Chapter-1-2 Water Hyacinth As Soap

Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM CARDONA

Province of Rizal
Cardona Campus
“DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF WATER HYACINTH

(Eichhornia crassipes) AS SOAP.”
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Fisheries
University of Rizal System
Cardona, Campus
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Biology
SHULAMITA M. JUNIO
CRISTALEANNE JOY BUGGAY
GRACIALYN E. GAYO
JENNY ROSE ROXAS
May 2022
Province of Rizal
Cardona Campus
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled, DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF WATER
HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) AS SOAP, prepared and submitted
by Shulamita M. Junio, Cristaleanne Joy Buggay, Gracialyn E. Gayo, and Jenny
Rose Roxas, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY, is hereby asking for approval.
OMAR G. LAMINA, MAT
Adviser
BING D.J. TAN
Chairman
CHRISTIAN IAN DIAZ
Language Critic
CARINA B. PEREIRA, MA
Research Instructor
Province of Rizal
Cardona Campus
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to thank the following persons who impart their
expertise for the accomplishment and for the refinement of the research study.
Mrs. CARINA PEREIRA, the researchers’ research instructor for her
genuine support, motivation, encouragement and guidance.
Mrs. BING S. TAN, the researchers’ guide also shared her knowledge of
the research and gave her time and effort to share her thoughts.
Mr. OMAR LAMINA, the researchers’ adviser for his passionate advisory
and knowledge being shared for the research and for the time and effort that
have been devotedly dedicated to accomplishing the research study.

