LESSON 1: THE STUDY OF • People write to impart truth,

LITERATURE AS AN.ART accuracy, and evaluation

Literature
- is the total preserved writings LITERARY STANDARDS
belonging to a given language or a. Permanence
people. - stands through the ages and still
- consists of writings that interpret opens a new world of meaning
the meaning of nature and life, in and experiences.
words of charm and power, b. Universality
touched with the personality of the - appeals to anyone, anywhere,
author in artistic forms of anytime
permanent interest. - it's Forever relevant.
- written record of man's best c. Artistry
thoughts and feelings. -appeals to the aesthetic sense or
- written or printed production of sense of beauty.
the human mind. collectively which d. Intellectual value
deals with themes of permanent - stimulates our thoughts
and universal interest. e. Spiritual Value
- inspires and brings morals and
TYPES OF LITERATURE values
a. Oral Literature f. Style
- is used to describe tradition in - present peculiar way, the author
written civilizations in which certain expresses them distinctly
genres are transmitted by word of g. Suggestively
mouth. - appeals to stir the imagination,
b. Written Literature emotions feelings
- is the one that gets its form from
the use of the pen by literary TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF
genius. LITERATURE
a. Prose
WHY DO PEOPLE WRITE? - written in paragraph
• People write for self-expression - expressed in ordinary language
→ whatever they feel, they want - to the intellect
others to know. - to convince. inform, instruct.
• People write to spread imitate, and reflect
knowledge and information b. Poetry
• People write to pass ideas and - written in stanzas/verse
values
- expressed in metrical, rhythmical, b.a Essay - attempts to express
and figurative language the viewpoint and opinion of a
- to the emotion writer about a particular problem
- stir the imagination and set an or event.
idea of how life should be ● Formal → Professional
● Informal → Personal
PROSE b.b Oration
- is a discourse that follows the - formal treatment of the subject
usual flow of conversation which and intended to be spoken before
uses sentences forming a crowd.
paragraphs to express ideas, b.c Biography
feelings, and actions. - about the life of a person written
by someone else
DIVISIONS OF PROSE b.d Autobiography
A. Fiction - the author writes their own life
- a literary work that is a result of experiences.
the author's imagination or more b.e News
a.a Short story - report expected and unexpected
- narrative involving one character, events in society and government,
one plot, and one single etc. should be factual.
impression b.f Letters
a.b Novel - business, love
- true-to-life story divided into b.g Diaries and Journals.
chapters with many characters
involved and spans a long period POETRY
of time - spontaneous overflow of feelings
a.c Play
- is a scripted story executed on
stage THREE TYPES OF POETRY
a.d Legend 1. Narrative Poetry
- narrative about the origin of man, - tell stories and has two forms:
place, rents, and happenings. a. Epics - are long poems,
a.e Fable adventures of epic heroes
- a narrative where the characters and magical characters
are animals. b. Ballads - intended to be
sung
B. Non-Fiction 2. Dramatic
- based on reality and facts. - acts out the poem.
3. Lyric Poetry represent that object. e.g “I give
- short and common, with different you the floor to speak”
kinds: 7. Hyperbole
a. Elegy - poem on life and - deliberate exaggeration used for
death mourns the death of effect.
a famous 8. Oxymoron
b. Sonnet - 14-line lyric with - side by side of two normally
rhymes. contradictory words.
c. Song - intended to be sung 9. Paradox
(lyric poem) - seems untrue but by close
d. Haiku - 17 syllables, 5-7-5, examination, proven to be true
talks about nature. eg: less is more
Japanese verse. 10. Allusion
e. Ode - serious elaborate - casual reference by directly or by
poem full of high praises harrowing. familiar phrases from
and noble feelings the bible, history, or literature.
11. Irony
FIGURES OF SPEECH - the contrast between the
Figurative Language expected and what actually
- makes the language more happens
colorful 12. Onomatopoeia
1. Imagery - uses of words having a sound
- appeal to the senses. that imitates what they denote
2. Simile 13. Litotes
- comparison between two things - ironic understatement in which
while using "as" or "like” an affirmative is expressed by the
3. Metaphor negative of its contrary
- comparison is implied or indirect 14. Apostrophe
4. Personification - direct address to someone
- giving human qualities to a absent
non-human or inanimate object 15. Alliteration
5. Synecdoche - also known as tongue twisters,
- names a part of another subject repetition of initial consonant
to stand for the whole eg: she's my 16. Assonance
other half, he is my right arm. - repetition of middle vowels
6. Metonymy 17. Consonance
- involves the use of a term - called “slant”, usually repetition
connected with an object to of last consonant letters,
LESSON 2: PRE-SPANISH 3. EPICS
PERIOD - Long narrative poems where a
series of heroic achievements or
Introduction ! events, usually by a hero, are
• Long before the Spaniards dealt with.
