Module 6 10 - Reading in Philippine History

Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, East Tapinac, Olongapo City
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Title: Different Versions of Revolution

Module No. 6
I. Introduction
In this module, it explains how the Katipunan was made and its main purpose why it
was meant to be created. It has different side stories but the goal of the said organization
is only one and it is to be free. This also elaborates the mixed comments or opinions of
the Philippine heroes we know as of today that contributed to our history.
II. Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:
1. Understand the different versions of the Cry of Balintawak that marks the start of
the Revolution in the Philippines;
2. Know the importance of the history of each version and who made them; and
3. Discern the people, dates and places where the said organization happened.
III. Topics and Key Concepts
The Katipunan is Born
 In 1892 Filipinos interested in the overthrow of Spanish rule founded an organization
following Masonic rites and principles to organize armed resistance and terrorist
assassinations within a context of total secrecy.
 Andres Bonifacio was also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope
in gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose
Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. Bonifacio became convinced that the only way the Philippines
could gain independence was through a revolution.
 Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M.
Recto), in Tondo Manila.
 The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they
performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact), wherein each one signed his name
with his own blood.
 The members agreed to recruit more people using the “triangle system” of enlistment.
Each original member would recruit two new members who were not related to each other.
Each new member would do the same thing, and so on down the line. Members were also
asked to contribute one Real (about 25 centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the
association.
 The “Kataastaasang Sanggunian” (supreme council) was the highest governing body
of the Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a
“Sangguaniang Bayan” (Provincial Council) and each town had a “Sangguniang Balangay”
(Popular Council).
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 The first council of the Katipunan was headed by Deodato Arellano as President,
Ladislao Diwa as Fiscal, Teodora Plata as Secretary and Valentine Diaz as Treasurer.
Two Factions of Katipunan

a. Magdalo – This faction was ruled by Bonifacio and wants to have independence
thru a revolution
b. Magdiwa – While, this faction was headed by Emilio Aguinaldo and wants to have
independence thru diplomacy without violence.
(Never nagmeet – andres at rizal)
Tatlong antas ng Katipunan

1. Katipon (Associate) – Ordinary members of the Katipunan, and majority of them
are women. Their hood is color black. And their password was “Anak ng Bayan”
2. Kawal (Soldiers) – The soldiers and fighters of the Katipunan they wore green
hood and their password was “GOMBURZA”
3. Bayani (Patriot) – The prominent leaders and most influencial person in the
Katipunan they wore red hoods with their password as “Rizal”
The Second Phase of Revolution

(Cry of Pugadlawin, Cry of Balintawak, The Cry, Cry of Bahay Toro)
If the expression is taken literally –the Cry as the shouting of nationalistic slogans in
mass assemblies –then there were scores of such Cries. Some writers refer to a Cry of
Montalban on April 1895, in the Pamitinan Caves where a group of Katipunan members
wrote on the cave walls, “Viva la indepencia Filipina!” long before the Katipunan
decided to launch a nationwide revolution.
The historian Teodoro Agoncillo chose to emphasize Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula
(tax receipt) before a crowd of Katipuneros who then broke out in cheers. However,
Guardia Civil Manuel Sityar never mentioned in his memoirs (1896-1898) the tearing or
inspection of the cedula, but did note the pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark on every
single Filipino he met in August 1896 on his reconnaissance missions around
Balintawak.
Some writers consider the first military engagement with the enemy as the defining
moment of the Cry. To commemorate this martial event upon his return from exile in
Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned a “Himno de Balintawak” to herald
renewed fighting after the failed peace of the pact of Biyak na Bato.
On 3 September 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in what is now the
intersection of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive –North
Doversion Road. From that time on until 1962, the Cry of Balintawak was officially
celebrated every 26 August.

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It is not clear why the 1911 monument was erected there. It could not have been to mark
the site of Apolonio Samson’s house in barrio Kangkong; Katipuneros marked that site
on Kaingin Road, between Balintawak and San Francisco del Monte Avenue.
Neither could the 1911 monument have been erected to mark the site of the first armed
encounter which, incidentally, the Katipuneros fought and won. A contemporary map of
1896 shows that the August battle between the Katipunan rebels and the Spanish forces
led by Lt. Ros of the Civil Guards took place at sitio Banlat, North of Pasong Tamo Road
far from Balintawak. The site has its own marker.
It is quite clear that first, eyewitnesses cited Balintawak as the better-known reference
point for a larger area. Second, while Katipunan may have been massing in Kangkong,
the revolution was formally launched elsewhere. Moreover, eyewitnesses and therefore
historians, disagreed on the site and date of the Cry.
But the issue did not rest there. In 1970, the historian Pedro A. Gagelonia pointed out:
The controversy among historians continues to the present day. The “Cry of Pugad
Lawin” (August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It lacks positive
documentation and supporting evidence from the witness. The testimony of only one
eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough to authenticate and verify a controversial
issue in history. Historians and their living participants, not politicians and their
sycophants, should settle this controversy.
Different Versions of the Revolution:
“THE CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN” BY PIO VALENZUELA
The latter part of 1895 was filled with uncertainty for the Katipunan. The Supremo of its
Supreme Council, Andres Bonifacio, doubted his own leadership because since it was
founded on July 7, 1892, their membership did not go far beyond 300. Alarmed of the
situation, on December 31, 1895, he called for a re-organization meeting to elect a new
set of officers at his house in Zurbaran Street in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
About 200 of its members attended. Bonifacio believed Dr. Pio Valenzuela should be
the new President because he was the most educated among its members. Valenzuela
could have won the presidency, but he refused Bonifacio’s offer to campaign for him,
because he believed that it was better for the organization if the latter continued his
leadership.
During the first hour of New Year’s Day of 1896, the “Kataas-taasang Tatlo,” popularly
known as the Triumvirate were inducted; with Valenzuela as the new Fiscal General,
Emilio Jacinto as the new Secretary General and Bonifacio as the President. They were
the members of the “Camara Negra” (Black Chamber), the organization’s counter-
intelligence arm, a secret chamber within the Katipunan which passed judgment over
members who violated the secrets of the society. They were the executive, legislative
and judicial authority of the Supreme Council and were the primary contributors to the
society's organ “Ang Kalayaan.”

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Valenzuela was credited for the growth of Katipunan membership. Immediately upon
taking over his new post, Bonifacio requested him to stay in Manila. Valenzuela agreed
on the condition that the printing press of the Katipunan be transferred and put under his
management from Bonifacio’s house to his rented place at 35 Lavezares Street, San
Nicolas, Binondo, a convenient place for him to edit the official organ of the Katipunan.
The printing press was donated by two Visayan Katipuneros Francisco Del Castillo and
Candido Iban when they learned that the Katipunan needed one using the money they
earned as sea-divers in Australia. After two weeks in his hometown Polo, Bulacan,
Valenzuela returned to Lavezares and brought along his townmates, Faustino Duque and
Ulfiano Fernandez to oversee the publication.
Valenzuela suggested Ang Kalayaan to be the name of the propaganda organ and the
name of Marcelo H. del Pilar to be printed as editor, with Yokohama, Japan as the place
of publication to mislead the Spanish authorities. Its maiden issue had eight pages and
was the size of Liwayway Magazine. 2,000 copies were printed for distribution. It
featured an editorial by Marcelo H. del Pilar which originally appeared on La
Solidaridad, a review published in Spain, and was translated from Spanish into Tagalog
by Jacinto, greeting the Filipino people from Yokohama, Japan, cordially wishing them
solidarity and independence, and offering his life and all he had for their good.
There also appeared a news item entitled Catwiran by Dr. Valenzuela, describing the
cruelty perpetrated by the priest of San Francisco del Monte and the Civil Guards against
a poor barrio lieutenant. There were also articles by Jacinto, entitled Pahayag, urging the
Filipino people to revolt as the only recourse to secure liberty and an article taken from
the book entitled Las Ruinas del Palmira. Other articles were: Ang Dapat Mabatid ng
mga Tagalog by Bonifacio, Sa mga Kababayan co-authored by Bonifacio and Dr.
Valenzuela, and a poem by Bonifacio entitled Ang Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa,
depicting the suffering of the Filipino people under the yoke of the Spanish authorities.
Valenzuela used the nom-de-plume Madlang Away, Jacinto, Dimasalang and Pingkian,
while Bonifacio signed his contributions with Aga-pito and May Pag-asa.
Ang Kalayaan triggered the spread of revolutionary consciousness of the people. Words
of insurrection spread out that soon, many, even skeptics from outlying provinces, were
convinced that they were ready to join the quest for freedom. After the circulation of the
initial issue, membership of the secret society jumped tremendously from a few hundreds
to 30,000 in a period of five months from the middle of March to August 1896.
On August 19, 1896, the existence of the Katipunan was discovered by the Spanish
authorities. Many suspected members and sympathizers of the Katipunan were arrested
outright, but the main nucleus of the Katipunan were able to escape and assembled in
various areas of Balintawak – like sistios Kangkong, Pugad Lawin and Pasong Tamo.
The uprising began on August 23, 1896 in Pugad Lawin where the Katipuneros led
by Bonifacio tore their cedulas (resident certificates) and shouted “Mabuhay ang
Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Katipunan!” The uprising of the Katipunan later on
flourished to a full-scale revolution against Spain.

