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A Review of the Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) for Agricultural

Automation

Article in Journal of Biosystems Engineering · November 2020

DOI: 10.1007/s42853-020-00078-3

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Journal of Biosystems Engineering Online ISSN 2234-1862
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-020-00078-3 Print ISSN 1738-1266

REVIEW

A Review of the Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT)

for Agricultural Automation
Wan-Soo Kim 1 & Won-Suk Lee 2 & Yong-Joo Kim 1,3

Received: 31 July 2020 / Revised: 15 November 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020

# The Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2020

Abstract
Purpose The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices for communicating machine to machine (M2M) based on wired and
wireless Internet. IoT in agriculture is a revolutionary technology that can be applied to agricultural production year-round. The
aim of this study is to summarize cases of IoT being applied to agricultural automation in the agricultural sector and to discuss the
limitations and prospects for expanding the application of IoT technology in Korea.
Methods The application of IoT in agriculture was classified and analyzed based on previous data, and the sensors and com-
munication technologies used were compared. Based on the analysis results, the limitations of and prospects for IoT in agriculture
were discussed.
Results IoT was widely used in agriculture, such as management systems, monitoring systems, control systems, and unmanned
machinery. In addition, the various wireless communication technologies used in agriculture, such as Wi-Fi, long-range wide
area network (LoRaWAN), mobile communication (e.g., 2G, 3G, and 4G), ZigBee, and Bluetooth, were also used in IoT-based
agriculture.
Conclusion With the development of various communication technologies, such as 5G, it is expected that faster and broader IoT
technologies will be applied to various agricultural processes in the future. IoT-based agriculture equipped with a communication
system suitable for each agricultural environment can contribute to agricultural automation by increasing crop quality and
production and reducing labor.

Keywords Agricultural automation . Internet of thing . IoT applications . Wireless sensor network

Nomenclature LoRaWAN Long-range wide area network

DGPS Differential global positioning system M2M Machine to machine
GPRS General packet radio service NFC Near-field communication
GPS Global positioning system RFID Radio frequency identification
GSM Global system for mobile communications WSN Wireless sensor network
IoT Internet of things
LoRa Long range

Introduction
* Won-Suk Lee
[email protected] The term “Internet of things (IoT)” was first used by Kevin
Ashton, director of the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts
1
Institute of Technology (MIT), in 1999. He predicted that IoT
Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam
National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134,
mounted on items with radio frequency identification (RFID)
Republic of Korea and sensors used in everyday life would be established in the
2
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University
future. IoT means technology and an environment that can
of Florida, 1741 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA exchange data in real time through Internet communication
3
Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
by sensors installed on different objects (Borgia 2014). IoT
University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of can be used for big data analytics, cloud computing, etc. in
Korea various industries (Baseca et al. 2019). To date, devices
 J. Biosyst. Eng.

connected to the Internet have required human manipulation advantages and disadvantages, and farmers can implement
to send and receive information. However, IoT enables the high-efficiency, low-cost IoT-based agriculture by selecting
exchange of information between objects by using the proper sensors and networks in consideration of their farm
Bluetooth, near-field communication (NFC), sensor data, conditions and working environments. In addition, to date,
and networks without human assistance (Gubbi et al. 2013). IoT has been widely used as a single solution, such as moni-
Due to these advantages, IoT technology is being applied in toring and control of green houses, rather than a process that
various industrial fields, such as cities, smart healthcare, manages the entire agriculture including the management of
homes and buildings, energy, transportation, waste manage- crops and agricultural machinery; thus, there is a need to ex-
ment, monitoring, and agriculture (Borgia 2014; Perera et al. pand IoT technology to a wide range of agriculture processes
2014; Zeinab and Elmustafa 2017). (Talavera et al. 2017; Tzounis et al. 2017). Therefore, it is
According to the future food and agriculture report of the necessary to review existing applications and limitations for
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United the extended application of IoT technology in agriculture.
Nations, the world population is expected to increase by ap- The aim of this study is to provide useful information for
proximately 10 billion by 2050, which means that more agri- developing and applying IoT platforms suitable for Korean
cultural production is needed (FAO 2017). To address these agricultural environments. The specific objectives are as fol-
problems, many researchers around the world are carrying out lows: (1) collecting and categorizing the various cases in
studies to increase agricultural productivity (Dhall and which existing IoT is applied to agriculture; (2) summarizing
Agrawal 2018; Verdouw et al. 2019). The agricultural indus- sensors, networks, and controllers used in each application;
try, with innovative ideas and technological advances such as (3) analyzing the various wireless communication technolo-
sensor systems and wireless sensor networks, has been able to gies used in IoT-based agriculture; and (4) discussing some
increase production and allocate resources more efficiently limitations and prospects.
(Ray 2016). IoT contributes significantly to innovative, smart
farming (Ande and Rojatkar 2017). Agriculture with IoT en-
ables agricultural automation, thereby increasing agricultural Internet of Things Technologies
production (Lee et al. 2013; Bu and Wang 2019). In addition,
IoT in agriculture can be used to improve crop yields by elim- The Internet originally was controlled only by the user.
inating waste, streamlining operations, and establishing a se- Machine-to-machine (M2M) technology based on wired and
cure food supply chain (Huang 2016). The global IoT market wireless Internet with the development of intelligent commu-
is expected to reach 1256.1 billion dollars by 2025 from 690 nication technology was then developed (Adame et al. 2014).
billion dollars in 2019, with a CAGR of 10.53% for 2020– M2M is a passive concept that collects information by
2025 (Mordor Intelligence 2019). IoT technology has resulted installing sensors and networks, functions on all objects, ex-
in a new paradigm for agriculture and has been applied to changes data through communication functions, and finally
various agricultural processes, such as farm management provides information to the user. IoT technology evolved in
(Köksal and Tekinerdogan 2019), farm monitoring M2M means technology that communicates among various
(Muangprathub et al. 2019), livestock monitoring (Pan et al. objects without human intervention and then provides ser-
2016), irrigation control (Nawandar and Satpute 2019), green- vices. The functions of IoT are widely known as data collec-
house environmental control (Liao et al. 2017), autonomous tion and processing, planning and decision-making, and pre-
agricultural machinery (Reid et al. 2016), and drones scriptions and services (Zhou et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2017).
(Boursianis et al. 2020), thus contributing to agricultural au- Fig. 1 showed IoT in agriculture including a series of process-
tomation. For example, farmers can integrate wireless sensors es that collect data on items such as crops, livestock, agricul-
and mobile networks to monitor farming conditions in real tural machinery, and farms; build a database based on the
time and easily control farms (Abd El-kader and El-Basioni collected data; make an appropriate prescription through anal-
2013; Işık et al. 2017). In addition, farmers can collect mean- ysis of key data from experts; and deliver prescription to con-
ingful data through IoT technology, which is used to generate sumers using text message.
yield maps that enable the production of low-cost, high- IoT architecture can be divided into a perception layer for
quality crops through precision agriculture (Vasisht et al. recognition, a network layer for data transmission and recep-
2017; Ravindra 2018). tion, and an application layer for agricultural applications, as
During the last few decades, IoT technologies have been shown in Fig. 2 (Shi et al. 2019). Generally, in the perception
applied to many specific agricultural processes by using var- layer, sensor nodes are installed in various areas, such as
ious sensors and network technologies (Xu et al. 2014; Patil farms, crops, livestock, greenhouses, and agricultural machin-
and Kale 2016). Because of the advance of sensor and net- ery, to sense different parameters in real time. The measured
work technology, there are various types of networks that data are transmitted to the local gateway, and in the network
users can select. Each sensor and network system has layer, the local gateway receives the data and uploads the
J. Biosyst. Eng.

