TRS501 VOCABULARY LIST

1. Gesture (n) a movement that you make with your hands, your head or your
face to show a particular meaning
2. Means (n) a way of achieving or doing something
3. Facilitate (v) to make an action or a process possible or easier
4. Systematic (adj) done according to a system or plan, in a complete, efficient or
determined way
5. Myth (n) a story from ancient times, especially one that was told to explain
natural events or to describe the early history of a people
6. Inferior (adj) not good or not as good as somebody/something else
7. Comparative (adj) connected with studying things to find out how similar or different
they are
8. Cognition (n) the process by which knowledge and understanding is developed
in the mind
9. Quip (v) to make a quick and clever remark
10. Imply (v) to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think
something, without saying so directly
11. Classification (n) a group, class, division, etc. into which somebody or something is
put
12. Evolve (v) to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more
complicated form; to develop something in this way
13. Distinction (n) the act of separating people or things into different groups
14. Blur (v) to become or make it become difficult to recognize a clear
difference between things
15. Complexities (n) the features of a problem or situation that are difficult to
understand
16. Stem from (v) to be the result of something
17. Alternate (v) Switch
18. Fit in (v) Be accepted
19. Convey (v) Express or say
20. Taboo (adj) Forbidden
21. Utterance (n) Spoken word or language
22. Substandard (adj) Less than average or acceptable
23. Competence (n) Ability to do something well
24. Grasp (n) Understanding
25. Bring about (phr.v) To make something happen
26. Collapse (n) A sudden failure of something
27. Defect (n) A fault in something or in the way it has been made that means
that it is not perfect
28. Executive (adj) Connected with managing a business or an organization, and with
 making plans and decisions
29. Implication (n) 1. a possible effect or result of an action or a decision a possible
effect or result of an action or a decision
2. something that is suggested or indirectly stated
30. Repercussion (n) Consequence
31. Retirement (n) The period of your life after you have stopped work, usually
because you have reached a particular age

32. Violation (n) The act of going against or refusing to obey a law, an agreement,
etc.
33. Inclusive (adj) Open to everyone

34. Initiative (n) A plan or program designed to improve a situation or address a

problem
35. Primary (adj) Most important
36. Promote (v) Help something develop or become more popular

37. Single-minded (adj) Having one aim

38. Substantial (adj) Large
39. Supplier (n) A person or company that provides goods or services
40. Target (v) Make something have an effect on a limited group or area
41. Commitment (n)
A promise to do/ support something
42. Consumption (n) The act of buying and using products

43. Dedicated (adj) Working hard at something because it is very important to you
The rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces
44. Productivity (n) goods, and the amount produced, compared with how much time,
work and money is needed to produce them
The opinion that people have about what s.o/s.th is like, based on
45. Reputation (n) what has happened in the past
So great, shocking or surprising that it is difficult to believe
46. Staggering (adj)

47. Turnover (n) The rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by
other people
48. Ultimately (adv) In the end, finally

49. Anomaly (n) A thing, situation, etc. that is different from what is normal or
expected

50. Atmosphere (n) A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or a star

51. Cycle (n) A series of events being repeated many times, always in the same
order

52. Dramatically (n) Very suddenly and to a very great and often surprising degree

53. Factor (n) One of several things that cause or influence something

54. Variability (n) The fact of something being likely to vary

55. Absorb (v) To take in and keep heat, light, energy, sound, etc. instead of
reflecting it
56. Drive (v) To influence something or cause it to make progress
57. Emission (n) Gas, etc. that is sent out into the air
58. Emit (v) To send out something such as light, heat, sound, gas, etc.
59. Potential (n) The possibility of something happening or being developed or
used
60. Retain (v) To keep something; to continue to have something
61. Shift (n) A change in opinion, mood, policy, etc.
62. Characterize (v) To describe or show the qualities of somebody/something in a
particular way

63. Equator (n) An imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the
North and South Poles

64. Humid (adj) Warm and slightly wet

65. Predictable (adj) If something is predictable, you know in advance that it will
happen or what it will be like
66. Reverse (v) To change something completely so that it is the opposite of what
it was before
67. Vary (v) To change or be different according to the situation
68. Abundant (adj) Existing in large quantities
69. Account for (v) To make up a particular amount or part of something
70. Decay (n) The natural chemical change that causes the slow destruction of
something
71. Excess (n) Larger amount of something than is suitable
Dư thừa
72. Potency (n) The strength of something

73. Trap (v) To prevent from escaping

74. Cue (n) An action or event that is a signal for somebody to do something
Gợi ý, tín hiệu

75. Enable (v) To make it possible for somebody/something to do something

76. Ensure (v) To make sure that something happens or is definite

77. Input (n) Time, knowledge, ideas, etc. that you put into work, a project, etc.
in order to make it succeed; the act of putting something in