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The heroic deeds of Dr. Pio Valenzuela were recognized by the Philippine Historical
Committee in 1941. A marker was placed at the former house of Dr. Valenzuela in
Lavezares Street which reads:
WHERE “ANG KALAYAAN” WAS PRINTED – “This house was occupied by Dr. Pio
Valenzuela, together with Ulfiano Fernandez and Faustino Duque, Filipino printers who
turned out for Dr. Valenzuela and Emilio Jacinto 2, 000 copies of the newspaper entitled
“Ang Kalayaan,” giving Yokohama as the place of publication to avoid suspicion. The
first issue was dated January 18, 1896 but was not circulated until the middle of March.
The second issue which was in preparation was seized by the Spanish authorities when
the revolution broke out that year.”
“THE CRY OF BAHAY TORO” BY SANTIAGO ALVAREZ

SUNDAY, AUGUST 23, 1896
As early as 10 o’clock in the morning, at the barn of Kabesang Melchora (Melchora
Aquino), at a place called Sampalaukan, Barrio of Bahay Toro, Katipuneros met
together. About 500 of these arrived, ready and eager to join the “Supremo”
Andres Bonifacio and hs men….
MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 1896

There were about 1,000 katipuneros……, The “Supremo” decided to hold a
meeting inside the big barn. Under his leadership, the meeting began at 10 o’clock
in the morning….
It was 12 o’clock noon when the meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of “Long live
the Son of the Country” (Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng Bayan)
“THE CRY” BY GREGORIA DE JESUS

(AUGUST 25, 1896)
The activities of the Katipunan had reached nearly all corners of the Philippine
Archipelago, so that when its existence was discovered and some of the members
arrested, we immediately returned to Caloocan. However, as we closely watched by
the agents of the Spanish authorities, Andres Bonifacio and other katipuneros left
the town after some days. It was then that the uprising began, with the first cry for
freedom on August 25, 1896. Meanwhile, I was with my parents. Through my friends, I
learned that Spanish were coming to arrest me. Immediately, I fled town at eleven
o’clock at night, secretly going through the rice field to La Lorna, with the intention of
returning to Manila.I was treated like an apparition, for, sad to say, in every house where
I tried to get a little rest, I was driven away as if people therein were frightened for their
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own lives. Later, I found out that the occupants of the houses which I had visited were
seized and severely punished—and some even exiled. One of them was an uncle of mine
whom I had visited on that night to kiss his hands, and he died in exile.
“THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK”
BY KATIPUNAN GENERAL GUILLERMO MASANGKAY
On August 26th (9am), a big meeting was held in Balintawak, at the house of
Apolonio Samson, then cabeza of that barrio of Caloocan. Among those who
attended, I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas
Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco
Carreon. They were all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board of directors of
the organization. Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were also
present.
At about nine o'clock in the morning of August 26, the meeting was opened with Andres
Bonifacio presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as secretary. The purpose was to discuss
when the uprising was to take place. Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela
were all opposed to starting the revolution too early...Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he
would lose the discussion then, left the session hall and talked to the people, who were
waiting outside for the result of the meeting of the leaders. He told the people that the
leaders were arguing against starting the revolution early, and appealed to them in a fiery
speech in which he said: "You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in
Bagumbayan. Should we return now to the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our
organization has been discovered and we are all marked men. If we don't start the
uprising, the Spaniards will get us anyway. What then, do you say?"
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revolt. He told
them that the sign of slavery of the Filipinos were (sic) the cedula tax charged each
citizen. "If it is true that you are ready to revolt... I want to see you destroy your
cedulas. It will be a sign that all of us have declared our severance from the
Spaniards.
The Cry of Balintawak occurred on August 26, 1896. The Cry, defined as that turning
point when the Filipinos finally refused Spanish colonial dominion over the Philippine
Islands. With tears in their eyes, the people as one man, pulled out their cedulas and tore
them into pieces. It was the beginning of the formal declaration of the separation from
Spanish rule."Long Live the Philippine Republic!", the cry of the people. An article from
The Sunday Tribune Magazine on August 21, 1932 featured the statements of the
eyewitness account by Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay, "A Katipunero
Speaks". Masangkay recounts the "Cry of Balintawak", stating that on August 26,1896, a
big meeting was held in Balintawak at the house of Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza of
that barrio of Caloocan. At about nine o'clock in the morning of August 26, the meeting
was opened with Andres Bonifacio presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as Secretary. In
August 1896, after the Katipunan was discovered, Masangkay joined Bonifacio, Emilio

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Jacinto, and others in a clandestine meeting held on the 26th of that month at Apolonio
Samson’s house in Caloocan.
Initially, the leaders of the movement quarreled over strategy and tactics, and many of its
members questioned the wisdom of an open rebellion due to the lack of arms and
logistical support. However, after Bonifacio’s intense and convincing speech, everyone
destroyed their cedulas to symbolize their defiance towards Spain and, together, raised
the cry of “Revolt".
IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources
Paper and Pen, Internet/Data, Notebook/Book
V. Learning Task
Answer the following questions
1. Why does the Katipunan need to tear their cedulas?
2. Did the cry of Balintawak event contributed to the Philippine independence?
Why?
3. Who do you think is the most reliable source of the mentioned event? Why?
VI. Reference
 Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
 Zaide, Gregorio and Sonia Zaide. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History.
Vol. 5. Manila:National Bookstore
Reflection part
What are your reflections on this module?

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Title: Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

Module No. 7
I. Introduction
This module introduces the students to the governance of Spain in the
Philippines. It present s Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas
(Monastic Sovereignty in the Philippines) that analysed the political, religious, and
economic aspects of friarchy or friolocracy in the Philippines during the late 19 th
century. In this module, it explains the forms of taxes levied by the Spanish
government on the Filipinos, and the revolts that were carried out against these taxes
and other forms of Spanish economic abuses. Although the revolts were not
successful, it still caught the attention of the Spanish government that resulted to a tax
reform in 1884
1. Understand how the friars controlled the Philippines;
2. Analyse the context of La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas; and
3. Differentiate the Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines in terms of Political,
Religious, and Economic Aspect.
4. Understand the taxes which people needs to pay during the Spanish Regime;
5. Reflect on the life of the Filipino People throughout paying taxes; and
6. Distinguish the revolts that rise against paying taxes.
MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán)
• 1850 – 1896
• From Kupang, Bulacan

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• Pen Name: Plaridel
• Other Pen Names: Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo.
• His most important work was the Soberania Monacal en Filipinas or the Monastic
Supremacy in the Philippines.
• First published in Barcelona, Spain, in 1889
• Reprinted in Manila in 1898.
• Emilio Terrero (1885-1888) & Benigno Quiroga and such scholars as Miguel Morayta
and Ferdinand Bluementrit.
• Jose Rizal, the most cultured of the reformist group called Del Pilar’s work as one that
had “no chaff; it is all grain.”
• The translation was made by Dr. Encarnacion Alzona in 1957
POLITICAL ASPECT
• The friars control the status quo of the country.
• The moderating power of the parish priest may be useful to society to balance.
• To frighten the government with the rebelliousness of the country, and frighten the
country with the despotism of the government.
• The lack of union between the people and the government.
• Diversity of languages
• Ignorance and fanaticism encouraged by the monastic institutions..
• The voice of poverty has exhaled touching complaints
• The Filipinos pay direct taxes consisting of the personal cedula, urban tax, industrial
subsidy and additional municipal tax, and personal loan; and besides these, the
indirect one of the markets, vehicles, horses, stamps and surcharges, slaughter of
cattle, river tolls, and others.
• The papal decree of 2 may 1862 aimed to relieve the Filipino Catholics
• The dues of the stole and the foot the altar are a legitimate source of revenue of the
priesthood
• The Reverend Fathers are empowered to name the persons.
RELIGIOUS ASPECT
• The municipal officials defend on the parish priest.
• The essential requirement is the curate’s approval.
• The guarantee of national integrity is not the church nor can it be in the friars;
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• To consolidate the fraternity between Spain and Philippines is best defense of national
integrity; it is Spain’s ideal; it is the dream of the Philippines.
ECONOMIC ASPECT
GOVERNMENT
• Lacks resources to undertake public works.
• Establishes primary schools in each town.
• Find thousand obstacles from tax paying public.
MONASTIC ORDERS
• Build grand convents and spacious palace in curates.
• Curates has stable place.
• The public pay because of return for heavenly promises.
Taxation during the Spanish Period
LAND REFORM has gained great significance all over the world as it aims to
achieve social justice and full development of human dignity. Throughout time, the issue of
land reform has been persistent, demanding measures to stop social unrest. Worst scenarios
were observed during the colonial era when the Spanish colonizers introduced new land-
holding systems to caciques. The introduction of Torrens system created serious problems
that have far-reaching effects on the early system of landholding. The nature inhabits lost
their ancestral domains to the colonialist. The poor economic and social condition of the
peasants in the Philippines need immediate agrarian reform measures by the Philippine
Government.
Pre-Spanish Period
Filipinos already lived in villages and barangay even before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines. The settlements were ruled by chieftains or datus who comprised the Nobility.
There were also the Maharlikas (Freemen), the aliping namamahay (serfs), and aliping
saguiguilid (slaves). Despites the existence of a social structure, everyone has access to the
fruits of the soils. Rice was the medium of exchange as money was yet unknown.
Spanish Period (1521-1896)
Spaniard introduced the concept of encomienda to the Philippines. Encomienda was a
system of giving lands (Royal Land Grants) to the Spanish conquerors that were loyal to the
Spanish monarch. As a matter of policy, encomenderos must defend his encomienda from
external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the
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encomenderos were given the right to collect taxes (tribute) from indios (natives). Because of
this, encomenderos started to abuse their power by renting their lands to a few powerful
landlords, and the natives who once freely cultivated the land became share tenants.
2 REASONS WHY YOU HAVE TO PAY THE TAX:
1. As recognition of Spain’s sovereignty over the colonies
2. To defray the expenses of pacification and governance.
 Real Y Supremo Consejo De las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of The
Indies)
 These were embodied in the compilation of legislation related to the New
World called the Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las indias.
TAXES THE PILIPINOS PAY:

