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This document discusses position papers and arguments in academic writing. A position paper presents an opinion on an issue and includes an introduction stating the issue, body with counterarguments, and conclusion restating the main point. An argument makes a formal point using a claim supported by reasons. Arguments can appeal logically using facts, emotionally using feelings, or ethically using credibility. Propaganda uses devices like name-calling, bandwagon appeals, and card stacking to manipulate audiences. Reports are used to informally or formally convey information in writing, speech, or film and include an introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.

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312 views

EAPP Q2 Reviewer

This document discusses position papers and arguments in academic writing. A position paper presents an opinion on an issue and includes an introduction stating the issue, body with counterarguments, and conclusion restating the main point. An argument makes a formal point using a claim supported by reasons. Arguments can appeal logically using facts, emotionally using feelings, or ethically using credibility. Propaganda uses devices like name-calling, bandwagon appeals, and card stacking to manipulate audiences. Reports are used to informally or formally convey information in writing, speech, or film and include an introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.

Uploaded by

julialynsantos008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Position Paper
- an academic paper that expresses a position about an issue.
- it is a is a document which contains statements about a one-sided arguable opinion on a certain
subject or issue.
Parts of a Position Paper
Introduction
- it presents the issue while grabbing the attention of the readers.
Body
- the author provides counterarguments against the possible weaknesses of his/her arguments.
- this is the statistical data, interviews and testimonies are found.
Conclusion
- restates the main point and final comment.
- statements such as quotation, a challenge, or a question are usually found.

Writer’s Argument - a group of statements or reasons used to persuade the readers that what he/she
believes is true.
Steps in Writing a Position Paper
1. Choose a topic
2. Conduct research
3. Challenge your own topic
4. Collect supporting evidence
5. Create an outline
Major Ways in Presenting an Argument
1. Reasoning – giving logical explanation of the argument
2. Evidence – presenting statistics, facts, and studies
3. Appeal – stimulate the reader’s emotions
In writing a position paper, simple language must be used. And there should be a minimum of three (3)
paragraphs (1 paragraph for each part)

Argument
An argument is a formal way to make a point in academic writing.
This remains distinct from the “real world” definition where an argument might mean a fight or a conflict.

Parts of an Argument
1. Claim – a statement that summarizes the main idea.
2. Reason – evidence to support the claim.
Types of Appeal in an Argument
1. Logical Appeal – the use of facts to support and defend a position.
2. Emotional Appeal – the use of the audience’s feelings for the subject of the paper such as anger,
pity, and aversion to persuade.
3. Ethical Appeal – convincing an audience through the credibility of the persuader, be it a notable
or experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity.
Propaganda Devices
1. Name-Calling - It is called stereotyping or labeling.
2. Glittering Generalities - These are vague, broad statements that will connect with the audience’s
beliefs and values.
3. Transfer - This is an effort to transfer your approval or something you respect and approve of to
another something that the propagandist wants you to approve of.
4. Testimonial - When a famous person or celebrity endorses a certain view, they testify the idea or
the product.
5. Plain-Folks - common people are attracted based on their common values. It creates a sense of
camaraderie between the speaker and his audience which helps build belief in the idea. The
speaker presents him or herself as an average person.
6. Card Stacking - The propagandist uses only those facts and details that support their argument.
Can be difficult to detect if you are not knowledgeable about the subject.
7. Bandwagon - Influencing people by telling the how everyone is using the same product or is true
to the same ideology.

Structures and Various Kinds of Reports


A report is…
- any informational work made with an intention to relay information or recounting certain events in a
presentable manner
- often conveyed in writing, speech, television, or film.
- always written in a sequential manner in order of occurrence.
A well-written report should have a clarity of thought.

Types of Report
1. Informal - functions to inform, analyze, and recommend.
- It usually takes the form of a memo, letter, or a very short international document.

2. Formal - The collection and interpretation of data and information.


- Complex and used at an official level.
- Often a written account of a major project.
Types of Formal Report
1. Informational - presents information on the status of current research or of a project
2. Analytical - this type goes a step beyond presenting results. Analytical reports present results
analyze those results, and draw conclusions based on those results.
3. Recommendation - this type advocates a particular course of action. This usually present the
results and conclusions that support the recommendations.
Parts of a Report
1. Title - concisely state the topic of the report. It needs to be informative and descriptive
2. Abstract - ‘shop window’, It is the first section to be read and should be the last to be written.
3. Introduction - State what the report is about
4. Literature Survey - This is a survey of publications. It should only include studies that have direct
relevance to your research.
5. Methods - You need to state clearly how you carried out your investigation. Explain why you chose
this method
6. Results - (Also called Data or Findings) This section has only one job which is to present the
findings of your research as simply and clearly as possible
7. Discussion - It brings everything together, showing how your findings respond to the brief you
explained in your introduction and the previous research you surveyed in your literature survey.
8. Conclusion - It brings everything together, showing how your findings respond to the brief you
explained in your introduction and the previous research you surveyed in your literature survey
9. References - List here are the full details for any works you have referred to in the report, including
books, journals, websites, and other materials.
10. Appendices - additional information that may help the reader but is not essential to the report’s
main findings… 'adds value’

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