General Biology Reviewer
General Biology Reviewer
General Biology Reviewer
Plant and Animal Organ, Systems, and their Functions. (Reproduction and Development)
Reproduction in Plants
● Sexual Reproduction-Sexual Reproduction takes place with slight variations in different
groups of plants.
- gametophyte stage :haploid gametophyte produces the male and female
gametes by mitosis in distinct multicellular
structures.
- sporophyte stage: diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, which in turn
divide by mitosis to produce the haploid gametophyte.
● Asexual Reproduction- produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant
because no mixing of male and female gametes takes place.
Bryophyllum
- When detached from plants they grow into independent plants
Reproduction in Animals
● Sexual Reproduction-combination of (usually haploid) reproductive cells from two
individuals to form a third (usually diploid) unique offspring. Sexual reproduction
produces offspring with novel combinations of genes.
● Hermaphroditism-occurs in animals where one individual has both male and female
reproductive parts. (earthworms, slugs, tapeworms, and snails)
● Asexual Reproduction-produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
because the offspring are all clones of the original parent.
● Fission(binary fission)- occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate,
multi-celled organisms.
● Budding- form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell
or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals.
● Fragmentation- breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration.
● Parthenogenesis-form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete
individual without being fertilized.
Development in Animals
● Gametogenesis-stage of animal development where the end-product is the haploid
gamete.
● Fertilization- sperm and ovum fuse during fertilization, the diploid condition of the
animal is restored.
● Cleavage-stage of animal development is characterized by a series of mitosis that give
rise to a multicellular blastula, which could be solid or hollow.
● Gastrulation- cells in the embryo undergo cellular morphogenetic movements.
● Organogenesis-primitive germ layers are included to differentiate into distinct organs
and organ systems of the animal.
● Growth-characterized by the increase in size of the animal before it tapers and reaches
senescence.
Parts of a Flower
1. PETAL 6.FILAMENT
2. OVARY 7.STAMEN
3. STIGMA 8.PEDICEL
4. PISTIL 9.RECEPTACLE
5. ANTHER 10.SEPAL
Plant and Animal Organ, Systems, and their Functions. (Nutrition and Gas Exchange)
Breathing- physical action of taking air into the system and releasing gaseous waste.
Respiration-process of taking air into the system, exchanging needed gases for unnecessary
gases, using the needed gases, and releasing the waste form of gases.
Integumentary exchange
- integument is the skin or surface of an animal.
Going over gills
- Animals that live in water have gills, which are extensions of their outer membranes.
The structure and function of gills
- gills are membranous filaments covered by a flap called an operculum.
Tracheal exchange systems
- insects have air tubes that open to the outside of their body. This network of tubes is
called a trachea; the holes that open to the outside surface are called spiracles. (In
humans, the trachea is a tube that carries air down into the lungs.)
The lungs of land animals
- Lungs may be different shapes and sizes in various land animals, but they function
essentially the same as they do in humans.
- process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave, and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves.
Stomata and Guard Cells
- gases move into and out of the plants through specialized openings located along the
lower surface of the leaf.
Ecological Impact
- exchange of gases between living plants and the atmosphere is critical to the survival of
all living organisms.
carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen- photosynthesis
correct order of the processes that take place in the alimentary canal
ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion
Plant and Animal Organ, Systems, and their Functions. (Transport/Circulation and
Regulation of Body Fluids)
Transport in Plants
- plants evolved and increased in number, competition for light, water, and nutrients
intensified.
xylem-transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.
phloem-transports products of photosynthesis from where they are made or stored to where
they are needed.
transpiration—evaporation of water in the stomata.