Physics For Scientists and Engineers Foundations and Connections 1st Edition Katz Solutions Manual 1
Physics For Scientists and Engineers Foundations and Connections 1st Edition Katz Solutions Manual 1
Physics For Scientists and Engineers Foundations and Connections 1st Edition Katz Solutions Manual 1
5
Newton's Laws of Motion
1. It is easier to lift the beach ball because it is lighter than a small lead ball. Other
properties, such as its size and shape, are less important. The object with the greater mass
will be the most difficult to lift.
2. The soccer ball is easier to stop because it has less mass and less inertia. It is less likely
to break your toe.
3. The light block has less mass and thus is easier to accelerate than the heavy block. The
same amount of push will make the light block go faster, and it will travel farther as
friction, which is larger for the heavier block, eventually stops each object.
4. The egg’s inertia keeps it moving in its initial direction until it hits a sidewall of the
pan (Newton’s first law). When she pushes or pulls the pan in the opposite direction of
the egg’s motion, the egg hits the side of the pan and is pushed back in the other
direction. According to Newton’s second law, this changes the motion of the egg by
accelerating it.
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5. The answer is (b), about the same speed at which he left the other ship. While he is
floating through space, there are no forces acting on the astronaut, so his velocity remains
constant.
6. This would be possible if the car began the 90 minute time span with some initial
velocity and maintained that constant velocity throughout the 90 minutes. While many
forces may be acting on the car during this time, if the net force on the car is zero, the car
may maintain a constant velocity (both speed and direction) throughout the journey.
7. (a) No force is needed. (b) A force is required to explain the deceleration. (c) A force
is required to explain the particle’s change in direction of motion.
8. It is a field force. The magnet does not need to touch the keys to exert a force on the
keys. You may watch the keys move toward the magnet before they eventually come into
contact.
5-1
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Chapter 5 – Newton's Laws of Motion 5-2
9. The net force can be found by determining the vector sum of the two forces.
F→tot = F1 + F2ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( ) (
F→tot = 7.263i +ˆ 8.889 j N+
ˆ −13.452i + 7.991 j N )
Ftot = (−6.189i + 16.880 j )N
We can then find the magnitude from the components of the net force.
Ftot =
Ftot = 17.98 N
10. If the force is either parallel or antiparallel to any initial velocity the object might
have (or if the object starts from rest), then the object will continue to travel along that
same line. If the force is directed perpendicular to some initial velocity of the object, the
object will move in a circular motion. If the force is directed in any other way, the motion
of the object will be along a curved path that is not circular.
11. The third vector can be found by recognizing that the vector sum must equal 0.
F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
→
(6.03iˆ − 10.64 ˆj )N+(−3.71iˆ − 12.93 ˆj )N + F = 0 3
We can now rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown force.
→
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( ) (
F3 = − 6.03i − 10.64 j N − −3.71i − 12.93 j N
→ ˆ
)
ˆ
F3 = (−6.03 + 3.71)i + (10.64 + 12.93) j N
→
F3 =
12. It is a contact force. You exert a contact force on the air when you are blowing, and
the air exerts a contact force on the paper.
13. The fish exerts a contact force. It pushes on the water, and the water pushes back. The
fish would also exert a gravitational force on the surrounding water, but the magnitude
would be much less than the contact force.
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Chapter 5 – Newton's Laws of Motion 5-3
14. The major issues in this conversation stem from misconceptions concerning mass and
weight. One problem with the conversation is that Dallas answers the question about the
weight of the turkey by stating a mass in kg. Also, while it is true that the mass of the
turkey is the same on the Moon as it is on Earth, the weight would not be the same.
15. The inertia of an object only depends on its mass, not its motion. Thus, both the
rolling and stationary bowling ball would have the same inertia.
16. The inertia of an object only depends on its mass, not its motion. Thus, your inertia is
the same whether you are sitting or running.
17. The heavy man will have a greater mass than the child, and therefore, his inertia will
be greater.
18. The cart is a non-inertial reference frame because it is accelerating to the right in the
picture. There is no force responsible for the deflection of the ball. The deflection can be
explained using Newton’s first law – the ball will not move until subject to a net external
force. As the motion of the cart changes, the ball’s motion will not change until the string
pulls the ball in the direction the cart is moving. The angle of deflection of the ball could
be used to measure the acceleration of the cart because if the acceleration is greater, the
deflection angle of the ball will be greater.
