Exponential and Square Transformations (? ? ?, ? 2 )

SOME STANDARD TRANSFORMATIONS
1. The Transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐
𝑤 = 𝑧 2 ∴ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦
Hence the transformation equations are

𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 (1)
and
𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 (2)
Consider a line parallel to the 𝑥=axis, given by the equation

𝑦=𝑏 (3)
The equation of the image of (3), which will be an equation in 𝑢 and 𝑣, is got by
eliminating 𝑥 and 𝑦 from (1), (2) and (3).
Using (3) in (1) and (2), we have
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 (4)
and
𝑣 = 2𝑏𝑥 (5)
Eliminating 𝑥 from (4) and (5), we have
𝑣 2 (6)
𝑢 = (2𝑏) − 𝑏 2 i.e. 𝑣 2 = 4𝑏 2 (𝑢 + 𝑏 2 )
Equation (6) represents in the 𝑤-plane a parabola whose vertex is (−𝑏 2 , 0), focus is
(0,0) and axis lies along the 𝑢-axis and which is open to the right. [Fig. 1]
If 𝑏 is regarded as an arbitrary constant or parameter, (3) represents a family of lines
parallel to the 𝑥-axis. In this case, (6) represents a system of parabolas, all having the
origin as the common focus, i.e. equation (6) represents a family of confocal parabolas.
Consider the equation 𝑥 = 𝑎 (7)
This represents a line parallel to the 𝑦-axis. The image of line (7) is got by eliminating
𝑥 and 𝑦 from (1),(2) and (7).
Thus the image of (7) is given by the following equations
𝑢 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
and
𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑦
i.e. by equation
𝑣 2
𝑢 = 𝑎2 − (2𝑎)
or 𝑣 2 = −4𝑎2 (𝑢 − 𝑎2 ) (8)
Equation (8) represents in the 𝑤-plane a parabola, whose vertex is (𝑎2 , 0), focus is
(0,0) and axis lies along the 𝑢-axis and which is open to the left, [Fig. 1].
If 𝑎 is regarded as an arbitrary constant or parameter, (7) represents a family of lines
parallel to the 𝑦-axis and (8) represents a family of confocal parabolas with the common
focus at the origin.
Fig. 1
Thus a system of lines parallel to either coordinate axis is mapped onto a system of
confocal parabolas under the transformations 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , with the exceptions 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑦 = 0.
The map of 𝑦 = 0 is given by 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 0,i.e., by 𝑣 = 0, where 𝑢 > 0.
i.e., the map of the entire 𝑥-axis is the positive part or the right half of the 𝑢-axis.
The map of 𝑥 = 0 is given by 𝑢 = −𝑦 2 and 𝑣 = 0, where 𝑢 < 0.
i.e., the map of the entire 𝑦-axis is the negative part or the left half of the 𝑢-axis.
Using polar forms of 𝑧 and 𝑤, i.e. putting
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 and 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜙 in 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , we have
𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖2𝜃
∴ The transformation equations are

𝑅 = 𝑟 2 and 𝜙 = 2θ
Now 𝑟 = 𝑎 represents a family of concentric circles in the 𝑧-plane. Its map is given by
𝑅 = 𝑎2 , that represents a family of concentric circles in the 𝑤-plane. θ = α represents a
family of concurrent lines through the origin in the 𝑧-plane. Its map is given 𝜙 = 2𝛼, that
represents a family of concurrent lines through the origin in the 𝑤-plane.
Consider now 𝑢 = 𝑐, that represents a family of lines parallel to the 𝑣-axis. The image of
𝑢 = 𝑐 is given by 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 , that represents a family of rectangular hyperbolas whose
principal axes lie along the coordinate axes in the 𝑧-plane. Consider 𝑣 = 𝑑, that represents a
𝑑
family of lines parallel to the 𝑢-axis. The image of 𝑢 = 𝑑 is given by 𝑥𝑦 = 2 , that represents
a family of rectangular hyperbolas whose asymptotes are the coordinate axes in the 𝑧-plane.
Finally for the mapping function 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 ,
𝑑𝑤
= 2𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= 0, at 𝑧 = 0.
Hence the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 is conformal at all points in the 𝑧-plane except at the origin,
i.e. 𝑧 = 0 is the critical point of the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 .
2. The transformation 𝒘 = 𝒆𝒁
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 𝑒𝑍 ∴ = 𝑒 𝑧 ≠ 0 for any 𝑧.
𝑑𝑧
∴ The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑍 is conformal at all points in the 𝑍 −plane.
Putting 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑤 = 𝑅 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 in 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑍 , we get
𝑅 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑖𝑦
∴ The transformation equations are
𝑅 = 𝑒𝑥 (1)
𝜙=𝑦 (2)
The image of the system of parallel lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 in the 𝑧-plane is given by 𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑎 , that
represents a family of concentric circles in the 𝑤-plane.
The image of the system of parallel lines 𝑦 = 𝑏 in the 𝑧-plane is given by 𝜙 = 𝑏, that
represents a family of concurrent lines through the origin in the 𝑤-plane. In particular, the
image of the 𝑦-axis i.e., 𝑥 = 0 is the unit circle 𝑅 = 1 or |𝑤| = 1. The image of 𝑥 > 0 is
given by 𝑅 > 1 or |𝑤| > 1 and the image of 𝑥 < 0 is given by 𝑅 < 1 or |𝑤| < 1. i.e., the
region lying on the right side of the 𝑦-axis in the 𝑧-plane is mapped onto the exterior of the
unit circle |𝑤| = 1 in the 𝑤-plane.
Similarly, the region lying on the left side of the 𝑦-axis in the 𝑧-plane is mapped onto the
interior of the unit circle |𝑤| = 1 in the 𝑤-plane.
The image of the entire 𝑥-axis, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is given by 𝜙 = 0, i.e., the positive part of the
𝑢-axis.
Similarly, the image of the line 𝑦 = 𝜋 is given by 𝜙 = 𝜋, i.e., the negative part of the 𝑢-
axis.
Fig. 2
Finally, we note that the image of the rectangular region in the 𝑧-plane defined by
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 and 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 is the annular region in the 𝑤-plane defined by 𝑒 𝑎 ≤ 𝑅 ≤ 𝑒 𝑏 and
𝑐 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝑑. The corresponding regions are shaded in the Fig.2

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SOME STANDARD TRANSFORMATIONS

Hence the transformation equations are

Consider a line parallel to the 𝑥=axis, given by the equation

∴ The transformation equations are

∴ The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑍 is conformal at all points in the 𝑍 −plane.

Putting 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑤 = 𝑅 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 in 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑍 , we get

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