Python

Programming

Prof. Kiran Gurbani

B.E., MCA, M.Phil.,
Head of Computer Science Department,
R.K. Talreja College,
Ulhasnagar - 3.

Dr. Ashwin Mehta

M.Sc., Ph.D.,
Ismail Yusuf College,
Jogeshwari.

ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED

© Authors
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher.

First Edition : 2018

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  Dedication 
“Behind every young child who believe in herself is a parent
who believe first.” So, I would like to dedicate this book to my
mother and father Kavita S. Bajaj and Sahijram Bajaj. I would
like to thank my son Chirag Gurbani for being my stress buster
and a motivating force for putting a better performance every time.
My sincerest big thanks for a lifetime to Mr. S.K. Srivastava
of Himalaya publication for giving me best writing advice and
motivation. His impressive career advancement inspired me to
climb more and more success ladder in my life.
Kiran Gurbani
 PREFACE

Python is a widely used high-level programming language used for general-

purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.
Python has a design philosophy which emphasizes code readability (notably using
whitespace indentation to delimit code blocks rather than curly braces or keywords),
and a syntax which allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code
than possible in languages such as C++ or Java.
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with
dynamic semantics. Its high-level built-in data structures, combined with dynamic
typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for Rapid Application
Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing
components together.
Python supports modules and packages, which encourages program modularity
and code reuse. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are
available in source or binary form without charge for all major platforms, and can be
freely distributed.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 and had many major new features.
Python 3.0 (which early in its development was commonly referred to as Python
3000 or py3k).
I recommend this book as a Programmer’s point of view. This book teaches
basics of Python starting with the Python introduction, variables, data types, control
structure, file handling, functions, exception handling with regular expression and
GUI Programming along with Database Connectivity with MySQL, Sqlite3 and
Networking.
This book offers you a comprehensive learning tool for Python. It covers almost
everything you need to know about programming in Python: Types and Operations,
Statements and Syntax, Functions, Modules and Databases and much more.
Here, in this book, the concept of each topic is followed by the theoretical
explanation. All practical questions of Python programming are provided at the end
of this book, and along with those, steps of program execution is provided. Efforts
have been made to make the text easy to read and understand.
Constructive suggestions and comments from the users will be sincerely
appreciated. We would appreciate hearing from you about any textual errors or
omissions which you identify. If you would like to suggest improvements or to
contribute in any way, we would be glad to hear from you.
 I would like to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Prof. Vijay Vastava for
contributing in this book thoroughly being a co-author with me in Advance Python -
II.
I would like to acknowledge my sincere respect and gratitude towards Prof.
Hiren Dand sir for reviewing this book thoroughly and providing an environment
which stimulates new thinking and innovations and his support which helped us for
bringing out this book in time.
Please send correspondence to [email protected] and
[email protected]
Last but not the least, we would like to give big lifetime thanks to Mr. S.K.
Srivastava (Himalaya Publishing House) for providing an environment which
stimulates new thinking and innovations and his support, motivation, guidance,
cooperation and encouragement to write this book. We are grateful for his support
and thank him for his true blessings.

Kiran Gurbani Ashwin Mehta

[email protected] [email protected]
9637128628/7769979964
 CONTENTS

Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

1. Introduction to Python 1 - 18

2. Variables and Expressions 19 - 40

3. Conditional Statements 41 - 50

4. Looping 51 - 61

5. Control Statement 62 - 68

6. Functions 69 - 89

7. Strings 90 - 99

8. Lists 100 - 111

9. Tuples and Dictionaries 112 - 133

10. Files 134 - 160

11. Exceptions 161 - 183

12. Regular Expressions 184 - 196

13. Classes and Objects 197 - 207

14. Multithreaded Programming 208 - 216

15. Modules 217 - 222

16. Creating Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) 223 - 269

17. Storing Data in Our MySQL 270 - 321

List of Python Practical 322 - 383

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
Python

Structure:
1.1 Introduction to python programming Language
1.1.1 History
1.1.2 Features
1.1.3 Installing Python
1.1.4 Running Python program
1.1.5 Debugging
1.1.5.1 Syntax Errors
1.1.5.2 Runtime Errors
1.1.5.3 Semantic Errors
1.1.5.4 Experimental Debugging
1.1.5.5 Formal and Natural Languages
1.1.5.6 The Difference Between Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses

1.1 Introduction to Python Programming Language

 Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language.
 Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as
other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other
languages.
 It has simple easy-to-use syntax, making it the perfect language for someone trying to
learn computer programming for the first time.
 2 Python Programming

 Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language which makes it
attractive for Application Development.
 Python’s syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal language
for scripting and rapid application development in many areas.
 Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object oriented programming,
imperative and functional programming or procedural styles.
 Python is not intended to work on special area such as web programming. That is why it
is known as multipurpose because it can be used with web, enterprise, 3D CAD etc.
 We don’t need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically typed so we
can write a=10 to declare an integer value in a variable.
 Python makes the development and debugging fast because there is no compilation step
included in python development and edit-test-debug cycle is very fast.
 Python is Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not
need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
 Python is a Beginner’s Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple
text processing to WWW browsers to games.

