Lecture: 1

Dr. Mohamed Taha Mouwafi

Department of Electrical Engineering
Menoufia University, Egypt
 Overall Aims of Course
This course aims to provide the basic knowledge required
by practicing engineers for dealing with economics and
operation of power systems to:
 Encourage dealing with different types of electric power
generation units.
 Realize the main effects of load profile and load management on
generation unit costs.
 Recognize the Impact of reactive power control on the economy
of power generation.
 Enhance the economic operation of power systems to achieve
the minimum operation cost under different loading conditions.
 Lecture Tutorial Laboratory Total
4 2 --- 6

Course Topics
No General Topics Weeks
1 Different types of electric power generation units 1-2-3
2 Effects of load profile and load management on 4-5
generation unit costs
3 Impact of reactive power control on the economy 6-7
of power generation
4 Economic power dispatch problem 9-10-11
5 Unit commitment 12-13-14
 Elements of power system
1. Power stations .
2. Substations .
3. Busbars .
4. Primary T.L and secondary T.L .
 Step Up Transformer Step down Transformer

Power Station
Transmission Line 1 TL2
S
11/500 500/220 220/66
kV kV kV
Busbars

Loads

66/11 11kV/380V
kV

Elements of Power System

 Standard voltages
1. Generation voltages .
3.3 , 6.6 , 11 , 33 KV
2. Transmission line voltage .
11 , 33 , 66 , 110 , 132 , 165 , 220 , 380 , 400 ,
500 , 750 KV
3. Distribution high voltages .
11 , 6.6 KV
4. Distribution low voltages .
380 , 220 V
 Types of
Electric Power Generation Plants

7
Conventional Electric
Generating Plants
 Steam power stations
It depends on coal and petrol to heat the water in big boilers
under high pressure to transfer the water to steam.
Steam
Turbine Generator

BB

Coal Burner Condenser Cooler

Water
Boiler

Pump

Steam Power Station

Steam power stations

Rankine cycle
Steam power stations
Steam power stations
 Steam power stations
Superheated steam
Pb

Reheater

Steam PR

Superheated steam
Steam

PC

Rankine cycle with reheat

 Steam power stations
Steam power plants are classified into industrial and
central power plants.
Industrial power plants are turbo generators with small
capacities up to 10 MW.
Besides the production of steam for industrial applications,
electrical energy is also generated for local utilization.
Central power plants, on the other hand, are large central
power stations that are used to generate electrical energy for
various types of consumers.
 Advantages of steam power stations
1. The installation place is restricted only by the existence
of fuels regardless of the geographical conditions.
2. It has low construction ( primary ) cost .
3. It uses small area to construct .
4. No trembles ( vibrations ) .
5. It can be constructed in minimum time compared to
Hydro and Nuclear power stations .
6. It can be constructed near to the load .
7. A portion of the produced steam can
be used in industrial applications.
8. They can be overloaded for long time up to 125% of the
full load.
 Disadvantages of steam power stations
1. Running costs are high because it uses coal and petrol.
2. The response is very low to supply the increasing in load .
3. It is not clean and causes more pollution .
4. It has low efficiency ( 25 : 40 %) .
 Some of consideration must be taken
1. It must near to source of water .
2. It must near to transmitted tools .
3. It needs to strong land which has low price .
4. We can extend the station.
 Hydro power stations
It depends on two deferent levels in the river.
Hydro power stations
 Hydro power stations
Pumped Storage Plant
 Advantages of hydro power stations
1. Running cost is very low because it depends on water .
2. The response is very high to supply the sudden increasing
in load.
3. It is clean .
4. Efficiency is equal ( 90 : 95 %) .
Disadvantages of hydro power stations
1. It has high construction cost .
2. Constructed far from the loads .
3. It has high transmission line costs .
4. Takes more time to construct .
 Nuclear power stations
When Uranium 235 is crashed with neutrons, releasing
neutrons and heat energy. These neutrons then participate in
the chain reaction of fashioning more atoms.

Control rots
Heat exchanger
Steam

Turbine Generator
CO2

Reactor Water

Condenser
Fuel rots (Uranium 235)
Nuclear power stations
Nuclear power stations
Nuclear power stations
 Nuclear power stations
Advantages and disadvantages are similar to hydro
power station added to that it has higher protection
cost and it is constructed in the desert.
 Gas power stations
• It depends on the outage of gases from the refine
petrol factory which produces high pressure gas.
Gas power stations
Gas power stations

Gas turbine with reheat cycle

Gas power stations
 Advantages of gas power stations
1. Simple design, compact structure, and easy installation.
2. Low initial cost.
3. Small installation space.
4. They require small amounts of cooling water.
5. Fast starting capability.
6. Low maintenance costs.
 Disadvantages of gas power stations
1. High Running costs.
2. It is not clean and causes more pollution .
3. They require an external power source at starting to start-
up the compressor.
4. The large power required for the compressor reduces the
net output power considerably.
5. Low efficiency since they cannot utilize all heat energy in
the gas, where exhaust gases contain large heat.
Combined cycle power stations
 Diesel power stations
Diesel engines differ from steam turbines in employing chemical
energy of combustion directly in the turbine.
 ‫‪Diesel power stations‬‬

‫‪ -4‬إخراج العادم‬ ‫‪ -3‬إحتراق‬ ‫‪ -2‬ضغط المخلوط‬ ‫‪ -1‬سحب رذاذ الوقود والهواء‬

Diesel power stations
 Advantages of diesel power stations
1. They have a simple design and few installation
requirements.
2. They have few constraints for location selection.
3. The overall capital cost is lower than that for steam
power plants.
4. They have a small starting time.
5. They have fast response to load variations.
6. They have almost constant efficiency over the life time.
 Disadvantages of diesel power stations
1. The operating cost is relatively high owing to the high
cost of diesel oil.
2. Require regular maintenance and the maintenance cost is
high.
3. Noisy operation compared to any other electrical power
plants.
 Comparison of Various Types of Power Plants

40