1. TRIBUTO or TRIBUTE - The Filipinos were compelled to pay tribute. It is a sign
of the Filipino’s loyalty to Spain. It was paid by 18-50 yrs. Old men. Those who have
jobs are the only ones that pays this tax
• Principalia - Those who do not pay tribute or the ones who are exempted in paying
the tribute.
2. SANCTORUM- Tax for the Church is collected by the priests every week. Paid by
everyone. According to the priests they will use the tax for the renovation and
planting of church.
3. DONATIVO - Tax for the Government. This is also paid by everyone. They will use
the tax to build and support the government in Zamboanga. Mortal enemies of the
Spaniards ang mga Muslims. Because of their religion. That’s why they are having a
hard time building a government in ZAMBOANGA.
4. Caja de comunidad (sedula) - Tax for the community this tax was also paid by
everyone. This tax was collected to build infrastructure for the improvement of a
community. They will used it to build bridges, hospitals and roads.
5. Land Tax - Tax for the landowners. These taxes are paid by the farmers to the
landowners. While the landowners pay these taxes for the government.
Amidst the taxes mentioned earlier. There’s also a forced labor which is called Polo y
Servicio.
Polo y Servicio Polo Y Servicio or Forced Labor for 40 men ranging from 16-60
years of age who were obligated to give personal services community projects. The Polo
system was patterned after the Mexican repartamento, selector forced labor. The workers
could be placed on any project the Spanish wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy
conditions. It was not only Filipinos but Chinese mestizos as well who were forced to do polo
y servicio. The word polo refers to community work, and the laborer was called polista. The
only way to avoid being forced to do polo y servicio was to pay the falla, which was the

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equivalent of one and a half reales per day. In 1884, the forty days of forced labor was
reduced to 15 days.
And a revolt happened because there were too many taxes.

Revolts against the tribute
Cagayan and Dingras Revolts (1589)
 Revolts against the tribute occurred on Luzon in the present-day provinces of
Cagayan and Ilocos Norte.
 Six tax collectors who had arrived from Vigan were killed by the natives.
 Governor-General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to
pacify the rebels.
 The Philippine tax system was also reformed because of the revolt.
 These were the first native revolts against the hated tribute and the corrupt tribute.
Agustin Sumuroy's Revolt (1649-1650)
 On June 1, 1649, Sumuroy together with his followers rose in arms against the
Spaniards over the polo y servicio or forced labor system being started in Samar.
 The rebels were responsible for the death murder of the parish priest of Palapag.
 The revolts spread to Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Bicol, Camarimes, Albay,
Zamboanga in Mindanao and Surigao.
 The capture and execution of Agustin Sumuroy on June 1650 led to eventual defeat of
the rebels.
 His men, the seven key lieutenants, were also executed.
Francisco Maniago Revolt (1660-1661)
 In 1660, Francisco Maniago, a Kapampangan, led an uprising in Pampanga.
 For eight months, they were made to word under unfair conditions and were not paid
for their labor and for the rice purchased from them.
 Because of this, they set their campsite on fire and the fight ensued. This was the start
of a bloodier revolt in Pangasinan.
Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661)
 He was the Maestro de Campo of Binalatongan, now San Carlos City, Pangasinan
lead the revolt.
 In the 1660’s was coaxed by Maniago to revolts againts the abuses of the Spaniards
because they were experiencing the same abuses.
 Malong hoped to be King in the province of Pangasinan.
 He heeded the call of Maniago and led the people of Pangasinan to take up arms
againts the Spaniards. When he succeded, He proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan

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V. Learning Task
Write the correct answer on the space provided.

1. The Tax paid by Filipinos as sign of the Filipino’s loyalty to Spain.
2. The Pen name used by Gregorio Del Pillar when he wrote the Monastic Supremacy
in the Philippines
3. The Tax paid by Filipinos for the improvement of the Community.
4. The payment which stands as an only way to avoid the Polo y servicio,
5. What do you call a group of people that are exempted in paying tribute?
6. Who was the Revolt leader in Pangasinan who proclaimed himself as a king after
they win the revolution?
7. The tax paid by Filipinos for the repair and establishment of churches are called?
8. According to him, the work of G. Del pillar was no chaff; it is all grain.
9. Who was the Revolt Leader in Samar who stood fast against the polo y servicio?
10. It was a system of giving lands (Royal Land Grants) to the Spanish conquerors that
were loyal to the Spanish monarch.
VI. Reference
b. Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
c. Nolledo, Jose N. Principles of Agrarian Reforms, Cooperatives and Taxation. 1983
Eleventh and Revised Edition. National Bookstore, INC.
Reflection part

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Title: Japanese and American Era

Module No. 8
I. Introduction
In this module, it explains how was the Philippines under the Japanese
Occupation. It includes here when they started the colonization until the road to
independence. It also indicates the problems in the Puppet Republic during this era.
Afterwards, it started the colonization of the Americans wherein it explains the
Philippine-American war and how was the Philippines during this times until it aims to
independence.

1. Understand how the colonization started;
2. Recognize the Philippines under the Japanese and American Era; and
3. Explain an art showing the Philippines under the colony.
AMERICAN PERIOD
American Colonization of the Philippines

 The Spanish American War which started which started in Cuba changed the
history of the Philippines.
 On May 1, 1898, the Americans led by the US navy Admiral George Dewey, in
Participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, Attacked the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay.
 Faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain in
1898 after a payment of $20Million to Spain in Accordance with the “Treaty of
Paris“ Ending the Spanish and American War.
Treaty of Paris
 The Treaty of Paris was made up of thirteen articles that stipulate the conditions,
obligations, as well as the benefits that the Governments of Spain and United States
could enjoy over the ceded islands.
 The first three articles provided Spain’s relinquishment of her claims over its former
colonies including Cuba, Puerto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, and the
Philippine Islands. Article III stated that an amount of $20, 000,000 will be.
 American and Spanish government reckoned the Treaty of Paris as an instrument of
Peace, but the Filipinos resented its conclusion and ratification for they were not
consulted and considered in its making. Further, the provisions of the treaty were not
for the benefit of the Filipinos but for the imperialists, instead.
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 Signed on December 10, 1898.

American Colonization of the Philippines
 On June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared Independence
 This declaration was opposed by the US who had plans of taking over the Colony and
this led to a guerrilla war against the Americans.
The Philippine-American War

 Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899 after two American Private patrol
killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan.
 This incident sparked the Philippine-American war, which would cost far more
money and took far more lives that the Spanish-American War.
 Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the
establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in Each of several Military
zones.
 The revolution was effectively ended with the Capture of Aguinaldo on Isabela on
March 23, 1901.
US COLONY
 Civil Government was established by the Americans in 1901, with William
Howard Taft as the First American Governor-General of the Philippines.
 Then English was declared the Official Language.
 Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a substantial amount of church
land was purchased and redistributed.
The Road towards Philippine Independce
 JONES LAW – The law was approved by President Woodrow Wilson after it
was proposed by William Jones.
 Jones Act, formally Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, statute announcing the
intention of the United States government to “withdraw their sovereignty over the
Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established.
 Abolished the Philippine Commission and reorganized the Philippine Legislature
as a fully elected, bicameral legislature composed of the Senate and House of
Representatives, precursors to current Senate of the Philippines and House of
Representatives of the Philippines.
 TYDINGS MCDUFFIE ACT – this law was proposed by Milliard Tydings and
Congressman John Mcduffie of US
 This stated 10-year transitional period in preparation for the Philippine
independence through a Commonwealth Government

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THE PHILIPPINES
 The Philippines was controlled by the Americans from 1900 – 1942
 In 1934 an act was established, which made it possible that the Philippines could
have a commonwealth of the Philippines.
 The first president of this commonwealth was Manuel Quezon
 The first President was given certain powers for some internal Affairs
 We are fully independent from the Americans on July 4, 1946.
Changes during the American Period

 Democracy - The greatest legacy the American gave us.
 3 branches of Government
 Public Schools are open up. And first teachers are the Thomasites.
 Protestantism was introduced. Separation of Church and State.
PHILIPPINE UNDER JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Start of the Occupation
• Japanese military expansion in the Asia-Pacific region had made confrontation and
war with the United States increasingly certain.
• In preparation for war, on July 26, 1941, General Douglas MacArthur brought the
12,000 strong Philippine Scouts under his command with the 16,000 American
soldiers stationed in the Philippines.
• December 7, 1941 – Philippine was attacked by the Japanese ten hours after the
attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
• Japanese troops landed at the Lingayen Gulf on December 22, 1941 and advanced
across central Luzon towards Manila.
• On the advice of President Quezon, General MacArthur declared Manila an open city
on December 25, 1941 (Bleak Christmas) and removed the Commonwealth
government to Corregidor and Bataan. The Japanese occupied Manila on January 2,
1942.
The Philippines under the Japanese Period

Surrender of firearms – Those who were still caught with weapons were detained at
the dungeons of Fort Santiago and in other detention posts.
Detention camps became places of torture.
Priests suspected of engaging in subversion activities were also imprisoned.
As early as January 14, 1942, Colonel Murosawa issued a Declaration to Christians in
the Philippines. By 1943, parish priests were being required to use their pulpits to
convince the people that it was useless to resist Japanese rule.