landed on Philippine shores, our Example:
forefathers already had their own • "Biag ni Lam-ang" of Ilocanos
literature stamped in the history of • "Alim and Hudhud" of Ifugaos
our race. This literature is an oral
literature. 4. MYTHS
• The alphabet first used before - Narratives that describe and
the Spaniards is similar to the portray in symbolic language the
Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. origin of the basic elements and
• Ancient literature shows our assumptions of the culture.
traditions in everyday life. Example:
• Whatever records our ancestors • Malakas at Maganda
left were burned by the Spaniard
friars. 5. FOLK SONGS
- One of the oldest forms of
PRE-SPANISH LITS ARE Philippine literature that emerged
CHARACTERIZED BY: in the pre-Spanish period.
1. LEGEND - Expresses hopes and
- Form of prose and the common aspirations, as well as the people's
theme which is about the origin of lifestyles and their loves. It can be
a thing, location, or name. a children's song, lullabies, harana
Examples: or serenade, work songs, and also
• The Legend Of Mount Makiling drinking songs.
• Ang Alamat Ng Pinya
• Why Women Wash The Dishes OTHER FORMS OF
• The Egend Of Olongapo PRE-SPANISH POETRY
a. EPIGRAMS (SALAWIKAIN)
2. FOLK TALES - laws or rules on good behavior
- Made-up stories about life, by our ancestors
adventure, love, horror, and humor b. RIDDLES (BUGTONG OR
that can derive lessons about life. PALAISIPAN)
Example: - an oral literature that consists of
• The Moon and the Sun 4 to 12 syllables measured line
with rhymes.
c. CHANT (BULONG) e. Fiestas
- used in witchcraft or ● to honor saints, popes, and
enchantment. governments
d. MAXIMS f. Theater
- verses with rhyming couplets of ● Popularized Komedya,
5, 6, or 8 syllables, each line has Sarswela, Cinakulo,
the same number of syllables. Playlets, Drama
e. SAYINGS (KASABIHAN)
- used in teasing or giving remarks A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON
or comments on a person's THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
actuation. 1. Roman Alphabet replaced
f. SAWIKAIN (SAYINGS) ALIBATA (the first Filipino
- these sayings do not have a Alphabet)
hidden meaning. a. Roman Alphabet
● There are 23 Roman
LESSON 3: SPANISH PERIOD alphabets out of 26 English
alphabets, in which J, U,
Spanish Colonial Period and W are not considered
(1565-1898) as Roman alphabets.
- The Spanish reign lasted for 2. Lessons on Christian Doctrine
three centuries. (333 years) became the basis of religious
practices.
INFLUENCES IN: a. ABOUT 78.8% of the
a. Religion Philippine household
● mass adaptation of population are Roman
Christianity Catholics, (Philippine
b. Infrastructure Statistics Authority (PSA),
● built houses out of bricks 2020).
c. Names and Surnames b. Catholicism is a religion
● adapted surnames like de brought to the country by
la Cruz, Bautista, the Spaniards. The
Rodriguez, Santos, etc. doctrines, practices, and
d. Means of Travel statistics show the
● carriages (kalesa) tremendous influence of
● boats the Spanish reign in the
● trains Biblical texts
3. The Spanish language which 2. NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL
became the medium of instruction ROSARIO (1602)
and literary language during this ● SECOND book printed in
time lent many of its words to our the Philippines
language. ● in Xylography (carving
4. Legends and traditions from wood)
Europe were assimilated in our WRITTEN AND PUBLISHED BY:
songs; corridos, and moro-moros. ● Fr. Blancas de San Jose
5. Ancient literature was collected INCLUSIONS:
and translated into Tagalog and ● Biographies of saints,
other dialects. ● Novenas, and
6. Grammar books were printed in ● Questions and answers on
Filipino; like Tagalog, Ilocano, and religion
Visayan.
7. Our magazines and periodicals 3. LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO
gained a religious tone. POSTPRIMERAS DE HOMBRES
● First book to be published
B. THE FIRST BOOKS in Typography. (typewriter)
1. THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE /
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA (1593) 4. ANG BARLAAN AT
● FIRST book printed in the JOSAPHAT (1712)
Philippines ● The FIRST Biblical story
● in Xylography (carving printed in the Philippines
wood) ● Believed to be the first
WRITTEN IN TAGALOG & novel to be published in the
SPANISH BY: Philippines.