1.1.1 History
 Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.
 Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula–3, C, C++, Algol-68,
SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.
 Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU
General Public License (GPL), hence called Open source language
 Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van
Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.
 Many of Python’s features originated from an interpreted language called ABC.
 Rossum wanted to correct some of ABC’s problems and keep some of its features.
 At the time he was working on the Amoeba distributed operating system group and was
looking for a scripting language with syntax like ABC but with the access to the Amoeba
system calls, so he decided to create a language that was generally extensible.
 Since he had some experience with using Modula–2+, he decided to talk with the designers
of Modula–3. Modula–3 is the origin of the syntax and semantics used for exceptions, and
some other Python features.
 In 1989, during the Christmas holidays, he decided to give it a try and design a language
which he later called Python.
Introduction to Python 3

 Just in case you’re wondering how the language got its name, well it’s not from those
dangerous reptiles.
 Python actually got is name from a BBC comedy series from the seventies “Monty Python’s
Flying Circus”. The designer needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious.
Since he was a fan of the show he thought this name was great

1.1.2 Features
Python Features
Python’s features include:
 Easy-to-learn: Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax.
This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
 Simple: Python is a simple and minimalistic language This pseudo-code nature of Python is
one of its greatest strengths. It allows you to concentrate on the solution to the problem
rather than the syntax i.e. the language itself.
 Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain: Python’s source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library: Python’s bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform
compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode: Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive
testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms.
 Extendable: You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules
enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
 Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
 GUI Programming: Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to
many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and
the X Window system of Unix.
 Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell
scripting.
 Free and Open Source: Python is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libre and Open Source
Software).
 In simple terms, you can freely distribute copies of this software, read the software’s source
code, make changes to it, use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can
do these things. FLOSS is based on the concept of a community which shares knowledge.
4 Python Programming

 High-level Language:
 When you write programs in Python, you never need to bother about low-level details such
as managing the memory used by your program. It is purely high level language just like a
English language.
 Interpreted: This requires a little explanation.
A program written in a compiled language like C or C++ is translated from the source
language i.e. C/C++ into a language spoken by your computer (binary code i.e. 0s and 1s)
using a compiler with various flags and options.
When you run the program, the linker/loader software just stores the binary code in the
computer’s memory and starts executing from the first instruction in the program.
When you use an interpreted language like Python, there is no separate compilation and
execution steps. You just run the program from the source code. Internally, Python
converts the source code into an intermediate code form called bytecodes and then
translates this into the native language of your specific computer and then runs it. All this
makes using Python so much easier. You just run your programs - you never have to
worry about linking and loading with libraries, etc.
 Embeddable: You can embed Python within your C/C++ program to give scripting
capabilities for your program’s users.
 Extensive Libraries: The Python Standard Library is huge indeed. It can help you do
various things involving regular expressions, documentation generation, unit testing,
threading, databases, web browsers, CGI, ftp, email, XML, XML-RPC, HTML, WAV files,
cryptography, GUI(graphical user interfaces) using Tk, and also other system-dependent
stuff.
All this is always available wherever Python is installed. This is called the “batteries
included” philosophy of Python
Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are
listed below:
 IT supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large
applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
 IT supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
Introduction to Python 5

1.1.3 Installing Python

Python: Version 3.4.3

The Python download requires about 24 Mb of disk space; keep it on your machine, in case you
need to re-install Python. When installed, Python requires about an additional 50 Mb of disk space.
(I) To install Python, firstly download the Python distribution from www.python.org/download.
Downloading
(i) Click Python Download.
The following page will appear in your browser.

1. Click the Download Python 3.4.3 button.

The file named python-3.4.3.msi should start downloading into your standard
download folder. This file is about 24 Mb so it might take a while to download
fully if you are on a slow internet connection (it took me about 10 seconds over a
cable modem).
The file should appear as

2. Move this file to a more permanent location, so that you can install Python (and
reinstall it later, if necessary).
3. Start the Installing instructions directly below.
6 Python Programming

Installing
(i) Double-click the icon labeling the file python-3.4.3.msi.
An Open File - Security Warning pop-up window will appear.