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General Homma allowed the laws then enforce the Commonwealth to stay for the
moment. He ordered all public officials to continue to discharge their duties.
Curfew first from 8:00pm – 6:00am then from 12:00mn – 6:00am.
Total black out was lifted on May 4, 1942 after the fall of Bataan
Arbitrary arrests and executions were done by the kempeitai (military police) any time
of the day.
Many were also executed on mere suspicion of being with the resistance movement.
No one could travel without a pass from its army. (This prohibition in travel was lifted
after the fall of Corregidor.
Means of production were under the control of the Japanese
Few banks were allowed to operate
Buying and selling became the source of income by the Filipinos
Mickey Mouse Money was circulated that provoked inflation in such alarming
situation Life During the War Time Years
Food shortage was alarming
Outbreak of epidemics were prevalent such as dysentery, malaria and TB causing
death of many people
People live in constant fear and apprehension • Five mortal enemies of Filipinos:
Japanese militaries, diseases, guerillas, hunger and Japanese-paid Filipinos
April 9, 1942 – The prisoners were disarmed and was told to march to Balanga (The
Fall of Bataan)
April 10-15, 1942 From Bataan to Camp O’ Donnell (Infamous Death March)
76,000 POWS were captured Death March
The road to independence

On December 2, 1942 – The KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas), a non-political party, was established.
KALIBAPI’s aim was to bring about the rapid reconstruction of the Philippines and
the rehabilitation of the Filipino people.
June 18, 1943 – KALIBAPI members appointed a committee to nominate the
members of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI).
Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of the KALIBAPI but
still, Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.
During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, and war
crimes committed by forces of the Empire of Japan against surrendered Allied forces
and civilians were documented. The “Puppet” Government

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The Problems of the Puppet Republic

Shortages of food, clothing, oil, and other necessities.
Heavy Japanese military presence throughout the entire region
Japanese control of transportation, media, and communications. Problems of the
Republic
Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and successful
underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years and that eventually
covered a large portion of the country.
The Philippine guerrilla movement continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns
against them.
One resistance group in the Central Luzon area was known as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo
ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People’s Anti-Japanese Army, organized in early
1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party member since 1939
Agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified uerrilla army. Farmers of Pampanga banded
together and created local brigades for their protection.
On October 20, 1944 MacArthur waded ashore onto the Philippine Island of Leyte.
That day, he made a radio broadcast in which he declared, “People of the Philippines,
I have returned!”.
• In January 1945, his forces invaded the main Philippine Island of Luzon. In
February, Japanese forces at Bataan were cut off, and Corregidor was captured.
Manila, the Philippine capital, fell in March and in June MacArthur announced his
offensive operations on Luzon to be at an end.
August 6, 1945, the Hiroshima Bombing, Japan
August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.
August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of
Manchukuo. Later that same day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb,
this time on the city of Nagasaki.
Emperor Hirohito to intervene and order the Big Six to accept the terms for ending the
war that the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration. The surrender ceremony
was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri
(BB-63), at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese
Instrument of Surrender,
The state of war between Japan and the Allies formally ended when the Treaty of San
Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952.
Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–
Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, which formally brought an end to their state of
war.
Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation,
they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs
until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic.
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V. Learning Task
A. Make a creative timeline that shows the consecutive events happened in the
American Period up to Japanese and the restoration of American Government in
the Philippines.
B. Explain the Picture below:
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VI. Reference
Reflection part

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DETAILED LEARNING MODULE
Title: The Presidents of the Philippines

Module No. 9
I. Introduction
The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the
Philippines. The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines. The President of
the Philippines in Filipino is referred to as Ang Pangulo or Pangulo (or informally
"Presidente"). it will also described the historical evolution of the Philippine constitution
from the 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato to the present constitution, the 1987
constitution.

1. Know the achievements, issues and the common problem of each president in their
respective terms;
2. Develop a sense of responsibility to look after the nation; and
3. Evaluate their contributions to the country.
First Republic (Malolos Republic) (First Dictatorship) (1899-
1901)
Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899-April 1, 1901)
Commonwealth (American Era) (1935-1944)
Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1,1944)
Second Republic (Japanese Occupation) (1943- 1945)
Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 14, 1945)
(de facto)
Commonwealth (Restored) (1944-1946)
Sergio Osmeña (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946)
THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS

Third Republic
(Post-American Era) (1946-1972)
Challenges of Third Republic
After the war, the Commonwealth was restored pending complete independence. With
independence from the US came the establishment of the Third Republic of the Philippines. The
government of the independent Republic was riddled with graft and corruption and lost the
confidence of the people. The corruption within the government also resulted in the rise of the Left

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in the form of the HUKBALAHAP or the Huks. The Huks presented even more problems to the
Republic.
MANUEL ACUNA ROXAS (Fifth President)
First President of the Independent Third Republic
of the Philippines 1946 - 1948
“If war should come, I am certain of one thing–
probably the only thing of which I can be certain–and
it is this: That America and the Philippines will be
found on the same side, and American and Filipino
soldiers will again fight side by side in the same
trenches or in the air or at sea in the defense of
justice, freedom and other principles which we both
loved and cherished.”
(May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
He was inaugurated on July 4, 1946, the day the Nacionalista (1919–1945)
U.S. government granted political independence Liberal Party (1945–1948)
to its colony.
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Greatest achievements, namely: the ratification of the Bell Trade
Act; the inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the Constitution;
and the signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement
 Rehabilitation and reconstruction of war-ravaged Philippines
 Improvement of the ruined economy adopted the pro-American
policy.
PROBLEMS
 Graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the “Surplus of War Property
Scandal”, “Chinese Immigration Quota Scandal”, “School Supplies Scandal:
 Failure to check the Communist HUK movement.

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ELPIDIO RIVERA QUIRINO (Sixth President)
Second President of the Third Republic 1948 – 1953
Significant Event
 Two Asian heads of state visited Philippines– President
Chiang Kai-shek of Nationalist China (Formosa) in July
1949 and President Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia in
January 1951.
 On May 26-30, 1950, upon Quirino's invitation seven
free Asian nations held the Baguio Conference of 1950
to discuss common problems of Asian peace and
security.
 Korean War and over 7,450 Filipino soldiers were sent “While I recognise the United States as
to Korea under the designation of the Philippine a great builder in this country, I have
Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK never surrendered the sovereignty, much
less the dignity and future of our
country.”
— Elpidio Quirino
Early Political Career
 Elected as member of the Philippine House of
Representatives from 1919 to 1925,
 Senator from 1925 to 1931
 Secretary of Finance and Secretary of the Interior in the
Commonwealth government.
 In 1934, a member of the Philippine Independence mission
to Washington D.C., headed by Manuel L. Quezon that
secured the passage in the United States Congress of the
Tydings-mcduffie Act.
 After the war, Quirino continued public service, becoming
president pro tempore of the Senate.
 In 1946, he was elected first vice president of the
independent Republic of the Philippines, serving under
Manuel Roxas.
 He also served as secretary of state.
Two main objectives of his administration:
 The economic reconstruction of the nation
 The restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government.
 Creation of pacsa: president’s action committee on social amelioration
 Creation of accfa: agricultural credit cooperatives financing administration
 Excellence in foreign relations.
PROBLEMS
 Lack of Funds
 HUK Problem: Terrorism and Disruption of Peace and order.
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 Graft and corruption in his government, as revealed in theTambobong-Buenavista scandal, the

Import Control Anomalies, the Caledonia Pile Mess and the Textbook Racket;
 Wasteful spending of the people's money in extravagant junkets abroad;
 Failure of government to check the Huk menace which made travel in the provinces unsafe,
as
 Evidenced by the killing of former First Lady Aurora Quezon and her companions on April
21, 1949 by
 The Huks on the Bongabong-Baler road, Baler, Tayabas (no part of Aurora province).
 Economic distress of the times, aggravated by
 Rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and unfavorable balance of trade.
Quirino's vaunted "Total Economic Mobilization Policy" failed to give economic relief to the
suffering nation.
 Frauds and terrorism committed by the Liberal Party moguls in the 1947, 1949 and 1951
elections.
RAMON DEL FIERRO MAGSAYSAY (Seventh President)
Third President of the Third Republic 1953 - 1957
“The office of the President is the highest in the land. It can be
the humblest also, if we regard it — as we must — in the light of
basic democratic principles. The first of these principles is the
declaration of the Constitution that "sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates from them." This
simply means that all of us in public office are but servants of
the people.”
 He is known as president of the masses.
 He was sworn into office wearing the Barong
 Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president. (August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957)
 During his term, he made Malacañáng Palace literally a "house of the people",
opening its gates to the public. He was killed in a plane crash before the end of his term.
Achievements
 Agrarian Reform
- Established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to
resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees
providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
 Savior of democracy in the Philippines
 Man of the Masses
 Stopped the HUK communist rebellion
 Improved the conditions of the barrios
 Constructed roads, bridges, irrigation canals
 Established the SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
 Imposed high moral standard for public officials
Problems
 Impending projects