19. The wind must be causing the deflection of the ball. If the cart moves with a constant
velocity, then it is an inertial reference frame.
20. The only event that might lead to the cup of tea being in your lap is (c). If the bus
speeds up rapidly so that your seat and the tray have forward accelerations and the
maximum friction force between the cup and the tray is not enough to accelerate the cup
at the same rate, then the cup would roughly stay in place as the tray slides out from
under it and eventually end up on your lap. Scenario (d) might make the cup move, but it
would move toward the seat in front of you, and thus should not spill in your lap, but spill
forward.
21. This problem requires us to use Newton’s second law to find the mass. This can be
done using either the x or y components of the acceleration and force.
F = F x tot x
= max
Ftot x 10.8 kg m/s2
m= =
ax 3.45 m/s2
m = 3.13 kg
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Chapter 5 – Newton's Laws of Motion 5-4
22. (a) The net force on the particle can be found using Newton’s second law.
→ → → ˆ ˆ 2
F = F tot
= ma = (3.50 kg) −3.00i + 2.00 j ( ) m/s =
(b) We can then use the answer from part (a) to find the magnitude of the net force.
Fnet = = 12.6 N
23. To find the force, we differentiate the functions for the x and y positions of the
particle to obtain functions for the components of the particle’s acceleration, noting that
they will have units of m/s2 when the time is in seconds.
v =
x
dx
=
d
(t 4
)
− 6t = 4t3 − 6
dt dt
a =
x
dvx
=
d
(4t − 6) = 12t
3 2
dt dt
and
v =
y
dy
=
d
(4t + 1) = 8t
2
dt dt
dvy
a = =
d
(8t ) = 8 m s2
y
dt dt
Given the mass and that the time must be in s for the force to be in N, the components of
the force on the particle can now be written.
( )
Fx = (4.00 kg) 12.0t2 = 48.0t2 N
24. Since the graph of the arrow's position vs. time is a parabola, the position can be
→
written as r (t) = (ct 2 + dt + e) ĵ where c, d, and e are all constants, and c is not zero. The
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random and unrelated content:
In All the World There Was No Man Quite Like This
One
II.
“Devil” Cardello sat at his desk in a corner of his pool room. The
morning was young; no customers had yet arrived to play pool or
billiards. Basco, the porter, pail and mop in hand, stood for a moment
gossiping.
“They say he died game,” remarked Basco.
“They all do,” sneered Cardello.
“And kept his mouth shut.”
“No; he spilled everything. But the police didn’t believe him. That’s
all that saved me.”
“I heard he said his ghost would come back to haunt you.”
“Ho! That’s a good one,” laughed Cardello. “The devil has got him on
a spit over the fire and will keep him turning. I should worry about the
little fool’s ghost!”
A whisper of sound from the direction of the billiard tables caused
both men to glance up.
There stood Guisseppi a few paces away, surveying them in silence, a
blue-steel revolver in his hand!
“Mother of God!” screamed Basco, dropping his pail and mop, and
dashing into the street.
Cardello’s eyes bulged from their sockets. His face went as white as
paper. Panic, terror, pulled his lips back in a ghastly grin from his
chattering teeth. He rose heavily to his feet and stood swaying.
“Guisseppi!” he breathed scarcely above a whisper. “Guisseppi!”
Guisseppi’s lips curled.
“Yes,” he replied. “The boy you ruined, betrayed, sent to death on the
gallows.”
“No, no, Guisseppi. The police got you. I was your friend.”
“Liar! But for you, I would be happy; my father and mother would not
bear the black disgrace of a son hanged on the gallows.”
“Why have you come back from the dead, Guisseppi? Why should
you haunt your old pal?”
“I have a score to settle with you.”
“In the name of God the Father, go back to the grave! Leave me in
peace.”
Guisseppi raised his weapon.
“I have come to kill you,” he said.
Cardello fell upon his knees.
“Spare me, Guisseppi!” he screamed, stretching out imploring arms.
“Mercy, Guisseppi, mercy! Don’t—”
There was a crash—a leap of fire.