● Fr. Juan de Placencia TRANSLATED FROM GREEK TO
● Fr. Domingo Nieva FILIPINO BY:
INCLUSIONS: ● Fr. Antonio de Borja
● Pater Noster (Our Father),
● Ave Maria (Hail Mary), 5. THE PASSION
● Regina Coeli (Hail Holy ● About the life and
Queen) sufferings of Jesus Christ
● Catechism etc. ● only read during lent.

FOUR VERSIONS IN TAGALOG:

1. Pilapil version by Mariano
Pilapil, (1814)
 2. The de Belen version by ● The word Folk originated
Gaspar Aquino de Belen, from the term 'volk' which
(1709) means 'the people'.
3. The de la Merced version ● During the Spanish period,
by Aniceto de la Merced, each region had its
(1856) national song from the
4. The de Guia version by lowlands to the mountains
Luis de Guia, (1750) of Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao.
6. URBANA AT FELIZA ● Folk songs truly manifest
● The book contains the the Fililpinos’ artistic
letters between the sisters feelings and an innate
Urbana and Felisa appreciation for the love of
● Promoted good behavior beauty
and affected society. SOME EXAMPLES OF FOLK
WRITTEN BY: SONGS ARE:
● Modesto de Castro ● Leron-Leron Sinta
​ ( Father of the Classic ● Dandansoy
Prose in Tagalog ) ● Atin Cu Pung Singsing
​ ● Pamulinawen
7. ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA/ ● Sarong Banggi
PSALMS FOR MARY (1865)
● A collection of songs
praising the Virgin Mary. D. RECREATIONAL PLAYS
● Popular during the 1. TIBAG
Maytime Festival or Flores - “to excavate”
de Mayo. - It reminds us about the search of
WRITTEN BY: St. Helena for the Holy Cross on
● Fr. Mariano Sevilla which Jesus Christ was nailed and
died.
2. LAGAYLAY
C. FOLK SONGS - A special occasion for the
● A word used to define all Pilareños of Sorsogon during
kinds of oral, musical, and Maytime to get together.
cultural traditions from 3. CENACULO
other countries and - A dramatic performance to
regions. re-enact the passion and death of
Jesus Christ.
- There are two kinds of Cenaculo: - The themes were taken from
the Cantada and Hablada. everyday life situations.
- The Cenaculo is written in 9. MORO-MORO
octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses in - It is performed during town
each stanza. fiestas to entertain the people and
- Famous Cenaculo performers to remind them of their Christian
come from the Tagalog region religion.
although there are also from 10. KARAGATAN
Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol, - A poetic contest where a ritual is
Sibulanon, and Hiligaynon. performed based on a legend
4. PANUNULUYAN about a princess who dropped her
- a reenactment of the Virgin Mary ring into the middle of the sea and
and Saint Joseph in search of an who offered her hand in marriage
inn to deliver the baby Jesus. to anyone who could find it.
5. SALUBONG 11. BALAGTASAN
- It is an Easter play that - A poetic joust or a contest of
dramatizes the meeting of the skills in debate on a topic or issue.
Risen Jesus Christ and His - This is held in honor of Francisco
Mother. “Balagtas” Baltazar.
6. CARILLO / SHADOW PLAY 12. DUNG-AW
- A dramatic entertainment - A chant in free verse by a
performed on dark nights bereaved person beside the
projecting cardboard figures corpse of the dead.
before a lamp against a white
sheet. LESSON 3: AMERICAN PERIOD
7. ZARZUELA
- Considered the Father of Drama. TRANSITION FROM SPAIN-
- It is a musical comedy or AMERICA (December 10, 1898)
melodrama in three acts that deals
with man’s passions and emotions TREATY OF PARIS
like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, ● End of the
avarice, or some social and American-Spanish war.
political problems. ● End of the Spanish
8. SAINETE imperialism
- It is a short exaggerated musical CONDITION:
comedy performed by characters ● $20 Million USD
from the lower class. compensation to the
Spanish Government.
 ● One of the granted UNDER THE PERIOD OF
possession to US was the APPRENTICESHIP
Philippines 1. Short Stories
a. Dead Stars
AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941) ● Paz Marquez Benitez
- 43 years of Colonization b. The Small Key
● Paz Latorena
PROVIDED: (EDUCATION AND c. Footnote to the Youth
CULTURE) ● Jose Garcia Villa
● Free Public Education
● English language as the 2. Newspaper
mode of instruction. a. El Nuevo Dia ( The New Day)
● Sergio Osmena
THOMASITES ● 1900
- Derived from the name of the ● Censored, banned (2), &
boat “USAT” (UNITED STATES threatened with
ARMY TRANSPORT THOMAS) banishment.