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 Lack of enough funds

 Graft and corruption
 Carlos Polistico Garcia (Eight President)
Fourth President of the Third Republic

1957 - 1961
“As a people, we prize highly the moral and spiritual values of
life. But the realities of the moment have made us more
preoccupied with economic problems chiefly concerning the
material values of national life.”
- Known for his "Filipino First" policy, which put the interests
of the Filipino people above those of foreigners and of the
ruling party.
(November 4, 1896 – June 14, 1971) - He was a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official,
and Guerrilla leader
Significant events in their term:
 He assumed the presidency the day after Ramon Magsaysay's death. After Garcia finished
Magsaysay's term, he was elected president in his own right.
 President Garcia is most remembered most for his Austerity Program and Filipino First
Policy. His Austerity Program was aimed at curbing graft and corruption within the
government.
 Problems during his Presidency:
 Although it was not very successful, it did help to restore trust between the people and the
government.
 He was among the founders of the Association for Southeast Asia (1963)
 He was the precursor of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Successes of each President after their term:

 The Filipino First Policy put the rights of Filipinos above those of foreigners (This favored the
Filipino businessmen in contrast to foreign investors. This meant, foreigners could invest capital
up to 40% in a business or industry while the remaining 60% would be owned by Filipino
citizens.)
 Garcia's policies aimed at boosting the economy and obtaining greater economic independence.
Garcia also aimed at reviving old Filipino cultural traditions which might have become extinct
as the result of the adoption of Spanish and American cultures through colonization.
Problems
 Lack of treasury funds
 Huge national debt
 Impending projects
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FACT: Garcia ran for president again in the 1961 elections but lost to Vice-President Diosdado
Macapagal. On June 1, 1971, Garcia was elected delegate of the 1971 Constitutional
Convention and chosen as president. He died two weeks later from a heart attack.
DIOSDADO PANGAN MACAPAGAL (Ninth President)
Fifth President of the Third Republic 1961 - 1965
“Our first mission is the solution of the problem of
corruption. We assume leadership at a time when our nation
is in the throes of a moral degeneration unprecedented in
our national history
"Poor boy from Lubao"
"The Incorruptible"
(September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997)
Diosdado Macapagal is of royal blood due to descent from their great-great-grandfather:
Don Juan Macapagal (A prince of Tondo) who was a great-grandson of the last reigning Rajah of
Selurong, Rajah Lakandula.
Political Career
 Legal assistant to President Manuel L. Quezon and President Jose P. Laurel in Malacañang
Palace.
 After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney with the one of the largest law firms
in the country, Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso.
 President Manuel Roxas appointed him to the Department of Foreign Affairs as the head of its
legal division.
 In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino appointed Macapagal as chief negotiator in the successful
transfer of the Turtle Islands in the Sulu Sea from the United Kingdom to the Philippines.
 That same year, he was assigned as second secretary to the Philippine Embassy in
Washington, D.C. In 1949, he was elevated to the position of Counselor on Legal Affairs and
Treaties, at the time the fourth highest post in the Philippine Foreign Office.
 In 1957 he became vice president in the administration of President Carlos P. Garcia
Presidency
 During his term, Macapagal fought to suppress graft and corruption within the government
and also tax evasion.
 He also aimed to stimulate the economy and placed the peso in the free currency-exchange
market, encouraging the wealthiest families to invest.
 Macapagal also passed the Land Reform Bill which freed many farmers from slavery as
tenant farmers.
 Another of his achievements was the forming of Maphilindo (Malaysia, the Philippines and
Indonesia) through a foreign policy. This paved the way for the creation of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
 It was Macapagal who changed the Independence Day to June 12 from July 4.The first
celebrations commemorating independence from Spain were held in 1962.

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 Among the most significant achievements of Macapagal as president were the abolition of
tenancy and accompanying land reform program in the Agricultural Land Reform Code of
1963.
 In 1971, he was elected president of the constitutional convention that drafted what became
the 1973 constitution.
PROBLEMS
 Acute problem in unemployment
 Widespread mass poverty
 Graft and corruption problem
 Lack of treasury funds a number his reforms were blocked by the Nacionalista dominated
Senate and House of Representatives.
FERDINAND EMMANUEL EDRALIN MARCOS (Tenth

President)
Sixth President of the Third Republic 1965-1986
“This nation can be great again. This I have said over and
over. It is my articles of faith, and Divine Providence has willed
that you and I can now translate this faith into deeds.”
In 1949, he said:
“Elect me your congressman now and I’ll give you an Ilokano
President in 20 years.”
It is generally known that Marcos had the most
infrastructure and constitutional accomplishments, which were
equivalent to those of all former presidents of the Philippines.
(September 11, 1917 –
September 28,1989)
Early political career
 Congressman for 3 terms
 Senator; served as minority floor leader before gaining the Senate presidency.
 established a record for having introduced a number of significant bills, many of which found
their way into the republic's statute books
PLANS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GOOD GOVERNMENT/

ACHIEVEMENTS
First term (1965-1969)

 Immediate construction of roads, bridges and public works, which included 16,000 kilometers
of feeder roads, some 30,000 lineal meters of permanent bridges,
 A generator with an electric power capacity of one million kilowatts (1,000,000 kW),
 Water services to eight regions and 38 localities.
 Revitalization of the judiciary, the national defense posture and the fight against smuggling,
criminality, and graft and corruption in the government.

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 Mobilized the manpower and resources of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) for
action to complement civilian agencies
 Hired technocrats and highly educated persons to form part of the cabinet and
 It was during his first term that the North Diversion Road (now, North Luzon Expressway)
was constructed with the help of the AFP engineering construction battalion.
 Vietnam War; over 10,450 Filipino soldiers were sent to South Vietnam under the designation
of PHLCAAG or Philippines Civil Affairs Assistance Group.
Second Term 1969-1972

 Reelected because of his impressive performance
 In 1969, the Philippines experienced higher inflation rate and devaluation of the Philippine
peso.
 The oil-producing Arab countries decided to cut back oil production, in response to Western
military aid to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict, resulting in higher fuel prices worldwide.
 The communal violence in Mindanao resulted in 100,000 refugees, burning of hundred of
homes, and the death of hundreds of Christians and Muslims in Cotabato and Lanao.
 an economic crisis brought by external and internal forces, a restive and radicalized studentry
demanding reforms in the educational system, a rising tide of criminality, subversion by the
reorganized Communist movement, and secession in the south.
 On August 21, 1971, following the bombing of the Liberal Party proclamation rally in Plaza
Miranda, President Marcos issued Proclamation No.889 suspending the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus.
Martial law and the New Society

“It is easier perhaps and more comfortable to look back to the solace of a familiar and mediocre past.
But the times are too grave and the stakes too high for us to permit the customary concessions to
traditional democratic processes.”
— Ferdinand Marcos, January 1973
Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081.
Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and
media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists
 Constitutional convention in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution. The new
constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential
to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973.
Third Term (1981-1986) “Fourth Republic”

“We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process, and we will not
leave you in isolation.”
—U.S. VP George H. W. Bush during Ferdinand Marcos inauguration, July 1981
 June 16, 1981, six months after the lifting of martial law, the first presidential election in
twelve years was held. As to be expected, President Marcos ran and won a massive victory
over the other candidates
 In 1983, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his
return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction
with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States.