A wisp of blue smoke drifted above a billiard table.
III.
The police dragnet for the slayer of Cardello was far flung, and zest
was added to the man hunt by the offer of $1,000 reward. Throughout
the Italian quarter, Basco spread the story of Guisseppi’s recrudescence
and his ghostly revenge.
The superstitious residents accepted the weird tale with simple faith.
Fear of the phantom became rife. Children remained indoors after dark.
Pedestrians quickened their pace when passing lonely spots at night.
Turning a corner suddenly, they half-expected to come face to face with
Guisseppi’s ghost, wry-necked from the hangman’s noose.
Policeman Rafferty, traveling beat in the neighborhood of Death
Corners, was told time and again that Guisseppi’s ghost had murdered
Cardello. Yes, it was true. Basco had seen the phantom. Others in the
colony had seen it slipping like a shadow through some deserted street at
night. There was no doubt that Guisseppi had come back from the dead.
Policeman Rafferty laughed. When had ghosts started in bumping off
live folks? That was what he would like to know. How could the poor
simpletons believe such stuff? Funny lot of jobbies, these dagoes!
But when Policeman Rafferty had heard the story of Guisseppi’s ghost
for the thousandth time, he scratched his head and did a little thinking,
not forgetting the $1,000 reward. Guisseppi was dead. Of course. He had
been hanged, and the newspapers had been full of the stories of his
execution. So Guisseppi couldn’t have killed Cardello. That was out of
the question. But could it be possible that dead Guisseppi had a living
double? Hah!
Policeman Rafferty got in touch with his favorite stool-pigeon without
delay. Shortly thereafter, that worthy laid before him a piece of
information which Policeman Rafferty was welcome to for just what it
was worth and no more. Guisseppi’s ghost had been seen oftenest in the
immediate neighborhood of Guisseppi’s father’s residence. If the fool
copper thought he could put a pinch over on a ghost, he might do well to
search Guisseppi’s old home.
So Policeman Rafferty eased himself one day through a narrow
passageway, burst in suddenly at the kitchen door and started to search
the premises.
He found Guisseppi whiffing a cigaret in a front room.
IV.
The court room was crowded. Guisseppi’s strange story had been
spread to the four winds by the newspapers, and everybody was eager to
see this man who had passed through the mystic portals of death.
“My client will plead guilty to the Cardello murder,” said Guisseppi’s
lawyer. “I take it your honor will agree with me that having paid the
penalty of the law for his former crime, he can not again be hanged for
that old offense.”
“I do agree with you,” replied the judge. “The sentence was that on a
certain day at a certain hour, he be hanged by the neck until dead. This
sentence was carried out. He was hanged. He was officially pronounced
dead. It is not for me to say whether death was absolute. Perhaps a spark
of life remained which was fanned back to full flame. Possibly his soul
actually left the body and was recalled by some cryptic means we do not
fully understand.
“But, whatever the truth, his return to life creates a unique situation. I
know of no precedent of which the law ever has taken cognizance. So far
as I know, this case is the first of its kind in history. Since the sentence
pronounced upon this man has been carried out legally in every detail, it
is my decision that he can not again be hanged for the crime for which he
already has paid the penalty.”
“There is one other point which your honor failed to consider,” said
Guisseppi’s lawyer. “It is an axiom of law that a man can not, for the
same crime, be placed in jeopardy twice. A man can be placed in no
greater jeopardy than when, with a hangman’s noose around his neck, he
is dropped through the trap-door of a gallows. So, whether Guisseppi
was actually dead or whether a faint flicker of life remained, he is
forever immune from further punishment for the crime for which he was
placed in this great jeopardy.”
“Your point may be well taken,” replied the judge.
“Now, your honor, we come to the Cardello murder charge. It is at the
prisoner’s own desire and against my better judgment that I enter a plea
of guilty and throw him upon the mercy of the court. There are perhaps
some extenuating circumstances. But he is willing to take whatever
punishment the court may see fit to inflict. In view of all the
circumstances of this extraordinary case, I make a special plea for
mercy.”
“I will answer your plea,” returned the judge, “by ordering the case
stricken from the docket and the prisoner discharged from custody.”