- Trained teachers from the U.S. to b. El Grito Del Pueblo ( The Call of
establish the public school system the Nation)
in the Philippines ● Pascual Poblete
- First ever teachers of Filipinos ● 1900
were American Soldiers c. El Renacimiento ( The Rebirth)
● Rafael Palma
PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP ● 1901
(1910-1930)
● Imitation of Filipinos of 3. Plays
English and American a. Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas
Models. (Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow)
● Filipinos were into Essays, ● Aurelio Tolentino
news, novels, plays, poetry, ● Suppression by the
reporting, and stories. Americans and their plans
● Filipino writings depicted to colonize the Philippines.
their love of the country b. Tanikalang Ginto
and longing for ● Juan Abad
independence. c. Malaya
● Tomas Remigio
d. Walang Sugat
● Severino Reyes
CHARACTERISTICS AND - “Banaag at Sikat,” which was
FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN written by Lope K. Santos, is one
PERIOD: of the renowned novels of this era
1. ZARZUELA - Explores the struggles of the low
- Popularized in “1893” working class
- A new-found dramatic form was
popularized by Severino Reyes. 4. POETRY
THEME: - They transformed not only love
● About Filipinos and poems but nationalistic, spiritual,
Spaniards during the 1st evocative, and insightful poems
period of the American too.
regime. Instead of - They penned in free verse, in
Christianity and Muslims. odes and sonnets, and in other
CHARACTERIZE: types.
● Nationalism, freedom of - The Revolt from Hymen by
speech, desire for freedom, Angela Manalang Gloria is an
etc. example of the transformation of
poetry
2. TAGALOG PROSE FICTION
- The fusion of traditional Filipino 5. SHORT STORY
storytelling with Western literary - Popularized in 1925-1941
influences. THEME:
- Writers of this prose were ● Often touched on the
emotional; they chose more themes of identity, cultural
romantic adventures than flaming conflict, and the evolving
issues of the day. society in the face of
- Some of the well-known works colonialism.
are “Salawahang Pag-ibig” by ● The College publications,
Lope K. Santos, “Pagsintang UP Literary Apprentice,
Naluoy” by Modesto Santiago, and Philippine Free Press, the
“Unang Bulaklak” by Valeriano Graphic, and The
Hernandez. Philippine Magazine
offered incentives, and thus
3. NOVELS short stories prospered
- Reflected the social, political and during these times.
cultural setting of the time.
3 PERIODS EMERGED DURING - They explored writing various
THE AMERICAN PERIOD: forms of literature like the novel
and the drama.
PERIOD OF REORIENTATION
(1898-1910) LESSON 4: JAPANESE PERIOD
- The concept of reorientation was
materialized during this period. JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
- The English language became - Filipinos are listening to music for
the language of literature by the their leisure time.
time of American occupation on - The Japanese imposed their own
August 13, 1898. In 1900, music and was heard in daily in
- The English language came to radio broadcasts.
be used as a method of teaching - Western music was prohibited
in the public schools. during this period.
- Japanese Musical Mission to the
PERIOD OF IMITATION Philippines held on May 7 1943
(1910-1924) headed by Kosak Yamada
- In 1919, different universities - Music remained a popular
such as the UP-College Folio pastime in Filipino homes.
printed the literary masterpieces of - Opera and Classical music
the first Filipino authors in English. flourished during the war
- They were scrutinizing their way
into impersonating American and HAIKU
British models which resulted in an - 17 syllables divided into 3 lines.
unusual, synthetic, and unnatural - 5-7-5 pattern
style, lacking enthusiasm, and TANAGA
naturalness. - It is also short with measurement
and rhyme with 17 syllables and
PERIOD OF SELF DISCOVERY allegorical in meaning.
AND GROWTH (1925-1941)
- By this time, Filipino writers had
mastered writing literary pieces in FOUNDERS OF FILIPINO
English. PLAYWRIGHTS
- They confidently and 1. JOSE MA HERNANDEZ
competently wrote on a lot of - a writer and a teacher
topics although the old-time - "Panday Pira"
favorites of love and youth
continued.
2. FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO LESSON 5: POST WAR
- was a Filipino playwright, lawyer, CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
broadcaster, and Senator of the
Philippines from 1955-1967 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- "Sa Pula Sa Puti" (THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM)
3. CLODUALDO DEL MUNDO - 1946-1970
- playwright and filmmaker known - also known as the "Recovering
for his contributions to Philippine Era"
literature and cinema. - The Americans returned to the
- "Bulaga" Philippines, and the Japanese
4. JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA surrendered to them. (Americans
- was a Filipino playwright, lawyer, ended Japanese era)
broadcaster, and a Senator of the - The Philippines gained
Philippines from 1955-1967 independence from the Japanese
- "Sino Ba Kayo", "Dahil Sa Anak" and Americans.