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 The Philippine economy suffered a great decline after the Aquino assassination in August
1983.
 The political troubles also hindered the entry of foreign investments, and foreign banks
stopped granting loans to the Philippine government.
 The economy experienced negative economic growth beginning in 1984 and continued to
decline despite the government's recovery efforts.
 Rampant graft and corruption within the government and by Marcos' lack of credibility.
 Marcos himself diverted large sums of government money to his party's campaign funds.
 The unemployment rate ballooned from 6.30% in 1972 to 12.55% in 1985.
Downfall
 Rampant corruption
 political mismanagement by his relatives and cronies
 having looted billions of dollars from the Filipino treasury
 notorious nepotist, appointing family members and close friends to high positions in his
cabine
 The Philippine government today is still paying interests on more than US$28 billion public
debts incurred during his administration.
 Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments
 Marcos called a snap presidential election for 1986, with more than a year left in his term.
 The final tally of the National Movement for Free Elections, an accredited poll watcher,
showed Aquino winning by almost 800,000 votes. However, the government tally showed
Marcos winning by almost 1.6 million votes.
 Popular sentiment in Metro Manila sided with Aquino, leading to a massive, multisectoral
congregation of protesters, and the gradual defection of the military to Aquino led by Marcos'
cronies, Enrile and Ramos.
 The "People Power movement" drove Marcos into exile, and installed Corazon Aquino as the
new president.
Legacy 5. Housing for the masses
1. Food Sufficiency 6. Energy Self-reliance
 Green Revolution 7. Export Development
 Blue Revolution 8. Labor Reform
 Liberalized Credit 9. Unprecedented Infrastructure Growth
 Decontrol Program 10. Political Reform
2. Education Reform 11. Fiscal Reform
3. Agrarian Reform 12. Peace and Order
4. Primary Health Care
MARIA CORAZON "CORY" SUMULONG

COJUANGCO AQUINO (Eleventh President)
Philippines First Female President

First President of Fifth Republic 1986-1992
First elected female head of state in Asia

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Best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA People

Power Revolution, which toppled the authoritarian
regime of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos and
restored democracy in the Philippines
“Icon of Democracy”
(January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009)
IMPORTANT NOTES IN HISTORY

 Agreed to run for president against Marcos in the
February 7, 1986 Snap Election after her supporters
gathered a million signatures.
 Installed as the President of the Republic of the
 Philippines on February 25, 1986 because of the historic
People's Power which stripped Marcos of power.
 Took oath under Supreme Court Justice Claudio
Teehankee as President of the Philippines at Club
Filipino.
 Implemented a program of reconciliation and freed
political prisoners like Bernabe Buscayno of the New
People's Army and Jose Maria Sison of the Communist
Party of the Philippines.
 Retained the presidential form of government.
 Under her reign,a national plebiscite was held to ratify
the amendments to the 1935 Constitution on February 2,
1987,
 Named Woman of the Year by Time Magazine.
 Awarded the Gawad Eleanor Roosevelt for Human Rights
 Her popularity waned because of the people around her who wanted to exact vengeance on
Marcos.
 Six coup d' etat aimed at overthrowing her government took place during her reign, the two
bloodiest of which took place in 1987 and 1989.
 The country went through great problems and calamities during her reign like the earthquake of,
July 16, 1990; Typhoon Rufing and increase in the price of oil due to the Middle East War and
the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
Problems as President
 Natural disasters a nd calamities
 Nine coup attempts against her administration
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 Failure of the land reform

 Rising prices
 Inadequate essential public service
 Economic Decline
Awards and achievements

 1986 Time Magazine Woman of the Year 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award
1986 United Nations Silver Medal
 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom
 1986 Nobel Peace Prize nominee
 1986 International Democracy Award from the International Association of Political
Consultants
 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal International
 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and
Concerned Women of the Philippines
 1994 One of 100 Women Who Shaped World History (by G.M. Rolka, Bluewood Books, San
Francisco, CA)
 1995 Path to Peace Award
 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from the U.S. Department of
State
 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding
 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award
 1999 One of Time Magazine's 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
 2001 World Citizenship Award
 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards
 2005 One of the World's Elite Women Who Make a Difference by the International Women's
Forum Hall of Fame
 2006 One of Time Magazine's 65 Asian Heroes
 2008 One of A Different View's 15 Champions of World Democracy
 EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award
 Women's International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award
 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize
 United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel Award for Political Leadership
FIDEL VALDEZ RAMOS (Twelfth President)
Second President of the Fifth Republic

“There are no easy tasks, no soft comforts for those chosen by
circumstances to forge from the crucible of crisis the national
destiny.”
Philippines 2000 Five-Point Program:
1. Peace and Stability
2. Economic Growth and Sustainable Development
3. Energy and Power Generation
4. Environmental Protection
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5. Streamlined Bureaucracy
First Protestant President of the country
Only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the
Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-
Chief
Programs
 Power crisis - Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct
power plants within 24 months
 Economic reforms- (E-VAT law) from 4% to 10% mandated by World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund; 'Philippines 2000'
 Death penalty- In 1996 Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric
chair Peace with separatists- he signed into law Republic Act 7636, which repealed the Anti-
Subversion Law. With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed Communist Party of the
Philippines became legal Spratly Islands- starting to claim the Islands from China
 Migrant Workers Protection- enactment of Republic Act 8042, better known as the Magna
Carta for Overseas Workers or the Migrant Workers Act
Achievements
 Philippine 2000
 Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development
 ARMM
 Peace Agreement with the MNLF
 Increased foreign investments
 APEC
Problems
 Graft and Corruption problems
 Economic Problems High crime rate Charter change
 Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
 PEA-Amari Scandal Power crisis Spratly Islands
 Asian Financial Crisis
JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA (Thirteenth President)
Third President of Fifth Republic

1998-2001
“One hundred years after Kawit, fifty years after
independence, twelve years after EDSA, and seven years after
the rejection of foreign bases, it is now the turn of the masses
to experience liberation. We stand in the shadow of those who
fought to make us free- free from foreign domination, free
from domestic tyranny, free from superpower dictation, free
from economic backwardness.”

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Gained popularity as a film actor, playing the lead role in over

100 films in an acting career spanning 33 years
Achievement
 Erap para sa Mahirap Project
Programs
1. Domestic Policies
2. Agrarian Reform
 The administration distributed more than 266,000 hectares of land to 175,000
landless farmers, including land owned by the traditional rural elite. (Total of 523,000
hectares to 305,000 farmers during his 2nd year as President)
3. Anti-Crime Task Forces
 Executive Order No.8;creation of the Presidential Anti- Organized Crime Task Force
(PAOCTF) with the objective of minimizing, if not totally eradicating, car theft and
worsening kidnapping cases in the country
4. Charter Change
 CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development; would only amend the
restrictive economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the
entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines.
5. International Relations
 Strengthened bilateral ties with neighbouring countries; Visiting Forces Agreement
with the United States, which was ratified in the Senate
6. Economy
 The Estrada administration is said to have a strong economic team
7. War against the MILF
 In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and
captured its headquarters and other camps
Problems
 The Philippine Daily Inquirer; bias, malice and
fabrication" against him
 The Manila Times; libel suit against the country's
oldest newspaper the Manila Times over a story
that alleged corruption in the awarding of a public
works project
 BW Resources; BW Resources a small gaming
company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
and linked to people close to Estrada experienced
"a meteoric rise"
 Corruption charges and impeachment; allegations
of corruption spawned an impeachment trial in the
Senate, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted from
power after the trial was aborted.

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MARIA GLORIA MACAPAGAL – ARROYO

(Fourteenth President)
Fourth President of the Fifth Republic Second Female
President
2001- 2010
“I believe in leadership by example. We should promote
solid traits such as work ethic and a dignified lifestyle,
matching action to rhetoric, performing rather than
grandstanding.”
As Senator  Sec of DSWD (resigned in 2000

 Ranked as 13th and has 3 year term, because of allegation against Pres.
1992 Estrada
 Top in the election, 1995  Became President through EDSA 2
 400 bills, 55 sponsored or authored  Sworn as President by Chief Justice
laws ( Anti- sexual harrasment Law, Hilario Davide Jr.
the Indigenous People’s Rights Law,  International community expressed
Export Dev’t Act that Arroyo with the church and
As Vice President business elites were an opportunist of
 Run under Lakas CMD with Jose de post and planned well the coup
Venecia  May 1, 2001 EDSA 3 against arroyo
 Sen Edgardo angara as opponent administration; Manila was declared
 1st Female Vice President in State of Rebellion
President, 1st Term 2001-2004

“Strong Republic”
 Strong bureaucracy
 Lowering crime rates
 Increasing tax collection
 Improving economic growth
 Intensifying counter-terrorism efforts
Oakwood Mutiny
 July 27, 2003
 Led by Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV, Army Capt. Gerardo
Gambala of the Phil. Navy
 Arroyo Administration was going to proclaim Martial Law
and issue of corruption
2nd Term, 2004-2010

 Dec 2002- Arroyo announced that she will not run for Pres in 2004 Election but 10 months
after she reversed her decision.
 2004 Presidential Election- FPJ, Ping Lacson, Raul Roco and Eddie Villanueva as her
opponent

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 Issues as President after 2004 Election

 •“Hello Garci Tape”
 State of Emergency under Proclamation No. 1017
 Manila Peninsula Rebellion
 NBN ZTE Deal
 -32 Satisfaction rate as of 1st quarter of 2009, lowest rate among the presidents
 Impeachment complaints
 Extra-judicial killings

Programs
 Economy- 5% GDP, highest percentage than 3 previous administartion
 EVAT- economic reform agenda, Nov 2005
 International Relations
 Philippine as No.1 ally of USA
 Foreign Policy is anchored on building strong ties with nations where OFW work and live
 RP as host of 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu City
 Domestic Relations
 Charter Change-federal parliamentary- unicameral form of government
 EO 464- forbidding gov’t officials w/0 Arroyo’s consent in congressional inquiries
 Estrada pardon last Oct 25, 2007
President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo's 10-point Agenda
1. The creation of six million jobs in six years via more opportunities given to
entrepreneurs, tripling of the amount of loans for lending to small and medium enterprises
and the development of one to two million hectares of land for agricultural business.
2. The construction of new buildings, classrooms, provision of desks and chairs and books
for students and scholarships to poor families,
3. The balancing of the budget,
4. The "decentralization" of progress around the nation through the use of transportation
networks like the roll- on, roll-off and the digital infrastructure,
5. The provision of electricity and water supply to barangays nationwide,
6. The decongestion of Metro Manila by forming new cores of government and housing
centers in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao,
7. The development of Clark and Subic as the best international service and logistic centers
in the region,
8. The automation of the electoral process
9. A just end to the peace process, and
10. A fair closure to the divisiveness among the Edsa 1, 2 and 3 forces.