1. Click Run.
A Python 3.4.3 Setup pop-up window will appear.

Ensure that the Install for all users radio button is pressed.
Introduction to Python 7

2. Click Next > button.

A new Python 3.4.3 Setup pop-up window will appear (Select Destination
Directory).

Note that if you have installed an earlier version of Python 3.4, the following pop-
up window will appear.

Click the Yes button to use the newest installation.

The default directory will appear in the bottom as C:\Python34\ and unless you
have a good reason to use another directory, use this one.
8 Python Programming

3. Click the Next > button.

A new Python 3.4.3 Setup pop-up window will appear (Customize Python 3.4.3).

Use the default customization, which selects the Python Interpreter and all its
libraries (about 42 Mb).
4. Click the Next > button.
In a few seconds a pop-up window titled User Account Control will appear,
posing the question Do you want the following program to install software on
this computer?
Introduction to Python 9

5. Click the Yes button.

A new Python 3.4.3 Setup pop-up window will appear (Install Python 3.4.3).

During installation, it will show the various operations it is performing and a

progress bar for each one.
It might temporarily pop-up a small window in which to execute commands.
 10 Python Programming

Eventually a new Python 3.4.3 Setup pop-up window will appear (Complete the
Python 3.4.3 Installer).

6. Click the Finish button.

Python should now be installed. To try to verify installation, navigate to the
directory C:\Python34 (or to whatever directory on which you installed Python)
double-click the icon/file python.exe. The following pop-up window will appear.

1.1.4 Running Python Program

Getting Python
The most up-to-date and current source code, binaries, documentation, news, etc., is available on
the official website of Python:
Python Official Website: http://www.python.org/
The IDLE Python Development Environment
IDLE is an integrated development environment
Introduction to Python 11

(IDE). An IDE is a bundled set of software tools for program development. This typically
includes an editor for creating and modifying programs, a translator for executing programs, and a
program debugger. A debugger provides a means of taking control of the execution of a program to
aid in finding program errors.
Python is most commonly translated by use of an interpreter. Thus, Python provides the very
useful ability to execute in interactive mode. The window that provides this interaction is referred to as
the Python shell .
Interacting with the shell is much like using a calculator, except that, instead of being limited to
the operations built into a calculator (addition, subtraction, etc.), it allows the entry and creation of any
Python code. Example use of the Python shell is demonstrated

First Python Program

Let us execute programs in different modes of programming.
Interactive Mode Programming
Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as a parameter brings up the
following prompt:
$ python
Python 2.4.3 (#1, Nov 11 2010, 13:34:43)
[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)] on linux2
Type “help”, “copyright”, “credits” or “license” for more information.
>>>
Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter:
>>> print “Hello, Python!”;
If you are running new version of Python, then you would need to use print statement with
parenthesis as in print (“Hello, Python!”);
Script Mode Programming
Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins execution of the script and continues until
the script is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.
1. Let us write a simple Python program in a script.
2. Python files have extension .py.
3. Type the following source code in a test.py file:
 12 Python Programming

print “Hello, Python!”;

4. py you must add python.exe to your PATH environmental
variable.
5. Now Let us assume that you have Python interpreter set in PATH variable.
Now, try to run
s program as follows −
$ python test.py
This produces the following result:
Hello, Python!
Let us try another way to execute a Python script. Here is the modified test.py file −
#!/usr/bin/python
print “Hello, Python!”;
We assume that you have Python interpreter available in /usr/bin directory. Now, try to run
this program as follows –
$ chmod +x test.py # This is to make file executable
$./test.py
This produces the following result −
Hello, Python!
We have different python versions
1. Python 2.7.1
2. Python 3.45
3. Python 3.6.1
1. Python 2.7.1
Example of print statement :-
Introduction to Python 13

2. Python 3.4.5

1.1.5 Debugging
 Debugging is the routine process of locating and removing computer program bugs, errors
or abnormalities, which is methodically handled by software programmers via debugging
tools.
 Debugging checks, detects and corrects errors or bugs to allow proper program operation
according to set specifications.
 Debugging is also known as debug
 Developing software programs undergo heavy testing, updating, troubleshooting and
maintenance. Normally, software contains errors and bugs, which are routinely removed.
 In the debugging process, complete software programs are regularly compiled and executed
to identify and rectify issues.
 Large software programs, which contain millions of source code lines, are divided into small
components.
 For efficiency, each component is debugged separately at first, followed by the program as a
whole.