A murmur of amazement broke the tense hush of the crowded
chamber. Guisseppi’s lawyer gasped.
“Am I to understand, your honor—”
“This is not mercy but law,” the judge continued. “This man is legally
dead. He is without the pale of all law. A dead man can commit no crime.
No provision in the whole range of jurisprudence recognizes the
possibility of a dead man’s committing a crime. No man, in the purview
of the law, can return from the dead. If we assume that this man was
dead, he will remain dead forever in the eyes of the law. If by a miracle
he has returned to life and committed murder, there is no punishment
within the scope of the statutes that can be decreed against him.
“He is the super-outlaw of all history. Forever beyond the reach of
law, the statutes are powerless to deal with him or punish him in any
way. If he should shoot down every member of the jury that convicted
him, if he should walk into court and kill the judge before whom his case
was tried, the law could do nothing to him. He could spend his days as a
bandit, robbing, plundering, murdering, and the law could not touch him.
Legally he is a ghost, a shadow, an apparition, with no more reality than
the beings in a dream. So far as the law is concerned, he does not exist.
He can no more be imprisoned, hanged, punished or restricted in his
actions than a phantom that exists only in the imagination.”
“A most wonderful construction of the law,” declared Guisseppi’s
attorney in happy bewilderment at the turn of events.
“It is less a construction of law as it exists than an admission there is
no law applicable to a man legally dead yet actually alive, a man who
under the law does not exist. This boy, physically alive but legally dead,
has murdered a man with deliberate purpose and malice aforethought.
There is no doubt about that. If the law recognized his existence, he
should be hanged. Justice demands that he be executed. But he is in
some fourth-dimensional legal state beyond the reach of justice. The law
is powerless to deal with him. As the administrator of the law, my hands
are tied. There is nothing left for me but to set him at liberty.”
Despite the decision of the court that under the law he had no
existence, Guisseppi left the chamber smiling and happy, acutely
conscious of joyous life in every fibre of his being.
V.
Rosina Stefano sat alone in the little parlor of her home in one of the
quaint side-streets of the Italian quarters, picturesque with its jumble of
weather-stained frame dwellings and exotic little shops.
It was a chill, dreary night outside. A piping wind made fantastic
noises about eaves and gables, and shook the windows as with ghostly
hands. A lamp, burning under a blue shade, filled the chamber with eerie
shadows. A coal fire was dying to embers in the open grate. There was a
knock at the door.
“Entre!”
Guisseppi threw open the door and stood upon the threshold smiling.
“Rosina!”
The girl rose from her chair and stared fixedly at him out of frightened
eyes. With a quick gesture, as if for protection against some supernatural
menace, she made the sign of the cross.
“I have come back to you, Rosina.” Guisseppi took a step toward her
and threw open his arms.
Rosina shrank back.
“Do you not still love me?”
Her lips framed a “No” for answer in a terror-stricken whisper.
“Come, my little sweetheart, embrace me.”
“No, no, Guisseppi!” Her voice was a tremulous cry. “You are dead!”
“Dead? Certainly I am not dead. I am alive and well, and I love you
just as I always loved you.”
“You are only a ghost.”
“Don’t be foolish, little one. Do I look like a ghost? Me? Come into
my arms and see how strong they are. Lay your head on my breast and
feel the beating of my heart. And every beat of my heart is for you.”
Rosina stood motionless. There flashed through her mind old
grewsome stories of vampires that lured their victims into their power
with love traps and sucked their blood. Momentary horror froze her
blood.
“O Guisseppi,” she exclaimed, “why have you risen from the dead?
Why do you come back to haunt me?”
“Poor girl, do not talk like that. I tell you I am alive—tingling to my
finger tips with life and love for you. If I were dead, I should still love
you. Death could not kill my love for you. Have you forgotten
everything? I thought you loved me. You have often told me so. I
believed you would always love me, be true to me forever. Now I find
you changed and cold.”
“I did love you, Guisseppi. To the depths of my being I loved you.”
Her words came in a passionate torrent in her liquid native tongue. “You
were my earth and heaven, my life, my soul’s salvation. All day my
thoughts were of you. I dreamed of you at night. There was nothing I
would not have done for you. There was nothing I would not have given
you. I could have lived for you always. I could have died for you. Did I
not come to see you every day in jail? Did I not bring you constantly
dishes I had cooked myself with utmost care? Was not I close beside you
in the court room every day of the long trial?