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BENIGNO SIMEON COJUANGCO AQUINO III

(Fifteenth President)
Fifth President of the Fifth Republic 2010 – 2016
“I was put into office by the people who believed in my idea
that corruption is the root of poverty; that an end to
corruption would mean an end to poverty.”
 Pantawid Pasada
Programs
 4PS (Pantawid-pangkabuhayan sa Pamilyang Pilipino)
 Sin Tax
 Anti-Trust Law
 K-12 Program
Issues
 Transportation Traffic in Manila
 Quirino Grandstand Siege.
 Impeachment of Chief Justice Renato Corona
 RH Law
 Pork Barrel Scam
 Calamities (Typhoon Yolanda)
 Mamasapano Clash
CONSTITUTIONS
History of Philippine Constitutions
A. 1897 Biak na Bato Constitution.
 Tejeros convention held at San Francisco de Malabon on March 22, 1897 was the result
of the Katipunan Revolution. In this convention, the first president and vice president
was elected by the members of Katipunan. November 1, 1897 the Republic of Biak na
Bato was established. And this was a De Facto Constitutional Republic which means
this is not a formal Government. The Constitution was written by Isabelo Artacho and
Felix Ferrer.
B. 1899 Malolos Constitution
 This is also called as the political Constitution of 1899. It was the First Philippine
Republic. This Constitution was written by Felipe Calderon y Roca and Felipe
Buencamino. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899. The Malolos Constitution was
in operation from January 23, 1899 to March 23 1901. The Salient feauures of this
constitution include the declaration of sovereignty of the people, basic civil rights, and
separation of the Church and State.

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C. The Acts of the United States Congress

 Since the Philippines was a territory of the United States during these periods because
of the treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. These are the ff. acts:
a. Philippine Organic Act of 1902 also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 was the
first organic law enacted by the US Congress for the Philippines. It provided for
the Creation of the Philippine Assembly composing the Upper house known as
Philippine Commission and Lower house as Philippine Assembly. Proposed by
Henry Cooper. And also called as Cooper Act.
b. Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 also known as the Jones Law, amended the
Phil Organic Act. Remove the Phil commission and replaced by the Senate and
Phil Assembly replaced by the Congress.
c. Tydings-Mcduffie Act this was a ten-year transitional period granted to the
Philippines to have a self-government. Starting from 1935 – 1945.
d. Land Registration Act of 1902 Also known as the Torrens System (Act 496)
originated from Robert Torrens and which was enacted by the Philippine
Commission on November 6, 1902. 400,000 farmers were without titles at the
start of the American era, absence of records, and accuracy of land records.This
law was created to replace the registration system implemented by the spaniards
and provide certainty of ownership of the land.However this law did not meet the
requirements due to the owners not being awar of such law or could not pay the
fees for the torrens title.
e. Public Land Act of 1903bEnacted by the Philippine Commision on October 7,
1903. Contains 79 sections of set and rules for designated ages and given hectares
of land. Designated any tract of public lands in the Philippines as inalienable
which will be withdrawn from any settlements.
f. Tenancy Act of 1933Has acts which are: Act no. 4054 and 4113 Act no. 4054 or
“The Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act”, has 27 sections of rules and all by
which is connected to the contract of the land associated by the landlords such as
due dates, taxes, penalties, duration, and the potential share of land.
Act no. 4113 or the “The Sugar Cane Tenancy Contracts”, has 8 sections of rules
and all is related to the agreement to the harvest of sugar canes between and the
owners and the tenant.
D. The 1935 Philippine Constitution

 This constitution was written in 1934 with the
goal of meeting United States expectation of
political maturity among Philippines leaders so
that a full and real independence could be
granted by the US. During the Commonwealth
period, the form
of government was Presidential system, with
the president serving a six-year term without
reelection. It is provided for a unicameral
National Assembly.
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 In 1940, an amendment was done establishing a Bicameral Congress of the Philippines

composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, as well the creation of an
independent electoral commission. Moreover, President's term was changed from six
years without reelection to a four-year term with a maximum of two consecutive terms
in office.
 In the Third Republic, the 1935 Constitution was still in operation, the forum of
government of the Philippines was Unitary Presidential Constitutional Republic. Again,
an amendment was made in 1947, which provided for the provision of the Parity Rights
between the American and Filipino citizens. The Parity Rights granted the U.S. citizens
and corporations equal rights with Filipino citizens over the Philippine natural
resources.
 In 1971, a Constitutional Convention was geld to rewrite or revise the 1935
Constitution. However, so much corruption marred the process. In 1972, President
Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed martial law to suppress the increasing civil strife and the
threat of communist takeover of the government. The proclamation of martial law
suspended the 1935 Constitution.
E. The 1943 Constitution (The Puppet Government)

 The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence (PCPI) promulgated the 1943
Constitution during Japanese Occupation composed of a preamble and twelve articles.
The executive power is vested in the President, who is to be elected by the members of
the National Assembly from among themselves. The President is the head of
government, and commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The powers of the President
are: to veto any bill of the Assembly, to promulgate regulations when the Assembly is
not in session and in times of war or national emergency, to declare martial law, to
suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and to appoint the members of the
Council of State and officials of the local government.
 A limited legislative power is exercised by the unicameral National Assembly whose
members, like the President, are not directly elected by the people. Rather, the Assembly
is to be composed of representatives from each province elected in Kapisanan ng
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Kalibapi) conventions throughout the country with
appointed governors and mayors as ex-officio members.
 The 1943 Constitution enumerates the duties and rights of the citizens, requires the
government to develop Tagalog as the national language, and stipulates that one year
after the termination of the Great East Asia War or the World War II; a new constitution
shall be formulated and adopted to replace this Constitution. Following its ratification,
the second Republic was then formally proclaimed.
Jose P. Laurel was appointed as President by the National Assembly and was
inaugurated into office in October 14, 1943, and Benigno Simeon Aquino Sr. was the
Speaker of the National Assembly. During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal
to the United States, and war crimes committed by forces of the Empire of Japan against
surrendered Allied forces and civilians were documented.

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F. The 1973 Constitution

 Was promulgated by the 1973 Constitutional Convention,
after Marcos declared martial law Ruled the Fourth
Philippine Republic from January 17, 1973 to February 22,
1986. A unicameral legislature was established during this
period, whose members were elected for a six-year-term in
office.
 The President was elected from among the members of the
national assembly and eligible for reelections. The elected
President will only serve as purely ceremonial head of the
state. Executive power was exercised by the Prime Minister
who was also elected from amongst the members of the
national assembly. The Prime Minister was the head of the
government and Commander in Chief of the Armed forces.
G. The 1986 Freedom Constitution
 Right after the 1986 People Power Revolution that compelled President Marcos to step
down from power, President Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 to serve as a
provisional constitution. The proclamation contained some provisions adopted from the
1973 Constitution. Powers such as Government reorganization, removal of officials,
appointment of a commission to draft a new and more formal Constitution, which upon
ratification, would supplant the Freedom Constitution.
 The first part of Proclamation No.3 reads, Whereas, the new government was installed
through a direct exercise of power of the Filipino people assisted by units of the new
armed forces of the Philippines; whereas the heroic action of the people was done in
defiance of the Provisions of the 1973 constitution, as amended; Whereas, the direct
mandate of the people as manifested by their extraordinary action demands the complete
reorganization of the government, restoration of democracy, protection of basic rights,
rebuilding of confidence in the entire governmental system, eradication of graft and
corruption, restoration of peace and order, maintenance of the supremacy of civilian
authority over the military, and the transition to a government under a new constitution
in the shortest time possible; Whereas, during the period of transition to a new
constitution it must be guaranteed that the government will respect basic human rights
and fundamental freedoms;
 WHERE, I, CORAZON C AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the power
vested in me by the sovereign mandated of the people, do hereby promulgate the
following Provisional Constitution."
H. The 1987 Constitution.
 The 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted by a constitutional assembly that was
mandated in Proclamation No.3 the commission composed fifty members appointed by
President Corazon Aquino from various backgrounds: former members of the House of
Representatives, former justices of the Supreme Court, a Roman Catholic bishop, and
political activist against the Marcos regime. Cecilia Munoz-Palma, who was a former
Associate Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was elected by the commission as its
president. The final draft of the 1987 Constitution was finished on October 12, 1986 and

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was presented to President Aquino on October. The constitution ratified on February 8,

1987 through a nationwide plebiscite.
Ways on how to Amend the Constitution:
1. Constitutional Convention – this compose the Bicameral and other sects from our economy.
Churches, teachers, and etc. This required a quorum which means the 50% of total delegates
plus 1. For example, if the convention consists of 100 participants in order to change the
constitution 51 should be the votes of those who agreed.
2. Constitutional Assembly – this compose the Bicameral the Senate and the Congress. And it
requires ¾ votes in order to change the constitution.
3. Peoples Iniative – This compose by a written protest that was signed by 2/3 of the total
population. This is what happened during the 1986 Freedom Constitution.