1.1.5.1 Syntax Errors

 Syntax errors are the most basic type of error.
 They arise when the Python parser is unable to understand a line of code.
 Syntax errors are almost always fatal, i.e. there is almost never a way to successfully execute
a piece of code containing syntax errors.
 Some syntax errors can be caught and handled, like eval(“”), but these are rare.
 In IDLE, it will highlight where the syntax error is. Most syntax errors are typos, incorrect
indentation, or incorrect arguments.
 14 Python Programming

 Syntax Error. A Python program must have correct syntax. If it does not, a Syntax Error will
occur. The program will not be executed.
 This error, unlike other errors, does not terminate a running program—an “except”
statement cannot handle it.
 Example. Here I wrote an important program to loop over a list of cat names. But in the for-
statement, I omitted the trailing colon.
 This results in a Syntax Error, which politely points out the missing colon character.
 To fix the program, we can add a colon to the indicated location. Until then, the program
cannot be executed.
 Example Based on: Python 3
Python program that causes Syntax Error
cats = [“Fluffy”, “Mildred”, “Joe”]
for cat in cats
print(cat)
Output:
File “C:\programs\file.py”, line 5
for cat in cats
^
Syntax Error: invalid syntax

1.1.5.2 Runtime Errors

 Runtime errors occur as your program executes. Since Python is an interpreted language,
these errors will not occur until the flow of control in your program reaches the line with the
problem.
Name Error
This will be a common error you encounter. It will give you a Traceback message like this:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “C:/Users/John/Documents/Teaching-BU/Python-debugging/ test.py”, line 7, in
main()
File “C:/Users/John/Documents/Teaching-BU/Python-debugging/ test.py”, line 5, in
main
print hello
Name Error: global name ‘hello’ is not defined
 These messages can seem hard to understand at first.
 The first part tells you which file had the error. In the example above, the file is test.py and
the error occurs on line 7.
 The next line shows the actual line of code where the error occurred.
 This line executes the main() function. Similarly, the next two lines say that the error
occurred on line 5, within main , and that the line with the error is print hello.
 Lastly, the actual Name Error says that global name ‘hello’ is not defined.
 A Name Error means that Python tried to use a variable or function name, such as hello
based on a previous definition. If it hasn’t been defined at this point, you get the error.
Introduction to Python 15

Usual Causes:
 A mistyped variable or function name.
 Using a variable before it is defined.
 The name was intended to be enclosed in quotes.

1.1.5.3 Semantic Errors:

 Semantic or logic errors are problems with the design of your program.
 These usually do not produce any error message, but instead cause your program to behave
incorrectly.
 These types of errors can be tricky to track down.

Logic errors:
 These errors are often caused by accidentally using one variable in a place where a different
variable is intended, or by simply doing some math incorrectly.
 Consider the following example:
apples = 0
pickedApples = input(“Pick some apples: ”)
apples = apples + pickedApples
pickedApples = input(“Pick some more apples: ”)
apples = apples + pickedApples
print “You have a total of %d apples” % pickedApples
 The above code will execute, but it will not output the total number of apples picked.
 Instead, it will output the amount that was picked the last time! This simple example is easy
to fix, but in a more complicated program it can be difficult to find such problems.

1.1.5.4 Experimental Debugging

 One of the most important skills you will acquire is debugging.
 Although it can be frustrating, debugging is one of the most intellectually rich, challenging,
and interesting parts of programming.
 In some ways, debugging is like detective work. You are confronted with clues, and you
have to infer the processes and events that led to the results you see.
 Debugging is also like an experimental science.
 Once you have an idea what is going wrong, you modify your program and try again.
 If your hypothesis was correct, then you can predict the result of the modification, and you
take a step closer to a working program.
 If your hypothesis was wrong, you have to come up with a new one.
 As Sherlock Holmes pointed out, When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever
remains, however improbable, must be the truth.
 For some people, programming and debugging are the same thing. That is, programming is
the process of gradually debugging a program until it does what you want.
 The idea is that you should start with a program that does something and make small
modifications, debugging them as you go, so that you always have a working program.
 16 Python Programming