“I did everything to soothe and comfort you through all those terrible
days. Was it nothing that I remained constant when you were locked in a
cell condemned to death? I was true to the very trap-door of the
hangman. What greater proof could a woman give of her love than to
remain true to a man sentenced as a felon to the eternal disgrace of the
gallows?”
She paused for a moment, erect, motionless, her face aflame,
seemingly transfigured like the wonder woman of a vision.
“Ah, yes,” she went on; “then there was no one like my Guisseppi; no
eyes so bright, no lips so tender, no face so dear. You were my god. Can I
ever forget the songs you used to sing to me in the happy days before
‘Devil’ Cardello crossed your life. Your voice was divine. Every note
thrilled me. I loved it. To me it was the music of the stars. Nothing in all
the world was so beautiful as your voice. But now your voice has
changed. There is no longer any music in it. As you speak to me, it
seems a voice from the sepulchre.”
Guisseppi raised an arresting hand. He threw back his head. He smiled
again.
“My voice has changed? Listen, cara mia.”
Slowly he began to sing an old Italian serenade. The ballad told of a
knight of old who had bade a lily-white maid farewell and gone off to the
wars and who, wounded and left for dead on the battlefield, was nursed
back to life and returned to find his lady unchanged in her devotion
against rivals and temptations.
Soft in the opening cadences, Guisseppi’s voice grew in volume and
power. It brought out in shades and nuances of wonderful beauty all the
charm and romance of the ancient tale—the sadness of farewell, the
clash of battle, the wounded soldier’s dreams of his sweetheart as life
seemed ebbing, the gladness of his homecoming, his happiness in
reunited love.
Into the music, Guisseppi threw all the ardor and passion of his own
love. There were notes like tears in his voice when, in minor strain, he
sang the sorrows and dreams of the soldier; and the final crescendo
passage, vivid with renewed love, was a burst of joyous melody straight
from his heart.
“And you loved me still the same!” The words rose like incense from
an altar. They fluttered about Rosina’s ears like a shower of rose leaves.
The girl listened, spellbound. Never in happier days had she heard
Guisseppi sing with such compelling sweetness. There seemed a new
and wonderful quality in his voice. With his magical music, he was like a
conjurer bending her spirit to his subtle enchantments.
On a golden cloud, she was transported to the sunny shores of Italy. A
cavalier sang the serenade in the moonlight to his mandolin and, leaning
from her latticed balcony, she dropped a rose to him. The bay of Naples
spread its crinkled azure before her. Against the dark, star-spangled
crystal of the night, sculptured Vesuvius upheld its canopy of smoke.
As the music steeped her senses, she fancied she could feel its golden
filaments being drawn about her, binding her more and more closely in a
fairy chain. As if under the charm of melodious hypnotism, her old love
returned. All the tenderness and passion of her heart went out again to
Guisseppi. The siren influence of his voice was transforming her. Her
strength of will was crumbling. She stood swaying, helpless, her eyes
glowing with rekindled love.
Suddenly the song ended. The spell was broken. Rosina passed a
languid hand over her eyes as if to brush away a film of sleep. She
seemed to wake from a trance. Guisseppi stood before her radiant,
smiling.
“Now will you believe I am alive? Could a dead man sing like that?”
A look of awe overspread Rosina’s face.
“You never sang like that before.”
“This is the first time my life and happiness were ever at stake on a
song.”
“The Guisseppi I used to know could not sing like that. You are not
Guisseppi. You are a spirit. Some demon has taught you how to sing so
beautifully. You have come back with this new devil’s voice of yours to
lure my soul to hell.”
“Ah, Rosina, how can you delude yourself with such foolish fancies.
Do you not see me here solid in flesh and blood?”
“I see you, but I know you are only a shadow from the grave.”
“If your eyes deceive you, your ears can not. You have heard me
sing.”
“That was some devil’s necromancy.”
Guisseppi fell on his knees before her and stretched out his arms in
supplication.
“I love you, Rosina. That is all I can say. The hangman’s noose was
not able to strangle my love for you. Your love is more to me now than it
ever was before. The world has turned cold to me. You are my only
hope, my refuge. I need you. I want you with all my soul.”