Fig. 1 Procedures of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture

sensor data to the cloud using various wireless sensor net- (farm field), indoor area (greenhouse), and water. The main
works (WSNs). This system can be applied to various process- sensors used are temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure,
es and applications of agriculture, including management, pH, ultrasonication, and accelerometer (Muhammad et al.
monitoring, control, and unmanned machinery (Moon et al. 2016; Pal et al. 2017; Suárez et al. 2018). There are a variety
2018; Wang et al. 2020). of IoT sensing technologies, such as WSNs, NFC, RFID, im-
age processing, and global positioning systems (GPSs).
Perception Layer Considering flexibility and autonomous concepts in agricul-
ture, WSNs have been applied to many practical applications
The key task of the perception layer in IoT is to recognize the to provide high-resolution real-time sensing information about
physical properties of the target (e.g., crop, farm, livestock, the condition of the physical world (Liao et al. 2012). WSN in
and machinery). The perception layer consists of various sen- IoT-based agriculture means a group of geographically dis-
sors, agricultural machinery, WSN, actuator, controller, tributed sensor nodes that collect and monitor data on tasks.
RFID, etc. (Ye et al. 2013). In particular, various sensors have Fig. 3 shows a data flow of the connection between various
been used in agriculture since there are various types of vari- sensor nodes installed on farmland, gateway sensor nodes that
ables to be considered, such as atmosphere, soil, outdoor area integrate each sensor node, and users. WSNs also

Fig. 2 Architecture of IoT

including the application layer,
network layer, and perception
layer
 J. Biosyst. Eng.

Fig. 3 Wireless sensor network

system

automatically route data to a decision center as digital signals. 2015). Thus, it is possible to minimize the damage by appro-
The information collected through the sensors is simply proc- priately addressing the problems that may occur in agriculture
essed through the embedded device and uploaded to the upper early and to maximize production efficiency, thereby contrib-
layer through the network layer for database construction and uting to the improvement of farmers’ income.
big data analysis (Shi et al. 2019).

