1. The document discusses several blood disorders including sickle cell anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, pernicious anemia, and hemophilia.
2. It provides definitions, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and lesions for each disorder.
3. The disorders involve defects in red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or clotting factors that can lead to anemia, easy bruising, bleeding, fatigue, and other symptoms.
1. The document discusses several blood disorders including sickle cell anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, pernicious anemia, and hemophilia.
2. It provides definitions, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and lesions for each disorder.
3. The disorders involve defects in red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or clotting factors that can lead to anemia, easy bruising, bleeding, fatigue, and other symptoms.
1. The document discusses several blood disorders including sickle cell anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, pernicious anemia, and hemophilia.
2. It provides definitions, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and lesions for each disorder.
3. The disorders involve defects in red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or clotting factors that can lead to anemia, easy bruising, bleeding, fatigue, and other symptoms.
1. The document discusses several blood disorders including sickle cell anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, pernicious anemia, and hemophilia.
2. It provides definitions, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and lesions for each disorder.
3. The disorders involve defects in red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or clotting factors that can lead to anemia, easy bruising, bleeding, fatigue, and other symptoms.
1 BLOOD FUNCTION Buffer system Level Temperature Osmosis Oxygen Distribution Delivers Nutries/Detoxify Protection Normal Transport BLOOD PH
CENTRIFUGE MACHINE - 55% plasma & 45% formed elements
FORMED ELEMENTS PLATELETS 150K - 400K DECILITER
RED BLOOD CELLS
4.8 - 5.4 MILLION
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
5K - 10K NEUTROPHIL - 1st line of defense EOSINOPHIL - Bacterial & parasitic infection BASOPHIL - Allergic reaction LYMPHOCYTE - TL (made by thymus or natural killer cells) & BL (made by bone marrow - maker of antibodies) MONOCYTE - Small in formed (In wound site called Macrophages) clean and eat the bacterial debrate
OTHER TYPES OF CELL
Helper T Cell - the on calls when in need of fighting bacteria
Memory T Cell - the one memorize bacteria that comes in the body Plasma - cancer cell
BLOOD Involves defects in the shape and function of hemoglobin in the blood
DISORDERS SICKLE CELL ANEMIA DEFINITION Mutation by gene Autosomal recessive disorder where 2 b-globin gene are mutated causing red blood cell PATHOPHYSIOLOGY sickling
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Sickle hemoglobin becomes more insoluble 1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) - is the when there is insufficient oxygen in the most common type of leukemia in young vascular system that results in an increase of children. polymerization in the blood and its overall 2. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - is the viscosity. Tactoids is a gel-like form of most common type of acute leukemia in adults. hemoglobin that coexists in equilibrium with its 3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) - the regular soluble state, and is the result of this most common chronic adult leukemia, you may process. feel well for years without needing treatment. 4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) - This CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS type of leukemia mainly affects adults. A Pain crises person with CML may have few or no Eye damage symptoms for months or years before entering a Fatigue & decreased hemoglobin phase in which the leukemia cells grow more Leg ulcers quickly. Swelling & Inflammation Bacterial Infections PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Pulmonary and heart disease Due to the immature cells produced by the bone Thrombosis of spleen and liver marrow, the abnormal and functionless WBC LESIONS: are produced which are unable to fight against Gottron papules the infection and defend the body against Spleen infarction foreign substances. Jaundice CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Fatigue LEUKEMIA Fever/Chills DEFINITION Severe infections Cancer of the white blood cell Weight loss Arises from bone marrow that result to high Bleeding number of white blood cell than red blood cell Skin rash Bone pain Enlarged spleen / liver LESIONS Leukemia CUtis Papules, Plagues
THROMBOCYTOPENIA DEFINITION BY SPEED Low level platelet count produced by bone marrow. Acute ( Fast growing) Increase of bleeding Chronic (Slow growing) An inherited disease caused by few production, increased destruction, trapping of platelets in BY CELL TYPE the spleen, radiation, or leukemia. Myelogenous (red blood cells, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes) Lymphocytic (B lymphocytes (B cells) or T lymphocytes (T cells)
TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Intestines Bone marrow produces few platelets or too many platelets are destroyed/trapped in the HEMOPHILIA spleen. Can result in bleeding disorder characterized DEFINITION by petechiae & hemorrhage in the tissues. Hemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder in Normal platelet count in adults ranges from which the blood lacks certain clotting factors, 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter of blood. primarily Factor VIII (hemophilia A) or Factor CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IX (hemophilia B). Severe bruising Bleeding of gums Joints swelling Blood in poop Fatigue Fever Heavy menstruation for females LESIONS: TYPES OF HEMOPHILIA Bone Marrow 1. Type A - classic hemophilia VIII PERNICIOUS ANEMIA 2. Type B - Christmas disease IX 3. Type C - Royal blood facto XI DEFINITION A condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY It occurs when the intestines cannot properly Hemophilia is caused by a mutation in the absorb vitamin B12. genes responsible for producing clotting factors, Parietal cell - small intestine - ileum resulting in insufficient or defective clotting proteins. The lack of clotting factors impairs the formation of fibrin, a protein necessary for blood clotting, leading to prolonged bleeding episodes. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, meaning it mainly affects males, while females are typically carriers of the gene mutation. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Nosebleed without known cause Lack of intrinsic factor (autoimmune destruction Blood in skin, eye, mouth and urine of gastric parietal cells). Pain, swelling, or tightness in joints Inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the small Unusual bleeding after vaccination intestine. Insufficient creation of healthy RBCs APLASTIC ANEMIA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION
Fatigue Aplastic anemia is a rare and serious medical Nausea condition characterized by a deficiency of red Glossitis blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in Loss of appetite the blood due to the failure of bone marrow to Paleness of skin produce enough of these blood cells. General weakness LESIONS
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HEMATOLOGICAL Macro-ovalocytes Howell - jolly bodies Cobot’s Riny Megaloblasts Thrombocytopenia PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Leukopenia Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow, Hypersegmented the spongy tissue inside bones responsible for producing blood cells, is damaged or fails to TYPES OF HEMOPHILIA function properly. Paraesthesia (Impaired position sense) The condition can be acquired or inherited, but Gait abnormalities in most cases, the cause is unknown (idiopathic Spasticity aplastic anemia). Brisk knee jerk with loss of ankle jerks The bone marrow becomes hypocellular, Positive robinski’s reflex meaning it contains fewer blood-forming cells, Neuropsychiatic leading to a decrease in the production of red Optic Atrophy blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. THALASSEMIA The reduced number of blood cells impairs the body's ability to transport oxygen, fight DEFINITION infections, and control bleeding. Genetic blood disorder wherein body doesn’t make enough protein called hemoglobin. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Fatigue and weakness Shortness of breath Increased susceptibility to infections Easy bruising and bleeding Pale skin
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA VARIANT OF THALASSEMIA
DEFINITION 1. Alpha thalassemia (Hemoglobin Disease) - Form of macrocytic anemia causes of having Chromosome 16, 4 of 4 gene deletions abnormally large red blood cell 2. Alpha thalassemia major (Hemoglobin Bart’s) - Vitamin B12/B9 deficiency Chromosome 16, 4 of 4 gene deletions 3. Alpha thalassemia Silent Carrier - Chromosome 16, 1 of 4 gene deletions 4. Alpha thalassemia Trait - Chromosome 16, 2 of 4 gene deletions 5. Beta thalassemia (Beta thalassemia trait) - Chromosome 11, 1 gene defect
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Alpha thalassemia is caused by reduced or Impaired DNA synthesis which inhibits nuclear absent synthesis of alpha globin chains, and division beta thalassemia is caused by reduced or absent synthesis of beta globin chains. Imbalances of CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS globin chains cause hemolysis and impair erythropoiesis.
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2. Proliferative - Uncontrolled proliferation of
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS cells Jaundice 3. Spent phases - Mutated cells grown out of Hepatosplenomegaly control Severe Anemia LESIONS Growth Retardation Increase blood volume causes congestion and Endocrine Abnormalities enlargement of the spleen or liver Enlarged Spleen
LESIONS Pruritus Xerosis Hyperpigmentation
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA DEFINITION Is a myeloproliferative neoplasm of bone marrow stem cells affecting the production of erythrocytes Polycythemia means elevated RBC mass that can be primary or secondary.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Iron defiency due to lack of oxygen in RBC making it thick and sluggish which lead to increase risk of blood clot Contains normal and abnormal clonal stem cells that surpress the normal stem cell growth and maturation SYMPTOMS Irritability General Malaise Headache Blurred Vision Diziness Backache Weight loss Vertigo Feeling of fullness in head CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 1. Latent - early disease (asymptomatic)