"Higante ng Patay"
CHARACTERISTICS
1945, THE TOP 3 BEST ● Nature
AWARDED FOR SHORT ● Independence
STORIES ● Nationalism
1. Narciso Reyes ● Romanticism
- "Lupang Tinubuan"  ● Expression of Feelings
2. Liwayway Arceo
- "Uhaw Ang Tigang Na Lupa"  PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
3. NVM Gonzales - The transitional period from the
- "Lunsod, Nayon at American style to the modern style
Dagat-Dagatan" of Philippine Literature.
- Characterized by the "Struggle of
Carlos P. Romulo mind and spirit" posed by the
- won Pulitzer Prize sudden emancipation from
- prominent Filipino diplomat, Japanese rule and the strong
statesman, soldier, journalist, and desire to experience the freedom
author. of writing.
- His Bestsellers: "I SAW THE - The Filipinos learned to express
FALL OF THR PHILIPPINES", "I themselves more confidently but
SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE", post-war problems in connection
"MOTHER AMERICA" to language and print – like
economic stability, the threat of
new ideas, and morality had to be - This book will show you that
dealt with side by side. despite the hardships thrown at
you, especially if you are
NEWSPAPER powerless and have little
● Free Press, Morning Sun resources to fix it; in time, it will all
by Sergio Osmena. be gone
● Daily Mirror by Joaquin 3."Daluyong" (1962)
Roces. - Deals with the corruption
● Evening News by Romon produced by the American-style
Lopez. and American-educated
● The Bulletin by Menzi
Novels and Short Stories. AMANDO HERNANDEZ
● They proved that there - Poet and is also a union leader
were more readers in and social activist.
English than in any other - Wrote novels encouraging social
vernaculars like Tagalog, change.
Ilocano, or Hiligaynon 1. "Luha ng Buwaya" (1963)
during this period. - Discusses the struggle between
the oppressed peasantry and the
LAZARO FRANCISCO class of politically powerful
● a famous Tagalog novelist, landlords.
described as a realist with - The story is about poor farmers
social and moral ideals. uniting against the greedy desires
● The influence of Rizal is of the prominent family of the
evident in his work. Grandes.
● They produced the 3 -In Filipino idioms, "crocodiles"
following novels: were used to symbolize those
1. "Sugat sa Ala-ala" (1950) people who are corrupt
- It is a roman and war novel 2. "Mga Ibong Mandaragit"
- Set during the World War ll (1969)
- Portrayed the horror and realities - Deals with the domination of
of war Filipinos by American Industry.
- Human capacity for love, nobility, - Story of the valiant fight for
endurance, under the most justice and social change during
extreme circumstances. and after the Japanese occupation
2. “Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig” of the Philippines in World War II.
(1956)
- Deals with agrarian issue.
LILIA QUINDOZA SANTIAGO 2. MACARIO PINEDA
- Prize-winning poet-critic A most (1912-1950)
comprehensive compilation of - Authored works in Liwayway,
feminist writing in the Philippines. Malaya, Bulaklak, Ilang-ilang,
- "Sa Ngalan ng Ina" (1997) Daigdig, at Sinag-tala.
- “Ginto sa Makiling”
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE - He uses native contexts and
GOVERNMENT: excellent use of the Filipino
- In the 1950s, the Guerilla language which reflects traditional
warfare, also known as Filipino Customs.
HUKBALAHAP, (Hukbong Bayan
Laban sa Hapon) was causing 3. STEVAN "ESTEBAN"
problems in the government, but in JAVALLENA (1918-1977)
the Magsaysay administration, - Filipino novelist and short story
they vanished, neutralized, or writer in the English language.
were gone. - Wrote "Two Tickets to Manila",
- During this period, journalists "The Sin of Father Anselmo",
indulged in a more militant attitude "Sleeping Tablets", "The Fifth
in their reporting. Gradually, as Man", "The Tree of Peace", and
peace and order were stored, the "Transition".
tones and themes of their writings - "Without Seeing the Dawn"
turned to the less pressing (1947)
problems of economics.
LESSON 6: ILOCANO
FILIPINO WRITERS DURING LITERATURE
THE POST-WAR PERIOD
1. NESTOR VICENTE MADALI ILOCANO LITERATURE
GONZALEZ (1915-1999) - Ilocano literature is one of the
- Fictionist, essayist, poet, and most vibrant Filipino literature
teacher. throughout the ages.
- He articulated the Filipino spirit in - Ilocano regions are also
rural and urban landscapes. one of the most active tributaries
- Wrote 5 novels, 8 short fiction, in Philippine literature
and multiple essays. translated - Prior to the Spanish colonial
into English, Chinese, German, period, Ilocano literature was
Russian, and Indonesian. purely alive in the form of written
- Received numerous awards. and oral literature.