Network Layer Applications of the Internet of Things

in Agriculture
The network layer processes the received real-time data from
the perception layer and transports the data remotely to the Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have made it
application layer using a telecommunications network, local easier to measure a variety of data types (Glaroudis et al.
area network (LAN), and the Internet (Xiaojun et al. 2015; 2020). These advances have made it possible for IoT to ad-
Foughali et al. 2018). The network layer has a microprocessor dress various agricultural problems and enable sustainable and
or microcontroller that uses a communication module to send efficient farming (Antony et al. 2020). In agriculture, IoT is
data collected at the perception layer to the application layer used for a wide range of activities, and applications can be
through the transporting media (Narendran et al. 2017). In broadly divided into four categories as follows: (a) manage-
addition, there are several media to transport data, such as ment systems, (b) monitoring systems, (c) control systems,
3G/4G/5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IEEE-802.11, NFC, global sys- and (d) unmanned machinery, as shown in Fig. 4 (Aqeel-ur-
tem for mobile communications (GSM), ZigBee, and general Rehman et al. 2014; Talavera et al. 2017).
packet radio service (GPRS). As such, the network layer trans-
mits not only various types of data collected in the perception Management System
layer to the application layer but also control commands of the
application layer to the perception layer so that related devices Until recently, farmers had been lacking the tools to manage
in the perception layer can be activated (Shi et al. 2019). their farms based on a cost, benefit, and profitability analysis.
However, due to the development of sensor and communica-
Application Layer tion technology, it is easier to collect and store data for agri-
culture, and now, it is important to comprehensively manage
The application layer is a smart processing device that applies and utilize various types of collected data (Diène et al. 2020).
data processed at the network layer and is the highest level of In agriculture, the management system is applied to various
architecture in the IoT layer (Foughali et al. 2018). This layer factors, such as farm, energy, water, and agricultural machin-
includes various intelligent systems, such as managing data ery, and the following is a representative example. Table 1
across agriculture; monitoring and controlling plants, animals, shows the sensors and networks of the smart management
machinery, and farms; early warning and diagnosing infec- system used in the previous study.
tions of diseases and infestations of pests; and running auton-
omous machinery. In addition, the application layer mainly Agricultural Machinery
processes and analyzes data, evaluates the system, predicts
future trends in the system, makes decisions based on past AGCO, a leading global agricultural machinery company,
data sets, and sends prescriptions to end-users (Xiaojun et al. proposed the “connected farm service,” which is a
J. Biosyst. Eng.

Fig. 4 Application of IoT in

agriculture, including
management systems, monitoring
systems, control systems, and
unmanned machinery

management system for farms and agricultural machinery items such as machines, seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers that
(Chaudhary et al. 2015). In particular, the agricultural machin- are used on farms and financial analysis results to farmers
ery service management system was developed by installing a based on big data analysis. Ye et al. (2013) proposed a preci-
remote monitoring terminal on large-scale intelligent agricul- sion agricultural management system (PAMS) based on IoT
tural machinery and developing the related mobile application and WebGIS. PAMS was designed for the management of
software and server software (Zhang et al. 2017). IoT technol- large agricultural production farms. This system was devel-
ogy was applied to conventional agricultural production to oped by using advanced technologies such as IoT technology
provide useful information such as on the management of and WebGIS to provide functions such as data collection, data
agricultural machinery operations, real-time equipment man- retrieval, data analysis, production monitoring and manage-
agement of agricultural machinery, and agricultural machin- ment, remote operation of production processes, and support
ery operation and control needs (Li et al. 2018). With these for production decisions. Agricultural management informa-
systems, agricultural productivity can be improved as field tion systems (AMIS) can be applied broadly across entire
conditions, and operating conditions of agricultural machinery cycles of agriculture to increase agricultural productivity and
are monitored remotely. help farmers make effective choices (Yan-e 2011).

Farm Water

Farm management information systems (FMISs) based on IoT As water shortages have increased rapidly, the multi-
have been proposed to assist farmers in making effective de- intelligent control system (MICS) was introduced for the man-
cisions by managing all measured data from installed sensors agement of water resources in the agricultural sector
on farms (Paraforos et al. 2016; Köksal and Tekinerdogan (Hadipour et al. 2020). The proposed system is based on IoT
2019). This system was used to provide data collected on and has been used for the management of all water resources

Table 1 IoT-based smart

management systems applied Sensors Network Reference
in agriculture
Agricultural machinery GPS GPRS, Wi-Fi, 4G Zhang et al. (2017)
GPS GPRS, Bluetooth Chaudhary et al. (2015)
Farm Soil temperature sensor, Wi-Fi Vasisht et al. (2017)
soil pH sensor, soil
moisture sensor
Water Moisture sensor, passive GSM Hadipour et al. (2020)
infrared sensor,
temperature sensor
Pressure sensor, flowmeter, Wi-Fi Narendran et al. (2017)
ultrasonic sensor
 J. Biosyst. Eng.

by monitoring and controlling water consumption and water Monitoring System

levels in reservoirs. The system has provided a satisfactory
solution for water management in the agricultural sector, and In agriculture, previous studies related to monitoring have
it has been reported that this system can save up to 60% of been classified into monitoring diseases, fields, greenhouses,
water. livestock, pests, and soil. Table 2 shows the sensors and net-
works used in the previous studies.

