Chapter 8. Process and Measurement
Chapter 8. Process and Measurement
Chapter 8. Process and Measurement
Mean and
standard
deviation could be
estimated from
the plot
p
Simple model:
→
Signal to Noise Ration (SNR)
( )
Pi ∼ N 0, σ P2 : effects of parts
O ∼ N ( 0, σ ) : effects of operators
j
2
O
ε ∼ N ( 0, σ ) : effects of operators
ijk
2
• This is a two-factor factorial experiment.
• ANOVA methods are used to conduct the R&R analysis.
• Negative estimates of a variance component would
lead to filling a reduced model
model, such as
as, for example:
σ2: repeatability variance component
→
→
For the example:
( )
For x1 , x2 ,… , xn , assume xi ∼ N µi , σ i2 and independent from each other
other.
Let y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + ... + an xn .
⎛ n n
2⎞
Then y ∼ N ⎜ ∑ ai µi , ∑ ai σ i ⎟
2
⎝ i =1 i =1 ⎠
Nonlinear Combinations
g ( • ) : nonlinear
li i off x1 , x2 ,… , xn
function
f
µi : nominal (i.e., average) dimension for xi (for i = 1, 2,...n)
Taylor series expansion of g ( • ) :
→
R is higher order (2 or higher) remainder of the expansion.
R→0
→
Assume I and R are centered at the nominal values.
α = 0.0027: fraction of values falling outside the natural tolerance limits.
S
Specification
f limits are equal to natural tolerance limits.
(
Assume I = 25 ± 1 Amp or 24 ≤ I ≤ 26 and I ∼ N 25, σ I2 . )
Zα / 2 = Z 0.00135 = 3.0
30
26 − 25
→ = 3.0 → σ I = 0.33
σI
(
Assume R = 4 ± 0.06 ohms or 3.94 ≤ I ≤ 4.06 and I ∼ N 4, σ R2 . )
4.06 − 4.00
→ = 3.0 → σ R = 0.02
σR
→
Estimating Natural Tolerance Limits
• Difference
Diff between
b t tolerance
t l limits
li it and
d confidence
fid limits
li it
• Nonparametric tolerance limits can also be calculated.