Paper and Pen, Internet/Data, Notebook/Book, Oslo Paper
V. Learning Task
Quiz
Answer the following questions based from what you have learned in this module.
1. As a Filipino, do we had the right knowledge and understanding about our own constitution?
If yes, Explain why. If no, what you will do to understand our constitution? 5pts
2. Considering the date of our current constitution, do you think it’s time to change our
constitution? And what do you think is the best way to change it? 5pts
3. Amongst the Presidents discussed? Who was the best president for you? Why? 5pts
VI. Reference
Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
An adopted slides from slideshare. (https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/julius411/president-of-

the-philippines)

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Reflection part

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Title: Local History

Module No. 10
I. Introduction
Local History is the key understanding the different cultures & perspective of
small communities. In this module we will discuss Local History. The importance and
goals of Local history. And the History of Olongapo City.

a. Understand local history.
b. Value the importance of Local History
c. Promote the Local History of your Hometown.
Local History
Local history is the key understanding the different cultures and
perspectives of small communities. It presents the past events and experiences
of single communities that live equally unique among the others. It may be the
history of a municipalities, countryside, a residential area, or a metropolis
neighborhood. It is the study of history in a geographically local context and it
often concentrates on the local community. It incorporates cultural and social
aspects of history. Local history is not merely national history writ small but a
study of past events in a given geographical but one that is based on a wide
variety of documentary evidence and placed in a comparative context that is
both regional and national.
Goals of Local History
The goal of Local History is to allow the students to be directly
engaged in doing it. When the students participate in gathering of data, they
should bear in mind that this will bring them the higher sense of community
involvement. The students will learn to analyze data with a careful and critical
eye for the most intricate details and to enable them to question the foreseen
data. It also enables students to gain a greater interest in history. It helps the
students to analyze data the smallest details that made his local history unique
from the others. Another goal of Local History is to remove the stereotyping
but rather appreciate the history of a community.

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Why Local History is important?

Local History gives us a whole new perspective toward crucial events
that took place in our communities. It is unfortunate that there was a very
limited writing that were done to include the local histories. Looking at the
major moments in history are undoubtedly important, but it is also just as
beneficial to see history in the small and unrecognizable events of the
community. Here are some reasons why Local history is Important
A. Local History Teaches About Community
General Locations and common objects in your community can
follow the extensive ancestry of previous generations on the places
you live. It will gain you a better grasp of understanding the past and
perceiving the present learning by more of your own community’s
origin.
B. Local History Depicts Shared Experiences
As we learn about people or places that were important years
ago in our city, we realize that those residents reared children,
worked hard to make a living, immigrated to an unfamiliar place, or
had an entrepreneurial spirit that they used to build a business. As we
learn about these shared experiences. It can often visit preserved
historic landmarks within a city. These preserved landmarks serve as
sources for first-hand accounts of the people who experienced life in
the community - decades or centuries earlier.
C. Local History Teaches Us about The Human Condition
Local history holds records of families and people who settled
in the city centuries ago. These records also depict personal letters,
papers, and photographs of families, business, and events that shaped
the city’s history. These records show us, personally and accurately,
about how people lived live decades or centuries earlier. Museum
exhibits show us these records and help visitors cultivate empathy – a
deeper understanding of the circumstances and concepts surrounding
and event or live in a certain time period.
Local History should be taken as the primary concern of many of us
for it brings us closer to our hometown. We become conscious of own
uniqueness, practice and desires. One may never achieve a full understanding
of the Filipinos and the Philippine History if he/she failed to study the history
of his/her own town, city, province or region.

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A brief History of Olongapo City

Watch the legend of Olongapo here. youtube.com/watch?v=nyol4PR4FXw.
Olongapo, officially the City of Olongapo, or simply

as Olongapo City, is a 1st class highly urbanized
city in Central Luzon (Region III), Philippines. Located
in the province of Zambales but governed independently
from the province, it has a population of 233,040 people
according to the 2015 census.
• Olongapo was first inhabited by the Aetas before it was discovered by the Spaniards.
It was then a small fishing village of Subic with the majority of the people getting
their livelihood through it. When the Spaniards came and conquered the town on
1884, they made it as their navy settlement. King Alfonso II declared Subic Bay as
Spain’s stronghold in the Far East because of its notable deep-water harbor and the
protection provided by the mountains surrounding the place against strong winds.
• After 14 years of Spanish-American War, Admiral George Dewey took Olongapo and
Subic Bay, making the bay area and the whole Olongapo as U.S. Military reservation.
Millions of dollars were spent converting the base. Estimated cost spent was $170
million. But after 8 years, the Filipino citizens demanded that Olongapo be returned to
the governance of the Philippines. Thus, in December 7, 1959 Olongapo was turned
over to the Philippine government and changed into a municipality by virtue of
Executive Order No. 366 by issuance of President Carlos P. Garcia.
• Seven years later, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Republic Act No. 4645 on
June 1, 1966 making Olongapo as a chartered city. In 1983, Olongapo City became
the highly urbanized city in Central Luzon.
• On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo erupted causing extensive damage at the U.S.
Facility and in Olongapo City. It was also noted that in this year, the Senate of the
Philippines rejected the Treaty agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and
the United States of America.
• A year later, President Corazon Aquino signed R.A. 7227 creating Subic Bay
Metropolitan Authority and appointed Mayor Richard J. Gordon as Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer.
• On November 24, 1992, the U.S. Naval Facility was turned over to the Philippine
Government, and Subic was turned over to the governance of Subic Bay Metropolitan
Authority (SBMA).

NOT FOR SALE!
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Historical Places
Ulo ng Apo: A towering and

majestic marker located at the rotonda in Bajac-Bajac. A very visible and tangible
tourist attraction to glorify the legend of the city.

Rizal Triangle is the alpha or omega of many civic, political and religious
activities in the city. Both the Rizal monument and the stage appeared to be part of
the resources turned over by the American government to the Philippines in
December 1959.

NOT FOR SALE!
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Marikit Park: One of the earliest parks of Olongapo, it has become famous in its
time.
The Spanish Gate, located

at the corner of Dewey Avenue and Samson Road in Olongapo City, was built in 1885
when the Spanish Navy authorized the construction of the Arsenal de Olongapo, after
King Alfonso II of Spain issued a royal decree declaring Subic Bay as a naval port in
1884.
Kalapati (The Dove Monument): Mr. Kasanobu Miyazaki, a Japanese owner of an

accounting firm in Aioi City, Japan, requested that a shrine be built in New Cabalan where
his brother, Capt. Masanobu Miyazaki died in battle at the Zig Zag Pass. Mayor Gordon
suggested instead a peace monument dedicated to the Filipino, American and Japanese lives
that were lost in that battle. The monument was thus built at the junction of the national
highway and the road into New Cabalan.

NOT FOR SALE!
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Tappan Park is the oldest and most symbolic park in Olongapo and Subic Bay area.
The park was named after Navy Yard Commandant, Captain Benjamin Tappan.
Notebooks, Pen, Speaker, Laptop / Cellphone, and Internet/Data.
V. Learning Task
Final Output/Project. Create a brochure that talks about the ff.

a. Local History definition based from your own learnings.
b. Promotion of the Local History of your hometown.
i. History
ii. Culture
iii. Famous Tourist Spots.
VI. Reference
 Kammen, Carol; Wilson, Amy (2012). Encyclopedia of Local History, 2nd ed.
Lanham, MD: AltaMira
 Kids World 2020. Alamat ng Olongapo. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyol4PR4FXw
Reflection part

NOT FOR SALE!

Module 6 10 - Reading in Philippine History

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Republic of the Philippines

Title: Different Versions of Revolution

II. Learning Objectives

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

Two Factions of Katipunan

Tatlong antas ng Katipunan

The Second Phase of Revolution

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EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

“THE CRY OF BAHAY TORO” BY SANTIAGO ALVAREZ

MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 1896

“THE CRY” BY GREGORIA DE JESUS

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

Title: Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

III. Topics and Key Concepts

MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán)

• From Kupang, Bulacan

• Pen Name: Plaridel

• Other Pen Names: Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo.

• First published in Barcelona, Spain, in 1889

• Reprinted in Manila in 1898.

• The translation was made by Dr. Encarnacion Alzona in 1957

• The Reverend Fathers are empowered to name the persons.

• The public pay because of return for heavenly promises.

Taxation during the Spanish Period

TAXES THE PILIPINOS PAY:

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

And a revolt happened because there were too many taxes.

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IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

Write the correct answer on the space provided.

What are your reflections on this module?

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EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

Title: Japanese and American Era

II. Learning Objectives

American Colonization of the Philippines

 Signed on December 10, 1898.

The Philippine-American War

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

Changes during the American Period

PHILIPPINE UNDER JAPANESE OCCUPATION

The Philippines under the Japanese Period

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

The road to independence

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The Problems of the Puppet Republic

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

B. Explain the Picture below:

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: The Presidents of the Philippines

II. Learning Objectives

THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GORDON COLLEGE USE ONLY!