Table 2 IoT-based smart monitoring systems applied in agriculture

Sensors Network Reference

Disease Air temperature and humidity sensor, soil temperature and GRPS, GSM, 3G, 4G Khattab et al. (2019)
moisture sensor, wind speed/direction sensor, rain
meter, solar radiation sensor, leaf wetness sensor
Humidity sensor, temperature sensor ZigBee Foughali et al. (2018)
Field Soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor Wi-Fi AshifuddinMondal and Rehena (2018)
Humidity sensor, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor Wi-Fi Dholu and Ghodinde (2018);
Maheswari et al. (2019)
CO2 sensor, humidity sensor, light intensity sensor, LoRa, 4G Heble et al. (2018)
relative humidity and ambient temperature sensor, soil
moisture sensor
Ball float liquid level sensor, digital light intensity sensor, Wi-Fi, 3G Mohanraj et al. (2016)
magnetic float sensor, soil moisture sensor, temperature
and humidity sensor
Camera module, light sensor, temperature and humidity Wi-Fi Veloo et al. (2019)
sensor
Greenhouse Humidity sensor, illumination sensor, pressure sensor, MICAz Akkaş and Sokullu (2017)
temperature sensor
Air humidity sensor, air temperature sensor, soil ZigBee Wang et al. (2019)
temperature sensor
Air quality (CO2) sensor, light sensor, soil moisture sensor GSM Aafreen et al. (2019)
Illumination sensor, temperature and humidity sensor GSM, Wi-Fi, ZigBee Liao et al. (2017)
GPRS Geng et al. (2019)
Air temperature sensor, humidity sensor, pH sensor, soil Wi-Fi Dagar et al. (2018)
moisture sensor, water
volume sensor
Livestock Biometric sensor, temperature and humidity sensor, LoRaWAN Debauche et al. (2018)
weather meter (wind direction, wind speed, and rainfall)
Biogas sensor, fire sensor, humidity sensor, temperature Wi-Fi Memon et al. (2016)
sensor, ultrasonic sensor, water level sensor
Accelerometer, air contaminant sensor, CO2 sensor, ZigBee, 3G Edwards-Murphy et al. (2016)
humidity sensor, NO2 sensor, O2 sensor, temperature
sensor
Accelerometer, thermistor ZigBee Nadimi et al. (2012)
Pest Humidity sensor, illumination sensor, temperature sensor GSM, ZigBee Liao et al. (2012)
Hyperspectral sensor LoRa Gao et al. (2020)
Acoustic sensor, passive infrared sensor GSM Gavaskar and Sumithra (2017)
Soil pH sensor, soil humidity sensor, soil temperature sensor Bluetooth Na et al. (2016)
Wi-Fi Ananthi et al. (2017)
Soil moisture sensor Bluetooth, GPRS, Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), Karim and Karim (2017)
Wi-Fi (5 GHz), ZigBee, 3G
pH sensor, soil moisture sensor, soil temperature sensor ZigBee Patil and Kale (2016)
Soil moisture and temperature sensor, temperature and Wi-Fi, ZigBee Goap et al. (2018)
humidity sensor, ultraviolet light radiation sensor
Soil moisture sensor, temperature and humidity sensor, Wi-Fi Muangprathub et al. (2019)
ultrasonic sensor
Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K) sensor Wi-Fi Lavanya et al. (2018)
J. Biosyst. Eng.

Disease the growth status of Phalaenopsis was proposed (Liao

et al. 2017). The proposed system consists of an IoT-
An IoT-based cognitive monitoring system for early based environmental monitoring system and an IoT-
plant disease forecasting was developed (Khattab et al. based wireless imaging platform, and this system can
2019). The monitoring system was used not only to pro- measure the environmental factors in an orchid green-
vide environmental monitoring data to maintain an opti- house and the growth of orchid leaves in real time.
mal crop cultivation environment but also to predict con-
ditions leading to an epidemic outbreak using environ- Livestock
mental sensor data. This system was equipped with arti-
ficial intelligence and prediction algorithms that emulate In agriculture, monitoring systems have been used to
the decision-making capabilities of human experts and collect data on various types of livestock, such as cows
was designed to issue warning messages to users. Zhao (Guerra 2017), and poultry (Li et al. 2015; Pan et al.
et al. (2020) proposed an effective automated system 2016; Astill et al. 2020). Moocall, a system for monitor-
deployed in the agricultural IoT using a multicontext ing the movement of pregnant cows using motion sen-
fusion network (MCFN) to recognize crop disease in sors, has been developed (Guerra 2017). This system was
the wild. The system was inspired by the usefulness of designed to send SMS text to farmers two hours before a
agricultural IoT, and the deep learning system, the cow is calving, and it was used to reduce the calf mor-
MCFN, was developed for real crop direct recognition tality rate. Moocall reported that the accuracy of the sys-
based on the IoT. The proposed MCFN achieved an ex- tem is over 95% and that the mortality rate at calving
cellent identification accuracy of 97.5% in wild crop dis- was reduced by 7%. Precision livestock farming (PLF) is
ease recognition. a system for the overall management, such as monitor-
ing, data analysis and decision-making, and control and
Field intervention, of various livestock (Wolfert et al. 2017).
PLF systems can be used to make more efficient deci-
In agriculture, field monitoring can be used to manage crop sions by reducing the need for manual observations and
growing environments to improve crop quality and yield. human decision-making and can be applied to facilitate
Field monitoring is a typical example of applying IoT to ag- the automation of these processes by significantly reduc-
riculture through low-cost sensors and networks. An intelli- ing the time and effort required to manage livestock
gent agricultural field monitoring system that monitors soil (Halachmi and Guarino 2016). In addition, it has been
humidity and temperature was proposed (AshifuddinMondal used to manage livestock by monitoring in real time,
and Rehena 2018). Data collected through this system are which can provide farmers with a platform to manage
saved in the cloud for future data analysis, which can be used multiple animals more efficiently (Smith et al. 2015).
for field management. The application of field monitoring and The environment of a poultry house is an important fac-
agricultural automation has been proposed based on a frame- tor for production that can be monitored and optimized.
work containing the knowledge management (KM) base and A typical poultry environment includes temperature, air
monitoring module (Mohanraj et al. 2016). This system was velocity, ventilation rate, litter quality, humidity, and gas
used to enable efficient use of water resources and labor cost concentrations, including carbon dioxide and ammonia
savings. (Dallimore 2017). An IoT-based smart poultry manage-
ment system was proposed for farm process automation
Greenhouse and decision-making using various sensor systems (Astill
et al. 2020).
In greenhouses, environmental conditions such as tem-
perature and humidity are important factors affecting Pest
plant quality and productivity (Wang et al. 2019).
Continuous monitoring of these environmental variables An autonomous early warning system to prevent the recur-
provides farmers with useful information to maximize rence of pests such as the massive Oriental fruit fly
crop productivity (Akkaş and Sokullu 2017). For exam- (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) was proposed (Liao et al.
ple, conventional methods to monitor environmental fac- 2012). This system was used to reduce farmers’ excessive
tors of greenhouses and the growth of Phalaenopsis have dependence on chemical pesticides. In addition, it contained
low resolution, require high levels of labor intensity, are two wireless communication protocols, ZigBee and GSM,
time-consuming, and have lack of automation. To ad- and three key components, wireless monitoring nodes
dress these problems, an IoT-based system to monitor (WMN), a remote-sensing information gateway (RSIG), and
the environmental factors of an orchid greenhouse and a host control platform (HCP). The proposed study offered a
 J. Biosyst. Eng.