The girl shook her head sorrowfully. Her eyes rested upon him with
sadness that was touched with renunciation.
“It can never be,” she said firmly. “How you are here, I do not know.
You are dead; of that I am sure. My love for you was buried in the grave
that was dug for you. You are not the boy I once loved. You are
something strange and different. I am afraid of you. It is only with horror
that I could fancy the kisses of a dead man on my lips. The thought of a
ghost’s endearments fills me with loathing. Go back to the dead. I can
love and reverence those who are gone, but there is no love anywhere in
all the world for the dead returned from the grave.”
She turned away and stood with her head bowed in her hands.
Slowly Guisseppi struggled to his feet. He staggered weakly against
the wall and buried his face in his arms.
“And you, Rosina!” he sobbed.
This was the final, crushing blow. He felt now that he was indeed dead
—dead at the grave of his lost love.
VI.
A taxicab stood in the narrow street near Rosina’s home, its driver
ready at the wheel, its engine purring. Behind the drawn blinds, sat
Guisseppi, aflame with excitement, peering eagerly through the curtains
from time to time.
Guisseppi was desperate. There was no place for the dead among the
living. He had learned that clearly. As a “living dead man,” all his
experiences had been tragic. He regretted his resuscitation. He longed for
the peace of the grave.
His old friends had fallen away from him. Many believed him a spirit
damned, who, by some strange dispensation, was spared to life for yet a
little while to make more exquisite the final agony reserved for him.
Others were intelligent enough to know the truth, but even these were
repelled by a certain unwholesomeness, a savor of the sepulchre, that
seemed to cling about him.
The girls he had known in his old, gay days would have nothing to do
with him. As handsome as ever, as romantic, with a voice as musical and
appealing, he was in their imagination enveloped in an atmosphere of the
charnel-house, and the curse of hell was branded on his brow.
His relatives held aloof. Between him and even his mother and father
he was conscious that a thin shadow had gradually crept, and the
tenderness of their love had been cooled by a ghostly fear of this eerie
son who had been down among the dead and read with dead eyes the
mysteries beyond the tomb.
He had been unable to find employment. It was as if every business
house had up a sign, “No dead men need apply.”
In despair and desperation, he fell into his old ways of banditry. He
soon had placed to his record a long series of bold robberies. For several
of his first lawless exploits, the police arrested him. But invariably the
judges before whom he was arraigned set him at liberty.
So after a while the police refused to arrest him. What was the use?
This ghost-man would only be set free again.
... While Guisseppi sat hidden from view behind the curtains of his
taxicab, ruminating upon the bitterness of his fate, Rosina emerged from
her home. Trim and dainty with pink cheeks and sparkling eyes, the
young beauty was subtly suggestive of flowers and fragrance as she
tripped along the street in the warm sunshine.
As she came abreast of the taxicab, Guisseppi stepped out, caught her
in his arms, and swung her into the car. The girl’s wild screams shrilled
through the slumberous stillness of the quarter and filled the streets with
excited throngs as the cab plunged madly forward, dashed around a
corner and was soon lost to sight. In a distant part of the city, the car
halted before a weather-stained building. Within the dingy doorway
Guisseppi disappeared, bearing the kidnapped maiden in his arms.
A little later, Guisseppi appeared before the marriage license clerk in
the city hall.
“I’m sorry,” said the clerk, “but I can not give you a marriage license.”
“Why not?”
“You are dead. You can not marry.”
“But I’m going to marry!” shouted Guisseppi defiantly.
“Impossible. If I went through the formality of filling out a license for
you, no minister or priest would perform the wedding service. The
marriage altar, orange blossoms, the happiness of domestic love are not
for the dead.”
“But I’m alive! I am only legally dead.”
The clerk smiled tolerantly. With a pencil he drew a circle on a sheet
of paper.
“Here,” said he, “is a cipher. It is the symbol of nothing, but, as a
circular pencil mark, it is still something.”
He erased every trace of the pencil and exhibited the blank piece of
paper.
“This,” he explained, “illustrates your status. In human affairs, you are
a cipher with the rim rubbed out. A man legally dead is less than
nothing.”
VII.