LT system wiring components

✓ Wire and Cable

✓ Main Switch and Distribution board
✓ Switches
✓ Ceiling Rose
✓ Socket outlets
✓ Plugs
✓ Lamp Holders
✓ Fuses
✓ MCB and ELCB
✓ Energy Meter
 Wire and Cable
Wire for internal wiring may be divided into different group according to conductor, no
of cores and voltage grading and type of insulating material used
According conductor material
1. Copper and
2. Aluminum
According no. of core
1. Single core
2. Twin core
3. Three core
According Voltage Grading
1. 250/440 Volt
2. 650/1100 Volt

Wire and Cable

According insulating material used
1. Vulcanized Indian Rubber
2. Tough Rubber sheathed
3. Lead sheathed cables
4. Polyviny l chloride cab les
5. Weather proof cables
6. Flexible cords
7. XLPE cables
 Switch
Classification
✓ According to type of base material
• Porcelain
• Bakelite
✓ According to color of base
• White
• Black
• Brown
✓ According to operation required
• One way switch
• Two way switch
• Two way centre off
• Double pole switch
• Push bunon switch
• Table La1np switch
• Bed switch
 Difference between ELCB and RCCB

Sr.No RCCB ELCB

R CCB stands for Residual Current ELCB stands for Electric Leakage
1.
Circuit Breaker. Circuit Breaker.

It is a new name and refers to current ELCB refers to voltage operated earth
2.
operated devices. leakage device.

It ensures 100% detection of leakage It is not preferable as it can only detect

3 current& is available to sense the AC as current that flow back through the main
well as DC leakage current. earth wire.

R CCB has no connection with the earth ELCB is working based on Earth 51
wire and that's why it can trip when leakage current. These devices
4 both currents (phase and neutral) are measured the voltage on the earth
different and it withstands up to both conductor; if this voltage was not zero
the currents are same. this indjcated a current leakage to earth.
 Types of Tariff
Simple tariff. When there is a fixed rate per unit of energy consumed, it is called a simple
tariff or uniform rate tariff.
Flat rate tariff. When different types of consumers are charged at different uniform per unit
rates, it is called a flat rate tariff.
Block rate tariff. When a given block of energy is charged at a specified rate and the
succeeding blocks of energy are charged at progressively increased rates, it is called a block
rate tariff.
Two-part tariff. When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum
demand of the consumer and the units consumed, it is called a two-part tariff Attractive
Maximum demand tariff. It is similar to two-part tariff with the only difference that the
maximum demand is actually measured by installing maximum demand meter in the
premises of the consumer.
Power factor tariff. The tariff in which power factor of the consumer's load is taken into
consideration is known as power factor tariff
Three-part tariff. When the total charge to be made from the consumer is split into three
parts viz., fixed charge, semi-fixed charge and running charge, it is known as a three-part
tariff.
 Fuse
Cartridge Fuses
Cartridge fuses are used to protect electrical appliances such as motors, air-
conditions, refrigerator, pumps etc, where high voltage rating and currents are
required. They are available up to 600A and 600V AC and widely used in
industries, commercial as well as home distribution panels.

Fuse 41
HRC Fuse
• This type of fuse contains a fuse wire in it, which carries the short circuit
current safely for a given time period. During this period, if fault is
removed, then it does not blow off otherwise it will melt and remove the
circuit from electrical supply hence, the circuit remains safe.
• The common material, which is used to make an HRC fuse is glass,
• Its external enclosure is made fully airtight in order to avoid the effect of
atmosphere on the fuse materials.
• The fuse body internal space is completely packed with a filling powder.
The material, which has filled the insider space, may be plaster of Paris,
quartz, chalk, marble, dust and cooling mediums etc
 Lamp Holder
Two types
1. Bayonet cap
2. Edison Screw

Lamp Holder
01. Batten Holder - The batten type holders are directly fixed to the wall or wooden
board, then the lamp is forced in, slightly turned to left then the lamp will be fixed in
holder. This type of holders is commonly used nowadays in bathrooms, testing
board, and in laboratories.