real-time warning system to inform system administrators and required amount of fertilizer, and spraying fertilizer using a
government officials about the occurrence of crucial events control system.
via the GSM platform so that farms and future food security
could be protected.
Control System
Soil IoT is used in agriculture to control resources such as the
environment of farms and greenhouses, irrigation, and water
Since the soil environment directly affects the growth of quality (Giri et al. 2016). In particular, control systems in
crops, it is very important to maintain a proper soil environ- agriculture have been used to maintain optimal growing con-
ment for crops. Monitoring the soil environment is used to ditions so that high-quality crops on farms can grow well.
change existing farming practices and maximize agricultural Table 3 shows information on fields, sensors, controllers,
production (Na et al. 2016). An IoT-based, smart soil moni- and networks where IoT-based control systems were applied
toring system for agricultural production was developed to agriculture.
(Ananthi et al. 2017). In this system, various sensors, such
as pH sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors,
were used to monitor the soil, and the collected data on the Farm
soil environment were transmitted to the user using mobile
applications. This system can be used for making decisions A control system incorporating IoT technology in crop
related to irrigation systems and pesticide spraying. Fertilizers production has been developed (Marković et al. 2015).
are used to replenish nutrients in soil that lack nutrients. This On the farm, the control system was used to collect and
lack of nutrients affects the yield and quality of the crop, and monitor data using autonomous sensor devices and con-
the yield can be increased by using an appropriate amount of trol the actuators. The most commonly deficient nutrients
fertilizer. Moreover, the use of excessive fertilizer causes ex- in farm soil are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or
cessive spending by farmers. Farmers lack information about N, P, and K, respectively (Warpe and Pippal 2016). IoT
the soil environment, and it is difficult to know the appropriate technology-based systems with NPK sensors using light-
amount of fertilizer required. To address this problem, IoT- dependent resistors (LDRs) and light emitting diodes
based fertilizer systems have been introduced in some studies. (LEDs) have been developed (Lavanya et al. 2018).
These systems include monitoring soil nutrients, analyzing the The system provides guidance on the amount of fertilizer

Table 3 IoT-based smart control systems applied in agriculture

Sensors Controller Network Reference

Farm Gas sensor, IR motion sensor, Atmel ATmega328 Wi-Fi Marković et al. (2015)
temperature and relative humidity
sensor, water flow sensor
Acoustic sensor, soil fertility sensor, Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi Navulur and Prasad
soil moisture and humidity sensor (2017)
Greenhouse Illumination sensor, temperature and Texas Instrument MSP430 Wi-Fi, ZigBee Liao et al. (2017)
humidity sensor F1611
Conductivity sensor, CO2 sensor, STMicroelectronics Bluetooth low energy, Singh et al. (2020)
illumination sensor, temperature and STM32L072CZ LoRaWAN
humidity sensor
Irrigation Soil moisture sensor, temperature and Atmel ATmega328 ZigBee Saraf and Gawali (2017)
humidity sensor, water level sensor
Humidity sensor, soil moisture sensor, Espressif Systems ESP8266 Wi-Fi Nawandar and Satpute
temperature sensor (2019)
Programmable Logic Controller Wi-Fi Işık et al. (2017)
(PLC)
Humidity sensor, salinity sensor, soil Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi Islam and Dey (2019)
moisture sensor, temperature sensor
Soil moisture sensor, soil temperature Microchip PIC24FJ64GB004 GPRS, ZigBee Gutiérrez et al. (2014)
sensor
Soil moisture sensor, temperature and Atmel ATmega328 Wi-Fi Kumar et al. (2017)
humidity sensor, ultrasonic sensor
Water quality pH sensor, temperature sensor Arduino Mega 2560 Wi-Fi Khatri et al. (2018)
J. Biosyst. Eng.