Province of Rizal
Cardona Campus
DEDICATION
A piece of perseverance is sincerely dedicated to our beloved parents,
who have been our source of inspiration, who gave us strength and consistently
provided their moral and financial support while conducting the study. Special
appreciation to our research head research professor Mrs. Carina Pereira, to the
faculty members and to our co-researchers who willingly and patiently shared
their knowledge and words of advice about the accomplishment of the study.
Most of all, a sacred thanks, to Almighty God who gave us wisdom, skills and
power of mind that plays an important role for the study to be possible.
The Researchers
Province of Rizal
Cardona Campus
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET.....................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................
DEDICATON.............................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction.................................................................................................
Background of the Study...............................................................................
Theoretical Framework.................................................................................
Conceptual paradigm....................................................................................
Assumption..................................................................................................
Statement of the Problem.............................................................................
Hypothesis.................................................................................................
Scope and Limitation of the Study................................................................
Significance of the Study.............................................................................
Definition of Terms.....................................................................................
2 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH AND SOURCES OF DATA
Research Method and Design......................................................................
Setting of the Study....................................................................................
Subject of the Study...................................................................................
Research Procedure....................................................................................
Materials of the Study.................................................................................
Statistical Treatment...................................................................................
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study,
conceptual framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and
limitations of the study, significance of the study and definition of terms.
Introduction
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is a free-floating, mat-forming
aquatic plant that originated in tropical South America. It is one of the world
most common invasive aquatic plants. Eichhornia crassipes has now infested
more than 50 nations across five continents (Villamagna and Murphy, 2010).
The unchecked growth of Eichhornia crassipes can cause significant harm,
including covering of the water surface, depletion of oxygen, clogging of river
channels, and promotion of the breeding of flies and mosquitoes. These effects
can significantly impact farmland irrigation, water transportation, and human
health. However, methods for controlling its growth are not ideal, and control
using biological and chemical agents can result in secondary pollution. The
utilization of E. crassipes as a resource, for example, as soap or any raw products,
can not only turn waste into valuable resources, but it can also solve the problem
of its growth, thus bringing about economic and ecological benefits. I
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In the Municipality of Cardona, Water hyacinth is a highly invasive plant
that is currently the main weed eating up the lake being seriously affected.
Fishing activities have been hampered owing to the fact that the weed uses up the
aquatic oxygen at the expense of the fish hence they are deprived of the same. In
addition, getting to the fishing grounds has become a struggle leading to a
reduced catch and diminished income which might trigger widespread economic
challenges and increase the poverty levels in communities that are dependent on
fishing activities for livelihood.
Although, the LGU has established already an Economic Center where
they processed the Water hyacinth to turn it into a usable and income-generating
product such as basket, bags, slippers and other products, still the problems are
recurring. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to develop a soap product out
of Water Hyacinth which will add to the products being developed, it will not
fully address the issues but it can decrease the numbers when the water hyacinth
will be turned into an Antiseptic Soap.
Background of the Study
Water hyacinth is a source of chemicals with medicinal function. The leaf
extract of this plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, which have
biological activities such as antiviral, antifungal antitumor and antibacterial
agents (Aravind et al., 2013).
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In addition, Water hyacinth has rich oxidative enzymes and nonenzymatic
antioxidant systems (Thamaraiselvi et al., 2012). Secondary metabolites, e.g.
phenolics and antioxidants, have been considered to be involved in the chemical
defense of plants against plant pathogens (Haggag Wafaa et al., 2015). An
alternative approach for detection and development of new and innovative
products is increasing the interest of researchers in antimicrobial and antifungal
activities of medicinal plants rather than in common weeds which are also the
source of several antimicrobial and antifungal compounds (Alavijeh and
Sharma, 2012). There have been studies on the use of plant products as disease
control agents, with less toxicity and fewer environmental effects.
In a study conducted by Sindhu R., Binod P., Pandey A.et al (2017),
regarding to the water hyacinth and its benefits and medicinal functions. Water
hyacinth is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial
functions. Furthermore, it can be used as a hair fragrance, to treat cholera, sore
throat, and snake bites reported that the roots, leaves, and flowers of water
hyacinth have been scientifically tested to contain chemical constituents that are
able to cure ailments. Water hyacinth extracts possess the potentials to be used as
an alternative for antiaging as demonstrated by Lalitha and Jayanthi Water
hyacinth was reported to demonstrate anticancer ability due to the presence of
some cancer-fighting compounds. Two dermal creams formulated with ethyl
acetate extracts of water hyacinth were analyzed for antiaging properties through
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DNA damage inhibition it was noted that there was an increase in the DNA
inhibition and radical scavenging properties with increasing concentration of
