4 - Muscular System

Dr.
Marwa Safwat
Level 3 Pharm D & Nursing
2019-2020
Intended Learning Outcomes
• At the end of the session, the students will be
able to:-
• Identify the types of muscles
• Describe the various shapes of the muscles
• Explain the action, nerve supply and action of
important muscles
• Explain the clinical anatomy of muscle
Introduction
• Muscles (L. Mus = mouse),
resemble a mouse and
tendons representing the
tail.
• Types of Muscles
The muscles are of three
types, skeletal, smooth
and cardiac
Difference Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Site: oAttached to the Walls of hollow organs oHeart Muscle
skeleton. (e.g. stomach, intestine,
urinary bladder, etc and
in the walls of blood
vessels.
oAutonomic nerve oAutonomic

Nerve oSomatic nerve supply. nerve supply.
supply : Cranial nervous
system
oInvoluntary oInvoluntary.
oVoluntary.
Action:
•Muscles of
•Muscles of the Heart
respiratory
Examples: upper and lower system, digestive
limbs, back, system, Walls of
Antero-lateral the blood
abdominal wall. vessels.
Attachments of skeletal
muscles:
Skeletal muscles are usually

described as having two
attachments:
1.Origin : it is the proximal

end of the muscle and the less
mobile end.
2.Insertion : it is the distal

end of the muscle and the more
mobile end.
.
Classification according to the
arrangement of the skeletal muscle fibres:
1.Parallel (strap): type as Sartorius muscle.
2.Triangular (convergent) type: the muscle has a triangular

origin whose fibres converge on to a narrow tendon as
Pectoralis Major muscle.
3. Circular Muscles:
These muscles appear circular in shape and are normally
sphincter muscles which surround an opening such as the
mouth, surrounded by Orbicularis Oris.
4. Pennate type: the muscle fibres resemble a feather
so that, the muscle fibres are attached obliquely to the
sides of the tendon.
Unipennate: palmar interoseosus.

Bipennate: Rectus Femoris muscle.
Multipennate: presents many bipennate units attached side
by side as Deltoid muscle.
Circumpennate: muscle fibres converge radially on to a
central tendon as Tibialis Anterior muscle.
5- .Fusiform Muscles:
These muscles are more spindle shaped, with the muscle
belly being wider than the origin and insertion .
Example, Biceps Brachii.
Classification according to mode of action
Prime mover (agonist):
It is the chief muscle

responsible of movement
Ex : biceps brachii is the

prime mover f flexion of
elbow joint
Antagonist:
It opposes the action of prime
mover.
Ex : triceps brachii is the

antagonist for prime mover for
extension of elbow joint
Synergist:
Muscle that assist the
prime mover in a
praticular movement.
Ex : brachialis assist
biceps brachii in
movement
Action of skeletal muscles in relation to joints
1. Uni-articular muscle: : it acts only on one joint

e.g. Brachialis
2. Bi-articular muscle: It acts on two joints

e.g. hamestring
2. Multi-articular muscle: It acts on many joints

e.g. Biceps Brachii
Uni-articular muscle Bi-articular muscle
Multi-articular muscle
Anterior Posterior
Muscle of upper limb
Deltoid muscle
Nerve supply :
axillary nerve
Action:
Abduction of
shoulder from
15 to 90
degree
Clinical
importance:
Site of
Intramuscular
injection
Biceps brachii
Nerve supply :
Musculocutaneous
n.
Action :
Flexion the elbow
joint & supination at
radio-ulnar joint.
Triceps brachii
Nerve supply:
Radial n.
Action:
Extention of the
elbow joint.
Muscle of lower limb
Clinical Importance:
Site of Intramuscular
injections
Quadriceps femoris- 4 heads
1. Rectus Femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
Insertion- patella, tibial tuberosity via patellar
ligament
Action- extends knee
Nerve supply- Femoral nerve
Gastrocnemius
Nerve supply:
Tibial n.
Action:
•Plantar flexion of the
ankle joint.
•Flexion of the knee

joint.
Muscles of Facial Expression
• Present in the superficial fascia of the face.
• Inserted into the skin of the face.
• Supplied by Facial Nerve
• *Related to the three main orifices of the face
(either sphincters or dilator).
S. No Muscle Action
1. Occipitofrontalis Wrinkling of forehead
Raises eyebrows
2. Orbicularis Oculi Closure of eyes
3. Orbicularis Oris Closure of mouth

4. Buccinator Blowing, whistling
Muscles of Facial Expression
IMPORTANT NOTES
1- All muscles of mastication takes origin from
the skull and inserted in the mandible.
2- All muscles takes nerve supply from the
mandibular nerve.
3- All the muscles ELEVATE the mandible (close
the mouth) Except the lateral pterygoid depress
the mandible (open the mouth).
4- All the muscles PROTRACT the mandible
Except the temporalis retract the mandible.
5- Medial & Lateral pterygoid moves the
mandible side to side (chewing).
• All muscles act on Temperomandibular Joint
Neck- Sterno-cleidomastoid muscle
• Origin: From Sternum & clavicle

• Insertion: Mastoid process
• Nerve supply: Spinal Accessory
Nerve
• Action:
1. Both muscles flex the neck
2. On muscle turns head to make
face look upward & to opposite
side
Neck- Trapezius muscle
• Insertion: Clavicle, Scapula
• Nerve supply: Spinal
Accessory Nerve
• Action :
1. Both muscles extend neck
2. Upper fibres elevate shoulder
3. Middle fibres retract the
shoulder
4. Lower fibres depress the
shoulder
Muscles of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Consist of three broad thin

aponeurotic sheets in front
from exterior to interior
they are :
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transversus Abdominis
& 4. Rectus Abdominis
Clinical Anatomy
• Paralysis
Loss of motor power (power of movement) is called paralysis.
• Muscular spasm
Painful, localized muscle spasm is commonly caused by a
'muscle pull'. Generalized muscle spasms occur in tetanus
and epilepsy.
Hypertrophy- Excessive use of particular muscles
Muscular 'wasting' (reduction in size) is a feature of
lower motor neuron paralysis and generalized
debility.
Hyperplasia- Increase in number of smooth muscle
fibres. Eg- uterus during pregnancy.
Summary- Muscles of Facial expression &
Mastication
S. No Muscle Group Identify Muscle Origin, Nerve Supply Action
Insertion
Notes
Summary- Muscles of Neck, Trunk, Abdomen
S. No Muscle Group Identify Muscle Origin, Nerve Supply Action
Insertion
Notes

4 - Muscular System

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Dr.

Level 3 Pharm D & Nursing

oAutonomic nerve oAutonomic

Skeletal muscles are usually

1.Origin : it is the proximal

2.Insertion : it is the distal

1.Parallel (strap): type as Sartorius muscle.

2.Triangular (convergent) type: the muscle has a triangular

Unipennate: palmar interoseosus.

Prime mover (agonist):

It is the chief muscle

Ex : biceps brachii is the

Ex : triceps brachii is the

1. Uni-articular muscle: : it acts only on one joint

2. Bi-articular muscle: It acts on two joints

2. Multi-articular muscle: It acts on many joints

•Flexion of the knee

3. Orbicularis Oris Closure of mouth

• Origin: From Sternum & clavicle

Consist of three broad thin

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