required for farmers at regular intervals by monitoring Unmanned Machinery

and analyzing nutrients present in the soil.
Autonomous Machinery

Greenhouse Autonomous agricultural machinery has been under develop-

ment since the concept of precision agriculture emerged in the
The greenhouse environment greatly influences the growth 1980s using various advanced sensor systems (BigAg 2018).
environment of crops, and maintaining an appropriate Autonomous agricultural machinery is being developed using
greenhouse environment can increase crop quality and yield. many advanced sensors and systems. Agricultural machinery
Liao et al. (2017) monitored the environmental factors of an companies that are global leaders have developed a tractor
IoT-based greenhouse and analyzed the temperature and with autoguidance technology using GPS to improve working
relative humidity showing the highest growth rate, and they efficiency and reduce labor requirements (Zhang et al. 2018).
developed a control system to maintain the environment of the Tractor companies such as John Deere and Case IH are
greenhouse at the optimal temperature and humidity. Park conducting ongoing research on autonomous tractors
et al. (2019) developed a wireless sensor node that complies (Guerra 2017). Tractors with automatic steering have several
with the communication interface standard for effective com- advantages, such as repeatable path tracking, reducing overlap
munication between the sensor and the controller in the green and facilitating operations under low visibility conditions, tak-
house and evaluated the data transmission speed according to ing complete control over the quality of farming operations
the distance. The wireless sensor node and controller are de- (Lipiński et al. 2016; Reid et al. 2016). With the recent devel-
signed to communicate wirelessly using Bluetooth, and the opment of wireless communication technology, IoT has been
data rate was 100% up to 25 m between the sensor node and applied to agricultural machinery, and the development of
the controller. They reported that further studies on long- fully autonomous tractors has been accelerated. Multiple ag-
distance wireless communication methods such as LoRa are ricultural machines are connected to each other by exchanging
needed to expand the communication range between the sen- data through communication. For example, multiple tractors
sor node and the controller. can be connected and communicate to copy the steering angle
and speed of the main tractor for simultaneous operation
Irrigation (Guerra 2017). John Deere, for example, has developed inte-
grated systems that help manage their work remotely, such as
IoT-based irrigation systems are used to efficiently utilize wa- the Machine Sync system, AutoTrac Vision, and AutoTrac
ter resources in terms of precision agriculture (Goap et al. RowSense system. Machine Sync systems allow tractors to
2018). To supply the optimum water required by the soil, communicate directly with combines and other systems to
numerous studies have been conducted on IoT-based irriga- increase the efficiency and accuracy of crop harvesting.
tion systems (Muhammad et al. 2016). An autonomous sprin- AutoTrac Vision enables equipment to follow actual planted
kler system was developed that operates based on the real- crop rows, reducing crop damage and improving work effi-
time water content of the soil (Chowdhury and Raghukiran ciency. The AutoTrac RowSense system is used to avoid
2017). This system was used to maintain a certain level of crops and ensure full coverage for fertilizer applications and
moisture by controlling the sprinkler based on the moisture other applications.
content data of the soil that was measured by an IoT real-time
sensor without a user. In addition, IoT functions were applied Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
to the autonomous sprinklers to prevent excessive water use
and plant death by controlling the sprinklers remotely from IoT-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have contributed
anywhere in the world based on weather forecasting. to transforming agriculture from traditional cultivation prac-
tices to a new level of intelligence in precision agriculture
(Boursianis et al. 2020). Since UAVs can be applied to agri-
Water Quality culture for various purposes, such as irrigation, fertilization,
pesticide use, weed management, plant growth monitoring,
IoT-based smart solutions that control water quality based on crop disease management, and field-level phenotyping, their
pH to treat municipal wastewater and its reuse for agricultural utilization is expected to increase continuously (Mukherjee
purposes have been developed (Khatri et al. 2018). The pro- et al. 2020). An IoT-based, low-altitude remote-sensing tech-
posed solution made it possible to maintain water quality nology for UAVs has been widely used for environmental
within the prescribed standards so that municipal wastewater monitoring of farmland fields, and it has been used to analyze
could be recycled and used for agricultural purposes after pest and disease outbreaks in crops based on captured images
reprocessing. of farmlands using spectral cameras (Gao et al. 2020). In
 J. Biosyst. Eng.

addition, thermal or heat-seeking cameras installed on UAVs communication ranges, and data transfer limits. The transmis-
(or drones) can be used to monitor the thermal properties of sion range of the data is an important indicator for selecting
plants and crops; detect the presence of harmful wild animals which communication technology to apply to a particular type
on farmlands; and monitor plants, diseases, and water scarcity of agriculture, which is related to cost (Ray 2017). Therefore,
(Saha et al. 2018). UAVs are expected to provide advanced farmers should select a communication technology with an
technology to the agricultural industry through strategies and appropriate data transmission range according to the required
plans based on real-time data collecting and processing agricultural characteristics. Table 4 shows the characteristics
(Ravindra 2018). However, despite these advantages, there of different types of wireless networks. Most WSNs used in
are still limitations to be improved, such as power source agriculture need to cost little, use minimal power, and have
problems (i.e., short operating time), communication efficien- low data rates (Kalaivani et al. 2011; Kang and Chen 2020).
cy, and flight restrictions depending on the climate environ- To apply IoT to agriculture, wireless networks can be com-
ment. In addition, it is still difficult to develop independent pared and selected (Sadowski and Spachos 2020).
agricultural UAV technology in Korea, and most of them are
dependent on imported components. By solving these prob-
lems, IoT-based UAVs are expected to transform convention- Potential IoT Value in Agriculture
al agriculture more innovative and efficient in the future.
Recently, a substantial challenge has been feeding the global
population, and the FAO reported that approximately 70%
Wireless Communication Technologies Used more food will be needed in 2050 than in 2006 for the growing
in Agriculture global population. IoT has been documented as a revolution-
ary concept in farming to meet the upcoming food crisis
In recent years, wireless transmission technology has devel- (Meola 2020). There are various studies about using IoT tech-
oped rapidly. There are various types of communication tech- nology for food safety. Libelium applied 3G technology to
nologies, such as Wi-Fi, LoRaWAN, mobile communication address environmental issues and improve environmental
(e.g., 2G, 3G, and 4G), ZigBee, and Bluetooth, for applying management in vineyards in Northwest Spain (Martinez
IoT to agriculture (Anastasi et al. 2009; Frenzel 2012; 2014). The results revealed that phytosanitary treatments
Gutiérrez et al. 2014; Ojha et al. 2015; Jayaraman et al. (i.e., fungicides and fertilizers) were reduced by more than
2016; Fernández-Garcia and Gil 2017; Jawad et al. 2017; 20% and growth production increased by approximately
Vaquerizo-Hdez et al. 2017). These communication technol- 15%. An integrated control strategy (ICS) method for irrigat-
ogies enable the automation of the entire cycle of agriculture, ing romaine lettuce in a greenhouse was implemented (Hong
thus facilitating highly convenient and highly efficient agri- and Hsieh 2016). This process resulted in the ICS decreasing
culture. ZigBee and Bluetooth consume minimal power and water and electricity use by 90%. An automated irrigation
cost little, so they are widely used in agricultural IoT. In par- system (AIS) using the WSN and GPRS modules for optimum
ticular, ZigBee is an integrated, standard short-range wireless water use in crops was developed (Gutiérrez et al. 2014). It
communication technology that consumes minimal power, was found that in comparison to a traditional irrigation system,
costs little, and is versatile, and among various communica- AIS decreased water used by 90%.
tion technologies, ZigBee is widely used for IoT implementa- The global market for agricultural IoT devices has been
tion in agriculture (Farooq et al. 2019). remarkable. According to Business Insider’s premium re-
Various types of wireless networks have different charac- search service, in 2015, the global shipment of IoT devices
teristics, such as frequency, power consumption, was only 30 million USD; however, in 2020, the global