both creams, inspiring confidence about the utilization of water hyacinth in the
cosmetics and beauty industry.
The ability of parts of water hyacinth, in powdery form, to control the
release of the drug metformin, suggesting it to be a potential rate-retarding
material. The larvicidal, antitumor, and wound healing properties of water
hyacinth have also been reported that in vitro studies on human cervical cancer
cell lines (HeLa) using methanolic extracts of water hyacinth showed anticancer
potential. It was observed that assay analysis showed inhibition of cell growth.
Haggag et al. (2017).
Phytochemical studies have shown that plants with antimicrobial activity
contain bioactive constituents such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and
saponins. Alkaloids and flavonoids have been used as antiviral, antibacterial and
anticancer agents (Pandey & Karanwal, 2011). The uses of plant derived products
as disease control agents have been studied, since they tend to have low toxicity
to mammals, less environmental effects and wide public acceptance (Lee et al,
2007)
Studies done by Aboul-Enein et al proved that the plant has antibacterial
effects especially against the gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The study
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showed that it was about 50% as potent as tetracycline. They were also able to
determine antifungal activities especially by the crude extracts especially against
Candida albicans. Chandran et al., 2013 were able to determine the antibacterial
activity of different extracts in accordance with the disc diffusion method.
Kumar et al., 2014 in a study done were able to identify antimicrobial
activity of plant extracts against gram positive Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus
mutants and gram negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi ,Bordetella
bronchiseptica all determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. They were
able to identify considerable antibacterial activity against the gram negative
bacteria some gram positive bacteria exhibited resistance towards the plant
extracts. Research has further been directed at determining the phytochemical
composition of the plant which could serve as potent therapeutic agents. These
are due to the secondary metabolites that the plants exhibit. The medicinally
useful bioactive constituents belonged to alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic, essential
oils and polyphenols (Huv et al, 2000).
In the study of Lalitha (2013) it was found out that Eichhornia crassipes
(Mart.) Solms, Waterhyacinth , once looked upon nonchalantly, has received
supreme interest in recent years owing to its constructiveness in various fields.
The solvent extracts of waterhaycinth was tested against a bacteria
Staphylococcus albus by disc diffusion method and a fungal stains Mucor sp by
streak plate method. Acetone extract evidenced better activity against the
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microbes among other extracts. The result adds to the value of the plant in
pharmaceutical field as an antimicrobial agent
Floweraura (2019) reported that many skincare products contain hyacinth.
The use of water hyacinth and its antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial
properties make it a perfect choice for treating many skin related
problems.People in the Philippines like to use hyacinth as an anti-inflammatory
agent. It can be included as one of the list of herbal plants found in the
Philippines. They make juice from hyacinth, mix it with lemon juice which is rich
in vitamin C, and then apply it topically to the boil. As a result, it relieves
inflammation and reduces abscess.
Finally, in the recent study of Slamet, N., Mohamad, F., Hartati, H.,
Husain, F., & Sapiun, Z. (2022) it was found out that Water hyacinth flowers
(Eichhornia crassipes) contain antibacterial phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids,
tannins, terpenoids, sterols, and glycosides that can be made into antiseptic
soaps.
The researches mentioned above provided data that Water Hyacinth can
be developed into an Anti-septic soap because of its antibacterial phenols,
flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, sterols, and glycosides.
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Theoretical Framework
This research was anchored on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory,
developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962, is one of the oldest social science theories. It
originated in communication to explain how, over time, an idea or product gains
momentum and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or social
system. The end result of this diffusion is that people, as part of a social system,
adopt a new idea, behavior, or product. Adoption means that a person does
something differently than what they had previously (i.e., purchase or use a new
product, acquire and perform a new behavior, etc.). The key to adoption is that
the person must perceive the idea, behavior, or product as new or innovative. It
is through this that diffusion is possible.
Adoption of a new idea, behavior, or product (i.e., "innovation") does not
happen simultaneously in a social system; rather it is a process whereby some
people are more apt to adopt the innovation than others. Researchers have
found that people who adopt an innovation early have different characteristics
than people who adopt an innovation later. When promoting an innovation to a
target population, it is important to understand the characteristics of the target
population that will help or hinder adoption of the innovation.
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The researchers collect the related study regarding in water hyacinth since
it has been the issue of the people of Cardona. Thus, innovating new product
can help address if not eliminate, lessen the problem on the proliferation of
water hyacinth.
Conceptual Framework
The IPO model represents a system in three stages: input, process and
output. Inputs are modeled as consumables and efforts that are introduced to a
system at the beginning stage of the research.
The researcher used the IPO model as it represents the summary of the
research and explains the processes involved. This directs the researcher in
coming-up with a series of action required in the entire duration of the given
research study. It considers the insights and observations of the other
researchers and their findings about their research study.
In the IPO model of the research, the input consists of the profile of the
respondents, interview/questionnaire and the materials of making soap. The
process involves the main ingredients in making soap which is the water hyacinth
leaves and the essential oil. The output of the research is the product produce
and the desired outcome of the study. This IPO model is connected by the
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arrows that indicate the casual relationship between the input, process and
output.
INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS

*20 respondents to
test the acceptability
of the anti-septic
soap
 Product
*Level of
Acceptability in Developme
terms of
nt
 Anti-microbial  Testing of
property
 Texture, Odor Level of Development and
 Appearance Acceptabili Acceptability of
Water hyacinth
*Ingredients ty
(Eichhornia
 -Water  Tabulation crassipes) as Soap
hyacinth roots
and leaves
and
 -Essential Oils Analysis of
 -Glycerin
 -Vitamin E-1
Data
Capsule
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FEEDBACK
Figure 1
The Conceptual framework of the study Development and Acceptability
of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) as Soap.
Assumption
This study will be conducted based on the assumption that the
development of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is highly acceptable and
effective as a skin care product
Statement of the Problem
The study will be conducted on the development and determine the
acceptability of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as soap.
The present study was designed to test the following questions:
1. What is the level of acceptability of water hyacinth as soap in terms of :
2.1. Anti-microbial property;
2.2. Texture;
2.3. Odor;
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2.4. Appearance;
2. What are the effects of the soap in the skin based on its testing?
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study will focus on producing soap from Eichhornia crassipes that can
be found in the locality. This study will be conducted at Sitio Balayong Calahan,
Cardona Rizal during the school year 2021-2022.
The soap will be subjected to testing by twenty (20) respondents through
a survey form. The variables considered will be Anti-microbial property, Texture,
Odor and Appearance
Significance of the Study
The study will be conducted with the simplicity of design and availability
of resources for the benefit of the community, Biology students, BFAR and LGU
with the production of water hyacinth as chips.
Biology Students. For the biology students, this will give them a chance to
further develop their knowledge and skills by conducting and writing this
research.
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) . This study will help to
develop new ideas for turning the water hyacinth into a useful product.
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Community. For the community, this study will provide livelihood if the
research is successful.
Fisherfolks. For the fisher folks and fishermen, the water hyacinth will not be a
hindrance when they go fishing.
Local Government Unit. For the LGU, this study will give a remedy for a long-
standing problem in Cardona, Rizal.
Definition of Terms
Here are the definitions of the important terms used in this paper, defined
conceptually or operationally.
Acceptability – the quality of being accepted.
Anti-microbial property – the property of the developed soap being able to
remove microbes from skin
Appearance – a state or condition of what a person or a thing, appear or look
like.
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Aroma – a distinctive, typically a pleasant smell.
Eichhornia crassipes – The scientific name of Water Hyacinth, is free floating
aquatic plant that has invaded aquatic areas throughout the eastern and
southern portions of the United States.
Texture – the way a surface or substance feels and looks.
Soap- the developed product made up of water hyacinth.
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH AND SOURCES OF DATA
This chapter presents the research method and design, sampling design,
experimental layout, and setting of the study, research procedure and statistical
treatment applied.
Research Method and Design
Quantitative research involves the collection of data so that information can
be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute
“alternate knowledge claims” (Creswell, 2003, p. 153). Creswell, (2002) asserts
that quantitative research originated in the physical sciences, particularly in
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chemistry and physics. Quantitative research also involves data collection that is
typically numeric, and the researcher tends to use mathematical models as the
methodology of data analysis. Additionally, the researcher will use the inquiry
methods to ensure alignment with statistical data collection methodology.
The approach that will be utilized in this study is the experimental research
approach. The experimental research approach is a basic research method that
examines the situation, as it exists in its current state. Experimental research
involves the identification of attributes of a particular phenomenon based on an
observational basis, or the exploration of the correlation between two or more
phenomena. This study will use an experimental method since its main purpose
is to determine the development and acceptability of water hyacinth as chips in
the community. It is relevant to the study since the researchers are about to use
questionnaire and checklist. The researchers will conduct observation and
survey, in which they will conduct a brief interview with respondents after they
eat water hyacinth chips to see if the taste is acceptable to the community.
Setting of the Study
This study will be conducted in Barangay Calahan Cardona, Rizal. This
area was chosen because of the large spacious backyard that can build a mini
plantation of water hyacinth to avoid contaminated water and secure the
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cleanliness of water hyacinth as chips. In fact, the environment is friendly to
support a growing water hyacinth surrounded by trees and different kinds of
plants.
Cardona is composed of eighteen (18) barangays, 11 of which are on the
mainland and 7 on Talim Island. Those barangay at the mainland area are
Calahan, Dalig, Del Remedio, Iglesia, Looc, Nagsulo, Patunhay, Real, Sampad,
San Roque and Ticulio. On the parts of the island are Balibago, Boor, Lambac,
Malanggam Calubacan, Navotas, Subay and Tuna.
Cardona, a farming and fishing town 43 kilometers from Manila, has an
area of 3,115 hectares, with 18 barrios. According to the census year 2021, it
has a population of 44,942 inhabitants in 7,953 households. The researchers
chose the area because the main problem of fishermen in Cardona Rizal is the
proliferation of water hyacinth; small fish have difficulty due to lack of air. The
sudden increase in water hyacinth affects the deaths of small fish in Laguna De
Bay, which are the main resources of fishermen of the municipality.
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Figure 3
Map of Barangay Calahan Cardona, Rizal
Subject of the Study
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The focus of the study is to develop chips using water hyacinth. Water
hyacinth thrives in a variety of freshwater habitats. This plant can grow to be a
few inches tall or over three feet tall. The leaves are rounded and leathery,
linked to spongy and sometimes inflated stalks, and they feature magnificent
lavender flowers.
Source of image: Shulamita Junio
Figure 2
Localy Grownwater hyacinth
Research Procedure
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The following procedure will be done by the researchers:
1. Plant collection
Waterhyacinth will be collected from Calahan Cardona, Rizal. The
plant sample will identified by the researcher and to be presented to the
thesis adviver for approval.
2. Extraction of the plant material
The root portion will be cut off, washed thoroughly to free it from
debris and will be shade dried for 15-20 days. The dried plant material will
be sliced and ground.
3. Combining other essential components
The extracted and grounded water hyacinth plant will be combined
manually to Essential Oils, Glycerin and Vitamin E-1 Capsule
4. Molding of Soap
The combined mixture will be molded to a container and be left for a day until
it becomes solid.
5. Antimicrobial Testing
The developed product will be tried out to the identified respondents to
test its acceptability.
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The researchers will take all the respondent responses into account and
assess them. All the study’s misconceptions are repeated, and the researchers
will follow and validate all the recommendations and suggestions.
Materials of the Study
Table 1
Materials of the Study
Materials Quantity
Water Hyacinth 2 ties
Aloe Vera 5 pieces
Glycerin 250 grams
Essential oil 5ml
Vitamin E-1 Capsule 1 piece
Plastic Container -
Chopping Board -
Knife -
Pan -
The materials that will be used in the study include 2 ties of Water
Hyacinth, 250 g Glycerin, Aloe Vera, 5ml Essential Oil, 1 Vitamin E-1 Capsule,
Olive Oil, Knife, Chopping board and Pan.
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Statistical Treatment
The statistical treatments to be used in answering the problems of the study
are the following:
1. To determine the level of acceptability of water hyacinth in terms of
Anti-microbial property, Texture, Odor and Appearance the arithmetic
mean and standard deviation will be used.
2. To determine the effects of the soap in the skin based on its
testing, qualitative discussion will be employed.
20