- The ancient Ilocano poets MELVIN BANGGOLLAY
expressed themselves in folk and - Occupation: Senior specialist at
war songs the Department of Trade and
- A popular form of literature Industry DTI) Educational
was the dallot, which is an - Attainment: Graduated Bachelor
improvised, verified, and of Science in Commerce, majoring
impromptu long poem delivered in in Accounting and Management at
a sing-song manner St. Mary's University, Bayombong,
- When the Spaniards arrived in Nueva Vizcaya, as a scholar of the
Ilocos Norte in 1572, it took a toll National Integration Study Grant
on Ilocano literature Program (NISGP) sponsored by
- During the Spanish the Department of Education and
era, Ilocano poetry was heavily National Student Loan Center,
influenced by Spanish poetry Philippines
- The earliest known written
Ilocano poems were A LOVE THAT ENDURES
the romances translated from A love that endures is
Spanish by Francisco Lopez.
- Lopez was an Augustinian friar L-iving for someone dear
who published his Iloko translation O-ffering unconditional passion
of the Doctrina Cristiana (the first V-aluing one's right so fair
book published in the Philippines E-nduring pains and depressions.
by Cardinal Bellarmine)
T-eaching the heart to be fair
FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE H-ealing with gentle
- Born on December 3, 1926, he is communication
one of the most-read Filipino A-cting what your heart declares
writers in the English Language. T-ouching with prudent conviction.
His novels and short stories depict ​
the social underpinnings of class E-ntwined with forgiveness flare
struggle and colonialism in Filipino N-urtured with tender passion
society D-evelop with motives so clear
- Graduated from the University of U-nderstanding amidst confusion
Santo Tomas R-esolve to be always just and fair
- Famous Works: The Molave and E-ndures to serve even at oblivion
The Orchid S-acred vow to serve without fear.
LESSON 7: BICOLANO - The dramatic genre of "corridor"
LITERATURE was adapted into the local
"Bikolcorrido", with "Mag-amang
BICOLANO LITERATURE Pobre" being a popular example.
- Around 5 million people speak
variations of the Bicolano dialect in LUIS GUEVARRA DATO
the Bicol region. From Camarines - He was a Filipino poet, writer,
Sur to Naga, to Albay Sorsogon – educator, and politician from Baao,
and every locality in between. Camarines Sur.
- Bicolano literature has flourished, - He was also regarded as
providing a lively literary flavor an“authority on the Bicol language
unrivaled by any other literary and culture.”
tradition. - He was one of the first Filipinos
to write and publish works in
HOW THE DIVERSITY English.
UNFOLDED - He also worked as a
- Bicolano Literature has its roots newspaperman for the Bicol Star,
in orally transmitted poems and Naga Times, and other
mythical narratives that reflect the Newspapers.
history of people. - Famous works:
- Mariano Perfecto - Manila: A Collection of
- First Bicolano writer who Verses (1926)
published Bikola newspaper - My Book of Verses, I (1936), II
- Responsible for the undated
development of the first printing - The Land of Mai: A Philippine
press "Imprenta de Nuestra Epic, Volume I (1975)
Señora de Peñafrancia"
- Bicolano literature was MARNE L. KILATES
dominated by religious writing at - Daraga, Albay, Bicol
that time. - Published three books of poetry
- Protest drama became a form of - Children of the Snarl (1987)
expressing the people's growing - Poems en Route (1998)
resentment of Spanish rule. - Mostly in Monsoon Weather
- "Comedia" writers such as (2007)
Sabas Armenta, Juan Alvarez - Translated nine books of Filipino
Guerra, and Juan Miraflor have poetry into English
protest plays credited to their - Poet’s Picturebook and his own
names. website All Our Nameable Days
DAMIANA LIGON EUGENIO - People in Cebu then were called
- The Mother of Philippine pintados because men were
Literature heavily tattooed. Lavish ornaments
- A female author and had several such as gold jewelry were used
publications in the field of not only by women but also by
Philippine folklore. men.
- One of her well-known works is - In 1521 Ferdinand Magellan and
"Ang Duwende" his troops arrived in Cebu, were
warmly welcomed by Rajah
LESSON 8: CEBU LITERATURE Humabon’s community which
converted to Christianity.