78. Nonsense (n) Spoken or written words that have no meaning or make no sense

79. Prior to Before

80. Subtle (adj) Not very obvious or easy to notice
(không dễ bị phát hiện)

81. Adherent (n) A person who supports a particular set of ideas

(người ủng học học thuyết )
82. Arbitrary (adj) Not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and
sometimes seeming unfair (tuỳ tiện, tuỳ hứng)

83. Draw (v) To attract or interest somebody

( thu hút)

84. Innate (adj) Inborn

Bẩm sinh

85. Mainstream (adj) Considered normal because it reflects what is done or accepted by
Xu hướng most people
86. Sweeping (adj) Having an important effect on a large part of something
ảnh hưởng sâu rộng

87. Take it from there To continue something that was begun by someone else
88. Universal (adj) Done by or involving all the people in the world or in a particular
group ( thuộc, phổ biến)
89. Boundary (n) A dividing line
90. Cognitive (adj) Connected with mental processes of understanding (thought)

91. Complementary (adj) Two people or things that are complementary are different but
together form a useful or attractive combination of skills, qualities
 or physical features
92. Constraint (n) A thing that limits something, or limits your freedom to do
something

93. Empirical (adj) Based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories
94. Iffy (adj) Not certain

95. In isolation Separately; alone

96. Presume (v) To assume

Giả định

97. Apparent (adj) Obvious

98. Dimension (n) An aspect, or way of looking at or thinking about something
Khía cạnh

99. Expectation (n)=hope A belief that something will happen because it is likely
100. Invisible (adj) That cannot be seen

101. Perspective (n) Viewpoint

Phối cảnh

102. Punctuality (n) The fact of happening or doing something at the agreed or correct
Đúng giờ time and not being late
103. Underlying (adj) Important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated
Cơ bản clearly
104. Derive (v) To get something from something else
Nhận được từ
105. Feminine (adj) Relating to women or girls
106. Masculine (adj) Relating to men or boys
107. Sexist (adj) Unfair or unequal treatment of people based on their being male or
female
108. Stereotype (n) An often untrue and overly general belief about all members of a
Khuôn mẫu group
109. Tendency (n) The chance that something will happen or that a person will
behave in certain way
110. Tough (adj) Very strict or determined
111. Traits (n) Characteristics or qualities of a person
112. Ambiguity (n) The state of being difficult to understand or explain because of
involving many different aspects
113. Aversion (n) A strong feeling of not liking somebody/something
114. Bureaucracy (n) The system of official rules and ways of doing things that a
government or an organization has, especially when these seem to
be too complicated
115. Innovative (adj) Introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing something, etc.
116. Stability (n) The quality or state of being steady and not changing or being
upset in any way
117. Uncertainty (n) The state of being uncertain
118. Spectrum (n) A complete range of something, going from one extreme to the
opposite
119. Optimism (n) A belief that good things will happen
120. Destiny (n) The things that will happen to someone in the future, especially
those that cannot be changed or controlled
121. Pessimistic (adj) Expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that a
situation will have a bad result
122. Pursue (v) Go or chase after something that someone wants
Theo đuổi
123. Strict (adj) Used to describe a rule that must be followed
Nghiêm khắc
124. Block (v) To stop something from moving or flowing
125. Concentration (n) The amount of a substance in a liquid or in another substance
126. Fluctuate (v) To change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from
one extreme to another
127. Massive (adj) Very large, heavy and solid
128. Model (n) A copy of something, usually smaller than the original object
129. Output (n) The amount of something that a person, a machine, etc. produces
130. Tissue (n) A collection of cells that form the different parts of humans,
animals and plants
131. Accelerate (v) To happen faster or earlier; to make something happen faster or
earlier
132. Displacement (n) The act of forcing somebody/something away from their home or
position
133. Expand (v) To become greater in size, number or importance
134. Relocate (v) To move or to move somebody/something to a new place to work
or operate
135. Thaw (v) Melt
136. Thermal (adj) Connected with heat
137. Volume (n) The amount of something
138. Biodiversity (n) The existence of a large number of different kinds of animals and
plants which make a balanced environment
139. Consequential (adj) Happening as a result or an effect of something
140. Decline (n) A continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of
something
141. Extinction (n) A situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life, etc. stops
existing
142. Intense (adj) Very great; very strong
143. Mammal (n) Any animal that gives birth to live young, not eggs, and feeds its
 young on milk. Cows, humans and whales are all mammals
144. Relevant (adj) The fact of being valuable and useful to people in their lives and
work
145. Uninhabitable (adj) Not fit to live in; impossible to live in
146. Adverse (adj) Negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result
147. Capacity (n) The number of things or people that a container or space can hold
Sức chứa
148. Evaporation (n) The process of a liquid changing or being changed into a gas
149. Exacerbate (v) To make something worse, especially a disease or problem
150. Saturate (v) To fill something/somebody completely with something so that it
is impossible or useless to add any more
151. Trigger (v) To make something happen suddenly
152. Vulnerable (adj) Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally

Climate change will shift the oceans’ colours.