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM CARDONA

“DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF WATER HYACINTH

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Fisheries

University of Rizal System

of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Biology

CRISTALEANNE JOY BUGGAY

JENNY ROSE ROXAS

This thesis entitled, DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF WATER

HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) AS SOAP, prepared and submitted

by Shulamita M. Junio, Cristaleanne Joy Buggay, Gracialyn E. Gayo, and Jenny

OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY, is hereby asking for approval.

OMAR G. LAMINA, MAT

BING D.J. TAN

CHRISTIAN IAN DIAZ

Mrs. CARINA PEREIRA, the researchers’ research instructor for her

genuine support, motivation, encouragement and guidance.

have been devotedly dedicated to accomplishing the research study.

A piece of perseverance is sincerely dedicated to our beloved parents,

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study,

conceptual framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and

limitations of the study, significance of the study and definition of terms.

Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is a free-floating, mat-forming

The unchecked growth of Eichhornia crassipes can cause significant harm,

including covering of the water surface, depletion of oxygen, clogging of river

can significantly impact farmland irrigation, water transportation, and human

utilization of E. crassipes as a resource, for example, as soap or any raw products,

of its growth, thus bringing about economic and ecological benefits. I

In the Municipality of Cardona, Water hyacinth is a highly invasive plant

addition, getting to the fishing grounds has become a struggle leading to a

fishing activities for livelihood.

Although, the LGU has established already an Economic Center where

will be turned into an Antiseptic Soap.

Background of the Study

Water hyacinth is a source of chemicals with medicinal function. The leaf

biological activities such as antiviral, antifungal antitumor and antibacterial

agents (Aravind et al., 2013).

In addition, Water hyacinth has rich oxidative enzymes and nonenzymatic

antioxidant systems (Thamaraiselvi et al., 2012). Secondary metabolites, e.g.

phenolics and antioxidants, have been considered to be involved in the chemical

defense of plants against plant pathogens (Haggag Wafaa et al., 2015). An

alternative approach for detection and development of new and innovative

products is increasing the interest of researchers in antimicrobial and antifungal

source of several antimicrobial and antifungal compounds (Alavijeh and

control agents, with less toxicity and fewer environmental effects.

In a study conducted by Sindhu R., Binod P., Pandey A.et al (2017),

hyacinth is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial

functions. Furthermore, it can be used as a hair fragrance, to treat cholera, sore

an alternative for antiaging as demonstrated by Lalitha and Jayanthi Water

hyacinth was reported to demonstrate anticancer ability due to the presence of

some cancer-fighting compounds. Two dermal creams formulated with ethyl

inhibition and radical scavenging properties with increasing concentration of

cosmetics and beauty industry.

The ability of parts of water hyacinth, in powdery form, to control the

release of the drug metformin, suggesting it to be a potential rate-retarding

material. The larvicidal, antitumor, and wound healing properties of water