The document discusses types of DC generators based on field excitation. It describes separately excited and self-excited generators. Self-excited generators are further categorized as series wound, shunt wound, and compound wound based on how the field winding is connected. The document also discusses residual magnetism, saturation curves, and brush contact drops in DC generators. It provides examples of problems calculating generator parameters.
The document discusses types of DC generators based on field excitation. It describes separately excited and self-excited generators. Self-excited generators are further categorized as series wound, shunt wound, and compound wound based on how the field winding is connected. The document also discusses residual magnetism, saturation curves, and brush contact drops in DC generators. It provides examples of problems calculating generator parameters.
The document discusses types of DC generators based on field excitation. It describes separately excited and self-excited generators. Self-excited generators are further categorized as series wound, shunt wound, and compound wound based on how the field winding is connected. The document also discusses residual magnetism, saturation curves, and brush contact drops in DC generators. It provides examples of problems calculating generator parameters.
The document discusses types of DC generators based on field excitation. It describes separately excited and self-excited generators. Self-excited generators are further categorized as series wound, shunt wound, and compound wound based on how the field winding is connected. The document also discusses residual magnetism, saturation curves, and brush contact drops in DC generators. It provides examples of problems calculating generator parameters.
AC and DC Machinery / Electrical Machines 1 INSTRUCTOR: KEVIN LESTER B. LOBO Types of DC Generators ACCORDING TO FIELD EXCITATION Field Excitation When a DC voltage (excitation voltage) is applied to the field windings of a dc generator, current (exciting current) flows through the windings and sets up a steady magnetic field.
This DC excitation voltage can be supplied by an external
source or produced by the generator itself.
A generator that supplies its own field excitation is called a
Self-Excited generator and a generator that relies to an outside source is called a Separately Excited Generator.
The magnitude of the exciting current (field current) is
directly proportional to the amount of flux produced.
http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/211_fall2010.web.dir/tony_mancuso_211webproj_Rev2/Electromagnetic%20Wave.html Types of DC Generator (according to field excitation) I. Separately Excited DC Generator ➢ A DC generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent external DC source (e.g., battery, dc-power supply, etc.)
Eg = Vt + Ia R a
Ia = IL Vf If = Rf Types of DC Generator (according to field excitation) II. Self Excited DC Generator ➢ A DC generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from the output of the generator itself. ➢ Categorized based on how the field winding/s is/are connected.
a) Series Wound – field winding (series field) is connected in series to the armature b) Shunt Wound – field winding (shunt field) is connected in parallel to the armature c) Compound – has both series and shunt field windings i. Long Shunt Compound – series field is connected in series to the armature ii. Short Shunt Compound – series field is connected in series to the load Series Field (Rse) vs Shunt Field (Rf) There are two types of field windings used in DC Machines: Series field winding and Shunt field winding.
The Series Field winding (Rse) is made with a few turns of large diameter wire. It has a low resistance and is designed to be connected in series with the armature.
The Shunt Field (Rf) winding is made with many turns of small diameter wire. It has a high resistance and is designed to be connected in parallel with the armature. Since the shunt field is connected in parallel with the armature, the line voltage or the load is connected across it. The current through the shunt field is, therefore, limited by its resistance.
http://ijyam.blogspot.com/2013/11/types-of-direct-current-dc-compound.html https://www.industrial-electronics.com/ind-mtr-cntrl_032.html Self Excited DC Generator Series Wound Generator – the field is connected in series with the armature
Eg = Vt + Ia R a +Ise R se Ia = Ise = IL Self Excited DC Generator Shunt Wound Generator – the field is connected in parallel to the armature Eg = Vt + Ia R a Ia = If + IL Vf If = Rf
Vf = Vt Self Excited DC Generator Long-Shunt Compound Generator – has both series and shunt field and the series field is connected to the armature
Eg = Vt + Ia R a +Ise R se Ia = Ise Ia = If + IL Vf If = Vf = Vt Rf Self Excited DC Generator Short-Shunt Compound Generator – has both series and shunt field and the series field is connected to the load
Eg = Vt + Ia R a +Ise R se Ise = IL I a = If + IL Vsht Vf ≠ Vt Isht = R sht Vf = Vt + Ise R se Self Excited DC Generator Presence of Residual Magnetism The field of a DC Generator is an electromagnet which is in a form of an inductor. Hence it can store energy as an electro-magnetic field.