CEBU - Cebu City was established as a
“THE QUEEN OF THE SOUTH” Spanish settlement and became a
- The history of Cebu goes way hub for trade and commerce
beyond 439 years ago when the - It was then the start of the
island became a province at the transformation of Cebu’s
start of the Spanish colonization. civilization under the Spanish
- Cebu is an island province in the regime
Philippines, located in the Visayas - On the economic and cultural
region of the country. side, fiesta celebrations were
- Long before that, Cebu was embraced, new agricultural
already the center of trade in what products were introduced, royal
is now the southern Philippines, decrees led to commercial and
dealing with traders from China, agricultural expansion and the
Malaysia, Japan, India, Burma, establishment of elementary
and other parts of Asia. schools in every municipality
- Cebu already had an organized
social structure before the CEBUANO LITERATURES
Spaniards came- with small - a literary works written in
groups headed by a datu who Cebuano, a Language widely
served as leader spoken in the southern
- A community ranged from 30 to Philippines.
100 households grouped as a
barangay and was one based BALAK
mostly on kinship. Aside from the - refers to poetry in the Cebuano
datu, there were free men called language. It encompasses various
timawa and then the olipon forms of poetic expression,
including traditional verses, lyrical BALITAW
poems, and narrative poetry. - refers to a traditional form of
- It's a significant part of Cebuano poetic debate or dialogue that
literary tradition, allowing poets to typically involves a man and a
capture the essence of their woman.
experiences and culture in a poetic - In a balitaw, these two individuals
form. engage in a poetic exchange
where they take turns delivering
TIGMO lines of poetry, often in a singing or
- refers to riddles in the Cebuano melodic manner.
language.
- Tigmo is a popular form of Example of Cebuano Story:
traditional entertainment and a - The Santo Niño of Cebu
way to stimulate intellectual
engagement in Cebuano-speaking Example of Cebuano Poetry:
communities. - Usahay: A Visayan Love Song

PANULTIHON LESSON 9: ILONGGO

- are proverbs in the Cebuano LITERATURE
language. Proverbs are short,
concise sayings that convey ILONGGO LITERATURE
wisdom, morals, and cultural - ILOILO takes its name from
values. Irong-Irong, the old name of the
- They provide insights into the city of Iloilo, a tongue of land that
beliefs, traditions, and customs of sticks out like a nose on the south
the Cebuano people. of Iloilo River.
- Ilonggo’s primary language is
GARAY Hiligaynon, an Austronesian
- can refer to verses in the language native to Panay,
Cebuano language. These verses Guimaras, and Negros.
can be found in various forms of - Population is 5.4 million
Cebuano literature, including - The Western Visayas region of
poetry, songs, and even traditional the Philippines includes Panay
storytelling. Island, Negros Occidental, and
- it can be lyrical, narrative, or Romblon. The region's population
descriptive and is used to create a numbered 5.4 million in 1990, all
rhythmic and engaging flow of speakers of Hiligaynon Ilongoor
words. closely related dialects. Hiligaynon
speakers constitute approximately HINILAWOD
10% of the national population. (Western Visayas - Ilonggo
They inhabit one of the major Folklore)
rice-producing areas of the
Philippines. The landscape Alunsina and Datu Paubari
consists of broad plains stretching • Alunsina, the goddess of the
between mountain ranges. Large eastern sky, chose to marry a
rivers deposit the volcanic mortal; Datu Paubari, the ruler of
sediments that make the lowlands Halawod.Her decision angered her
fertile. other suitors.
- The Dinagyang Festival is a • A meeting of the council of gods
religious and cultural festival in was called by Maklium-sa-twan,
Iloilo City, Philippines held on the god of the plains, where a decision
4th Sunday of January. by those present was made to
- The Ilonggo population is mostly destroy Halawod by the flood. But
Catholic, but old pagan traditions Alunsina and Datu Paubari
are nevertheless still applied, escaped harm through the help of
sometimes combined with Suklang Malayon,
Christianity. • Months later she gave birth to a
set of triplets. Labaw Donggon,
ILONGGO FAMOUS FOLK Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap.
SONG
The Adventures of Labaw
DANDANSOY Donggon
- is a children's folksong from the • Labaw Donggon had three
Philippines. It is popular in the journeys.
Visayan Region, especially in the 1.) Angoy Ginbitinan. Her father
province of Panay. The song was asked him to fight the monster,
written in a local language called Manalintad. He went off and
Hiligaynon. It is considered a defeated the monster with his
lullaby or a song to soothe and magic belt and proceeded home.
make children fall asleep. they met a group of young men
heading to Tarambang burok to
THE STORY OF THE FIRST win Abyang Durunuun. Labaw
DURIAN - AN ILONGGO Donggon asked his mother to take
FOLKTALE care of his wife
2.) Abyang Durunuun. has to pass LESSON 10: EASTERN VISAYAS
a ridge guarded by a giant named
Sikay Padalogdog that was HISTORY
defeated by Labaw Donggon and - Eastern Visayas has a rich
won the hand of Abyang literary tradition that dates back
3.) Malitong Yawa Sinagmaling centuries. Its literature is deeply
Diwata, the young bride of rooted in the region’s cultural
Sagnayan, the lord of darkness. heritage and history
When Labaw Saragnayan was - Pre-colonial literature in Eastern
asked about his intention Visayas was primarily oral with
Saragnayan learned that Labaw epic poems, folktales, and legends
wanted to have his wife so they passed down through generations.
fought, but Labaw Donggon was These narratives often featured
defeated and imprisoned by local heroes, deities, and mystical
Saragnayan Back home, both of creatures, reflecting the unique
Labaw’s wives gave birth. worldview of the Visayan People.