1.The colour of deep blue oceans, shallow turquoise waters, and emerald green coasts is quickly
changing as the planet warms, according to new research published in the journal Nature. Analysing 20
years of satellite data, the study's authors found that over half the world's ocean, 56 percent,
experienced a shift in colour. The cause? Changes in the density and distribution of plankton. These
tiny organisms contain chlorophyll, the bright green pigment that helps plants make food from sunlight.
2. The recent study supports a similar prediction made by a Nature Communications study published in
2019 that modelled how phytoplankton will change as oceans continue to warm. And while the new
study used satellites to detect subtle changes in colour, the prior research predicted significant changes
by 2100, if the world keeps warming at its current pace.
3. Under a “business-as-usual” scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated, the
bluest subtropical zones of the ocean will become bluer, and greener regions along the equator and
poles will become greener, that study found. More than just an oddity, the changing colour is a warning
sign, say the 2019 study authors, of drastic global changes that will take place in a world warmed by
climate change.

How does the ocean get its colour?

4. Sunlight penetrates over 600 feet below the surface of the ocean. Everything deeper is enshrined in
darkness. Above that, most water molecules are capable of absorbing all colours except blue, which is
why blue is reflected out. Organic matter that blankets the surface of the ocean, like phytoplankton,
changes this colour. As the ocean warms, currents become more irregular, and the layers in the water
become more stratified, meaning warm regions don't mix as easily with cold regions. There are
thousands of phytoplankton species, uniquely adapted to warm or cold water. As oceans continue
warming, some species may die off, some will thrive, and others will migrate to different regions. But
just looking at chlorophyll alone, however, won't tell scientists how a warming climate is altering
phytoplankton. Naturally occurring events like El Niños and La Niñas can influence how much
phytoplankton is concentrated in a given area.
5. Stephanie Dutkiewicz, an author on both papers and marine ecologist at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, said in 2019 that models used to predict future changes in colour factor phytoplankton
life cycles and movements into naturally occurring ocean patterns. The 2023 study revealed that many
of these predicted changes have already occurred. Using light-measuring devices aboard NASA
satellites, scientists observed that over half of the world covered by the ocean already showed a
measurable shift in blue and green wavelengths, an approximation for the amount of chlorophyll in a
given region.

Questions 1 - 7[TN1]

Choose from the letter A, B, C or D that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. What is the main focus of the recent research published in Nature?

A. The impact of climate change on deep blue oceans and emerald green coasts.

B. The shifting colours of oceans and their correlation with changes in plankton density.

C. The influence of greenhouse gas emissions on the colour of the ocean.

D. The prediction of significant changes in ocean colours by 2100.

2. Which word in the reading passage has the definition?

A. Chlorophyll

B. El Niños

C. La Niñas

D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

3. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?

A. To introduce a new study that contradicts the previous research.

B. To explain the methodology used in the recent study.

C. To highlight the importance of using satellites.

D. To link recent study with a prior one and highlight prediction consistency.

4. What can be inferred from this sentence "But just looking at chlorophyll alone, however,
won't tell scientists how a warming climate is altering phytoplankton" from the paragraph 4?

A. Chlorophyll levels are not affected by changes in ocean temperature.

B. Phytoplankton species are not influenced by variations in ocean currents.

C. Chlorophyll levels can indicate the presence of phytoplankton but not their response to a
warming climate.

D. The warming climate has no impact on phytoplankton populations.

5. What might Stephanie Dutkiewicz's opinion be about the significance of the changing
colours of the oceans due to climate change?

A. It is merely a natural occurrence and not a cause for concern.

B. It is an oddity without any relation to climate change.

C. It is a warning sign of significant global changes driven by climate change.

D. It is caused by factors other than climate change and is unimportant.

6. What does the word “measurable” in paragraph 5 mean?

A. substaintial.

B. Quantificable.

C. significant

D. affordable.

Questions 7 - 10

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS FROM THE PASSAGE in each blank.

7.These minuscule life forms possess chlorophyll, the vivid green___pigment____ aiding
plants in synthesising food using sunlight.

8. With the ocean's warming, currents experience greater unpredictability, and the water
layers become more ___stratified____ resulting in reduced mixing between warm and cold
regions.

9. As the oceans steadily warm, certain ____species___ may face extinction, while others
flourish and some may relocate to new habitats.

10. Researchers noted that more than 50% of the Earth's oceanic expanse already displayed
detectable changes in blue and green __wavelengths_____serving as an indicator of the
approximate chlorophyll concentration in those specific areas.