling program of 'historic' proportions
- Existing buildings can often be energy efficient
- An immediate advantage of older buildings is that a building
already exists; therefore, energy is not necessary to demolish a U.S. Courthouse at Union Station, James R. Browning U.S. Court of
Tacoma, Washington. Designed Appeals Building, San Francisco,
building or create new building materials and the infrastructure by the architectural firm of Reed California. Designed by James
and Stem and constructed in 1911 Knox Taylor in 1905 and
may already be in place. and renovated in 1987. Tall rehabilitated in the early 1990's.
ceilings, generous daylight, and Onsite surveys identify
grand ceremonial spaces give significant features to be
historic buildings enduring retained as part of a
investment value and make comprehensive preservation
them attractive for a variety of plan.
uses.

JM
Some practical and/or intangible benefits of historic preservation include:
• Retention of history and authenticity
Ø Commemorates the past
Ø Aesthetics: texture, craftsmanship, style JM
Ø Pedestrian/visitor appeal
Ø Contextual and human scale

• Increased commercial value (Economic Benefits)

Ø Materials and ornaments that are not affordable or readily available
Ø Durable, high quality materials (e.g., old growth wood)

Rehabilitated historic Congress Hall hotel, Cape May, New Jersey

• Retention of building materials (refer also to WBDG Sustainable Branch)
Ø Less construction and demolition debris
Ø Less hazardous material debris
Ø Less need for new materials

• Existing usable space—quicker occupancy

• Rehabilitation often costs less than new construction
• Reuse of infrastructure
• Energy savings
Ø No energy used for demolition
Ø No energy used for new construction
Ø Reuse of embodied energy in building materials and assemblies

Four treatment approaches

1. Preservation focuses on the maintenance stabilization, and repair of existing historic materials and retention of a
property's form as it has evolved over time.

2. Rehabilitation acknowledges the need to alter or add to a historic property to meet continuing or changing uses while
retaining the property's historic character. This is the most commonly used and flexible standard for rehabilitation at a
federal, state, and local level.

3. Restoration depicts a property at a particular period of time in its history, while removing evidence of other periods.

4. Reconstruction re-creates vanished or non-surviving portions of a property for interpretive purposes.

RALPH
 FISCAL PLANNING
Fiscal planning also called Financial planning is the process of making plans for financial matters. The
process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal involving
finances.

Financial: relating to finance, which is the commercial activity of providing funds and capitals or to put it
the other way, the ways in which individuals and organization raise money.

Fiscal: relating to financial matters, especially government tax revenue and government expenditure and
debt

Importance of Fiscal Planning

1. Ensures provision of adequate funds to meet day by day requirement of the organization as well as its
future expansion
2. Ensures timely availability of funds
3. Provides policies, procedures and plans
4. Helps in ensuring a reasonable balance between outflow and inflow of funds so that stability is
maintained
5. Helps in making growth and expansion programmes
6. Guides for proper and further utilization of available resources
RALPH
Objectives of Fiscal Planning
-To determine capital requirements
depend upon factors like cost of current and fixed assets

-To determine capital structure

composition of capital, i.e. the relative kind and proportion of capital required in the business.

-To frame financial policies

In fiscal planning the policies are framed with regards to cash control, lending, borrowings, etc.

-To utilize financial resources adequately

This is to ensure that the scarce financial resources are maximally utilized in the best possible manner at
least cost in order to get maximum returns on investment.

RALPH
Steps in Fiscal Planning
-Determination of financial objectives
Example: RAwr!
-grow earnings per share 15% annually

-boost annual return of investment from 15% to 20%

-Estimate the capital requirements

-Formulation of financial policies

RALPH
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the planning of particular projects in various domains plays a crucial role in shaping
the development and sustainability of communities. Each project area, including land use, physical
planning, transportation and public facilities planning, environmental planning (agrarian, forest, coastal),
tourism planning, historic preservation, and fiscal planning, contributes to the overall well-being and
functionality of a region.

In summary, effective planning in these domains is essential for creating sustainable, inclusive, and
vibrant communities. By considering the unique characteristics, needs, and aspirations of each area,
planners can contribute to the long-term success and well-being of society.

JOHN NOAH LYSLY JILL JERIKO JOHN MARK RALPH JOSHUA

ARRIETA NAJERA SIAPNO DIAZ CABURNAY