- The arrival of Spanish colonizers
Adventures of Humadapnon and in the 16th century brought about
Dumalapdap a significant shift in the region's
- Labaw Donggon's defeat to literary landscape. Spanish
Saragnayan angered his brothers, influence introduced new forms of
Humadapnon and Dumalapdap. literature, such as corridos
They employed Buyong (narrative poems) and awits
Matanayon, a swordsmen. (songs), which often conveyed
- At Tarambang Buriraw, Catholic religious themes. Many of
Humadapnon was deceived by these early texts were written in
Piganun. After 7 months, they the Visayan language, showing
were able to the fusion of indigenous and
escape Spanish cultures.
- Datu Paubari and his three sons - During the American colonial
reunited. After the feast, the three period in the early 20th century,
brothers left for different parts of Eastern Visayas literature
the world. Labaw Donggon went to continued to evolve. Writers began
the north, Humadapnon went to use English as a medium to
south, Dumalapdap to the west express their ideas and creativity,
and Datu Paubari remained in the leading to the emergence of a new
east. wave of poets, essayists, and
short story writers in the region.
EASTERN VISAYAS undergone reinvention. A case in
LITERATURE point is the balac, a poetic love
- Refers to the literature written in joust between a man and a
Waray and Cebuano by writers woman. According to Cabardo, the
from the region. balac retained its form even as it
- The Waray literature has been took new names and borrowed
collected, recorded, and aspects of the languages of the
documented by scholars and colonizers. During the Spanish
researchers, a movement largely period, the balac was called the
spurred by the interest of German amoral; during the American
priests, managing a university in occupation, it was renamed
Tacloban City. ismayling, a term derived from the
- Who saw the necessity of English word "smile".
gathering and preserving the - According to a literary
literary heritage of the region. investigator, in certain areas of
- It is in this light that whenever Samar, the same balac form or
East Visayan literature is written ismayling has been reinvented to
about, it is usually Waray literature express anti-imperialist sentiments
that is being described. where the woman represents the
- The earliest accounts of East motherland and the man, the
Visayan literature date back to patriot who professes his love of
1668 when a Spanish Jesuit the country
named Fr. Ignatio Francisco Alzina
documented the poetic forms such TYPES OF POETIC FORMS
as the candu, haya, ambahan, a. Candu
canogan, bical, balac, siday, and - a traditional form of Waray poetry
awit. He also described the in Eastern Visayas.
susumaton and pasong, early b. Haya
forms of narratives. Theater - a form of Waray poetry that is
tradition was very much in place - often used for competitive poetry
in the performance of poetry, duels. In a haya, two poets
rituals, and mimetic dances. engage in a poetic debate
Dances mimed the joys and c. Ambahan
activities of the ancient Waray. - a traditional poetic form used by
- With three centuries of Spanish the Hanunoo Mangyan people in
colonization and another period of Mindoro, which is relatively close
American occupation, old rituals, to Eastern Visayas.
poetic forms, and narratives had d. Canogan
- a Waray poetic form that is or lines to outwit or challenge each
typically performed during special other.
occasions, festivals, or rituals. It is
often used to narrate stories, Examples of Visayan Poetry:
legends, and cultural myths - Like a Joke That Seems True
e. Bical - The Least Mirable by Carlos A.
- another form of Waray poetry Angeles
that often features themes related - Flowers of May
to love and courtship.
f. Balac
- refers to Waray narrative poetry.
is a longer form of poetry
compared to the shorter forms like
candu and bical.
g. Siday
- a traditional Waray poetic form
that is often used to express deep
emotions, personal experiences,
and reflections.
h. Awit
- a broader term in Filipino
literature that encompasses
various forms of narrative and
lyrical poetry, songs, and ballads.
i. Susumaton
- refers to a form of spoken poetry
or storytelling in the Visayan
languages. It involves the
recitation of narratives, legends,
folktales, and sometimes even
historical accounts in a poetic and
rhythmic manner.
j. Pasong
- is a traditional form of Filipino
poetic debate or contest. It
involves two or more participants
engaging in a poetic duel where
they take turns delivering verses