Table 4 Characteristics of the wireless technologies used in agriculture (Farooq et al. 2019)

Wireless protocols Standard Frequency Data rates Transmission Power Cost

band range consumption

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 a/c/b/d/g/n 5–60 GHz 1 Mb/s–7 Gb/s 20–100 m High High
LoRaWAN LoRaWAN R1.0 868/915 MHz 0.3~50 kb/s < 30 km Very low High
Mobile communication 2G (GSM), 2.5G (GPRS), 3G 865 MHz, 2G:50–100 kb/s, 3G: Entire cellular Medium Medium
(UMTS, CDMA2000), 4G (LTE) 2.4 GHz 200 kb/s, area
4G:0.1–1 Gb/s
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz 20–250 Kb/s 10–20 m Low Low
Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 2.4 GHz 1–24 Mbps 8–10 m Very low Low
J. Biosyst. Eng.

shipment of IoT devices is projected be approximately 75 it is difficult to apply autonomous agricultural machinery. In
million USD globally for agricultural purposes, which is al- addition, due to frequent turning operations, there are cases
most 20% of the annual growth rate. The potential value of where work is not properly performed at the boundaries of the
IoT is expected to increase significantly, to as high as 15 farmlands, which causes a loss to the yields. Therefore, con-
trillion USD in 2022 compared to 1 trillion USD in 2013 sidering such an agricultural environment in Korea, more pre-
without increased revenues (Tzounis et al. 2017). As the tech- cise sensing and control technology is required to utilize IoT-
nological development of sensors and networks accelerates, based autonomous agricultural machinery, and accurate field
the role of the IoT in agriculture is expected to increase at an mapping technology can be used to apply autonomous agri-
unprecedented rate. cultural machinery. RTK-GPS, which is currently used for
autonomous agricultural machinery, has a high performance
with an error of about 2 cm. However, the cost of the RTK-
Discussion GPS is too expensive, and the probability of error is high
depending on the weather or terrain. Therefore, in order to
Recently, many studies have been conducted to apply IoT tech- spread the autonomous agricultural machinery with a low
nology to agriculture. Most of the studies have been conducted cost, it is necessary to improve the GPS precision by using a
on smart monitoring and smart control with IoT. In particular, sensor fusion method such as a differential global positioning
there was a high concentration of soil, farm, and greenhouse system (DGPS) module + camera module, and precision GPS
environmental monitoring and irrigation and fertilizer control. infrastructure for agriculture must be developed.
Additionally, IoT and cloud computing-based systems have been In addition, to fully trust and adopt IoT in agriculture, it is
used to provide a reliable architecture for farmers to provide important to analyze and prepare for potential threats and var-
timely, on-the-spot information via WSN (Mohanraj et al. ious security requirements. First, in most agricultural areas
2016). Even though IoT is currently being used for agriculture, except for greenhouse, IoT devices are used in open environ-
some limitations still need to be improved, and future prospects ments, so they are directly exposed to harsh environments.
in agricultural IoT are discussed in the following sections. Under these conditions, the network environment is affected
by various external environmental conditions, such as rain,
Limitations high temperatures, humidity, and strong winds, which can
decrease performance. Therefore, a physical safety device
Many studies have been conducted to apply IoT technology to for IoT hardware suitable for external environmental factors
various aspects of agriculture, such as smart management, is required. Second, IoT-based agriculture should be protected
monitoring, and control. However, IoT technology has been from various risks, such as hacking of collected agricultural
applied to specific agricultural operations but not entire agri- data, farm information and host properties, and disruptions of
cultural processes. When IoT is integrated into entire agricul- the network and communication. In particular, since IoT uses
tural processes, efficiency can be maximized. In particular, the a number of sensor nodes in a distributed manner, a single
most difficult application of IoT technology is autonomous security protocol is not sufficient, and it is important to pre-
agricultural machinery. The conditions under which agricul- pare for information leakage. Third, IoT in agriculture requires
tural machinery operates are atypical environments with nu- a large amount of data processing, so multiple sensor nodes
merous variable conditions. Therefore, it is not easy to devel- are used. Many gateways and protocols are required to support
op and commercialize autonomous tractors that can be oper- these IoT devices. To manage these complex systems, net-
ated without humans due to safety considerations. work applications must be reliable and scalable.
Nevertheless, many studies on autonomous tractors have been
conducted in consideration of agricultural feminization, aging Prospects
farmers, and food productivity. According to John Deere,
techniques for fully autonomous tractors have already been Recently, advanced cellular and wireless communication tech-
developed. However, autonomous agricultural machinery nologies such as 5G have been continuously evolving, enabling
has not yet been commercialized due to the risk of accidents minimal power consumption and wide communication. These
when the vehicle is unmanned. To use autonomous agricul- changes lower infrastructure costs for IoT construction and in-
tural machinery in a field, it is necessary to prepare for agri- crease the utilization rate of IoT in agriculture. To date, agricul-
cultural machinery safety by combining IoT technologies. ture in various countries, including Korea, has been carried out
Additionally, most countries that apply IoT technologies in separately for each specific agricultural process, such as sowing,
agriculture have a large scale of farmland. On these large managing crop growth, harvesting, storing, and distributing.
farmlands, it is relatively efficient to use self-driving autono- However, in the future, IoT technology will enable the entire
mous machinery. However, since farm fields are relatively agricultural cycle to be integrated and managed into a more
small in Korea, frequent turning operations are required, so efficient form. For example, IoT can integrate each specific
 J. Biosyst. Eng.