02. Pendant Holder - This type of holder is used for a temporary purpose. This type
of holders is hanged straight to the downwards or vertical to the ground. While fixing
the lamp you must hold the holder because it is not fixed to the wall like a batten
holder then insert the lamp in it and sightly turn to the left to fix it. These types of
holders are made of brass as well as bakelite.

03. Angle Holder - This type of holders will give light at an angle of 45 degrees. This
type of holder is fixed only at sidewalls, not at ceilings. This types of holders are used
in rooms, hall, kitchen, etc

04. Slanting Holder - These types of holders are most commonly used for
floodlight, the board of advertising, and for stages. This type of la mp is used only for
shades so that the lamp is concentrated on the material display and does not affect
the viewers.

Lamp Holder
05. Bracket Holder - These types of lamp holders are used to give direct light in the
room or any place. This type of holde r cannot be fixed on the ceiling or hanged they
are only fixed to the wall. This type of holder can also be used in table lamps. These
types of holders are made up of brass.

06. Watertight Bracket Holders - Such type of holders are used outside the house,
they are used in street lights provided with a glass cover to avoid falling of water.

07. Miniature Screw Type Lamp Holders - These types of holders a re used for
decoration purposes. They are fixed to the wall or board just like a screw. They are
made up of brass or bakelite.
 Selection of Wiring

1. Initial cost
2. Durability
3. Mechanical Protection
4. Safety from fire
5. Appearance
6. Accessibility
7. Life

8. Maintenance cost
 Rules of Wiring
2
• According to IS, the total lighting load in a sub-circuit should not be more than 80u
W or te n points, whichever is less
• According to IS, the maximum power load in a sub-circuit should not be more than
2000 W or two points, whichever is less.
• The current rating of the main switch and distribution box should be calculated
according to the load on the circuit..
• T he cable used in the installation should be kept free from dampness, fire, chemical
fumes and leakage. Therefore, all metal coverings provided for the protection of
cables must be earthed, so that there is no damage due to the leakage of the
installation.
• In domestic wiring, the wall socket used must have an earth point connected with
the earth continuity conductor..

Rules of Wiring
• All the metal covering (as the cover of the main switches, pipes, brac kets, fans, etc.
including the earth point of the wall socket) in an installation should be earthed.
• No switch or fuse should be installed in the earth continuity conductor
• A live wire must be protected by a fuse of current rating depending on the
requirement of the load. Further it should be controlled through the switch.
• T he height of the controlling board in an installation should be 1.5 m from the
ground level and should be installed on the left side of the entrance
• T he height of the fan and light points should be 2. 75 m and 2.5 m respectively from
the ground level.
• Round blocks should be fixed with two screws on diametrical ends.
• Every s ub-circuit must have a separate distribution fuse board
• T he light and power wiring circuits should be installed independently.
• T he switches and starters of the motor should be easily accessible to the operator.
 Rules of Wiring

• In an a.c, three-phase, four-wire system, the distribution of the load should be

indicated by red, yellow and blue color and the neutral with black.
• When the installation has been completed, it should be tested with a meggar before
connecting it to supply. The leakage current in this case should not exceed 115000th
part of the maximum current of the load.
• Double earthing should be provided with all machines that work on medium and
high voltages.
• If the operating voltage of the circuit exceeds more than 250 V, a CAUTION notice
should be fixed on motors, generators, transformers, etc. If several apparatus are
installed in one enclosure, one notice will serve the purpose.
 Cleat wiring
6
Wooden/procelain cleat
► cap

~ -+9><110mm long Screw-~ w \ _ I_ _ _ :=J

~
Insulated I,__ _•_.. _ _
• _•___,,
/ Conductors
base with groove
4.5 -15 cm

CLEAT WIRING

Cleat wiring
Advantages of cleat wiring:
• It is easy to fault detection.
• It is easy to repair.
• This is the temporary wiring system.
• It is the cheapest for internal wiring.