1.1.5.5 Formal and Natural Languages

 Natural languages are the languages people speak, such as English, Spanish, and French.
 They were not designed by people they evolved naturally.
 Formal languages are languages that are designed by people for specific applications.
 For example, the notation that mathematicians use is a formal language that is particularly
good at denoting relationships among numbers and symbols.
 Chemists use a formal language to represent the chemical structure of molecules. And most
importantly.
 Programming languages are formal languages that have been designed to express
computations.
 Formal languages tend to have strict rules about syntax.
 For example 3 + 3 = 6 is a syntactically correct mathematical statement, but 3 + = 3 $ 6 is
not. H2O is a syntactically correct chemical formula, but 2Zz is not.
 Syntax rules come in two flavors, pertaining to tokens and structure.
 Tokens are the basic elements of the language, such as words, numbers, and chemical
elements.
 One of the problems with 3 + = 3 $ 6 is that $ is not a legal token in mathematics
 Similarly, 2Zz is not legal because there is no element with the abbreviation Zz.
 The second type of syntax error pertains to the structure of a statement; that is, the way the
tokens are arranged.
 The statement 3 + = 3 $ 6 is illegal because even though + and = are legal tokens, you can’t
have one right after the other.
 Similarly, in a chemical formula the subscript comes after the element name, not before.
 Exercise 1 Write a well-structured English sentence with invalid tokens in it.
 Then write another sentence with all valid tokens but with invalid structure.
 When you read a sentence in English or a statement in a formal language, you have to figure
out what the structure of the sentence is This process is called parsing.
 Although formal and natural languages have many features in common—tokens, structure,
syntax, and semantics—there are some differences:
Ambiguity:
 Natural languages are full of ambiguity, which people deal with by using contextual clues
and other information.
 Formal languages are designed to be nearly or completely unambiguous, which means that
any statement has exactly one meaning, regardless of context.
Redundancy:
 In order to make up for ambiguity and reduce misunderstandings, natural languages employ
lots of redundancy
 As a result, they are often verbose. Formal languages are less redundant and more concise.

Literalness:
 Natural languages are full of idiom and metaphor.
 If I say, “The penny dropped,” there is probably no penny and nothing dropping1.
 Formal languages mean exactly what they say.
Introduction to Python 17

(People who grow up speaking a natural language everyone often have a hard time adjusting to
formal languages.
(In some ways, the difference between formal and natural language is like the difference between
poetry and prose, but more so:
Poetry:
 Words are used for their sounds as well as for their meaning, and the whole poem together
creates an effect or emotional response.
 Ambiguity is not only common but often deliberate.

Prose:
 The literal meaning of words is more important, and the structure contributes more meaning.
 Prose is more amenable to analysis than poetry but still often ambiguous.

Programs:
 The meaning of a computer program is unambiguous and literal, and can be understood
entirely by analysis of the tokens and structure.
 Here are some suggestions for reading programs (and other formal languages).
 First, remember that formal languages are much more dense than natural languages, so it
takes longer to read them.
 Also, the structure is very important, so it is usually not a good idea to read from top to
bottom, left to right. Instead, learn to parse the program in your head, identifying the tokens
and interpreting the structure.
 Finally, the details matter. Small errors in spelling and punctuation, which you can get away
with in natural languages, can make a big difference in a formal language.

1.1.5.5 The Difference Between Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses

Brackets:
 The most basic data structure in Python is the sequence.
 Each element of a sequence is assigned a number - its position or index.
 The first index is zero, the second index is one, and so forth.
 There are certain things you can do with all sequence types.
 These operations include indexing, slicing, adding, multiplying, and checking for
membership.
 In addition, Python has built-in functions for finding the length of a sequence and for finding
its largest and smallest elements.
 The list is a most versatile data type available in Python which can be written as a list of
comma-separated values (items) between square brackets.
 Important thing about a list is that items in a list need not be of the same type.
 Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between square
brackets.
 For example: list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];

list3 = [“a”, “b”, “c”, “d”]

 18 Python Programming

Braces:
 “Curly Braces” are used in python to define a dictionary.
 A dictionary is a data structure that maps one value to another - kind of how an English
dictionary maps a word to its definition.
 Representation: {}
 Each key is separated from its value by a colon (:), the items are separated by commas, and
the whole thing is enclosed in curly braces.
 An empty dictionary without any items is written with just two curly braces, like this: {}.
 Example: dict = {‘Name’: ‘Ravi’, ‘dob’: 26/08/91, ‘Designation’: ‘First’}

Parentheses:
 A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects.
 Tuples are sequences, just like lists.
 The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and
tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
 Represenation: ()
Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values. Optionally you
can put these comma-separated values between parentheses also.
For example: tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );
tup3 = “a”, “b”, “c”, “d”;

Questions
1. What is python language state History of python.
2. Explain Python Features in detail.
3. State Installing procedure of python.
4. Explain steps of Running Python program.
5. Explain what is Debugging in python and what are different errors can be encountered while
debugging.
6. Explain Syntax error and Runtime Error.
7. Explain Semantic and Syntax errors.
8. Define Formal and Natural Languages.
9. State the Difference Between Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses.

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