agriculture process, such as monitoring the agricultural environ- cases of IoT being applied in agriculture were classified and
ment, controlling an environment suitable for the growth of crops analyzed. As a result, IoT-based agriculture was divided into 4
(including fertilizers and pesticides), utilizing unmanned agricul- groups: management systems, monitoring systems, control sys-
tural machinery, and reducing costs through data management tems, and unmanned machinery. In particular, IoT in agriculture
and analysis of agriculture, and IoT can be used to enable overall is widely used for monitoring soil, livestock, and greenhouses
management. In particular, such a system may be more efficient and controlling irrigation systems and the environmental condi-
for large-scale farming than small-scale farming, and IoT will be tions of farms and greenhouses. Then, the characteristics of com-
an essential system in large-scale agriculture. This will require munication technologies such as Wi-Fi, LoRaWAN, mobile
further research into technologies that can integrate IoT technol- communication (e.g., 2G, 3G, and 4G), ZigBee, and Bluetooth,
ogies into the entire agricultural process. which are most used in IoT-based agriculture, were analyzed. A
The most needed technology development for the IoT of ag- farmer can realize the high efficiency and low cost of agricultural
riculture is autonomous agricultural machinery. Agricultural ma- IoT by selecting a sensor and network based on the characteris-
chinery is used in all agricultural operations from sowing to tics such as transmission range, power consumption, and cost of
harvesting. However, to date, IoT has focused on areas such as each network considering the operating environment of the IoT.
smart farms and field monitoring. Innovations in the field of In addition, an IoT device should be protected when in harsh
agricultural machinery will allow remote control of these vehi- outdoor agricultural environments, and stable network and data
cles in the near future, which can greatly increase productivity for security should be ensured.
growers operating on large-scale farms. For example, an auton- A review of the results of previous literature has led us to
omous agricultural machine capable of accurate control can in- the following results: In agriculture, IoT is expected to address
crease the efficiency of farming by performing farming during a variety of existing problems and enable increased quality
the day as well as evening. To date, autonomous driving tech- and production. In addition, IoT can contribute to increasing
nology has been one of the IoT technologies that has been the farm income by reducing labor and input resources. However,
most difficult technology to apply in agriculture. Recently, Korea as mentioned in the limitations section, a technology that in-
commercialized 5G technology, and some Korean agricultural tegrates and applies IoT technology to the management of all
machinery companies are carrying out research on autonomous agriculture is needed. Importantly, the local network should
tractors using 5G technology. Therefore, it is expected that self- avoid collisions with other networks. In addition, currently,
driving tractors based on 5G and IoT technologies can be com- the application of IoT to autonomous agricultural machinery is
mercialized in Korea. UAVs are currently used for some agricul- insufficient, and the integration of IoT technology is necessary
tural processes, such as sowing, applying pesticides and fertil- for the development and commercialization of autonomous
izers, and water spraying, but it is expected that their usefulness agricultural machinery. In addition, for the commercialization
will increase further through cooperation with other agricultural of autonomous agricultural machinery, it is necessary to im-
machinery, such as tractors based on IoT. prove the precision of GPS. In addition, more precise GPS and
According to the 4th Industrial Revolution, various tech- control technology based on IoT must be secured to commer-
nologies are converging to create higher technological value. cialize autonomous agricultural machines applicable to the
IoT-based deep learning technology has been applied to var- Korean agricultural environment, which is small.
ious agricultural processes. For example, based on weather
data collected from an IoT system in agriculture, weather Funding This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and
Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET) through
changes can be predicted in advance, which is an effective
Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Research Center Support Program,
way to plan and control sustainable agricultural production funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)
(Jin et al. 2020). It is expected that the automation rate of (714002-07). It was also supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and
agriculture will be higher in the future through the fusion of Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET) through
Advanced Production Technology Development Program, funded by
various advanced technologies, so farmers need to understand
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (318072-03).
advanced technologies and adopt suitable systems for the im-
plementation of high-efficiency agriculture.
Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of

Conclusions interest.

Recently, IoT has been actively applied to various agricultural

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