Disadvantages of cleat wiring:

• It has a bad appearance.
• It is not looking good.
• This wiring system is not safe and durable.
• There is a chance to shock or fire.
• It is not a sustainable wiring system.
• It is used only low-temperature places.
 Cleat wiring
Precautions of cleat w iring:
• Cleat wiring is not suitable for those place where smoke, steam, dust,
and risk mechanical injury is present.
• Cleat should be provided with every 60 cm to avoid sag in the cables.
• The cable is lying straight in cleats.
• Do not install this wiring in as specially for stores and flammable
places.
• The cap is not tightly screwed on the base because of cable is damaged
and not as loosely screw that as a result, the cable is producing sag.
• If the cable is passing through under the water pipes, wall or roofs then
cables are always passing through met conduits.
• Switches, sockets, cut out, ceiling rose and lamp holders are always
installed on round wooden blocks.
• The distance between branch circuits for single-phase supply is not less
than 2.5 cm and for sub-main 4cm minimum.
 Wooden casing and capping wiring

1. It consists of rectangular blocks made from seasoned and knots free wood
2. The casing has usually two (or three) 'U' shaped grooves, into which the VIR or
PVC cables are laid in such away that the opposite polarity cables are laid in 9
different grooves.
3. The casing is covered by means of a rectangular strip of the same width as that of
casing known as capping and is screwed to it.
4. This system of wiring is s uitable for low voltage installations.

Sc••·

1'\A.J CADU'

Wooden Casing & Capping

CAipp!ng Wiring System

Precaution in Wooden casing and capping wiri

1. Cables of opposite polarity should not be laid in one groove.
2. The joints where ever required should be made with good workmanship and in
approved manner.
3. The casing s hould be well fixed to its supporting structure i.e. wall or ceiling,
4. All bends and grooves s hould be fine, in order to avoid damage to ins ulation.
5. The wooden plugs on which it is fixed should be of teak wood. The space between
guttis on wall should be between 64 cm to 90 cm depending upon size of casing.
6. Gaps should be avoided.
7. Gap between casing and wall or ceiling s hould be at least 3.2 mm by means of
porcelain distance pieces of thickness not less than 5-6 mm in order to keep the
casing dry at the back.
8. The casing capping should be of first class seasoned , straight, smooth and dry teak
wood.
9. A U casing should be covered by capping of same quality wood by means of wood
screws of 12 mm. diameter at an interval of 0.5 meter
10. The casing and capping should be painted before erection. One coat should be
applied after erection to obtain desired finish
 Conduit wiring
• Conduit Wiring is the best system of wiring.
• Conduit may be rigid or flexible. Rigid conduit is used for general work, while
flexible conduit is used for short runs. Various types of fittings are used for jointing
and terminating conduit.
• Conduit and its accessories must be galvanised or enamelled in order that these are
weather proof and immune to rust.
• Wooden plugs are grouted in the wall at an interval of not more than 1 m. Saddles of
suitable sizes are used for fixing conduit pipes secured to these wooden plugs by
means of screws.
• At all outlets or junction boxes rigid conduit should be provided with bushings so
that the possibility of abrasion of wire insulation is avoided.
• Various types of conduit are in use. But in wiring the practice is to use heavy gauge
conduits only.
There are three types
1. Concealed conduit wiring
2. Surface conduit w iring
3. Flexible conduit wiring
 Advantage of Batton wiring
• This is a simple wiring system.
• Batten wiring system has a better long life.
• Durable and have good strength.
• The chance of leakage current is very rare.
• It looks beautiful.
• Wiring installation is easy and simple.

Disadvantage of Batton wiring

• The risk of fire is possible.
• After maintenance of the beauty of this wiring system is not maintain.
• It is installed only fo r 230V.
• The risk of mechanical injury is possible.
 System of Wiring Connection
• Joint Box
• Loop in system

Joint Box

From Main Distribution Board

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N ----- ------------& •&------·-- ------------+ •➔---

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Lamp L1 lamp L2

Switch S1 Switch S2
Joint Box System
 Joint Box
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Circuil (a) Circuit (b)
Fig. 1.5. The \IJJnng diagram showing light, fan and socket outlet COMCClcd in parallel,
bolh_in joint box system of wiring.
 Loop in system

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Loop-In System

Loop in system

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