This field will not all disappear completely even when generator is turned-off, some magnetic energy will remain, as residual magnetism or residual flux. Hysteresis Loop
Due to the residual flux in the field, it will enable the armature to develop the residual voltage, which causes a small current to flow through the field windings.
As the generated voltage rises, the field current also rises, which in turn causes more flux to be developed, and further increase the generated voltage.
This process will continue until the generator reaches its rated value.
Should the field lose its residual flux, it is to be connected to a separate DC source for it to produce and retain small amount of flux. This method is called flashing the field. https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Magnetism/Demagnetization.xhtml Saturation Curve of DC Generators • The field current is directly proportional to the flux created and the flux created is directly proportional to the generated voltage.
• But there will come a time that even with the
increase in field current, there will be minimal or none at all increase to the generated voltage.
• This this due to the saturation of the core of
the field windings that even when the excitation current is increased, the core cannot anymore produce more flux. Brush Contact Drop It is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance when current passes from commutator segments to brushes and finally to the external load. Its value depends on the amount of current and the value of contact resistance. This drop is usually small and includes brushes of both polarities. However, in practice, the brush contact drop is assumed to have following constant values for all loads. 0.5-V: for metal-graphite brushes. (pair) 2.0-V: for carbon brushes. (pair) Problems 1. An 8-pole d.c. shunt generator with 778 wave-connected armature conductors and running at 500 r.p.m. supplies a load of 12.5 Ω resistance at terminal voltage of 250 V. The armature resistance is 0.24 Ω and the field resistance is 250 Ω. Find the armature current, the induced e.m.f. and the flux per pole. Answer: 21 A, 255.04 V, 9.83mWb
2. A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50 A at 500 V and has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05 Ω, 0.03 Ω and 250 Ω respectively. Calculate the generated voltage and the armature current. Allow 1 V per brush for contact drop. Answer: 506.16 V, 52A Problems 3. A 4-pole, long-shunt, lap-wound DC generator runs at 1,200 rpm and supplies 25-kW at a terminal voltage of 500-V. The armature resistance is 0.03 ohm, series field resistance is 0.04 ohm and shunt field resistance is 200 ohm. The brush drops may be taken as 1.0-V. If the flux per pole is measured at 0.02-Wb, determine the generated emf and the total no. of conductors of this generator. Answer: 505.67-V, 1,264 conductors
4. A separately excited generator has an armature resistance of 0.04 ohm and a total brush drop of 2-V. When running at 1,000rpm, it supplies a load current of 200-A at 125-V. What will be the load current and terminal voltage when the speed drops to 800rpm and the field current is unchanged? Answer: 159.4A Online References http://harmonscience6.wikispaces.com/file/view/Forms_of_Energy.jpg/276538606/Forms_of_E nergy.jpg http://hornedoreesescience.weebly.com/uploads/8/5/1/3/8513063/5367849_orig.gif http://static.trunity.net/files/186001_186100/186073/energyconversionmatrix.png https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW45N2WpD64 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xebh8wU8gY http://www.ustudy.in/sites/default/files/lap%20and%20wave.GIF http://www.electrical4u.com/lap-winding-simplex-and-duplex-lap-winding/ https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/basic-construction-and-working-of-dc.html https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/151550-How-Does-a-DC-Generator-Work-.aspx Online References https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/construction-of-dc-machines/ https://serc.carleton.edu/details/images/46570.html https://www.powermag.com/press-releases/doosan-skoda-power-is-sending-a-turbine-to-the- land-of-the-rising-sun-for-the-first-time/ https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/whats-important-for-water-power-designer-to-make- the-right-choice-of-a-turbine https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/04/21/mingyang-turbines-for-400-mw-wind-farm-offshore- china/ https://www.udemy.com/course/internal-combustion-engine-basics/ https://www.canstockphoto.com/machine-ac-and-dc-currents-excitatrice-31336418.html https://www.crompton.co.in/product/consumer-pumps/agricultural-pumps/centrifugal- monoset-agricultural-pumps/centrifugal-monoset-pumps/ Online References http://bescousa.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=169_205_235 https://circuitglobe.com/lap-and-wave-winding.html https://www.engineeringslab.com/all_engineerings_dictionary_terms/parallel-paths.htm https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Magnetism/Demagnetization.xhtml
The Geotextile Protection Layer For The Geomembrane Shall Be Made by A Needle Punching Process Using Staple Fibres and Should Have The Following Physical Properties
The Geotextile Protection Layer For The Geomembrane Shall Be Made by A Needle Punching Process Using Staple Fibres and Should Have The Following Physical Properties
